1
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Faris A, Hadni H, Saleh BA, Khelfaoui H, Harkati D, Ait Ahsaine H, Elhallaoui M, El-Hiti GA. In silico screening of a series of 1,6-disubstituted 1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidines as potential selective inhibitors of the Janus kinase 3. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4456-4474. [PMID: 37317996 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2220829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common chronic disabling inflammatory disease that is characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane and leads to discomfort. In the current study, twenty-seven 1,6-disubstituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were tested as potential selective inhibitors of the tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 using a number of molecular modeling methods. The activity of the screened derivatives was statistically quantified using multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks. To assess the quality, robustness, and predictability of the generated models, the leave-one-out cross-validation method was applied with favorable results (Q2 = 0.75) and Y-randomization. In addition, the evaluation of the predictive ability of the established model was confirmed by means of an external validation using a composite test set and an applicability domain approach. The covalent docking indicated that the tested 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines containing the acrylic aldehyde moiety had irreversible interaction with the residue Cys909 in the active sites of the tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 by Michael addition. The molecular dynamics for three selected derivatives (compounds 9, 12, and 18) were used to verify the covalent docking by determining the stability of hydrogen bonding interactions with active sites, which are needed to stop tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3. The results obtained showed that the tested compounds containing acrylic aldehyde moiety had favorable binding free energies, indicating a strong affinity for the JAK3 enzyme. Overall, this current study suggests that the tested compounds containing the acrylic aldehyde moiety have the potential to act as anti-JAK3 inhibitors. They could be explored further to be used as treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoujoud Faris
- LIMAS, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hanine Hadni
- LIMAS, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Basil A Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hadjer Khelfaoui
- Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Matter Sciences, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Dalal Harkati
- Group of Computational and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Matter Sciences, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Hassan Ait Ahsaine
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée des Matériaux, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Menana Elhallaoui
- LIMAS, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Gamal A El-Hiti
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Agashe C, Saroha A, Agasti SS, Patra D. Supramolecular Modulation of Fluid Flow in a Self-Powered Enzyme Micropump. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6933-6939. [PMID: 38497757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Regulating macroscopic fluid flow by catalytic harnessing of chemical energy could potentially provide a solution for powerless microfluidic devices. Earlier reports have shown that surface-anchored enzymes can actuate the surrounding fluid in the presence of the respective substrate in a concentration-dependent manner. It is also crucial to have control over the flow speed of a self-powered enzyme micropump in various applications where controlled dosing and mixing are required. However, modulating the flow speed independent of the fuel concentration remains a significant challenge. In a quest to regulate the fluid flow in such a system, a supramolecular approach has been adopted, where reversible regulation of enzyme activity was achieved by a two-faced synthetic receptor bearing sulfonamide and adamantane groups. The bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) enzyme containing a single binding site favorable to the sulfonamide group was used as a model enzyme, and the enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of the two-faced inhibitor. The same effect was reflected when the immobilized enzyme was used as an engine to actuate the fluid flow. The flow velocity was reduced up to 53% in the presence of 100 μM inhibitor. Later, upon addition of a supramolecular "host" CB[7], the inhibitor was sequestered from the enzyme due to the higher binding affinity of CB[7] with the adamantane functionality of the inhibitor. As a result, the flow velocity was restored to ∼72%, thus providing successful supramolecular control over a self-powered enzyme micropump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Agashe
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Akshay Saroha
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Rachenahalli Lake Rd, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Rachenahalli Lake Rd, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Debabrata Patra
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
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3
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Al-Tohamy A, Grove A. Targeting bacterial transcription factors for infection control: opportunities and challenges. Transcription 2023:1-28. [PMID: 38126125 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2023.2293523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria emphasizes the need for new therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on bacterial transcription factors (TFs), which play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. We discuss the regulatory roles of these factors through examples, and we outline potential therapeutic strategies targeting bacterial TFs. Specifically, we discuss the use of small molecules to interfere with TF function and the development of transcription factor decoys, oligonucleotides that compete with promoters for TF binding. We also cover peptides that target the interaction between the bacterial TF and other factors, such as RNA polymerase, and the targeting of sigma factors. These strategies, while promising, come with challenges, from identifying targets to designing interventions, managing side effects, and accounting for changing bacterial resistance patterns. We also delve into how Artificial Intelligence contributes to these efforts and how it may be exploited in the future, and we touch on the roles of multidisciplinary collaboration and policy to advance this research domain.Abbreviations: AI, artificial intelligence; CNN, convolutional neural networks; DTI: drug-target interaction; HTH, helix-turn-helix; IHF, integration host factor; LTTRs, LysR-type transcriptional regulators; MarR, multiple antibiotic resistance regulator; MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSA: multiple sequence alignment; NAP, nucleoid-associated protein; PROTACs, proteolysis targeting chimeras; RNAP, RNA polymerase; TF, transcription factor; TFD, transcription factor decoying; TFTRs, TetR-family transcriptional regulators; wHTH, winged helix-turn-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Tohamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anne Grove
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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4
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Piletsky SS, Baidyuk E, Piletska EV, Lezina L, Shevchenko K, Jones DJL, Cao TH, Singh R, Spivey AC, Aboagye EO, Piletsky SA, Barlev NA. Modulation of EGFR Activity by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting Intracellular Epitopes. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9677-9682. [PMID: 37902816 PMCID: PMC10636853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) have proven to be an attractive alternative to antibodies in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, several key questions remain: how suitable are intracellular epitopes as targets for nanoMIP binding? And to what extent can protein function be modulated via targeting specific epitopes? To investigate this, three extracellular and three intracellular epitopes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were used as templates for the synthesis of nanoMIPs which were then used to treat cancer cells with different expression levels of EGFR. It was observed that nanoMIPs imprinted with epitopes from the intracellular kinase domain and the extracellular ligand binding domain of EGFR caused cells to form large foci of EGFR sequestered away from the cell surface, caused a reduction in autophosphorylation, and demonstrated effects on cell viability. Collectively, this suggests that intracellular domain-targeting nanoMIPs can be a potential new tool for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav S. Piletsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterina Baidyuk
- L.A.
Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS, Yerevan 0028, Republic of Armenia
- Institute
of Cytology, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Piletska
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Lezina
- Department
of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Donald J. L. Jones
- Leicester
Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department
of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of
Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United
Kingdom
- National
Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre,
Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1 7RH, United
Kingdom
| | - Thong H. Cao
- Department
of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of
Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United
Kingdom
- National
Institute for Health Research, Leicester Biomedical Research Centre,
Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE1 7RH, United
Kingdom
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Leicester
Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan C. Spivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London SW7 2BX, United
Kingdom
| | - Sergey A. Piletsky
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Nazarbayev
University School of Medicine, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 010000, Republic
of Kazakhstan
- Sechenov
First Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Abstract
Drawing inspiration from allosteric proteins, a zigzag-shaped π-conjugation was structurally engineered into a tweezer-like ionophore having multiple disparate binding sites. When a soft metal ion binds to the central tridentate ligand motif, the rigid backbone folds, bringing two macrocyclic arms into close proximity. Stabilized by a coordinating anion, the tweezer-like conformation of the resulting metalloligand recruits a hard cation to form a sandwich-like complex with a remarkably enhanced binding affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Il Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sungryul Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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6
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Nacheva K, Kulkarni SS, Kassu M, Flanigan D, Monastyrskyi A, Iyamu ID, Doi K, Barber M, Namelikonda N, Tipton JD, Parvatkar P, Wang HG, Manetsch R. Going beyond Binary: Rapid Identification of Protein-Protein Interaction Modulators Using a Multifragment Kinetic Target-Guided Synthesis Approach. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5196-5207. [PMID: 37000900 PMCID: PMC10620989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic target-guided synthesis (KTGS) is a powerful screening approach that enables identification of small molecule modulators for biomolecules. While many KTGS variants have emerged, a majority of the examples suffer from limited throughput and a poor signal/noise ratio, hampering reliable hit detection. Herein, we present our optimized multifragment KTGS screening strategy that tackles these limitations. This approach utilizes selected reaction monitoring liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for hit detection, enabling the incubation of 190 fragment combinations per screening well. Consequentially, our fragment library was expanded from 81 possible combinations to 1710, representing the largest KTGS screening library assembled to date. The expanded library was screened against Mcl-1, leading to the discovery of 24 inhibitors. This work unveils the true potential of KTGS with respect to the rapid and reliable identification of hits, further highlighting its utility as a complement to the existing repertoire of screening methods used in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Nacheva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Sameer S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Mintesinot Kassu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Flanigan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department
of Sciences, Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, Florida 33619, United States
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kenichiro Doi
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Megan Barber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Niranjan Namelikonda
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jeremiah D. Tipton
- Proteomics
and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University
of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Prakash Parvatkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for
Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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7
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Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antioxidant Potential of New (2S,3S)-2-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-2-methyl-4-nitro-3-phenylbutanals and Their Corresponding Carboxylic Acids through In Vitro, In Silico and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134068. [PMID: 35807316 PMCID: PMC9268591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a series of new (2S,3S)-2-(4-isopropylbenzyl)-2-methyl-4-nitro-3-phenylbutanals (FM1-6) with their corresponding carboxylic acid analogues (FM7-12) has been synthesized. Initially, the aldehydic derivatives were isolated in the diastereomeric form, and the structures were confirmed with NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Based on the encouraging results in in vitro COX 1/2, 5-LOX and antioxidant assays, we oxidized the compounds and obtained the pure single (major) diastereomer for activities. Among all the compounds, FM4, FM10 and FM12 were the leading compounds based on their potent IC50 values. The IC50 values of compounds FM4, FM10 and FM12 were 0.74, 0.69 and 0.18 µM, respectively, in COX-2 assay. Similarly, the IC50 values of these three compounds were also dominant in COX-1 assay. In 5-LOX assay, the majority of our compounds were potent inhibitors of the enzyme. Based on the potency and safety profiles, FM10 and FM12 were subjected to the in vivo experiments. The compounds FM10 and FM12 were observed with encouraging results in in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory models. The molecular docking studies of the selected compounds show binding interactions in the minimized pocked of the target proteins. It is obvious from the overall results that FM10 and FM12 are potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.
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8
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New thiazoldinone substituted 2,6-diarypiperidin-4-one: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectral characterization, binding mode with calf thymus DNA. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Jia C, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Ma ZB, Xiao NN, He XW, Li WY, Zhang YK. Preparation of Dual-Template Epitope Imprinted Polymers for Targeted Fluorescence Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery to Pancreatic Cancer BxPC-3 Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32431-32440. [PMID: 31393695 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers were commonly used for drug delivery. However, single-template molecularly imprinted polymers often fail to achieve both drug delivery and precise targeting. To address this issue, a dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle used for targeted diagnosis and drug delivery for pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cells (FH-MIPNPs) was prepared. In the FH-MIPNPs, the 71-80 peptide of human fibroblast growth-factor-inducible 14 modified with glucose (Glu-FH) and bleomycin (BLM) were used as templates simultaneously, so that the FH-MIPNPs could load BLM and bind to the BxPC-3 cells, which overexpress human fibroblast growth-factor-inducible 14 (FN14). Targeted imaging experiments in vitro show that the FH-MIPNPs could specifically target BxPC-3 cells and that there is no targeting effect on cells without expression of FN14. In vivo antitumor experiment results demonstrated that the FH-MIPNP-loaded BLM (FH-MIPNPs/BLM) could inhibit the growth of xenografts tumor of BxPC-3 (tumor volume increased to 1.05×), which shows that FH-MIPNPs/BLM had obvious targeted therapeutic effect compared to the other three control groups of BLM, FH-NIPNPs/BLM, and physiological saline (tumor volume increased to 1.5×, 1.6×, and 2.4×, respectively). What is more, FH-MIPNPs have low biotoxicity through toxicity experiments in vitro and in vivo, which is favorable toward making molecularly imprinted polymers an effective platform for tumor-targeted imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jia
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Zi-Bo Ma
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Nan-Nan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xi-Wen He
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Wen-You Li
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Yu-Kui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , China
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10
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Rakesh K, Kumara H, Ullas B, Shivakumara J, Channe Gowda D. Amino acids conjugated quinazolinone-Schiff’s bases as potential antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, SAR and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Anticancer and DNA binding studies of potential amino acids based quinazolinone analogs: Synthesis, SAR and molecular docking. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:252-264. [PMID: 30908968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of amino acids conjugated quinazolinone-Schiff's bases were synthesized and screened for their in vitro anticancer activity and validated by molecular docking and DNA binding studies. In the present investigations, compounds 32, 33, 34, 41, 42 and 43 showed most potent anticancer activity against tested cancer cell lines and DNA binding study using methyl green comparing to doxorubicin and ethidium bromide as a positive control respectively. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the tryptophan and phenylalanine derived electron donating groups (OH and OCH3) favored DNA binding studies and anticancer activity whereas; electron withdrawing groups (Cl, NO2, and F) showed least anticancer activity. The molecular docking study, binding interactions of the most active compounds 33, 34, 42 and 43 stacked with A-T rich regions of the DNA minor groove by surface binding interactions were confirmed.
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12
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Canfarotta F, Lezina L, Guerreiro A, Czulak J, Petukhov A, Daks A, Smolinska-Kempisty K, Poma A, Piletsky S, Barlev NA. Specific Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells with Double-Imprinted Nanoparticles against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4641-4646. [PMID: 29969563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is over-expressed in many tumors, including almost half of triple-negative breast cancers. The latter belong to a very-aggressive and drug-resistant form of malignancy. Although humanized anti-EGFR antibodies can work efficiently against these cancers both as monotherapy and in combination with genotoxic drugs, instability and high production costs are some of their known drawbacks in clinical use. In addition, the development of antibodies to target membrane proteins is a very challenging task. Accordingly, the main focus of the present work is the design of supramolecular agents for the targeting of membrane proteins in cancer cells and, hence, more-specific drug delivery. These were produced using a novel double-imprinting approach based on the solid-phase method for preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs), which were loaded with doxorubicin and targeted toward a linear epitope of EGFR. Additionally, upon binding, doxorubicin-loaded anti-EGFR nanoMIPs elicited cytotoxicity and apoptosis only in those cells that over-expressed EGFR. Thus, this approach can provide a plausible alternative to conventional antibodies and sets up a new paradigm for the therapeutic application of this class of materials against clinically relevant targets. Furthermore, nanoMIPs can promote the development of cell imaging tools against difficult targets such as membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd ., Fielding Johnson Building , Leicester , LE1 7RH United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Lezina
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation , Institute of Cytology , 194064 Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | - António Guerreiro
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd ., Fielding Johnson Building , Leicester , LE1 7RH United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP Diagnostics Ltd ., Fielding Johnson Building , Leicester , LE1 7RH United Kingdom
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation , Institute of Cytology , 194064 Saint Petersburg , Russia
- Institute of Hematology , Almazov National Medical Research Centre , 197341 Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation , Institute of Cytology , 194064 Saint Petersburg , Russia
| | | | - Alessandro Poma
- Chemistry Department , University College London , London , WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom
| | | | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression and Regulation , Institute of Cytology , 194064 Saint Petersburg , Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Dolgoprudny , Moscow Oblast, 141700 Russia
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13
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Rakesh KP, Ramesh S, Shivakumar, Gowda DC. Effect of Low Charge and High Hydrophobicity on Antimicrobial Activity of the Quinazolinone-Peptide Conjugates. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Wang M, Rakesh KP, Leng J, Fang WY, Ravindar L, Channe Gowda D, Qin HL. Amino acids/peptides conjugated heterocycles: A tool for the recent development of novel therapeutic agents. Bioorg Chem 2017; 76:113-129. [PMID: 29169078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids/peptide conjugated heterocycles represent an important class of therapeutical agents. Biologically active heterocycles are conjugated with amino acids or peptides to increase the drug resistance. Furthermore, the amino acid/peptide based drugs have low toxicity, ample bioavailability and permeability, modest potency and good metabolic and pharmacokinetic properties. Synthetic amino acid/peptides based heterocyclic conjugates constitute a promising choice for the development of new, less toxic and safer conventional pharmaceutical drugs in the near future. In this review, we discuss and highlight the recent findings of the structural features that encourage biological applications of amino acid/peptides based conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China.
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - Wan-Yin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - L Ravindar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430073, PR China.
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15
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Chen X, Leng J, Rakesh KP, Darshini N, Shubhavathi T, Vivek HK, Mallesha N, Qin HL. Synthesis and molecular docking studies of xanthone attached amino acids as potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1706-1719. [PMID: 30108882 PMCID: PMC6071936 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel xanthone conjugated amino acids were synthesised and characterised by analytical and spectroscopic methods. All the synthesized analogues (2-23) were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 23 showed excellent antimicrobial activities compared to antibacterial and antifungal reference drugs gentamicin and bavistin, respectively. Compounds 7-12 and 18-23 showed good anti-inflammatory activity compared to a standard drug, indomethacin. The preliminary structure-activity relationship revealed that tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline and cysteine conjugated compounds showed excellent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This may be explained by the contribution of aromaticity and hydrophobicity of amino acids. Molecular docking studies were performed for all the synthesised compounds, among which compounds 20, 21 and 23 showed the highest docking scores for antimicrobial activity while compounds 9, 20 and 22 showed the highest docking scores for anti-inflammatory activity. Different amino acids conjugated xanthone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro biological activities. The conjugation was found to play a major role in improving the biological activities of those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China . ;
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China . ;
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China . ;
- SRI RAM CHEM, R & D Centre , Plot No. 31, JCK Industrial Park, Belagola Industrial Area , Mysore 570016 , Karnataka , India . ; Tel: +91 821 4255588
| | - N Darshini
- SRI RAM CHEM, R & D Centre , Plot No. 31, JCK Industrial Park, Belagola Industrial Area , Mysore 570016 , Karnataka , India . ; Tel: +91 821 4255588
| | - T Shubhavathi
- SRI RAM CHEM, R & D Centre , Plot No. 31, JCK Industrial Park, Belagola Industrial Area , Mysore 570016 , Karnataka , India . ; Tel: +91 821 4255588
| | - H K Vivek
- Department of Biotechnology , Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering , Mysore-570006 , Karnataka , India
| | - N Mallesha
- SRI RAM CHEM, R & D Centre , Plot No. 31, JCK Industrial Park, Belagola Industrial Area , Mysore 570016 , Karnataka , India . ; Tel: +91 821 4255588
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , 205 Luoshi Road , Wuhan , 430073 , PR China . ;
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16
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Ratha P, Chitra L, Ancy I, Kumaradhas P, Palvannan T. New amino acid-Schiff base derived from s-allyl cysteine and methionine alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver dysfunction. Biochimie 2017; 138:70-81. [PMID: 28454919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the tremendous stride in modern medicine, conventional drugs used in the hepatotoxic management are mostly inadequate. The present study aims in the synthesis of novel Schiff base compound derived using s-allyl cystiene and methionine. The newly synthesized compound, 2-((2-((2-(allylthio)-1-carboxyethyl)imino)ethylidene)amino)-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (ACEMB) was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, 1HNMR, and GC-MS. ACEMB showed potent in vitro antioxidant property. Chronic administration of ACEMB prior to CCl4 intoxication: i) attenuated the leakage of liver injury markers, such as, enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and LDH) and biomolecules (bilirubin) into the blood circulation; ii) normalized the concentration of total proteins, albumin and globulin to control level; and iii) protected the liver against dyslipidemia. These effects of ACEMB show the preservation of endoplasmic reticulum function against CCl4 toxicity in the liver. The protective effect of ACEMB was due to its antioxidant property, which was revealed by reduced oxidative stress (TBARS and HP) and enhanced functions of the endogenous antioxidative system (SOD, catalase, GPx, GST, GSH, vitamin E and C) against CCl4 intoxication. Also, ACEMB protected the functional activities of the various mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. The biochemical alterations are in concurrence with the histological observations, wherein ACEMB pretreatment prevented the vacuolation, degeneration of nuclei and necrosis of hepatocytes. In addition, in silico analysis reveals the interaction of ACEMB in the active site of cytochrome P450. ACEMB mediates hepatoprotective effect by substituting itself as an antioxidant and decreasing oxidative stress, thereby diminishing the intracellular organelle dysfunction against CCl4 toxicity in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyasamy Ratha
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Loganathan Chitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Iruthayaraj Ancy
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
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17
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Cecchini A, Raffa V, Canfarotta F, Signore G, Piletsky S, MacDonald MP, Cuschieri A. In Vivo Recognition of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2307-2312. [PMID: 28350162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms responsible for cancer-induced increased blood supply in malignant neoplasms is the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Several antibodies for VEGF targeting have been produced for both imaging and therapy. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles, nanoMIPs, however, offer significant advantages over antibodies, in particular in relation to improved stability, speed of design, cost and control over functionalization. In the present study, the successful production of nanoMIPs against human VEGF is reported for the first time. NanoMIPs were coupled with quantum dots (QDs) for cancer imaging. The composite nanoparticles exhibited specific homing toward human melanoma cell xenografts, overexpressing hVEGF, in zebrafish embryos. No evidence of this accumulation was observed in control organisms. These results indicate that nanoMIPs are promising materials which can be considered for advancing molecular oncological research, in particular when antibodies are less desirable due to their immunogenicity or long production time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cecchini
- IMSaT, University of Dundee , 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, United Kingdom
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- IMSaT, University of Dundee , 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa , S.S. 12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Signore
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester , University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P MacDonald
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee , Nethergate, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- IMSaT, University of Dundee , 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee DD2 1FD, United Kingdom
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18
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Fu ZG, Wang L, Cui HY, Peng JL, Wang SJ, Geng JJ, Liu JD, Feng F, Song F, Li L, Zhu P, Jiang JL, Chen ZN. A novel small-molecule compound targeting CD147 inhibits the motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9429-47. [PMID: 26882566 PMCID: PMC4891050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD147, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is highly expressed in various cancer types and plays important roles in tumor progression, especially by promoting the motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. These crucial roles make CD147 an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in HCC, but no small-molecule inhibitors of CD147 have been developed to date. To identify a candidate inhibitor, we used a pharmacophore model derived from the structure of CD147 to virtually screen over 300,000 compounds. The 100 highest-ranked compounds were subjected to biological assays, and the most potent one, dubbed AC-73 (ID number: AN-465/42834501), was studied further. We confirmed that AC-73 targeted CD147 and further demonstrated it can specifically disrupt CD147 dimerization. Moreover, molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments showed that the possible binding sites of AC-73 on CD147 included Glu64 and Glu73 in the N-terminal IgC2 domain, which two residues are located in the dimer interface of CD147. Functional assays revealed that AC-73 inhibited the motility and invasion of typical HCC cells, but not HCC cells that lacked the CD147 gene, demonstrating on-target action. Further, AC-73 reduced HCC metastasis by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 via down-regulation of the CD147/ERK1/2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Finally, AC-73 attenuated progression in an orthotopic nude mouse model of liver metastasis, suggesting that AC-73 or its derivatives have potential for use in HCC intervention. We conclude that the novel small-molecule inhibitor AC-73 inhibits HCC mobility and invasion, probably by disrupting CD147 dimerization and thereby mainly suppressing the CD147/ERK1/2/STAT3/MMP-2 pathways, which are crucial for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-guang Fu
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hong-yong Cui
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jian-long Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-jie Wang
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jie-jie Geng
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ji-de Liu
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fei Feng
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Fei Song
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, PLA Specialized Research Institute of Rheumatology & Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jian-li Jiang
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-nan Chen
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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19
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Rakesh KP, Ramesh S, Kumar HM, Chandan S, Gowda DC. Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Strosberg AD. Breaking the spell: drug discovery based on modulating protein–protein interactions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 1:141-3. [PMID: 15966807 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.1.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Meier C, Cairns-Smith S, Schulze U. Can emerging drug classes improve R&D productivity? Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:607-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Lee LK, Bryant KJ, Bouveret R, Lei PW, Duff AP, Harrop SJ, Huang EP, Harvey RP, Gelb MH, Gray PP, Curmi PM, Cunningham AM, Church WB, Scott KF. Selective inhibition of human group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) signaling reveals arachidonic acid metabolism is associated with colocalization of hGIIA to vimentin in rheumatoid synoviocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15269-79. [PMID: 23482564 PMCID: PMC3663547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes tumor growth and inflammation and can act independently of its well described catalytic lipase activity via an alternative poorly understood signaling pathway. With six chemically diverse inhibitors we show that it is possible to selectively inhibit hGIIA signaling over catalysis, and x-ray crystal structures illustrate that signaling involves a pharmacologically distinct surface to the catalytic site. We demonstrate in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes that non-catalytic signaling is associated with rapid internalization of the enzyme and colocalization with vimentin. Trafficking of exogenous hGIIA was monitored with immunofluorescence studies, which revealed that vimentin localization is disrupted by inhibitors of signaling that belong to a rare class of small molecule inhibitors that modulate protein-protein interactions. This study provides structural and pharmacological evidence for an association between vimentin, hGIIA, and arachidonic acid metabolism in synovial inflammation, avenues for selective interrogation of hGIIA signaling, and new strategies for therapeutic hGIIA inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K. Lee
- From the Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Romaric Bouveret
- St. Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, and
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Anthony P. Duff
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Harrop
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | | | - Richard P. Harvey
- St. Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, and
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Paul M. Curmi
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia, and
| | | | - W. Bret Church
- From the Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences
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23
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Suhas R, Chandrashekar S, Gowda DC. A New Family of Highly Potent Inhibitors of Microbes: Synthesis and Conjugation of Elastin Based Peptides to Piperazine Derivative. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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24
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Ivanov AS, Gnedenko OV, Molnar AA, Mezentsev YV, Lisitsa AV, Archakov AI. PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTIONS AS NEW TARGETS FOR DRUG DESIGN: VIRTUAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2011; 5:579-92. [PMID: 17636863 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720007002825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions play a central role in biochemical reactions, and understanding these processes is an important task in different fields of biomedical science and drug discovery. Proteins often work in complex assemblies of several macromolecules and small ligands. The structural and functional description of protein–protein interactions (PPI) is very important for basic-, as well as applied research. The interface areas of protein complexes have unique structure and properties, so PPI represent prospective targets for a new generation of drugs. One of the key targets of PPI inhibitors are oligomeric enzymes. This report shows interactive links between virtual and experimental approaches in a total pipeline "from gene to drug" and using Surface Plasmon Resonance technology for experimentally assessing PPI. Our research is conducted on two oligomeric enzymes — HIV-1 protease (HIVp) (homo-dimer) and bacterial L-asparaginase (homo-tetramer). Using methods of molecular modeling and computational alanine scanning we obtained structural and functional description of PPI in these two enzymes. We also presented a real example of application of integral approach in searching inhibitors of HIVp dimerization — from virtual database mining up to experimental testing of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis S Ivanov
- V.N.Orechovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Pogodinskaya str. 10, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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25
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Synthesis of elastin based peptides conjugated to benzisoxazole as a new class of potent antimicrobials – A novel approach to enhance biocompatibility. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:704-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Saez NJ, Senff S, Jensen JE, Er SY, Herzig V, Rash LD, King GF. Spider-venom peptides as therapeutics. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2851-71. [PMID: 22069579 PMCID: PMC3153181 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiders are the most successful venomous animals and the most abundant terrestrial predators. Their remarkable success is due in large part to their ingenious exploitation of silk and the evolution of pharmacologically complex venoms that ensure rapid subjugation of prey. Most spider venoms are dominated by disulfide-rich peptides that typically have high affinity and specificity for particular subtypes of ion channels and receptors. Spider venoms are conservatively predicted to contain more than 10 million bioactive peptides, making them a valuable resource for drug discovery. Here we review the structure and pharmacology of spider-venom peptides that are being used as leads for the development of therapeutics against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions including cardiovascular disorders, chronic pain, inflammation, and erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Saez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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27
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Blazer LL, Roman DL, Chung A, Larsen MJ, Greedy BM, Husbands SM, Neubig RR. Reversible, allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of regulator of G protein signaling proteins. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:524-33. [PMID: 20571077 PMCID: PMC2939488 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are potent negative modulators of G protein signaling and have been proposed as potential targets for small-molecule inhibitor development. We report a high-throughput time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer screen to identify inhibitors of RGS4 and describe the first reversible small-molecule inhibitors of an RGS protein. Two closely related compounds, typified by CCG-63802 [((2E)-2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-[9-methyl-2-(3-methylphenoxy)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]prop-2-enenitrile)], inhibit the interaction between RGS4 and Galpha(o) with an IC(50) value in the low micromolar range. They show selectivity among RGS proteins with a potency order of RGS 4 > 19 = 16 > 8 >> 7. The compounds inhibit the GTPase accelerating protein activity of RGS4, and thermal stability studies demonstrate binding to the RGS but not to Galpha(o). On RGS4, they depend on an interaction with one or more cysteines in a pocket that has previously been identified as an allosteric site for RGS regulation by acidic phospholipids. Unlike previous small-molecule RGS inhibitors identified to date, these compounds retain substantial activity under reducing conditions and are fully reversible on the 10-min time scale. CCG-63802 and related analogs represent a useful step toward the development of chemical tools for the study of RGS physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi L Blazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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28
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Wilder PT, Charpentier TH, Liriano MA, Gianni K, Varney KM, Pozharski E, Coop A, Toth EA, Mackerell AD, Weber DJ. In vitro screening and structural characterization of inhibitors of the S100B-p53 interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2010:109-126. [PMID: 21132089 DOI: 10.2147/ijhts.s8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is highly over-expressed in many cancers, including malignant melanoma. In such cancers, S100B binds wild-type p53 in a calcium-dependent manner, sequestering it, and promoting its degradation, resulting in the loss of p53-dependent tumor suppression activities. Therefore, S100B inhibitors may be able to restore wild-type p53 levels in certain cancers and provide a useful therapeutic strategy. In this regard, an automated and sensitive fluorescence polarization competition assay (FPCA) was developed and optimized to screen rapidly for lead compounds that bind Ca(2+)-loaded S100B and inhibit S100B target complex formation. A screen of 2000 compounds led to the identification of 26 putative S100B low molecular weight inhibitors. The binding of these small molecules to S100B was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and additional structural information was provided by x-ray crystal structures of several compounds in complexes with S100B. Notably, many of the identified inhibitors function by chemically modifying Cys84 in protein. These results validate the use of high-throughput FPCA to facilitate the identification of compounds that inhibit S100B. These lead compounds will be the subject of future optimization studies with the ultimate goal of developing a drug with therapeutic activity for the treatment of malignant melanoma and/or other cancers with elevated S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
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29
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Regulation of enzyme activity through interactions with nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4198-4209. [PMID: 20057940 PMCID: PMC2790103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of an enzyme can be altered by nanoparticles (NPs). The interaction between enzyme and NPs is governed by the key properties of NPs, such as structure, size, surface chemistry, charge and surface shape. Recent representative studies on the NP-enzyme interactions and the regulation of enzyme activity by NPs with different size, composition and surface modification are reviewed.
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30
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Sipilä P, Jalkanen J, Huhtaniemi IT, Poutanen M. Novel epididymal proteins as targets for the development of post-testicular male contraception. Reproduction 2009; 137:379-89. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apart from condoms and vasectomy, modern contraceptive methods for men are still not available. Besides hormonal approaches to stop testicular sperm production, the post-meiotic blockage of epididymal sperm maturation carries lots of promise. Microarray and proteomics techniques and libraries of expressed sequence tags, in combination with digital differential display tools and publicly available gene expression databases, are being currently used to identify and characterize novel epididymal proteins as putative targets for male contraception. The data reported indicate that these technologies provide complementary information for the identification of novel highly expressed genes in the epididymis. Deleting the gene of interest by targeted ablation technology in mice or using immunization against the cognate protein are the two preferred methods to functionally validate the function of novel genesin vivo. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of several epididymal proteins shown eitherin vivoorin vitroto be involved in the epididymal sperm maturation. These proteins include CRISP1, SPAG11e, DEFB126, carbonyl reductase P34H, CD52, and GPR64. In addition, we introduce novel proteinases and protease inhibitor gene families with potentially important roles in regulating the sperm maturation process. Furthermore, potential contraceptive strategies as well as delivery methods will be discussed. Despite the progress made in recent years, further studies are needed to reveal further details in the epididymal sperm maturation process and the factors involved, in order to facilitate the development of new epididymal contraceptives.
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Butini S, Gabellieri E, Huleatt PB, Campiani G, Franceschini S, Brindisi M, Ros S, Coccone SS, Fiorini I, Novellino E, Giorgi G, Gemma S. An Efficient Approach to Chiral C8/C9-Piperazino-Substituted 1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-ones as Peptidomimetic Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8458-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8015456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gabellieri
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paul Brady Huleatt
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Franceschini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sindu Ros
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico (DFCT), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCF&T), University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica (DC), University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Sperandio O, Miteva MA, Segers K, Nicolaes GAF, Villoutreix BO. Screening Outside the Catalytic Site: Inhibition of Macromolecular Inter-actions Through Structure-Based Virtual Ligand Screening Experiments. Open Biochem J 2008; 2:29-37. [PMID: 18949072 PMCID: PMC2570552 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During these last 15 years, drug discovery strategies have essentially focused on identifying small molecules able to inhibit catalytic sites. However, other mechanisms could be targeted. Protein-protein interactions play crucial roles in a number of biological processes, and, as such, their disruption or stabilization is becoming an area of intense activity. Along the same line, inhibition of protein-membrane could be of major importance in several disease indications. Despite the many challenges associated with the development of such classes of interaction modulators, there has been considerable success in the recent years. Importantly, through the existence of protein hot-spots and the presence of druggable pockets at the macromolecular interfaces or in their vicinities, it has been possible to find small molecule effectors using a variety of screening techniques, including combined virtual ligand-in vitro screening strategy. Indeed such in silico-in vitro protocols emerge as the method of choice to facilitate our quest of novel drug-like compounds or of mechanistic probes aiming at facilitating the understanding of molecular reactions involved in the Health and Disease process. In this review, we comment recent successes of combined in silico-in vitro screening methods applied to modulating macromolecular interactions with a special emphasis on protein-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sperandio
- Inserm U648, University of Paris 5, 45 rue des Sts Peres, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Maria A Miteva
- Inserm U648, University of Paris 5, 45 rue des Sts Peres, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Kenneth Segers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno O Villoutreix
- Inserm U648, University of Paris 5, 45 rue des Sts Peres, 75006 Paris, France
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Merritt WM, Lin YG, Spannuth WA, Fletcher MS, Kamat AA, Han LY, Landen CN, Jennings N, De Geest K, Langley RR, Villares G, Sanguino A, Lutgendorf SK, Lopez-Berestein G, Bar-Eli MM, Sood AK. Effect of interleukin-8 gene silencing with liposome-encapsulated small interfering RNA on ovarian cancer cell growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:359-72. [PMID: 18314475 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is overexpressed in many human cancers. We investigated the clinical and biologic significance of IL-8 in ovarian carcinoma using human samples and orthotopic mouse models. METHODS Tumor expression of IL-8 was assessed by immunohistochemistry among ovarian cancer patients (n = 102) with available clinical and survival data. We examined the effect of IL-8 gene silencing with small interfering RNAs incorporated into neutral liposomes (siRNA-DOPCs), alone and in combination with docetaxel, on in vivo tumor growth, angiogenesis (microvessel density), and tumor cell proliferation in mice (n = 10 per treatment group) bearing orthotopic taxane-sensitive (HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1) and taxane-resistant (SKOV3ip2.TR) ovarian tumors. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Of the 102 cancer specimens, 43 (42%) had high IL-8 expression and 59 (58%) had low or no IL-8 expression; high IL-8 expression was associated with advanced tumor stage (P = .019), high tumor grade (P = .031), and worse survival (median survival for patients with high vs low IL-8 expression: 1.62 vs 3.79 years; P < .001). Compared with empty liposomes, IL-8 siRNA-DOPC reduced the mean tumor weight by 32% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 50%; P = .03) and 52% (95% CI = 27% to 78%; P = .03) in the HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1 mouse models, respectively. In all three mouse models, treatment with IL-8 siRNA-DOPC plus the taxane docetaxel reduced tumor growth the most compared with empty liposomes (77% to 98% reduction in tumor growth; P < .01 for all). In the HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1 models, tumors from mice treated with IL-8 siRNA-DOPC alone had lower microvessel density than tumors from mice treated with empty liposomes (HeyA8: 34% lower, 95% CI = 32% to 36% lower [P = .002]; SKOV3ip1: 39% lower, 95% CI = 34% to 44% lower [P = .007]). Compared with empty liposomes, IL-8 siRNA-DOPC plus docetaxel reduced tumor cell proliferation by 35% (95% CI = 25% to 44%; P < .001) and 38% (95% CI = 28% to 48%; P < .001) in the HeyA8 and SKOV3ip1 models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased IL-8 expression is associated with poor clinical outcome in human ovarian carcinoma, and IL-8 gene silencing decreases tumor growth through antiangiogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Merritt
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Murray JK, Sadowsky JD, Scalf M, Smith LM, Tomita Y, Gellman SH. Exploration of Structure−Activity Relationships among Foldamer Ligands for a Specific Protein Binding Site via Parallel and Split-and-Mix Library Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:204-15. [DOI: 10.1021/cc700153z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin K. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Mark Scalf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - York Tomita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057
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Abstract
The tremendous challenge of inhibiting therapeutically important protein-protein interactions has created the opportunity to extend traditional medicinal chemistry to a new class of targets and to explore nontraditional strategies. Here we review a widely studied system, the interaction between tumor suppressor p53 and its natural antagonist MDM2, for which both traditional and nontraditional approaches have been reported. This system has been a testing ground for novel proteomimetic scaffold-based strategies, i.e., for attempts to mimic the recognition surface displayed by a folded protein with unnatural oligomers. Retroinverso peptides, peptoids, terphenyls, beta-hairpins, p-oligobenzamides, beta-peptides, and miniproteins have all been explored as inhibitors of the p53/MDM2 interaction, and we focus on these oligomer-based efforts. Traditional approaches have been successful as well, and we briefly review small molecule inhibitors along with other strategies for reactivation of the p53 pathway, for comparison with oligomer- based approaches. We close with comments on an emerging dichotomy among protein-protein interaction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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36
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Allosteric Inhibition of the Protein-Protein Interaction between the Leukemia-Associated Proteins Runx1 and CBFβ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:1186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Sadowsky JD, Murray JK, Tomita Y, Gellman SH. Exploration of Backbone Space in Foldamers Containing α- and β-Amino Acid Residues: Developing Protease-Resistant Oligomers that Bind Tightly to the BH3-Recognition Cleft of Bcl-xL. Chembiochem 2007; 8:903-16. [PMID: 17503422 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play crucial roles in cell-signaling events and are often implicated in human disease. Molecules that bind tightly to functional protein-surface sites and show high stability to degradative enzymes could be valuable pharmacological tools for dissection of cell-signaling networks and might ultimately lead to therapeutic agents. We recently described oligomers containing both alpha- and beta-amino acid residues that bind tightly to the BH3 recognition site of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L). The oligomers with highest affinity had a nine-residue N-terminal segment with a 1:1 alpha:beta residue repeat and a six-residue C-terminal segment containing exclusively proteinogenic alpha-residues. The N-terminal portions of such (alpha/beta+alpha)-peptides are highly resistant to proteolysis, but the C-terminal alpha-segments are susceptible. This study emerged from efforts to modify the alpha-segment in an (alpha/beta+alpha)-peptide in a way that would diminish proteolytic degradation but retain high affinity for Bcl-x(L). Some of the oligomers reported here could prove useful in certain biological applications, particularly those for which extended incubation in a biological milieu is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sadowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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38
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Schweigert FJ. Nutritional Proteomics: Methods and Concepts for Research in Nutritional Science. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:99-107. [PMID: 17476098 DOI: 10.1159/000102101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional proteomics or nutriproteomics is the application of proteomics methodology to nutrition-related research but also represents the interaction of bioactive food ingredients with proteins, whereby the interaction with proteins occurs in two basically specific ways. Firstly, the effect of nutrients on protein expression, which can be monitored by protein mapping, and secondly, the interaction of nutrients with proteins by post-translational modifications or small-molecule protein interactions. These interactions result in changes to the three-dimensional structure of such effected proteins. As a consequence, their original functions are modulated, resulting for example in reduced activity in the case of enzymes or changes in ability of recognition between molecules such as protein-protein interactions and ligand-receptor interactions. The characterization of such modifications together with functional data from established biochemical and physiological methods will result in a better understanding of the interplay between bioactive dietary components and diet-related diseases such as cancer, diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. The occurrence of such modifications can possibly be additionally used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of these diseases as well as biomarkers for the efficacy or safety of selected nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Schweigert
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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39
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King GF. Modulation of insect Cav channels by peptidic spider toxins. Toxicon 2007; 49:513-30. [PMID: 17197008 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insects have a much smaller repertoire of voltage-gated calcium (Ca(V)) channels than vertebrates. Drosophila melanogaster harbors only a single ortholog of each of the vertebrate Ca(V)1, Ca(V)2, and Ca(V)3 subtypes, although its basal inventory is expanded by alternative splicing and editing of Ca(V) channel transcripts. Nevertheless, there appears to be little functional plasticity within this limited panel of insect Ca(V) channels, since severe loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding the pore-forming alpha1 subunits in Drosophila are embryonic lethal. Since the primary role of spider venom is to paralyze or kill insect prey, it is not surprising that most, if not all, spider venoms contain peptides that potently modify the activity of these functionally critical insect Ca(V) channels. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to determine the precise ion channel subtypes recognized by these peptide toxins since insect Ca(V) channels have significantly different pharmacology to their vertebrate counterparts, and cloned insect Ca(V) channels are not available for electrophysiological studies. However, biochemical and genetic studies indicate that some of these spider toxins might ultimately become the defining pharmacology for certain subtypes of insect Ca(V) channels. This review focuses on peptidic spider toxins that specifically target insect Ca(V) channels. In addition to providing novel molecular tools for ion channel characterization, some of these toxins are being used as leads to develop new methods for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F King
- Division of Chemical and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld. 4072, Australia.
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Coluccia AML, Gunby RH, Tartari CJ, Scapozza L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Passoni L. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase and its signalling molecules as novel targets in lymphoma therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:515-32. [PMID: 15948671 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.3.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in the development of molecularly-targeted anticancer therapies is the identification of appropriate molecules whose targeting would result in tumour regression with a minimal level of systemic toxicity. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, normally expressed at low levels in the nervous system. As a consequence of chromosomal translocations involving the alk gene (2p23), ALK is also aberrantly expressed and constitutively activated in approximately 60% of CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). Due to the selective overexpression of ALK in tumour cells, its direct involvement in the process of malignant transformation and its frequent expression in ALCL patients, the authors recognise ALK as a suitable candidate for the development of molecularly targeted strategies for the therapeutic treatment of ALK-positive lymphomas. Strategies targeting ALK directly or indirectly via the inhibition of the protein networks responsible for ALK oncogenic signalling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Coluccia
- Oncogenic Fusion Genes and Proteins Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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41
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Sadowsky JD, Fairlie WD, Hadley EB, Lee HS, Umezawa N, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Wang S, Huang DCS, Tomita Y, Gellman SH. (α/β+α)-Peptide Antagonists of BH3 Domain/Bcl-xL Recognition: Toward General Strategies for Foldamer-Based Inhibition of Protein−Protein Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 129:139-54. [PMID: 17199293 DOI: 10.1021/ja0662523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of molecules that bind to specific protein surface sites and inhibit protein-protein interactions is a fundamental challenge in molecular recognition. New strategies for approaching this challenge could have important long-term ramifications in biology and medicine. We are exploring the concept that unnatural oligomers with well-defined conformations ("foldamers") can mimic protein secondary structural elements and thereby block specific protein-protein interactions. Here, we describe the identification and analysis of helical peptide-based foldamers that bind to a specific cleft on the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL by mimicking an alpha-helical BH3 domain. Initial studies, employing a fluorescence polarization (FP) competition assay, revealed that among several alpha/beta- and beta-peptide foldamer backbones only alpha/beta-peptides intended to adopt 14/15-helical secondary structure display significant binding to Bcl-xL. The most tightly binding Bcl-xL ligands are chimeric oligomers in which an N-terminal alpha/beta-peptide segment is fused to a C-terminal alpha-peptide segment ((alpha/beta + alpha)-peptides)). Sequence-affinity relationships were probed via standard and nonstandard techniques (alanine scanning and hydrophile scanning, respectively), and the results allowed us to construct a computational model of the ligand/Bcl-xL complex. Analytical ultracentrifugation with a high-affinity (alpha/beta + alpha)-peptide established 1:1 ligand:Bcl-xL stoichiometry under FP assay conditions. Binding selectivity studies with the most potent (alpha/beta + alpha)-peptide, conducted via surface plasmon resonance measurements, revealed that this ligand binds tightly to Bcl-w as well as to Bcl-xL, while binding to Bcl-2 is somewhat weaker. No binding could be detected with Mcl-1. We show that our most potent (alpha/beta + alpha)-peptide can induce cytochrome C release from mitochondria, an early step in apoptosis, in cell lysates, and that this activity is dependent upon inhibition of protein-protein interactions involving Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sadowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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42
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Banfi L, Basso A, Damonte G, De Pellegrini F, Galatini A, Guanti G, Monfardini I, Riva R, Scapolla C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new conformationally biased integrin ligands based on a tetrahydroazoninone scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:1341-5. [PMID: 17169558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new conformationally biased cyclic pentapeptides, incorporating the RGD sequence, and built around a tetrahydroazoninone scaffold, is reported. They exhibit interesting activity towards integrin alphaVbeta3 and a remarkable selectivity in comparison with integrin alphaVbeta5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Banfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy.
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43
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Yin H, Hamilton AD. Strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions with synthetic agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4130-63. [PMID: 15954154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule modulators of protein-protein interactions is a formidable goal, albeit one that possesses significant potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Despite the daunting challenges, a variety of examples exists for the inhibition of two large protein partners with low-molecular-weight ligands. This review discusses the strategies for targeting protein-protein interactions and the state of the art in the rational design of molecules that mimic the structures and functions of their natural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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44
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Kahsai AW, Zhu S, Wardrop DJ, Lane WS, Fenteany G. Quinocarmycin Analog DX-52-1 Inhibits Cell Migration and Targets Radixin, Disrupting Interactions of Radixin with Actin and CD44. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:973-83. [PMID: 16984887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the course of screening for new small-molecule modulators of cell motility, we discovered that quinocarmycin (also known as quinocarcin) analog DX-52-1 is an inhibitor of epithelial cell migration. While it has been assumed that the main target of DX-52-1 is DNA, we identified and confirmed radixin as the relevant molecular target of DX-52-1 in the cell. Radixin is a member of the ezrin/radixin/moesin family of membrane-actin cytoskeleton linker proteins that also participate in signal transduction pathways. DX-52-1 binds specifically and covalently to the C-terminal region of radixin, which contains the domain that interacts with actin filaments. Overexpression of radixin in cells abrogates their sensitivity to DX-52-1's antimigratory activity. Small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of radixin expression reduces the rate of cell migration. Finally, we found that DX-52-1 disrupts radixin's ability to interact with both actin and the cell adhesion molecule CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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45
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Cummings MD, Farnum MA, Nelen MI. Universal screening methods and applications of ThermoFluor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:854-63. [PMID: 16943390 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106292746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genomics revolution has unveiled a wealth of poorly characterized proteins. Scientists are often able to produce milligram quantities of proteins for which function is unknown or hypothetical, based only on very distant sequence homology. Broadly applicable tools for functional characterization are essential to the illumination of these orphan proteins. An additional challenge is the direct detection of inhibitors of protein-protein interactions (and allosteric effectors). Both of these research problems are relevant to, among other things, the challenge of finding and validating new protein targets for drug action. Screening collections of small molecules has long been used in the pharmaceutical industry as 1 method of discovering drug leads. Screening in this context typically involves a function-based assay. Given a sufficient quantity of a protein of interest, significant effort may still be required for functional characterization, assay development, and assay configuration for screening. Increasingly, techniques are being reported that facilitate screening for specific ligands for a protein of unknown function. Such techniques also allow for function-independent screening with better characterized proteins. ThermoFluor, a screening instrument based on monitoring ligand effects on temperature-dependent protein unfolding, can be applied when protein function is unknown. This technology has proven useful in the decryption of an essential bacterial enzyme and in the discovery of a series of inhibitors of a cancer-related, protein-protein interaction. The authors review some of the tools relevant to these research problems in drug discovery, and describe our experiences with 2 different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell D Cummings
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle R. Arvizo
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ayush Verma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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47
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Bedjeguelal K, Bienaymé H, Dumoulin A, Poigny S, Schmitt P, Tam E. Discovery of protein–protein binding disruptors using multi-component condensations small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3998-4001. [PMID: 16765048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of small molecule compounds interfering with the binding process of VEGF and NRP1 has been identified and further optimized. Full synthetic details as well as SAR are reported which demonstrate that expeditious MCC-based syntheses may lead to valuable molecules addressing challenging targets such as protein-protein interactions. Preliminary functional assay data confirm that these compounds may be further developed toward drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bedjeguelal
- Pierre Fabre Urologie, 11 Av. Albert Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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48
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Spatial Screening for the Identification of the Bioactive Conformation of Integrin Ligands. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/128_052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Xu Y, Lu H, Kennedy JP, Yan X, McAllister L, Yamamoto N, Moss JA, Boldt GE, Jiang S, Janda KD. Evaluation of "credit card" libraries for inhibition of HIV-1 gp41 fusogenic core formation. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 8:531-9. [PMID: 16827565 PMCID: PMC2529179 DOI: 10.1021/cc0600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are of critical importance in biological systems, and small molecule modulators of such protein recognition and intervention processes are of particular interest. To investigate this area of research, we have synthesized small-molecule libraries that can disrupt a number of biologically relevant protein-protein interactions. These library members are designed upon planar motif, appended with a variety of chemical functions, which we have termed "credit-card" structures. From two of our "credit-card" libraries, a series of molecules were uncovered which act as inhibitors against the HIV-1 gp41 fusogenic 6-helix bundle core formation, viral antigen p24 formation, and cell-cell fusion at low micromolar concentrations. From the high-throughput screening assays we utilized, a selective index (SI) value of 4.2 was uncovered for compound 2261, which bodes well for future structure activity investigations and the design of more potent gp41 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Hong Lu
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, the Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute,The New York Blood Center, 310 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jack P. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xuxia Yan
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, the Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute,The New York Blood Center, 310 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Laura McAllister
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jason A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Grant E. Boldt
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, the Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute,The New York Blood Center, 310 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry and Immunology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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50
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Abstract
Most biological processes involve permanent and nonpermanent interactions between different proteins, and many protein complexes play a key role in various human diseases. Therefore, molecules that prevent the formation of these protein complexes could be valuable new therapeutic agents to treat these diseases. Protein interfaces have not evolved to bind low-molecular-weight molecules, as is the case with enzyme catalytic sites. It is therefore difficult to identify small compounds that inhibit protein-protein interactions. However, there is considerable diversity in the structure of protein interfaces, some of which may be more attractive than others for medicinal chemistry. One of the main challenges in drug discovery is to identify these interfaces and to exploit their properties to make marketable drugs. Herein, the properties of protein interfaces are discussed in light of their use as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chène
- Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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