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Majewska M, Kapusta M, Aksmann A. Diclofenac Interacts with Photosynthetic Apparatus: Isolated Spinach Chloroplasts and Thylakoids as a Model System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2189. [PMID: 39204625 PMCID: PMC11359304 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac, often detected in environmental samples, poses a potential hazard to the aquatic environment. The present study aimed to understand the effect of this drug on photosynthetic apparatus, which is a little-known aspect of its phytotoxicity. Chloroplasts and thylakoids isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were used for this study and treated with various concentrations of diclofenac (from 125 to 4000 μM). The parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence (the OJIP test) as measurements for both the intact chloroplasts and the thylakoid membranes revealed that isolated thylakoids showed greater sensitivity to the drug than chloroplasts. The relatively high concentration of diclofenac that is required to inhibit chloroplast and thylakoid functions suggests a narcotic effect of that drug on photosynthetic membranes, rather than a specific interaction with a particular element of the electron transport chain. Using confocal microscopy, we confirmed the degradation of the chloroplast structure after DCF treatment, which has not been previously reported in the literature. In conclusion, it can be assumed that diclofenac's action originated from a non-specific interaction with photosynthetic membranes, leading to the disruption in the function of the electron transport chain. This, in turn, decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis, transforming part of the PSII reaction centers into heat sinks and enhancing non-photochemical energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Anna Aksmann
- Department of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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2
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Liu J, Lin C, Wu M, Wang Y, Chen S, Yang T, Xie C, Kong Y, Wu W, Wang J, Ma X, Teng C. Co-delivery of indomethacin and uricase as a new strategy for inflammatory diseases associated with high uric acid. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1820-1838. [PMID: 38127247 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid is the final metabolite in humans. High level of uric acid chronically induces urate deposition, aggravates kidney damage, and concomitantly causes an increase in inflammatory factors. Alleviating acute inflammation and decreasing uric acid levels are the key points in the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with high uric acid. However, a drug delivery system that combines anti-inflammatory and uric acid reduction functions at the same time remains a challenge to be settled. Here, we designed a nanocrystal-based co-delivery platform, IND Nplex, characterized by loading of indomethacin (IND) and uricase. Compared with free IND or uricase, IND Nplex possessed a better anti-inflammatory effect by restraining the release of inflammation-related factors in vitro. In addition, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies revealed that IND Nplex significantly prolonged the retention time in vivo and was more concentrated in the kidney. In acute gouty arthritis model rats, IND Nplex markedly relieved ankle joint swelling and mitigated synovial inflammation. In acute kidney injury model rats, IND Nplex indicated better biocompatibility and significant amelioration of renal fibrosis. Moreover, IND Nplex showed the effect of anti-inflammatory and improved renal function via determination of inflammatory factors and biochemical markers in the serum and kidney. In conclusion, these results indicate that IND Nplex exerts anti-inflammatory activity and uric acid-lowering effect and could become a promising candidate for the treatment of uric acid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chenshi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Center for Translational Imaging, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shenyu Chen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taiwang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Chenlu Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiujiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Public Experimental Platform, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Chao Teng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Przykaza K, Jurak M, Wiącek AE. Effect of naproxen on the model lipid membrane formed on the water-chitosan subphase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184099. [PMID: 36493856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are those of the most common over the counter (OTC) medications widely used by millions of people every day. Unfortunately, despite their popularity those drugs can cause serious side effects in the digestive system (ulcers, bleeding, and pain). These inconveniences are caused by the changes in the structures of the outer phospholipid layers of gastric mucus and mucosa. As a result the H+ ions from the stomach acid can pass easily through these natural protective barriers and damage the epithelial cells which causes ulcers and bleeding. Chitosan as a polysaccharide known for its unique biocompatibility, drug delivery possibilities and wound healing effect has been chosen to examine if it can induce the reduction of undesirable effects of naproxen. This paper focuses on the interactions of the naproxen with a model biological membrane with and without the presence of chitosan. Applying the Langmuir technique coupled with the surface potential measurements and the Brewster angle microscope imaging allowed to characterize successfully examined systems in terms of the monolayer compressibility, thickness, stability, electric properties and morphology. The results proved that the presence of naproxen alters the mechanical and electrical properties of the model membrane depending on its surface pressure. Moreover, the addition of chitosan to the lipid-drug system causes significant changes in the properties of the layer, i.e. a reduction of its compressibility, thickness and morphology modification. Nevertheless, chitosan suppresses some changes induced by naproxen such as alteration of the apparent dipole moment and film stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Przykaza
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, Poland; Department of Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biomedicine, Medical University of Lublin, Kazimierza Jaczewskiego St. 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jurak
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ewa Wiącek
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 3, 20031 Lublin, Poland
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4
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Thiruchenthooran V, Sánchez-López E, Gliszczyńska A. Perspectives of the Application of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cancer Therapy: Attempts to Overcome Their Unfavorable Side Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020475. [PMID: 36672424 PMCID: PMC9856583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) express anti-tumoral activity mainly by blocking cyclooxygenase-2 involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Therefore, in the last few decades, many have attempted to explore the possibilities of applying this group of drugs as effective agents for the inhibition of neoplastic processes. This review summarizes the evidence presented in the literature regarding the anti-tumoral actions of NSAIDs used as monotherapies as well as in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and natural products. In several clinical trials, it was proven that combinations of NSAIDs and chemotherapeutic drugs (CTDs) were able to obtain suitable results. The combination with phospholipids may resolve the adverse effects of NSAIDs and deliver derivatives with increased antitumor activity, whereas hybrids with terpenoids exhibit superior activity against their parent drugs or physical mixtures. Therefore, the application of NSAIDs in cancer therapy seems to be still an open chapter and requires deep and careful evaluation. The literature's data indicate the possibilities of re-purposing anti-inflammatory drugs currently approved for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaikunthavasan Thiruchenthooran
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.S.-L.); or (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.S.-L.); or (A.G.)
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5
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Lichtenberger LM. Development of the PC-NSAID technology: From contact angle to Vazalore®. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103411. [PMID: 36270473 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe strategies in drug development to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We then provide an overview of the experiments that led to the development of PC-NSAIDs, a novel family of NSAIDs associated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) that have reduced GI toxicity and full therapeutic activity. Furthermore, we describe the evidence showing: that the stomach possesses hydrophobic properties that are attributable to phospholipids lining the mucus gel layer; and that NSAIDs chemically associate with intrinsic PC, thereby attenuating the tissue's hydrophobic properties. Further, pre-associating NSAIDs with PC reduces the GI toxicity of these drugs, both in rodent ulcer models and in human subjects, without affecting the drugs' therapeutic activity. Finally, we discuss the commercialization and launch of Aspirin-PC, an over-the-counter (OTC) drug with the brand name Vazalore®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard M Lichtenberger
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Koca M, Anıl B, Nişancı B, Bayır Y, Ercan Z, Özakar E. Synthesis of New Ester Derivatives of Salicylic Acid and Evaluation of Their COX Inhibitory Potential. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200509. [PMID: 36514919 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid is an NSAID with serious side effects on the GIS. The side effects of salicylic acid on the GIS are slightly reduced by acetylating salicylic acid. 12 new ester analogs of salicylic acid were synthesized with high yields in this study. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HRMS spectra. The inhibitory potential of the compounds was evaluated on COXs by in vitro and in silico studies. The COX2 inhibitory activity of the most potent inhibitor MEST1 (IC50 : 0.048 μM) was found to be much higher than the COX2 inhibitory activity of aspirin (IC50 : 2.60 μM). In docking studies, the strongest inhibitor among the compounds synthesized was predicted to be MEST1, with the lowest binding energy. Docking studies revealed that MEST1 extends from the hydrophobic channel to the top of the cyclooxygenase active site, forming various interactions with residues in the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Barış Anıl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Bilal Nişancı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Yasin Bayır
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ercan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Emrah Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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7
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Wood M, Morales M, Miller E, Braziel S, Giancaspro J, Scollan P, Rosario J, Gayapa A, Krmic M, Lee S. Ibuprofen and the Phosphatidylcholine Bilayer: Membrane Water Permeability in the Presence and Absence of Cholesterol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4468-4480. [PMID: 33826350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between drugs and cell membranes can modulate the structural and physical properties of membranes. The resultant perturbations of the membrane integrity may affect the conformation of the proteins inserted within the membrane, disturbing the membrane-hosted biological functions. In this study, the droplet interface bilayer (DIB), a model cell membrane, is used to examine the effects of ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on transbilayer water permeability, which is a fundamental membrane biophysical property. Our results indicate that the presence of neutral ibuprofen (pH 3) increases the water permeability of the lipid membranes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). When cholesterol is present with the DOPC, however, the water permeability is not influenced by addition of ibuprofen, regardless of the cholesterol content in DOPC. Given the fact that cholesterol is generally considered to impact packing in the hydrocarbon chain regions, our findings suggest that a potential competition between opposing effects of ibuprofen molecules and cholesterol on the hydrocarbon core environment of the phospholipid assembly may influence the overall water transport phenomena. Results from confocal Raman microspectroscopy and interfacial tensiometry show that ibuprofen molecules induce substantial structural and dynamic changes in the DOPC lipid bilayer. These results, demonstrating that the presence of ibuprofen increases the water permeability of pure DOPC but not that of DOPC-cholesterol mixtures, provide insight into the differential effect of a representative NSAID on heterogeneous biological membranes, depending upon the local composition and structure, results which will signal increased understanding of the gastrointestinal damage and toxicity induced by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Michael Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Samuel Braziel
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Joseph Giancaspro
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Patrick Scollan
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Juan Rosario
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Alyssa Gayapa
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Michael Krmic
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Sunghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
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8
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Amirinejad M, Davoodi J, Abbaspour MR, Akhgari A, Hadizadeh F, Badiee A. Preparation, characterization and improved release profile of ibuprofen-phospholipid association. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Kaffash E, Badiee A, Akhgari A, Akhavan Rezayat N, Abbaspour M, Saremnejad F. Development and characterization of a multiparticulate drug delivery system containing indomethacin-phospholipid complex to improve dissolution rate. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Simultaneous voltammetric determination of acetaminophen, naproxen, and theophylline using an in-situ polymerized poly(acrylic acid) nanogel covalently grafted onto a carbon black/La 2O 3 composite. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:651. [PMID: 31463587 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum oxide nanomaterials were decorated with carbon black (CB) and grafted with a poly(acrylic acid) nanogel to obtain a composite material (CB-g-PAA/La2O3) for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (AMP), naproxen (NPX), and theophylline (TPH). The nanogel was synthesized by in-situ free radical polymerization. The composite was dropped onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the modified GCE displays robust electrocatalytic activity towards AMP, NPX, and TPH, with voltammetric signals that are enhanced compared to a bare GCE. Features of merit for AMP, NPX, and TPH, respectively, include (a) peak potentials of 0.42, 0.85 and 0.12 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), (b) linear ranges from 0.05-887, 0.05-884, and 0.02-888 μM, and (c) detection limits of 20, 35, and 15 nM. The practical applicability of the CB-g-PAA/La2O3/GCE was illustrated by analyzing serum and urine samples. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of simultaneous electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen (AMP), naproxen (NPX), and theophylline (TPH) in real sample analysis using poly(acrylic acid) nanogel covalently grafted onto a carbon black/La2O3 composite (CB-g-PAA/La2O3/GCE).
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11
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Kanagasabapathy M, Sekar R. Chronopotentiometric/chronoamperometric transient analysis of naproxen via electrochemically synthesized nano spinel ZnFe2O4 films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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A Molecular Biophysical Approach to Diclofenac Topical Gastrointestinal Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113411. [PMID: 30384433 PMCID: PMC6275047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), the most widely consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) worldwide, is associated with adverse typical effects, including gastrointestinal (GI) complications. The present study aims to better understand the topical toxicity induced by DCF using membrane models that mimic the physiological, biophysical, and chemical environments of GI mucosa segments. For this purpose, phospholipidic model systems that mimic the GI protective lining and lipid models of the inner mitochondrial membrane were used together with a wide set of techniques: derivative spectrophotometry to evaluate drug distribution at the membrane; steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence to predict drug location at the membrane; fluorescence anisotropy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and calcein leakage studies to evaluate the drug-induced disturbance on membrane microviscosity and permeability; and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies (SAXS and WAXS, respectively), to evaluate the effects of DCF at the membrane structure. Results demonstrated that DCF interacts chemically with the phospholipids of the GI protective barrier in a pH-dependent manner and confirmed the DCF location at the lipid headgroup region, as well as DCF’s higher distribution at mitochondrial membrane contact points where the impairment of biophysical properties is consistent with the uncoupling effects reported for this drug.
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13
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Dubey PS, Sharma VK, Srinivasan H, Mitra S, Sakai VG, Mukhopadhyay R. Effects of NSAIDs on the Dynamics and Phase Behavior of DODAB Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9962-9972. [PMID: 30351108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite well-known side effects, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most prescribed drugs worldwide for their anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Here, we report the effects of two NSAIDs, aspirin and indomethacin, on the thermotropic phase behavior and the dynamics of a dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) lipid bilayer as studied using neutron scattering techniques. Elastic fixed window scans showed that the addition of aspirin and indomethacin affects the phase behavior of a DODAB bilayer in both heating and cooling cycles. Upon heating, there is a change in the coagel- to fluid-phase transition temperature from 327 K for pure DODAB bilayer to 321 and 323 K in the presence of aspirin and indomethacin, respectively. More strikingly, upon cooling, the addition of NSAIDs suppresses the formation of the intermediate gel phase observed in pure DODAB. The suppression of the gel phase on addition of the NSAIDs evidences the synchronous ordering of a lipid headgroup and chain. Analysis of quasi-elastic neutron scattering data showed that only localized internal motion exists in the coagel phase, whereas both internal and lateral motions exist in the fluid phase. The internal motion is described by a fractional uniaxial rotational diffusion model in the coagel phase and by a localized translation diffusion model in the fluid phase. In the coagel phase, the rotational diffusion coefficient of DODAB is found to be almost twice for the addition of the drugs, whereas the mobility fraction did not change for indomethacin but becomes twice for aspirin. In the fluid phase, the lateral motion, described well by a continuous diffusion model, is found to be slower by about ∼30% for indomethacin but almost no change for aspirin. For the internal motion, addition of aspirin leads to enhancement of the internal motion, whereas indomethacin did not show significant effect. This study shows that the effect of different NSAIDs on the dynamics of the lipid membrane is not the same; hence, one must consider these NSAIDs individually while studying their action mechanism on the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Dubey
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - V K Sharma
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - H Srinivasan
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - S Mitra
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , Mumbai 400094 , India
| | - V García Sakai
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Didcot OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - R Mukhopadhyay
- Solid State Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai 400085 , India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , Mumbai 400094 , India
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14
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Bozelli JC, Schreier S, Kamma-Lorger CS, Cuccovia IM, Reis S. Can NO-indomethacin counteract the topical gastric toxicity induced by indomethacin interactions with phospholipid bilayers? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 169:375-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Formulation evaluation and optimization of fast disintegrating tablets of ketorolac tromethamine. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Assessing gastric toxicity of xanthone derivatives of anti-inflammatory activity using simulation and experimental approaches. Biophys Chem 2016; 220:20-33. [PMID: 27846425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Xanthones are tricyclic compounds of natural or synthetic origin exhibiting a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Three synthetic xanthone derivatives (KS1, KS2, and KS3) with properties typical for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) were objects of the presented model study. NSAIDs are in common use however; several of them exhibit gastric toxicity predominantly resulting from their direct interactions with the outermost lipid layer of the gastric mucosa that impair its hydrophobic barrier property. Among the studied xanthones, gastric toxicity of only KS2 has been determined in previous pharmacological studies, and it is low. In this study, carried out using X-ray diffraction and computer simulation, a palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayer (POPC-Chol) was used as a model of a hydrophobic layer of lipids protecting gastric mucosa as POPC and Chol are the main lipids in human mucus. X-ray diffraction data were used to validate the computer model. The aim of the study was to assess potential gastric toxicity of the xanthones by analysing their atomic level interactions with lipids, ions, and water in the lipid bilayer and their effect on the bilayer physicochemical properties. The results show that xanthones have small effect on the bilayer properties except for its rigidity whereas their interactions with water, ions, and lipids depend on their protonation state and for a given state, are similar for all the xanthones. As gastric toxicity of KS2 is low, based on MD simulations one can predict that toxicity of KS1 and KS3 is also low.
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Sukul A, Poddar SK, Saha SK, Das SC. Synthesis and characterization of cobalt and manganese complexes of indomethacin and comparative study of local analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcerogenic properties. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mitigation of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal damages in fat-1 transgenic mice via gate-keeper action of ω-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33992. [PMID: 27658533 PMCID: PMC5034283 DOI: 10.1038/srep33992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) damage the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cell membranes by inducing several signals through lipid raft organization after membrane incorporation, whereas ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relieve inflammation, reduce oxidative stress, and provide cytoprotection, consequent to lipid raft disorganization. Therefore, we hypothesized that ω-3 PUFAs can protect the GI from NSAID-induced damages by initiating the gatekeeper action of cell membranes, subsequent to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions. Administration of indomethacin (IND) leads to the formation of lipid rafts and activation of caveolin-1; however, no such observations were made upon co-administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and IND. In addition, the EPA-induced lipid raft disorganization, caveolin-1 inactivation, and cellular cytotoxicity were inhibited when target cells were knocked-out using G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR 120). EPA significantly attenuated IND-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis. IND administration induced significant ulceration, bleeding, and oedema in the stomach or small intestine of wild-type (WT) mice; however, such severe damages to the GI significantly decreased in fat-1 transgenic (TG) mice (P < 0.001), which exhibited decreased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and apoptosis, decreased interleukin-1β and FAS concentrations, and increased heme oxygenase-1 concentration. Our study indicates that the gatekeeper function of ω-3 PUFAs improves GI safety when administered with NSAID.
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Simon JP, Evan Prince S. Natural remedies for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:71-83. [PMID: 27652576 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an important organ of the body, which has a vital role in metabolic functions. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac causes hepato-renal toxicity and gastric ulcers. NSAIDs are noted to be an agent for the toxicity of body organs. This review has elaborated various scientific perspectives of the toxicity caused by diclofenac and its mechanistic action in affecting the vital organ. This review suggests natural products are better remedies than current clinical drugs against the toxicity caused by NSAIDs. Natural products are known for their minimal side effects, low cost and availability. On the other hand, synthetic drugs pose the danger of adverse effects if used frequently or over a long period. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerine Peter Simon
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, -632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, -632014, Tamilnadu, India
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as an angelus custos to rescue patients from NSAID-induced gastroduodenal damage. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:614-25. [PMID: 25578017 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-1034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammat ory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the drug types frequently prescribed for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic actions, but carry a risk of major gastroduodenal damage from mild erosive changes to serious ulceration leading to fatal outcomes. From the long history of willow tree bark and its extracts being applied for the relief of pain and fever, the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, the development of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors (coxibs), and the identification of a G-protein-coupled receptor for prostaglandin, the popular combination regimen of an NSAID and a proton pump inhibitor was invented, but development was continued for further improvement. With regard to major NSAID adverse effects, gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) risks still remained as problems to be solved. In this review, it is shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) based NSAIDs can be an angelus custos, supported with facts that an intake of essential n-3 PUFAs orchestrates concerted protective actions against two notorious side effects of NSAIDs, the aforementioned GI risk and CV risk of NSAIDs. Since pills containing n-3 PUFAs, omega-3-acid ethyl ester capsules (Lovaza, Omarcor), have already been safely prescribed to prevent atherosclerosis through lessening lipid burdening, the introduction of a drug delivery system such as a gastroretentive form of n-3 PUFA based NSAIDs will highlight newer hope for GI safety under the guarantee of reduced CV risk. Because n-3 PUFAs have been proven to attenuate cytotoxicity, inhibit lipid-raft-associated harmful signaling, and relieve oxidative stress relevant to NSAIDs, n-3 PUFA based NSAIDs will be next-generation GI-safe NSAIDs.
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Suthar SK, Sharma M. Recent Developments in Chimeric NSAIDs as Safer Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:341-407. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat 173234 India
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Pereira-Leite C, Nunes C, Reis S. Interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with membranes: in vitro assessment and relevance for their biological actions. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:571-84. [PMID: 23981364 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used drugs in the world due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Nevertheless, the consumption of these drugs is still associated with the occurrence of a wide spectrum of adverse effects. Regarding the major role of membranes in cellular events, the hypothesis that the biological actions of NSAIDs may be related to their effect at the membrane level has triggered the in vitro assessment of NSAIDs-membrane interactions. The use of membrane mimetic models, cell cultures, a wide range of experimental techniques and molecular dynamics simulations has been providing significant information about drugs partition and location within membranes and also about their effect on diverse membrane properties. These studies have indeed been providing evidences that the effect of NSAIDs at membrane level may be an additional mechanism of action and toxicity of NSAIDs. In fact, the pharmacokinetic properties of NSAIDs are closely related to the ability of these drugs to interact and overcome biological membranes. Moreover, the therapeutic actions of NSAIDs may also result from the indirect inhibition of cyclooxygenase due to the disturbing effect of NSAIDs on membrane properties. Furthermore, increasing evidences suggest that the disordering effects of these drugs on membranes may be in the basis of the NSAIDs-induced toxicity in diverse organ systems. Overall, the study of NSAIDs-membrane interactions has proved to be not only important for the better understanding of their pharmacological actions, but also for the rational development of new approaches to overcome NSAIDs adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pereira-Leite
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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The shape/morphology balance: a study of stealth liposomes via fractal analysis and drug encapsulation. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2385-95. [PMID: 23743657 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fractal analysis was used as a tool in order to study the morphological characteristics of PEGylated liposomes. We report on the morphological characteristics of stealth liposomes composed of DPPC and DPPE-PEG 3000 in two dispersion media using fractal analysis. METHODS Light scattering techniques were used in order to elucidate the size, the morphology and the surface charge of PEGylated liposomes as a function of PEGylated lipid concentration and temperature. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies revealed a microenvironment of low polarity inside the liposomal membranes. RESULTS All formulations were found to retain their physicochemical characteristics for at least 3 weeks. The hydrodynamic radii (Rh) of stealth liposomes were stable in the process of heating up to 50°C; while the fractal dimension values (df) which correspond to their morphology, have been changed during heating. Hence, these results are a first indication of the presence of a heterogeneous microdomain structure of the stealth liposomal system. The amphiphilic drug indomethacin (IND) was successfully encapsulated within the liposomes and led to an increased size of stealth liposomes, while the morphology of liposomal vectors changed significantly at the highest molar ratio of PEGylated lipid. CONCLUSIONS We can state that this approach can promote a new analytical concept based on the morphological characteristics and quantify the shape of drug carriers complementary to that of the conventional analytical techniques.
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Lim YJ, Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Advent of novel phosphatidylcholine-associated nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with improved gastrointestinal safety. Gut Liver 2012; 7:7-15. [PMID: 23423874 PMCID: PMC3572323 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract exhibits hydrophobic, nonwettable properties that protect the underlying epithelium from gastric acid and other luminal toxins. These biophysical characteristics appear to be attributable to the presence of an extracellular lining of surfactant-like phospholipids on the luminal aspects of the mucus gel layer. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) represents the most abundant and surface-active form of gastric phospholipids. PC protected experimental rats from a number of ulcerogenic agents and/or conditions including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are chemically associated with PC. Moreover, preassociating a number of the NSAIDs with exogenous PC prevented a decrease in the hydrophobic characteristics of the mucus gel layer and protected rats against the injurious GI side effects of NSAIDs while enhancing and/or maintaining their therapeutic activity. Bile plays an important role in the ability of NSAIDs to induce small intestinal injury. NSAIDs are rapidly absorbed from the GI tract and, in many cases, undergo enterohepatic circulation. Thus, NSAIDs with extensive enterohepatic cycling are more toxic to the GI tract and are capable of attenuating the surface hydrophobic properties of the mucosa of the lower GI tract. Biliary PC plays an essential role in the detoxification of bile salt micelles. NSAIDs that are secreted into the bile injure the intestinal mucosa via their ability to chemically associate with PC, which forms toxic mixed micelles and limits the concentration of biliary PC available to interact with and detoxify bile salts. We have worked to develop a family of PC-associated NSAIDs that appear to have improved GI safety profiles with equivalent or better therapeutic efficacy in both rodent model systems and pilot clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Tavolari S, Munarini A, Storci G, Laufer S, Chieco P, Guarnieri T. The decrease of cell membrane fluidity by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Licofelone inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signalling and triggers apoptosis in HCA-7 colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lichtenberger LM, Zhou Y, Jayaraman V, Doyen JR, O'Neil RG, Dial EJ, Volk DE, Gorenstein DG, Boggara MB, Krishnamoorti R. Insight into NSAID-induced membrane alterations, pathogenesis and therapeutics: characterization of interaction of NSAIDs with phosphatidylcholine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:994-1002. [PMID: 22521764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most widely consumed pharmaceuticals, yet both the mechanisms involved in their therapeutic actions and side-effects, notably gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration/bleeding, have not been clearly defined. In this study, we have used a number of biochemical, structural, computational and biological systems including; Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, and cell culture using a specific fluorescent membrane probe, to demonstrate that NSAIDs have a strong affinity to form ionic and hydrophobic associations with zwitterionic phospholipids, and specifically phosphatidylcholine (PC), that are reversible and non-covalent in nature. We propose that the pH-dependent partition of these potent anti-inflammatory drugs into the phospholipid bilayer, and possibly extracellular mono/multilayers present on the luminal interface of the mucus gel layer, may result in profound changes in the hydrophobicity, fluidity, permeability, biomechanical properties and stability of these membranes and barriers. These changes may not only provide an explanation of how NSAIDs induce surface injury to the GI mucosa as a component in the pathogenic mechanism leading to peptic ulceration and bleeding, but potentially an explanation for a number of (COX-independent) biological actions of this family of pharmaceuticals. This insight also has proven useful in the design and development of a novel class of PC-associated NSAIDs that have reduced GI toxicity while maintaining their essential therapeutic efficacy to inhibit pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard M Lichtenberger
- Department of Integrative Biology & Pharmacology, The Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
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Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of loxoprofen and naproxen with the acidic permanganate-sulfite system. J Pharm Anal 2012; 1:51-56. [PMID: 29403682 PMCID: PMC5760774 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-1779(11)70009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of loxoprofen and naproxen was proposed based on the CL system of KMnO4, and Na2SO3 in acid media. The CL intensity of KMnO4-Na2SO3 was greatly enhaneed in the presence of loxoprofen and naproxen. The mechanism of the CL reaction was studied by the kinetic proecss and UV-vis absorption and the conditions were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the CL intensity was linear with loxoprofen and naproxen concentration in the range of 7.0 × 10−8 – 1.0 × 10−5 g/mL and 2.0 × 10−7 – 4.0 × 10−6 g/mL with the detection limit of 2.0 × 10−8 g/mL and 3.0 × 10−8 g/mL (S/N = 3), respectively. Thc relative standard deviations were 2.39% and 1.37% for 5.0 × 10−7 g/mL naproxen and 5.0 × 10−7 g/mL loxoprofen (n = 10), respectively. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied to thc determination of loxoprofen and naproxen in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Manrique-Moreno M, Villena F, Sotomayor CP, Edwards AM, Muñoz MA, Garidel P, Suwalsky M. Human cells and cell membrane molecular models are affected in vitro by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2656-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sen S, Roy K, Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay R, Roy S. Restoration of IFNγR subunit assembly, IFNγ signaling and parasite clearance in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages: role of membrane cholesterol. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002229. [PMID: 21931549 PMCID: PMC3169561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of significant levels of systemic Interferon gamma (IFNγ), the host protective cytokine, Kala-azar patients display high parasite load with downregulated IFNγ signaling in Leishmania donovani (LD) infected macrophages (LD-MØs); the cause of such aberrant phenomenon is unknown. Here we reveal for the first time the mechanistic basis of impaired IFNγ signaling in parasitized murine macrophages. Our study clearly shows that in LD-MØs IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) expression and their ligand-affinity remained unaltered. The intracellular parasites did not pose any generalized defect in LD-MØs as IL-10 mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation remained unaltered with respect to normal. Previously, we showed that LD-MØs are more fluid than normal MØs due to quenching of membrane cholesterol. The decreased rigidity in LD-MØs was not due to parasite derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) because purified LPG failed to alter fluidity in normal MØs. IFNγR subunit 1 (IFNγR1) and subunit 2 (IFNγR2) colocalize in raft upon IFNγ stimulation of normal MØs, but this was absent in LD-MØs. Oddly enough, such association of IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 could be restored upon liposomal delivery of cholesterol as evident from the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment and co-immunoprecipitation studies. Furthermore, liposomal cholesterol treatment together with IFNγ allowed reassociation of signaling assembly (phospho-JAK1, JAK2 and STAT1) in LD-MØs, appropriate signaling, and subsequent parasite killing. This effect was cholesterol specific because cholesterol analogue 4-cholestene-3-one failed to restore the response. The presence of cholesterol binding motifs [(L/V)-X(1-5)-Y-X(1-5)-(R/K)] in the transmembrane domain of IFNγR1 was also noted. The interaction of peptides representing this motif of IFNγR1 was studied with cholesterol-liposome and analogue-liposome with difference of two orders of magnitude in respective affinity (K(D): 4.27×10(-9) M versus 2.69×10(-7) M). These observations reinforce the importance of cholesterol in the regulation of function of IFNγR1 proteins. This study clearly demonstrates that during its intracellular life-cycle LD perturbs IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 assembly and subsequent ligand driven signaling by quenching MØ membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Koushik Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
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Markiewicz M, Pasenkiewicz-Gierula M. Comparative model studies of gastric toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6950-6961. [PMID: 21568285 DOI: 10.1021/la200499p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A high percentage of people treated with a long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy suffer NSAID-induced gastrointestinal-tract-related side effects. A current hypothesis states that the side effects are related to the topical action of NSAID molecules on gastric mucus that lowers its resistance to luminal acid. The main lipids in human mucus are palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and cholesterol (Chol). In this study, both X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods were employed to investigate the effects of selected NSAIDs in protonated and deprotonated states on the structural parameters of a POPC-Chol bilayer. The drugs were three commonly used NSAIDs with apparently different gastric toxicity: ketoprofen (KET), aspirin (ASP), and piroxicam (PXM). Both methods revealed that the effects of the NSAIDs on the POPC-Chol bilayer parameters were moderate and only slightly differentiated among the drugs. Much larger differences among the drugs were noticed in their interactions with interfacial water and Na(+) as well as with the polar groups of POPC and Chol, mainly via H-bonds. Of the three NSAIDs, KET interacted with POPC and water the most extensively, whereas ASP interacted with Chol and Na(+) more than did the other two. Interactions of PXM with POPC and Chol polar groups as well as with water and Na(+) were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Markiewicz
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Goldstein JL, Jungwirthová A, David J, Spindel E, Bouchner L, Pešek F, Searle S, Skopek J, Grim J, Ulč I, Sewell KL. Clinical trial: endoscopic evaluation of naproxen etemesil, a naproxen prodrug, vs. naproxen - a proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, active-comparator study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32:1091-101. [PMID: 20804454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with upper gastrointestinal mucosal injury. Naproxen etemesil is a lipophilic, non-acidic, inactive prodrug of naproxen that is hydrolysed to pharmacologically active naproxen once absorbed. We hypothesized that with lesser topical exposure to naproxen from the prodrug, there would be reduced gastroduodenal mucosal injury compared with naproxen. AIM To compare the degree of endoscopic mucosal damage of naproxen etemesil vs. naproxen. METHODS This multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial compared oral naproxen etemesil 1200 mg twice daily (n = 61) with naproxen 500 mg twice daily (n = 59) for 7.5 days in 120 healthy subjects (45-70 years; mean 51 years; 58% female) with baseline total modified gastroduodenal Lanza score ≤ 2 (no erosions/ulcers) on endoscopy. The primary endpoint was mean total modified gastroduodenal Lanza score on day 7. A secondary endpoint was incidence of gastric ulcers. RESULTS The day 7 mean total modified gastroduodenal Lanza score was 2.8 ± 1.7 for naproxen etemesil vs. 3.5 ± 2.0 for naproxen (P = 0.03), and significantly fewer naproxen etemesil-treated subjects (3.3%) developed gastric ulcers compared with naproxen-treated subjects (15.8%) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION In this first proof-of-concept study, naproxen etemesil was associated with significantly lower gastroduodenal mucosal injury compared with naproxen after 7 days of exposure ( CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT00750243).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Goldstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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A direct role for secretory phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine in the mediation of LPS-induced gastric injury. Shock 2010; 33:634-8. [PMID: 19940811 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181cb9266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxemia from sepsis can injure the gastrointestinal tract through mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. We have shown that LPS induces an increase in gastric permeability in parallel with the luminal appearance of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and its product, lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC). We proposed that sPLA2 acted on the gastric hydrophobic barrier, composed primarily of phosphatidylcholine (PC), to degrade it and produce lyso-PC, an agent that is damaging to the mucosa. In the present study, we have tested whether lyso-PC and/or sPLA2 have direct damaging effects on the hydrophobic barriers of synthetic and mucosal surfaces. Rats were administered LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.), and gastric contents were collected 5 h later for analysis of sPLA2 and lyso-PC content. Using these measured concentrations, direct effects of sPLA2 and lyso-PC were determined on (a) surface hydrophobicity as detected with an artificial PC surface and with intact gastric mucosa (contact angle analysis) and (b) cell membrane disruption of gastric epithelial cells (AGS). Both lyso-PC and sPLA2 increased significantly in the collected gastric juice of LPS-treated rats. Using similar concentrations to the levels in gastric juice, the contact angle of PC-coated slides declined after incubation with either pancreatic sPLA2 or lyso-PC. Similarly, gastric contact angles seen in control rats were significantly decreased in sPLA2 and lyso-PC-treated rats. In addition, we observed dose-dependent injurious effects of both lyso-PC and sPLA2 in gastric AGS cells. An LPS-induced increase in sPLA2 activity in the gastric lumen and its product, lyso-PC, are capable of directly disrupting the gastric hydrophobic layer and may contribute to gastric barrier disruption and subsequent inflammation.
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Zhou Y, Dial EJ, Doyen R, Lichtenberger LM. Effect of indomethacin on bile acid-phospholipid interactions: implication for small intestinal injury induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G722-31. [PMID: 20203063 PMCID: PMC2867422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00387.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The injurious effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the small intestine was not appreciated until the widespread use of capsule endoscopy. Animal studies found that NSAID-induced small intestinal injury depends on the ability of these drugs to be secreted into the bile. Because the individual toxicity of amphiphilic bile acids and NSAIDs directly correlates with their interactions with phospholipid membranes, we propose that the presence of both NSAIDs and bile acids alters their individual physicochemical properties and enhances the disruptive effect on cell membranes and overall cytotoxicity. We utilized in vitro gastric AGS and intestinal IEC-6 cells and found that combinations of bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DC), taurodeoxycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and the NSAID indomethacin (Indo) significantly increased cell plasma membrane permeability and became more cytotoxic than these agents alone. We confirmed this finding by measuring liposome permeability and intramembrane packing in synthetic model membranes exposed to DC, Indo, or combinations of both agents. By measuring physicochemical parameters, such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and membrane surface charge, we found that Indo associated with phosphatidylcholine and promoted the molecular aggregation of DC and potential formation of larger and isolated bile acid complexes within either biomembranes or bile acid-lipid mixed micelles, which leads to membrane disruption. In this study, we demonstrated increased cytotoxicity of combinations of bile acid and NSAID and provided a molecular mechanism for the observed toxicity. This mechanism potentially contributes to the NSAID-induced injury in the small bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Phospholipids and lipid-based formulations in oral drug delivery. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1469-86. [PMID: 20411409 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids become increasingly important as formulation excipients and as active ingredients per se. The present article summarizes particular features of commonly used phospholipids and their application spectrum within oral drug formulation and elucidates current strategies to improve bioavailability and disposition of orally administered drugs. Advantages of phospholipids formulations not only comprise enhanced bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility or low membrane penetration potential, but also improvement or alteration of uptake and release of drugs, protection of sensitive active agents from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, reduction of gastrointestinal side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and even masking of bitter taste of orally applied drugs. Technological strategies to achieve these effects are highly diverse and offer various possibilities of liquid, semi-liquid and solid lipid-based formulations for drug delivery optimization.
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Lane ME, Kim MJ. Assessment and prevention of gastrointestinal toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2006.tb01645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and, in the case of aspirin, for anti-thrombotic actions. The serious gastrointestinal side-effects associated with these drugs are of concern and pose a significant obstacle to their use. This review discusses the pathogenic mechanisms by which the conventional acidic NSAIDs induce gastrointestinal toxicity, with particular emphasis on non-prostaglandin effects. Methods of assessment of NSAID-induced enteropathy are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the use of functional measurement of NSAID-induced changes in the gastrointestinal tract. The advances in our knowledge of the pathogenesis of these effects have resulted in the development of a range of novel NSAIDs. Where functional assessment of the effects of NSAIDs has been employed, it appears to be more useful as an indicator of early-stage changes rather than a predictor of the effects of long-term NSAID exposure. Successful pharmaceutical strategies now offer considerable promise for reducing the severity of NSAID damage to the gastrointestinal tract. The utility of intestinal permeability measurements for selection and assessment of these strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Gastrointestinal, Pulmonary and Metabolic Drug Division, Department of Drug Evaluation, Korea Food and Drug Administration, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul 122-704, South Korea
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Charkoftaki G, Kytariolos J, Macheras P. Novel milk-based oral formulations: proof of concept. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:150-9. [PMID: 20117197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop milk-based formulations for ionized and unionized lipophilic drugs. Solubility studies of the following non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, ketoprofen, meloxicam, tenoxicam and nimesulide in phosphate- and glycine-NaOH buffers at nominal pH 8-12, were performed. The solubilities of cyclosporine and danazol in water-ethanol solutions were studied. NSAIDs-, cyclosporine-, danazol-, aspirin-milk oral liquid formulations were prepared by adding the appropriate volume of (i) NSAIDs-alkaline buffer solutions, (ii) water-ethanol solutions of cyclosporine and danazol and (iii) aspirin aqueous solution to 150-200ml of milk. All the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exhibited increased solubility in the alkaline buffers. The actual pH values (range 6.7-7.7) of the final NSAIDs-milk formulations were very close to milk pH. The higher ethanol content in ethanol-water mixtures increased the solubility of danazol and cyclosporine. A 15mg meloxicam-, a 100mg cyclosporine- and a 500mg aspirin-milk formulation was administered orally to healthy volunteers. All these formulations showed a satisfactory in vivo performance. The strong buffering capacity of milk that was observed and the high solubility of unionized drugs in ethanol allow the preparation of drug-milk formulations with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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Manrique-Moreno M, Suwalsky M, Villena F, Garidel P. Effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen on human erythrocytes and on cell membrane molecular models. Biophys Chem 2010; 147:53-8. [PMID: 20083338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been widely investigated in terms of its pharmacological action, but less is known about its effects on cell membranes and particularly those of human erythrocytes. In the present work, the structural effects on the human erythrocyte membrane and molecular models have been investigated. The latter consisted in bilayers built-up of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), classes of lipids found in the outer and inner moieties of the erythrocyte and most cell membranes, respectively. This report presents evidence that naproxen interacts with red cell membranes as follows: a) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on human erythrocytes it has been observed that the drug induced shape changes, forming echinocytes at a concentration as low as 10microM; b) X-ray diffraction showed that naproxen strongly interacted with DMPC multilayers; in contrast, no perturbing effects on DMPE multilayers were detected; c) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed a decrease in the melting temperature (T(m)) of DMPC liposomes, which was attributed to a destabilization of the gel phase, effect that was less pronounced for DMPE. These experimental results were observed at concentrations lower than those reported for plasma after therapeutic administration. This is the first time in which the structural effects of naproxen on the human erythrocyte membrane have been described.
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The membrane-activity of Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, and Naproxen: A physico-chemical study with lecithin phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lichtenberger LM, Romero JJ, Dial EJ. Gastrointestinal safety and therapeutic efficacy of parenterally administered phosphatidylcholine-associated indomethacin in rodent model systems. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:252-7. [PMID: 19366347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is limited in its enteral or parenteral use by side effects of gastroduodenal bleeding and ulceration. We have investigated the ability of phosphatidylcholine associated with indomethacin to form a therapeutically effective drug (INDO-PC) with reduced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity for parenteral use. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were treated acutely by intravenous or chronically with subcutaneous injection of vehicle, indomethacin or INDO-PC using three related protocols. We then evaluated the following properties of these parenterally administered test drugs: (i) GI toxicity (luminal and faecal haemoglobin; intestinal perforations and adhesions; and haematocrit); (ii) bioavailability (plasma indomethacin); and (iii) therapeutic efficacy (analgesia from sensitivity to pressure; anti-inflammatory from ankle thickness; cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibition from synovial fluid prostaglandin E(2) concentration) in rats with adjuvant-induced joint inflammation. KEY RESULTS Acute and chronic dosing with INDO-PC produced less GI bleeding and intestinal injury than indomethacin alone, whereas the bioavailability, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and COX inhibitory activity of INDO-PC were comparable to indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The chemical association of phosphatidylcholine with indomethacin appears to markedly reduce the GI toxicity of the NSAID while providing equivalent therapeutic efficacy in a parenteral INDO-PC formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lichtenberger
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Suwalsky M, Manrique M, Villena F, Sotomayor CP. Structural effects in vitro of the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac on human erythrocytes and molecular models of cell membranes. Biophys Chem 2009; 141:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Faria RX, Reis RAM, Casabulho CM, Alberto AVP, de Farias FP, Henriques-Pons A, Alves LA. Pharmacological properties of a pore induced by raising intracellular Ca2+. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C28-42. [PMID: 19321740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00476.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on the P2X(7) receptor in 2BH4 cells and peritoneal macrophages have demonstrated that the raise in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration induces a pore opening similar to P2X(7) receptor pore. Herein, we have investigated whether the pore activated by the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration is associated to P2X(7) receptor. Using patch clamp in cell attached, whole cell configuration, and dye uptake, we measured the pore opening in cell types that express the P2X(7) receptor (2BH4 cells and peritoneal macrophages) and in cells that do not express this receptor (HEK-293 and IT45-RI cells). In 2BH4 cells, the stimulation with ionomycin (5-10 microM) increased intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration and induced pore formation with conductance of 421 +/- 14 pS, half-time (t(1/2)) for ethidium bromide uptake of 118 +/- 17 s, and t(1/2) for Lucifer yellow of 122 +/- 11 s. P2X(7) receptor antagonists did not block these effects. Stimulation of HEK-293 and IT45-RI cells resulted in pore formation with properties similar to those found for 2BH4 cells. Connexin hemichannel inhibitors (carbenoxolone and heptanol) also did not inhibit the pore-induced effect following the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. However, 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-amiloride, a P2X(7) receptor pore blocker, inhibited the induced pore. Moreover, intracellular signaling modulators, such as calmodulin, phospholipase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cytoskeleton components were important for the pore formation. Additionally, we confirmed the results obtained for electrophysiology by using the flow cytometry, and we discarded the possibility of cellular death induced by raising intracellular Ca(2+) at the doses used by using lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In conclusion, increased concentration in intracellular Ca(+2) induces a novel membrane pore pharmacologically different from the P2X(7) associated pore and hemigap-junction pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- R X Faria
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAIDs, and gastric mucosal protection: why doesn't the stomach digest itself? Physiol Rev 2008; 88:1547-65. [PMID: 18923189 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Except in rare cases, the stomach can withstand exposure to highly concentrated hydrochloric acid, refluxed bile salts, alcohol, and foodstuffs with a wide range of temperatures and osmolarity. This is attributed to a number of physiological responses by the mucosal lining to potentially harmful luminal agents, and to an ability to rapidly repair damage when it does occur. Since the discovery in 1971 that prostaglandin synthesis could be blocked by aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), there has been great interest in the contribution of prostaglandins to gastric mucosal defense. Prostaglandins modulate virtually every aspect of mucosal defense, and the importance of this contribution is evident by the increased susceptibility of the stomach to injury following ingestion of an NSAID. With chronic ingestion of these drugs, the development of ulcers in the stomach is a significant clinical concern. Research over the past two decades has helped to identify some of the key events triggered by NSAIDs that contribute to ulcer formation and/or impair ulcer healing. Recent research has also highlighted the fact that the protective functions of prostaglandins in the stomach can be carried out by other mediators, in particular the gaseous mediators nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. Better understanding of the mechanisms through which the stomach is able to resist injury in the presence of luminal irritants is helping to drive the development of safer anti-inflammatory drugs, and therapies to accelerate and improve the quality of ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Wallace
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Sousa C, Nunes C, Lúcio M, Ferreira H, Lima JLFC, Tavares J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Reis S. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the cellular membrane fluidity. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3195-206. [PMID: 17990311 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, fluorescence measurements were performed using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) to evaluate the effects of the interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs--NSAIDs (meloxicam, lornoxicam, and nimesulide) with several membrane systems (liposomes with and without cholesterol, mouse splenocytes, mouse macrophages cell line--J774, human leukemia monocyte cell line--THP-1, and human granulocytes and mononuclear cells). DPH fluorescence quenching studies revealed that the NSAIDs studied were able to efficiently quench the probe located in membrane hydrocarbon region. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements were also made to investigate the effects on membrane fluidity resulting from the interaction between the drugs and membrane systems. All the anti-inflammatory drugs studied show an increase in the membrane fluidity in a concentration dependent manner. Results obtained provide an insight into NSAIDs capacity to be inserted in lipid bilayers and alter the lipid dynamics. The induced changes in lipid dynamics may modulate the activity of inflammatory enzymes or may be related with deleterious topical action of NSAIDs on gastric phospholipid fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Serviço de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
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Bannwarth B. Safety of the nonselective NSAID nabumetone : focus on gastrointestinal tolerability. Drug Saf 2008; 31:485-503. [PMID: 18484783 DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200831060-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although effective in the treatment of pain associated with rheumatic conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, long-term use of NSAIDs is primarily limited by their association with upper gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. Adverse effects range from dyspepsia and abdominal pain to ulceration and bleeding. GI damage elicited by NSAIDs arises as the result of biochemically induced topical irritant effects and by topical and systemic pharmacological suppression of gastroprotective prostaglandins. Variation in the physicochemical properties and pharmacological profiles among the individual NSAIDs translate into inter-agent differences regarding propensity to cause adverse GI effects. Nabumetone is a nonselective NSAID that offers distinct advantages over other agents in this class with regard to GI tolerability. Its non-acidic nature and pro-drug formulation, together with the lack of biliary secretion of its active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, are thought to contribute to the improved GI tolerability of this drug. In head-to-head trials with other NSAIDs, nabumetone has demonstrated significant benefits regarding the incidence of GI events and more serious perforations, ulcers and bleeds (PUBs). Pooled data from eight postmarketing, randomized, controlled trials demonstrated a lower cumulative frequency of PUBs with nabumetone (0.03%; 95% CI 0.0, 0.08) versus comparator NSAIDs (1.4%; 95% CI 0.5, 2.4). Large-scale database studies also indicate that risk of serious GI complications is lower with nabumetone than comparator NSAIDs. Limited comparative data suggest that nabumetone offers a GI tolerability profile similar to that of cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective NSAIDs (coxibs). Although adverse cardiovascular outcomes appear to be a class effect of the coxibs, conventional NSAIDs may also have the potential for causing atherothrombotic complications. However, based on available data, nabumetone does not appear to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, there is no particular concern about the nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of nabumetone. Nonetheless, the potential for adverse drug reactions remains, and hence nabumetone, as with any NSAID, should be used at the lowest dose, which is effective for each patient, and for the shortest time necessary to control symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bannwarth
- Department of Rheumatology, Pellegrin Hospital and Division of Therapeutics, Victor Segalen University, Bordeaux, France.
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Sanyal SN, Sood N, Kaushal N. Alterations in the Lipid Profile and Membrane Dynamics of Rat Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Induced by Different Classes of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 17:49-56. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510600812624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Lanza FL, Marathi UK, Anand BS, Lichtenberger LM. Clinical trial: comparison of ibuprofen-phosphatidylcholine and ibuprofen on the gastrointestinal safety and analgesic efficacy in osteoarthritic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28:431-42. [PMID: 18549459 PMCID: PMC3353548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic use of NSAIDs is associated with gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity that increases with age. AIM To evaluate the GI safety and therapeutic efficacy of ibuprofen chemically associated with phosphatidylcholine (PC) in osteoarthritic (OA) patients. METHODS A randomized, double-blind trial of 125 patients was performed. A dose of 2400 mg/day of ibuprofen or an equivalent dose of ibuprofen-PC was administered for 6 weeks. GI safety was assessed by endoscopy. Efficacy was assessed by scores of analgesia and anti-inflammatory activity. Bioavailability of ibuprofen was pharmacokinetically assessed. RESULTS Ibuprofen-PC and ibuprofen provided similar bioavailability/therapeutic efficacy. In the evaluable subjects, a trend for improved GI safety in the ibuprofen-PC group compared with ibuprofen that did not reach statistical significance was observed. However, in patients aged >55 years, a statistically significant advantage for ibuprofen-PC treatment vs. ibuprofen in the prevention of NSAID-induced gut injury was observed with increases in both mean Lanza scores and the risk of developing >2 erosions or an ulcer. Ibuprofen-PC was well tolerated with no major adverse events observed. CONCLUSION Ibuprofen-PC is an effective osteoarthritic agent with an improved GI safety profile compared with ibuprofen in older OA patients, who are most susceptible to NSAID-induced gastroduodenal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Lanza
- Houston Institute of Clinical Research, Houston, TX, USA
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Dial EJ, Darling RL, Lichtenberger LM. Importance of biliary excretion of indomethacin in gastrointestinal and hepatic injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:e384-9. [PMID: 18086111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A mechanism for protection of gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic cells from damaging detergent actions of bile acids appears to involve the bile component, phosphatidylcholine (PC). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce intestinal injury in direct proportion to their ability to be excreted into bile, and are known to chemically associate with PC. We investigated the role of bile acids and PC in the mechanism of indomethacin-induced epithelial injury. METHODS Rats were injected orally or intravenously with radiolabeled indomethacin and their bile was collected over time for determination of NSAID secretion. Bile from rats treated with or without indomethacin was used in studies of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis as a measure of membrane cytotoxicity. The bile salt, sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and indomethacin were tested alone and in combination with PC on RBC and on hepatic HepG2 cells. RESULTS Intravenously or orally given indomethacin was quantitatively excreted (approximately 50%) into bile over a 2-h study period. Bile from a rat treated with indomethacin or bile with exogenous indomethacin was cytotoxic to RBC, and the injury was prevented by the addition of PC. Hepatocytes exposed to SDC showed injury that could be dose-dependently prevented by PC, and reversed by indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS Biliary PC plays an important physiological role in protecting GI and hepatic epithelia from the cytotoxic actions of bile salts. The ability of NSAIDs excreted into the bile to associate with mixed bile salt micelles and reduce the protective action of the PC may be a critical component in the drugs' pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Dial
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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48
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Fast dispersible/slow releasing ibuprofen tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:335-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lúcio M, Bringezu F, Reis S, Lima JLFC, Brezesinski G. Binding of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to DPPC: structure and thermodynamic aspects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:4132-4139. [PMID: 18336047 DOI: 10.1021/la703584s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the phase transition and phase properties of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) has been investigated in both 2D (monolayers at the air/water interface) and 3D (multilayers in lipid/water dispersions) model systems. The 2D membrane models have been characterized by means of pressure-area isotherms and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction have been applied to lipid aqueous dispersions. All NSAIDs studied altered the main transition temperature of the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition, with the arylacetic acid derivatives (acemetacin and indomethacin) showing the largest effects. A comparison of the results reveals distinct structural features of the membrane models after interaction with the NSAID. All drugs induced perturbations in the lipid liquid-crystalline phase, suggesting a major change in the hydration behavior of DPPC. Again, the largest effects on the structural parameters are found for the arylacetic acid derivatives. The results obtained in the different model systems give indications of the role of the membrane/NSAID interactions that might also be important for NSAID gastric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Lúcio
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Gamerdinger M, Clement AB, Behl C. Effects of sulindac sulfide on the membrane architecture and the activity of gamma-secretase. Neuropharmacology 2008; 54:998-1005. [PMID: 18359496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Secretase is a membrane-embedded multi-protein complex that catalyzes the final cut of the Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid-beta peptides of variable length (37-43 amino acids) via an unusual intramembrane cleavage. Recent findings propose that some commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have the ability to modulate specifically gamma-secretase activity without inhibiting the enzyme as a whole. These drugs may shift the processing of APP from the longer amyloid-beta 42 peptide towards shorter, less fibrillogenic and less toxic amyloid-beta species. We hypothesize that gamma-secretase activity, as an enzyme that is strictly associated with cellular membranes, is sensitive to alterations of the hydrophobic membrane environment. Here, we show that the gamma-secretase modulator and amyloid-beta 42-lowering drug sulindac sulfide alters the physical state of the membrane and strongly decreases fluidity of cellular membranes. Furthermore, sulindac sulfide changed the protein composition of membrane microdomains, the so-called lipid rafts. Most significantly, APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs) were redistributed from rafts towards non-raft membrane domains. This could be demonstrated also in cell-free assays, where in addition presenilin-1, the catalytic subunit of the gamma-secretase complex, was shifted out of lipid rafts. Together, these findings suggest that sulindac sulfide directly alters the membrane architecture and shifts the gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of APP towards a hydrophobic environment where the enzyme-substrate complex is in a conformation for processing preferentially shorter amyloid-beta peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gamerdinger
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical School, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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