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Huseynov TM, Guliyeva RT, Jafarova SH, Jafar NH. Sodium Selenite As Potential Adjuvant Therapy for COVID-19. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022; 67:775-778. [PMID: 36567968 PMCID: PMC9762656 DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922050074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The review considers the role that selenium plays in RNA virus infections and, in particular, COVID-19. Many RNA viruses are selenium dependent because antisense interactions arise between viral RNAs and host mRNA regions containing the selencysteine insertion sequence to cause selenium deficiency, oxidative stress, immune response impairment, etc. Sodium selenite is a licensed selenium-containing product and is widely used in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture. Its advantages include the following. Sodium selenite rapidly penetrates through cell membranes in all tissues of the body; is intensely involved in metabolic processes accompanied by oxidation of sulfur-containing cell proteins; exerts an antiaggregation effect by reducing thromboxane activity; interrupts the contact of a virion (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) with the membrane of a healthy cell; and suppresses NF-κB activity, which significantly increases in coronavirus infections. Arguments supporting the use of sodium selenite as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Huseynov
- Institute of Biophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - R. T. Guliyeva
- Institute of Biophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - S. H. Jafarova
- Institute of Biophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan
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Hou W, Xu H. Incorporating Selenium into Heterocycles and Natural Products─From Chemical Properties to Pharmacological Activities. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4436-4456. [PMID: 35244394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se)-containing compounds have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of a range of diseases. Through tremendous effort, considerable knowledge has been acquired to understand the complex chemical properties and biological activities of selenium, especially after its incorporation into bioactive molecules. From this perspective, we compiled extensive literature evidence to summarize and critically discuss the relationship between the pharmacological activities and chemical properties of selenium compounds and the strategic incorporation of selenium into organic molecules, especially bioactive heterocycles and natural products. We also provide perspectives regarding the challenges in selenium-based medicinal chemistry and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Institute of Drug Development and Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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Bartolini D, Sancineto L, Fabro de Bem A, Tew KD, Santi C, Radi R, Toquato P, Galli F. Selenocompounds in Cancer Therapy: An Overview. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 136:259-302. [PMID: 29054421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo experimental models clearly demonstrate the efficacy of Se compounds as anticancer agents, contingent upon chemical structures and concentrations of test molecules, as well as on the experimental model under investigation that together influence cellular availability of compounds, their molecular dynamics and mechanism of action. The latter includes direct and indirect redox effects on cellular targets by the activation and altered compartmentalization of molecular oxygen, and the interaction with protein thiols and Se proteins. As such, Se compounds interfere with the redox homeostasis and signaling of cancer cells to produce anticancer effects that include alterations in key regulatory elements of energy metabolism and cell cycle checkpoints that ultimately influence differentiation, proliferation, senescence, and death pathways. Cys-containing proteins and Se proteins involved in the response to Se compounds as sensors and transducers of anticancer signals, i.e., the pharmacoproteome of Se compounds, are described and include critical elements in the different phases of cancer onset and progression from initiation and escape of immune surveillance to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The efficacy and mode of action on these compounds vary depending on the inorganic and organic form of Se used as either supplement or pharmacological agent. In this regard, differences in experimental/clinical protocols provide options for either chemoprevention or therapy in different human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Center of Biological Sciences (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Rafael Radi
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Chalcogen bonding interactions between reducible sulfur and selenium compounds and models of zinc finger proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 157:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Harper LK, Antony S, Bayse CA. Thiol Reduction of Arsenite and Selenite: DFT Modeling of the Pathways to an As–Se Bond. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500384h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenora K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Sonia Antony
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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Fernandes AP, Gandin V. Selenium compounds as therapeutic agents in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1642-60. [PMID: 25459512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With cancer cells encompassing consistently higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and with an induced antioxidant defense to counteract the increased basal ROS production, tumors have a limited reserve capacity resulting in an increased vulnerability of some cancer cells to ROS. Based on this, oxidative stress has been recognized as a tumor-specific target for the rational design of new anticancer agents. Among redox modulating compounds, selenium compounds have gained substantial attention due to their promising chemotherapeutic potential. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review aims in summarizing and providing the recent developments of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the potential anticancer effects of selenium compounds. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It is well established that selenium at higher doses readily can turn into a prooxidant and thereby exert its potential anticancer properties. However, the biological activity of selenium compounds and the mechanism behind these effects are highly dependent on its speciation and the specific metabolic pathways of cells and tissues. Conversely, the chemical properties and the main molecular mechanisms of the most relevant inorganic and organic selenium compounds as well as selenium-based nanoparticles must be taken into account and are discussed herein. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating and deepening our mechanistic knowledge of selenium compounds will help in designing and optimizing compounds with more specific antitumor properties for possible future application of selenium compounds in the treatment of cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristi P Fernandes
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Antony S, Bayse CA. Density Functional Theory Study of the Attack of Ebselen on a Zinc-Finger Model. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13803-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401429z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Antony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Hampton Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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Weekley CM, Harris HH. Which form is that? The importance of selenium speciation and metabolism in the prevention and treatment of disease. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8870-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nafisi S, Montazeri M, Manouchehri F. The effect of Se salts on DNA structure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 113:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Identification of an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent arsenic methyltransferase in Danio rerio. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:185-93. [PMID: 22575231 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic methylation is an important cellular metabolic process that modulates arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity. Biomethylation of arsenic produces a series of mono-, di- and tri-methylated arsenic metabolites that can be detected in tissues and excretions. Here we report that zebrafish exposed to arsenite (As(III)) produces organic arsenicals, including MMA(III), MMA(V) and DMA(V) with characteristic tissue ratios, demonstrating that an arsenic methylation pathway exists in zebrafish. In mammals, cellular inorganic arsenic is methylated by a SAM-dependent arsenic methyltransferase, AS3MT. A zebrafish arsenic methyltransferase homolog, As3mt, was identified by sequence alignment. Western blotting analysis showed that As3mt was universally expressed in zebrafish tissues. Prominent expression in liver and intestine correlated with methylated arsenic metabolites detected in those tissues. As3mt was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli for in vitro functional studies. Our results demonstrated that As3mt methylated As(III) to DMA(V) as an end product and produced MMA(III) and MMA(V) as intermediates. The activity of As3mt was inhibited by elevated concentrations of the substrate As(III) as well as the metalloid selenite, which is a well-known antagonistic micronutrient of arsenic toxicity. The activity As3mt was abolished by substitution of either Cys160 or Cys210, which corresponds to conserved cysteine residues in AS3MT homologs, suggesting that they are involved in catalysis. Expression in zebrafish of an enzyme that has a similar function to human and rodent orthologs in catalyzing intracellular arsenic biomethylation validates the applicability of zebrafish as a valuable vertebrate model for understanding arsenic-associated diseases in humans.
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Quintal SM, dePaula QA, Farrell NP. Zinc finger proteins as templates for metal ion exchange and ligand reactivity. Chemical and biological consequences. Metallomics 2011; 3:121-39. [PMID: 21253649 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger reactions with inorganic ions and coordination compounds are as diverse as the zinc fingers themselves. Use of metal ions such as Co(2+) and Cd(2+) has given structural, thermodynamic and kinetic information on zinc fingers and zinc-finger-DNA/RNA interactions. It is a general truism that alteration of the coordination sphere in the finger environment will disrupt the recognition with DNA/RNA and this has implications for mechanism of toxicity and carcinogenesis of metal ions. Structural zinc fingers are susceptible to electrophilic attack and the recognition that the coordination sphere of inorganic compounds may be modulated for control of electrophilic attack on zinc fingers raises the possibility of systematic studies of zinc fingers as drug targets using inorganic chemistry. Some inorganic compounds such as those of As(III) and Au(I) may exert their biological effects through inactivation of zinc fingers and novel approaches to specifically attack the zinc-bound ligands using Co(III)-Schiff bases and Platinum(II)-Nucleobase compounds have been proposed. The genomic importance of zinc fingers suggests that the "coordination chemistry" of zinc fingers themselves is ripe for exploration to design new targets for medicinal inorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Quintal
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
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Larabee JL, Hocker JR, Hanas JS. Mechanisms of inhibition of zinc-finger transcription factors by selenium compounds ebselen and selenite. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:419-26. [PMID: 19167089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory selenium compounds, ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3[2H]-one) and selenite, were found to alter the DNA binding mechanisms and structures of cysteine-rich zinc-finger transcription factors. As assayed by DNase I protection, DNA binding by TFIIIA (transcription factor IIIA, prototypical Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger protein), was inhibited by micromolar amounts of ebselen. In a gel shift assay, ebselen inhibited the Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger-containing DNA binding domain (DBD) of the NF-kappaB mediated transcription factor Sp1. Ebselen also inhibited DNA binding by the p50 subunit of the pro-inflammatory Cys-containing NF-kappaB transcription factor. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was utilized to elucidate mechanisms of chemical interaction between ebselen and a zinc-bound Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger polypeptide modeled after the third finger of Sp1 (Sp1-3). Exposing Sp1-3 to micromolar amounts of ebselen resulted in Zn(2+) release from this peptide and the formation of a disulfide bond by oxidation of zinc finger SH groups, the likely mechanism for DNA binding inhibition. Selenite was shown by ESI-MS to also eject zinc from Sp1-3 as well as induce disulfide bond formation through SH oxidation. The selenite-dependent inhibition/oxidation mechanism differed from that of ebselen by inducing the formation of a stable selenotrisulfide bond. Selenite-induced selenotrisulfide formation was dependent upon the structure of the Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger as alteration in the finger structure enhanced this reaction as well as selenite-dependent zinc release. Ebselen and selenite-dependent inhibition/oxidation of Cys-rich zinc finger proteins, with concomitant release of zinc and finger structural changes, points to mechanisms at the atomic and protein level for selenium-induced alterations in Cys-rich proteins, and possible amelioration of certain inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and oncogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Larabee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton Young Blvd., Room 939, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
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Blessing H, Kraus S, Heindl P, Bal W, Hartwig A. Interaction of selenium compounds with zinc finger proteins involved in DNA repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3190-9. [PMID: 15265038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As an essential element, selenium is present in enzymes from several families, including glutathione peroxidases, and is thought to exert anticarcinogenic properties. A remarkable feature of selenium consists of its ability to oxidize thiols under reducing conditions. Thus, one mode of action recently suggested is the oxidation of thiol groups of metallothionein, thereby providing zinc for essential reactions. However, tetrahedral zinc ion complexation to four thiolates, similar to that found in metallothionein, is present in one of the major classes of transcription factors and other so-called zinc finger proteins. Within this study we investigated the effect of selenium compounds on the activity of the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), a zinc finger protein involved in base excision repair, and on the DNA-binding capacity and integrity of xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA), a zinc finger protein essential for nucleotide excision repair. The reducible selenium compounds phenylseleninic acid, phenylselenyl chloride, selenocystine, ebselen, and 2-nitrophenylselenocyanate caused a concentration-dependent decrease of Fpg activity, while no inhibition was detected with fully reduced selenomethionine, methylselenocysteine or some sulfur-containing analogs. Furthermore, reducible selenium compounds interfered with XPA-DNA binding and released zinc from the zinc finger motif, XPAzf. Zinc release was even evident at high glutathione/oxidised glutathine ratios prevailing under cellular conditions. Finally, comparative studies with metallothionein and XPAzf revealed similar or even accelerated zinc release from XPAzf. Altogether, the results indicate that zinc finger motifs are highly reactive towards oxidizing selenium compounds. This could affect gene expression, DNA repair and, thus, genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Blessing
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Karlsruhe, Germany
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