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Mueller M, Peakin J, Lewis DJ. Practical Considerations for the Implementation and Monitoring of Risk Minimisation Measures for High-Risk Teratogenic Medicines. Pharmaceut Med 2023; 37:439-449. [PMID: 37594662 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-023-00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable societal interest in making medicines more affordable. A critical factor often inadequately considered early in the process of adding drugs to a company's product portfolio is that some products may require additional monitoring and complex, demanding and expensive additional risk minimisation measures (aRMMs). These aRMMs may have a sizeable impact on a company's commitment to that medicinal product throughout the product's entire life cycle. The teratogenic phthalimides were selected as an example of medicines that are recently being genericised and require a substantial commitment in terms of additional monitoring and aRMMs, most notably in the form of pregnancy prevention programmes (PPPs) with controlled distribution systems (CDSs). Implementing PPPs with CDSs is complex and demanding and encompasses all routine activities, aRMMs, local/regional Health Authority (HA) requirements, and commercialisation strategies. Considerations have been summarised that can support decision-making during due diligence processes, implementation and monitoring. Proactive, effective pharmacovigilance requires innovative, sustainable and flexible solutions to maintain high standards across the board. In particular, generic marketing authorisation holders operate with limited resources and may benefit appreciably from the following proposed suggestions and solutions such as early planning and preparation, knowledge-sharing, utilisation of new technologies and implementation of measures beyond HA-mandated requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mueller
- Safety Risk Detection and Management, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joseph Peakin
- Novartis Knowledge Center, Novartis Ireland Limited, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Lewis
- Patient Safety and Pharmacovigilance, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma GmbH, Wehr, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
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2
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Park M, Kim D, Kim I, Im SH, Kim S. Drug approval prediction based on the discrepancy in gene perturbation effects between cells and humans. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104705. [PMID: 37453362 PMCID: PMC10366401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor translation between in vitro and clinical studies due to the cells/humans discrepancy in drug target perturbation effects leads to safety failures in clinical trials, thus increasing drug development costs and reducing patients' life quality. Therefore, developing a predictive model for drug approval considering the cells/humans discrepancy is needed to reduce drug attrition rates in clinical trials. METHODS Our machine learning framework predicts drug approval in clinical trials based on the cells/humans discrepancy in drug target perturbation effects. To evaluate the discrepancy to predict drug approval (1404 approved and 1070 unapproved drugs), we analysed CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and loss-of-function mutation rate-based gene perturbation effects on cells and humans, respectively. To validate the risk of drug targets with the cells/humans discrepancy, we examined the targets of failed and withdrawn drugs due to safety problems. FINDINGS Drug approvals in clinical trials were correlated with the cells/humans discrepancy in gene perturbation effects. Genes tolerant to perturbation effects on cells but intolerant to those on humans were associated with failed drug targets. Furthermore, genes with the cells/humans discrepancy were related to drugs withdrawn due to severe side effects. Motivated by previous studies assessing drug safety through chemical properties, we improved drug approval prediction by integrating chemical information with the cells/humans discrepancy. INTERPRETATION The cells/humans discrepancy in gene perturbation effects facilitates drug approval prediction and explains drug safety failures in clinical trials. FUNDING S.K. received grants from the Korean National Research Foundation (2021R1A2B5B01001903 and 2020R1A6A1A03047902) and IITP (2019-0-01906, Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program, POSTECH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyuk Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Donghyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Inhae Kim
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea; ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.
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3
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Kodytková A, Dušátková P, Amaratunga SA, Plachý L, Průhová Š, Lebl J. Integrative Role of the SALL4 Gene: From Thalidomide Embryopathy to Genetic Defects of the Upper Limb, Internal Organs, Cerebral Midline, and Pituitary. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 97:106-112. [PMID: 37285827 PMCID: PMC11008716 DOI: 10.1159/000531452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thalidomide disaster resulted in tremendous congenital malformations in more than 10,000 children in the late 1950s and early 1960s. SUMMARY Although numerous putative mechanisms were proposed to explain thalidomide teratogenicity, it was confirmed only recently that thalidomide, rather its derivative 5-hydroxythalidomide (5HT) in a complex with the cereblon protein, interferes with early embryonic transcriptional regulation. 5HT induces selective degradation of SALL4, a principal transcriptional factor of early embryogenesis. Genetic syndromes caused by pathogenic variants of the SALL4 gene phenocopy thalidomide embryopathy with congenital malformations ranging from phocomelia, reduced radial ray, to defects of the heart, kidneys, ear, eye, and possibly cerebral midline and pituitary. SALL4 interacts with TBX5 and a handful of other transcriptional regulators and downregulates the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Cranial midline defects, microcephaly, and short stature due to growth hormone deficiency have been occasionally reported in children carrying SALL4 pathogenic variants associated with generalized stunting of growth rather than just the loss of height attributable to the shortening of leg bones in many children with thalidomide embryopathy. KEY MESSAGES Thus, SALL4 joins the candidate gene list for monogenic syndromic pituitary insufficiency. In this review, we summarize the journey from the thalidomide disaster through the functions of the SALL4 gene to its link to the hormonal regulation of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kodytková
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Dušátková
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shenali Anne Amaratunga
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Plachý
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štěpánka Průhová
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czechia,
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4
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Minařík J, Ševčíková S. Immunomodulatory Agents for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235759. [PMID: 36497241 PMCID: PMC9739922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has undergone a significant paradigm shift in the last 20 years, from conventional chemotherapy to more tumor-specific treatments, based on the interference with pathogenesis of the malignant clone as well as the bone microenvironment [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Minařík
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabina Ševčíková
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Vargesson N, Stephens T. Thalidomide: history, withdrawal, renaissance, and safety concerns. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:1455-1457. [PMID: 34623196 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1991307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Trent Stephens
- Idaho Dental Education Program and Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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6
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Chankvetadze B. Application of enantioselective separation techniques to bioanalysis of chiral drugs and their metabolites. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Recent Advances in Selected Asymmetric Reactions Promoted by Chiral Catalysts: Cyclopropanations, Friedel–Crafts, Mannich, Michael and Other Zinc-Mediated Processes—An Update. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this review article is to present selected asymmetric synthesis reactions in which chemical and stereochemical outcomes are dependent on the use of an appropriate chiral catalyst. Optically pure or enantiomerically enriched products of such transformations may find further applications in various fields. Among an extremely wide variety of asymmetric reactions catalyzed by chiral systems, we are interested in: asymmetric cyclopropanation, Friedel–Crafts reaction, Mannich and Michael reaction, and other stereoselective processes conducted in the presence of zinc ions. This paper describes the achievements of the above-mentioned asymmetric transformations in the last three years. The choice of reactions is related to the research that has been carried out in our laboratory for many years.
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He J, Pan H, He J, Li S. Effectiveness and safety of bevacizumab in extensive-disease small cell lung cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1285. [PMID: 34532422 PMCID: PMC8422128 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly invasive and poorly prognostic. The effects of chemotherapy with bevacizumab are promising on other tumors but unclear in extensive-disease SCLC (ED-SCLC). A systemic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity in ED-SCLC patients. Methods A review of current studies was performed on electronic databases and other sources to identify publications of ED-SCLC patients who received bevacizumab. Endpoints included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and complications. Results Nine relevant articles with six single-arm and three two-arm studies were identified. Four hundred seventy-six patients were included, of which 368 and 108 were untreated and relapse patients. Most patients were performance status 0–1 (71.6%) and male (58.1%). The comparisons showed CT/bevacizumab slightly prolonged OS (HR =0.84) but significantly improved PFS (HR =0.74). The ORRs of untreated and relapse patients were 71% and 19%, though no significant difference was observed than CT/placebo. The most grade 3–4 complication and bevacizumab-associated complications were neutropenia and hypertension, whose rates were 33% and 6%. Patients who received CT/bevacizumab had a higher hypertension rate than CT/placebo (6% vs. 2%). No different complication rate was observed between high and lose dose groups. Discussion The present study suggests that bevacizumab in the combination of standard chemotherapy provides better PFS than chemotherapy alone. Although the combined regimen is well-tolerated, no superiority in OS or response rate is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuben Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Kowalski TW, Caldas-Garcia GB, Gomes JDA, Fraga LR, Schuler-Faccini L, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Vianna FSL. Comparative Genomics Identifies Putative Interspecies Mechanisms Underlying Crbn-Sall4-Linked Thalidomide Embryopathy. Front Genet 2021; 12:680217. [PMID: 34249098 PMCID: PMC8262662 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of thalidomide–Cereblon-induced SALL4 degradation has brought new understanding for thalidomide embryopathy (TE) differences across species. Some questions, however, regarding species variability, still remain. The aim of this study was to detect sequence divergences between species, affected or not by TE, and to evaluate the regulated gene co-expression in a murine model. Here, we performed a comparative analysis of proteins experimentally established as affected by thalidomide exposure, evaluating 14 species. The comparative analysis, regarding synteny, neighborhood, and protein conservation, was performed in 42 selected genes. Differential co-expression analysis was performed, using a publicly available assay, GSE61306, which evaluated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) exposed to thalidomide. The comparative analyses evidenced 20 genes in the upstream neighborhood of NOS3, which are different between the species who develop, or not, the classic TE phenotype. Considering protein sequence alignments, RECQL4, SALL4, CDH5, KDR, and NOS2 proteins had the biggest number of variants reported in unaffected species. In co-expression analysis, Crbn was a gene identified as a driver of the co-expression of other genes implicated in genetic, non-teratogenic, limb reduction defects (LRD), such as Tbx5, Esco2, Recql4, and Sall4; Crbn and Sall4 were shown to have a moderate co-expression correlation, which is affected after thalidomide exposure. Hence, even though the classic TE phenotype is not identified in mice, a deregulatory Crbn-induced mechanism is suggested in this animal. Functional studies are necessary, especially evaluating the genes responsible for LRD syndromes and their interaction with thalidomide–Cereblon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Barreto Caldas-Garcia
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Biodiversity and Evolution, PPGBioEvo Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Teratogen Information System, SIAT, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Teratogen Information System, SIAT, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza
- Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Paixão-Côrtes
- Post-Graduation Program in Biodiversity and Evolution, PPGBioEvo Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Post-Graduation Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Evolution, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Medical Population Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Medical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Teratogen Information System, SIAT, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Anti-Angiogenic Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073765. [PMID: 33916438 PMCID: PMC8038573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy is an old method to fight cancer that aims to abolish the nutrient and oxygen supply to the tumor cells through the decrease of the vascular network and the avoidance of new blood vessels formation. Most of the anti-angiogenic agents approved for cancer treatment rely on targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) actions, as VEGF signaling is considered the main angiogenesis promotor. In addition to the control of angiogenesis, these drugs can potentiate immune therapy as VEGF also exhibits immunosuppressive functions. Despite the mechanistic rational that strongly supports the benefit of drugs to stop cancer progression, they revealed to be insufficient in most cases. We hypothesize that the rehabilitation of old drugs that interfere with mechanisms of angiogenesis related to tumor microenvironment might represent a promising strategy. In this review, we deepened research on the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-angiogenic strategies and their failure and went further into the alternative mechanisms that impact angiogenesis. We concluded that the combinatory targeting of alternative effectors of angiogenic pathways might be a putative solution for anti-angiogenic therapies.
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11
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Sundaresan L, Giri S, Singh H, Chatterjee S. Repurposing of thalidomide and its derivatives for the treatment of SARS-coV-2 infections: Hints on molecular action. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:3835-3850. [PMID: 33609410 PMCID: PMC8013920 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The SARS‐coV‐2 pandemic continues to cause an unprecedented global destabilization requiring urgent attention towards drug and vaccine development. Thalidomide, a drug with known anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects has been indicated to be effective in treating a SARS‐coV‐2 pneumonia patient. Here, we study the possible mechanisms through which thalidomide might affect coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19). Methods The present study explores the possibility of repurposing thalidomide for the treatment of SARS‐coV‐2 pneumonia by reanalysing transcriptomes of SARS‐coV‐2 infected tissues with thalidomide and lenalidomide induced transcriptomic changes in transformed lung and haematopoietic models as procured from databases, and further comparing them with the transcriptome of primary endothelial cells. Results Thalidomide and lenalidomide exhibited pleiotropic effects affecting a range of biological processes including inflammation, immune response, angiogenesis, MAPK signalling, NOD‐like receptor signalling, Toll‐like receptor signalling, leucocyte differentiation and innate immunity, the processes that are aberrantly regulated in severe COVID‐19 patients. Conclusion The present study indicates thalidomide analogues as a better fit for treating severe cases of novel viral infections, healing the damaged network by compensating the impairment caused by the COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suvendu Giri
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Chennai, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Himanshi Singh
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Chennai, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Chennai, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Kesserwani H. Death and Rebirth of the Thalidomide Molecule: A Case of Thalidomide-Induced Sensory Neuropathy. Cureus 2021; 13:e13140. [PMID: 33728154 PMCID: PMC7936918 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalidomide molecule is a remarkable molecule that exists in a racemic mixture of optical isomers. In the 1950s, due to its teratogenicity, the levorotatory isomer led to its dramatic downfall. However, the molecule with its panoramic mechanisms of action and its uncanny ability to intercalate within the geometry of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), led to its remarkable renaissance; thalidomide being United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for at least 13 different indications ranging from multiple myeloma to leprosy to glioblastoma. Thalidomide-induced polyneuropathy is usually reversible and is the rate-limiting step in its long-term use. The development of a polyneuropathy is invariably associated with a cumulative dose exceeding 20 grams. However, the polyneuropathy is almost always a sensory neuropathy. Asymmetry, bona fide weakness such as difficulty standing on the heels, a poly-ganglioneuropathy pattern with widespread or patchy numbness and sensory ataxia should raise a red flag and an alternative diagnosis should be considered. We present a typical case of a thalidomide-induced sensory neuropathy in order to highlight the resurgence of thalidomide use in clinical practice. We review the literature and outline the molecular biology of the thalidomide molecule.
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13
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Ria R, Melaccio A, Racanelli V, Vacca A. Anti-VEGF Drugs in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1765. [PMID: 32517267 PMCID: PMC7355441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the bone marrow microenvironment and plasma cells plays an essential role in multiple myeloma progression and drug resistance. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway in vascular endothelial cells activates and promotes angiogenesis. Moreover, VEGF activates and promotes vasculogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry when it interacts with VEGF receptors expressed in precursor cells and inflammatory cells, respectively. In myeloma bone marrow, VEGF and VEGF receptor expression are upregulated and hyperactive in the stromal and tumor cells. It has been demonstrated that several antiangiogenic agents can effectively target VEGF-related pathways in the preclinical phase. However, they are not successful in treating multiple myeloma, probably due to the vicarious action of other cytokines and signaling pathways. Thus, the simultaneous blocking of multiple cytokine pathways, including the VEGF/VEGFR pathway, may represent a valid strategy to treat multiple myeloma. This review aims to summarize recent advances in understanding the role of the VEGF/VEGFR pathway in multiple myeloma, and mainly focuses on the transcription pathway and on strategies that target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (V.R.); (A.V.)
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14
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Khalil A, Kamar A, Nemer G. Thalidomide-Revisited: Are COVID-19 Patients Going to Be the Latest Victims of Yet Another Theoretical Drug-Repurposing? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1248. [PMID: 32574274 PMCID: PMC7270289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide threatening health issue. The progression of this viral infection occurs in the airways of the lungs with an exaggerated inflammatory response referred to as the “cytokine storm” that can lead to lethal lung injuries. In the absence of an effective anti-viral molecule and until the formulation of a successful vaccine, anti-inflammatory drugs might offer a complementary tool for controlling the associated complications of COVID-19 and thus decreasing the subsequent fatalities. Drug repurposing for several molecules has emerged as a rapid temporary solution for COVID-19. Among these drugs is Thalidomide; a historically emblematic controversial molecule that harbors an FDA approval for treating erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Based on just one-case report that presented positive outcomes in a patient treated amongst others with Thalidomide, two clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of Thalidomide in treating severe respiratory complications in COVID-19 patients were registered. Yet, the absence of substantial evidence on Thalidomide usage in that context along with the discontinued studies on the efficiency of this drug in similar pulmonary diseases, might cause a significant obstacle for carrying out further clinical evaluations. Herein, we will discuss the theoretical effectiveness of Thalidomide in attenuating inflammatory complications that are encountered in COVID-19 patients while pinpointing the lack of the needed evidences to move forward with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Khalil
- Department or Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amina Kamar
- Vascular Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department or Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Belair DG, Lu G, Waller LE, Gustin JA, Collins ND, Kolaja KL. Thalidomide Inhibits Human iPSC Mesendoderm Differentiation by Modulating CRBN-dependent Degradation of SALL4. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2864. [PMID: 32071327 PMCID: PMC7046148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to thalidomide during a critical window of development results in limb defects in humans and non-human primates while mice and rats are refractory to these effects. Thalidomide-induced teratogenicity is dependent on its binding to cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor of the Cul4A-DDB1-CRBN-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Thalidomide binding to CRBN elicits subsequent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of CRBN neosubstrates including SALL4, a transcription factor of which polymorphisms phenocopy thalidomide-induced limb defects in humans. Herein, thalidomide-induced degradation of SALL4 was examined in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that were differentiated either to lateral plate mesoderm (LPM)-like cells, the developmental ontology of the limb bud, or definitive endoderm. Thalidomide and its immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) analogs, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, dose-dependently inhibited hiPSC mesendoderm differentiation. Thalidomide- and IMiD-induced SALL4 degradation can be abrogated by CRBN V388I mutation or SALL4 G416A mutation in hiPSCs. Genetically modified hiPSCs expressing CRBN E377V/V388I mutant or SALL4 G416A mutant were insensitive to the inhibitory effects of thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide on LPM differentiation while retaining sensitivity to another known limb teratogen, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). Finally, disruption of LPM differentiation by atRA or thalidomide perturbed subsequent chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. The data here show that thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide affect stem cell mesendoderm differentiation through CRBN-mediated degradation of SALL4 and highlight the utility of the LPM differentiation model for studying the teratogenicity of new CRBN modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Belair
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Protein Homeostasis, Celgene Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle L Kolaja
- Nonclinical Development, Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA.
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16
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Ozcelik A, Pereira-Cameselle R, Poklar Ulrih N, Petrovic AG, Alonso-Gómez JL. Chiroptical Sensing: A Conceptual Introduction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E974. [PMID: 32059394 PMCID: PMC7071115 DOI: 10.3390/s20040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiroptical responses have been an essential tool over the last decades for chemical structural elucidation due to their exceptional sensitivity to geometry and intermolecular interactions. In recent times, there has been an increasing interest in the search for more efficient sensing by the rational design of tailored chiroptical systems. In this review article, advances made in chiroptical systems towards their implementation in sensing applications are summarized. Strategies to generate chiroptical responses are illustrated. Theoretical approaches to assist in the design of these systems are discussed. The development of efficient chiroptical reporters in different states of matter, essential for the implementation in sensing devises, is reviewed. In the last part, remarkable examples of chiroptical sensing applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Ozcelik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.O.); (R.P.-C.)
| | | | - Natasa Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Kongresni trg 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ana G. Petrovic
- Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA
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17
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Species Differences in Stereoselective Pharmacokinetics of HSG4112, A New Anti-Obesity Agent. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020127. [PMID: 32028738 PMCID: PMC7076457 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HSG4112, a racemic drug, is a new anti-obesity agent. In this study, the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of HSG4112 were investigated in rats and dogs, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The plasma concentrations of HSG4112(S) and HSG4112(R) were quantitated in plasma from rats and beagle dogs after IV and/or oral administration of racemic HSG4112. The concentration of HSG4112(S) was significantly higher than that of HSG4112(R) in rat plasma. Contrarily, the concentration of HSG4112(R) was significantly higher than HSG4112(S) in dog plasma. A metabolic stability test with liver microsomes showed that HSG4112(S) was more stable than HSG4112(R) in rat liver microsomes, but the difference between stereoisomers did not appear in dog liver microsomes. However, the stereoselectivity was observed in dog liver and intestinal microsomes after uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronic acid was added. Thus, stereoselective metabolism by uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases is mainly responsible for the stereoselective pharmacokinetics in dogs. These results suggest that the species difference in the stereoselective plasma pharmacokinetics of HSG4112 is due to the stereoselective metabolism.
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18
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Khalil A, Kamar A, Nemer G. Thalidomide-Revisited: Are COVID-19 Patients Going to Be the Latest Victims of Yet Another Theoretical Drug-Repurposing? Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32574274 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01248/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide threatening health issue. The progression of this viral infection occurs in the airways of the lungs with an exaggerated inflammatory response referred to as the "cytokine storm" that can lead to lethal lung injuries. In the absence of an effective anti-viral molecule and until the formulation of a successful vaccine, anti-inflammatory drugs might offer a complementary tool for controlling the associated complications of COVID-19 and thus decreasing the subsequent fatalities. Drug repurposing for several molecules has emerged as a rapid temporary solution for COVID-19. Among these drugs is Thalidomide; a historically emblematic controversial molecule that harbors an FDA approval for treating erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Based on just one-case report that presented positive outcomes in a patient treated amongst others with Thalidomide, two clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of Thalidomide in treating severe respiratory complications in COVID-19 patients were registered. Yet, the absence of substantial evidence on Thalidomide usage in that context along with the discontinued studies on the efficiency of this drug in similar pulmonary diseases, might cause a significant obstacle for carrying out further clinical evaluations. Herein, we will discuss the theoretical effectiveness of Thalidomide in attenuating inflammatory complications that are encountered in COVID-19 patients while pinpointing the lack of the needed evidences to move forward with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Khalil
- Department or Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amina Kamar
- Vascular Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department or Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Repurposing old drugs as new inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:105-122. [PMID: 31883910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in the degradation of cellular proteins. Targeting protein degradation has been validated as an effective strategy for cancer therapy since 2003. Several components of the UPS have been validated as potential anticancer targets, including 20S proteasomes, 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). 20S proteasome inhibitors (such as bortezomib/BTZ and carfilzomib/CFZ) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and some other liquid tumors. Although survival of MM patients has been improved by the introduction of BTZ-based therapies, these clinical 20S proteasome inhibitors have several limitations, including emergence of resistance in MM patients, neuro-toxicities, and little efficacy in solid tumors. One of strategies to improve the current status of cancer treatment is to repurpose old drugs with UPS-inhibitory properties as new anticancer agents. Old drug reposition represents an attractive drug discovery approach compared to the traditional de novo drug discovery process which is time-consuming and costly. In this review, we summarize status of repurposed inhibitors of various UPS components, including 20S proteasomes, 19S-associated DUBs, and ubiquitin ligase E3s. The original and new mechanisms of action, molecular targets, and potential anticancer activities of these repurposed UPS inhibitors are reviewed, and their new uses including combinational therapies for cancer treatment are discussed.
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20
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Zhang S, Hagstrom D, Hayes P, Graham A, Collins EMS. Multi-Behavioral Endpoint Testing of an 87-Chemical Compound Library in Freshwater Planarians. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:26-44. [PMID: 29893936 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased recognition in the field of toxicology of the value of medium-to-high-throughput screening methods using in vitro and alternative animal models. We have previously introduced the asexual freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica as a new alternative animal model and proposed that it is particularly well-suited for the study of developmental neurotoxicology. In this article, we discuss how we have expanded and automated our screening methodology to allow for fast screening of multiple behavioral endpoints, developmental toxicity, and mortality. Using an 87-compound library provided by the National Toxicology Program, consisting of known and suspected neurotoxicants, including drugs, flame retardants, industrial chemicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and presumptive negative controls, we further evaluate the benefits and limitations of the system for medium-throughput screening, focusing on the technical aspects of the system. We show that, in the context of this library, planarians are the most sensitive to pesticides with 16/16 compounds causing toxicity and the least sensitive to PAHs, with only 5/17 causing toxicity. Furthermore, while none of the presumptive negative controls were bioactive in adult planarians, 2/5, acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid, were bioactive in regenerating worms. Notably, these compounds were previously reported as developmentally toxic in mammalian studies. Through parallel screening of adults and developing animals, planarians are thus a useful model to detect such developmental-specific effects, which was observed for 13 chemicals in this library. We use the data and experience gained from this screen to propose guidelines for best practices when using planarians for toxicology screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eva-Maria S Collins
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology.,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093.,Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081
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21
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Heo Y, Park HS, Shin CS, Yoo KC, Kim D, Lee T. Successful Treatment of Life-Threatening Small Bowel Bleeding With Thalidomide After Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:3092-3098. [PMID: 31623898 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal bleeding after kidney transplantation is a complication that can occur from immunosuppressant use. We present a case of refractory small bowel bleeding treated successfully with thalidomide after multiple failed attempts of conventional treatment. A 65-year-old male patient with diabetic nephropathy underwent living donor kidney transplantation. The surgery was uneventful, however, he developed immunosuppressant-induced melena with unstable vital signs 11 days later. There were a total of 4 bleeding episodes until the 90th postoperative day, and he received a total of 290 units of red blood cell transfusion during this period. Endoscopic clipping, transarterial embolization, and 2 surgical interventions failed to stop the bleeding. A trial of thalidomide 100 mg per day finally stopped the bleeding and the patient was discharged on the 110th postoperative day with a functioning renal graft. This case shows that thalidomide can be a safe option to treat immunosuppressant-induced refractory gastrointestinal bleeding in the setting of kidney transplantation. Additionally, this is the first case that reports the survival of a renal graft after more than 3000 mL of transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Heo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sik Shin
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kwon Cheol Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Kurokawa N, Kishimoto T, Tanaka K, Kondo J, Takahashi N, Miura Y. New approach to evaluating the effects of a drug on protein complexes with quantitative proteomics, using the SILAC method and bioinformatic approach. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:2034-2048. [PMID: 31282289 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1637244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) lead the formation of protein complexes that perform biochemical reactions that maintain the living state of the living cell. Although therapeutic drugs should influence the formation of protein complexes in addition to PPI network, the methodology analyzing such influences remain to be developed. Here, we demonstrate that a new approach combining HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) for separating protein complexes, and the SILAC (stable isotope labeling using amino acids in cell culture) method for relative protein quantification, enable us to identify the protein complexes influenced by a drug. We applied this approach to the analysis of thalidomide action on HepG2 cells, assessed the identified proteins by clustering data analyses, and assigned 135 novel protein complexes affected by the drug. We propose that this approach is applicable to elucidating the mechanisms of actions of other therapeutic drugs on the PPI network, and the formation of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan.,Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Taro Kishimoto
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Kohei Tanaka
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Jun Kondo
- Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology , Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan
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23
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Sundaresan L, Kumar P, Manivannan J, Balaguru UM, Kasiviswanathan D, Veeriah V, Anishetty S, Chatterjee S. Thalidomide and Its Analogs Differentially Target Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors: Thalidomide Suppresses FGFR Gene Expression while Pomalidomide Dampens FGFR2 Activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:589-602. [PMID: 30834740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is an infamous teratogen and it is continuously being explored for its anticancer properties. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are implicated in embryo development and cancer pathophysiology. With striking similarities observed between FGFR implicated conditions and thalidomide embryopathy, we hypothesized thalidomide targets FGFRs. We utilized three different cell lines and chicken embryo model to investigate the effects of thalidomide and analogs on FGFR expression. We performed molecular docking, KINOMEscan analysis, and kinase activity assays to study the drug-protein interactions. The expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 was differentially regulated by all the three drugs in cells as well as in developing organs. Transcriptome analysis of thalidomide-treated chick embryo strongly suggests the modulation of FGFR signaling and key transcription factors. Corroboration with previous studies suggests that thalidomide might affect FGFR expression through the transcription factor, E2F1. At the protein level, molecular docking predicted all three analogs to interact with lysine residue at 517th and 508th positions of FGFR2 and FGFR3, respectively. This lysine coordinates the ATP binding site of FGFR, thus hinting at the possible perturbation of FGFR activity by thalidomide. Kinome analysis revealed that kinase activities of FGFR2 and FGFR3 (G697C) reduced by 31% and 65%, respectively, in the presence of 10 μM thalidomide. Further, we checked and confirmed that the analogs inhibited the FGFR2 kinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. This study suggests that FGFRs could be potential targets of thalidomide and the two analogs, and also endorses the link between the teratogenicity and antitumor activities of the drugs.
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24
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Abstract
Thalidomide remains notorious as a result of the damage it caused to children born to mothers who used it to treat morning sickness between 1957 and 1961. The re-emergence of the drug to treat a range of conditions including erythema nodosum leprosum (a complication of leprosy) has led to a new generation of thalidomide damaged children being born in Brazil. Although thalidomide affects most of the developing tissues and organs of the body, the damage to the limbs is striking. Indeed phocomelia, the severe reduction or loss of the proximal long bones with retention of the distal hand/foot plate remains the stereotypical image of thalidomide. This review focuses on the type and range of damage thalidomide caused to the limbs, reviews current understanding of the mechanisms underlying thalidomide-induced limb malformations and outlines some of the challenges remaining in elucidating its teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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25
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Smith RL, Mitchell SC. Thalidomide-type teratogenicity: structure-activity relationships for congeners. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1036-1047. [PMID: 30542600 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unravelling the molecular basis of thalidomide embryotoxicity, which is remarkably species-specific, is challenging in view of its low toxicity in the mature animal. Employing data derived solely from proven sensitive primate species or susceptible strains of rabbit, the structure-activity relationship of over 50 compounds which are, arguably, congeners of thalidomide has been reviewed. The molecular requirement for 'thalidomide-type' teratogenicity was highly structure dependent. Both the phthalimide and glutarimide groups were essential for embryopathic activity, although minor substitutions in either or both rings could be tolerated without a loss of toxicity. An α-linkage between the two cyclic structures was essential; a β-link resulted in a complete loss of embryopathic activity. Crucially, this α-configuration provided a centre of asymmetry enabling the existence of stereoisomers. The thalidomide molecule is not a static entity and under physiological conditions it undergoes a number of intra- and inter-molecular reactions. Besides irreversible hydrolysis, its keto-enol tautomerism, base-assisted proton transfer and glutarimide ring rotation lead to rapid interconversion of the thalidomide enantiomers. These enantiomers form equilibria between themselves and also between both homochiral and heterochiral dimers. It is proposed that the more energetically favourable and stable heterochiral dimer of thalidomide is an active agent that possesses the structural features of the paired nucleotides of the double-stranded DNA. Its capacity to enter into hydrogen bonding interactions affects DNA expression in a chaotic manner without causing permanent mutations. This disruption may well be concentrated at nucleotide sites known to be involved in specific promoter regions of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smith
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK .
| | - S C Mitchell
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK .
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26
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Yang W, Wang D, Huang L, Chen Y, Wen S, Hong Q, Kang D. Thalidomide Combined with Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Intermediate or Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and GRADE Approach. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2043-2055. [PMID: 30139041 PMCID: PMC6171403 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective:According to current guidelines, there is no clear second-line treatment for advanced liver cancer. In practice, clinicians have attempted to use thalidomide(TLD) combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for treating liver cancer. This study aims to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of TLD combined with TACE in patients with intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), database of ClinicalTrials.gov, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang database were searched for eligible studies. Criteria for inclusion in our meta-analysis included a study that patients diagnosed with intermediate or advanced HCC, the use of TACE plus TLD or its derivatives, and the availability of outcome data for survival. A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the evidences of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). And finally, the GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of these evidences. Results: Twelve RCTs involving 894 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) patients were included. The meta-analysis results showed that TACE plus TLD was significantly superior than TACE alone in terms of 12-month survival rate (OR=2.55, 95% CI:1.78-3.64, P<0.01), 24-month survival rate (OR=2.95, 95% CI:1.96-4.44, P<0.01), 36-month survival rate (OR=2.95, 95% CI:1.41-6.19, P<0.004), progression-free survival (PFS) (MD=2.23, 95% CI:1.19-3.28 , P<0.001), objective response rate (OR=1.84, 95% CI:1.34-2.52, P<0.0001), and disease control rate (OR=2.68, 95% CI:1.80-3.99). Subgroup analysis demonstrated no differences across related outcomes. Sensitivity analyses showed no important differences in the estimates of effects. Quality of evidence for all outcomes was rated moderate to very low after applying GRADE approach. Conclusions: Current evidence seemed to support the suggestion that TACE plus TLD as the second line treatment for patients with intermediate or advanced HCC. However, this finding is not definitive due to the poor quality of included studies, more carefully designed and conducted RCTs are warranted to confirm above conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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27
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Redhead M, Satchell R, McCarthy C, Pollack S, Unitt J. Thermal Shift as an Entropy-Driven Effect. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6187-6199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Redhead
- Bioscience
Department, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Rupert Satchell
- Bioscience
Department, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Ciara McCarthy
- Bioscience
Department, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Scott Pollack
- Bioscience
Department, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - John Unitt
- Bioscience
Department, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham NG1 1GF, U.K
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28
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Chetcuti Zammit S, Sanders DS, Sidhu R. Lanreotide in the management of small bowel angioectasias: seven-year data from a tertiary centre. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:962-968. [PMID: 28506132 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1325929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Haemorrhage from small bowel angioectasias (SBAs) can be debilitating to patients who are very often elderly and have multiple comorbidities. Our aim was to assess the use of lanreotide in addition to endotherapy in patients with SBAs. METHOD Patients with SBAs on capsule endoscopy (CE) who received lanreotide injections from January 2010 to till the present day at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield were included. Baseline demographics were recorded. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of improvement in mean haemoglobin, transfusion requirements and bleeding episodes. RESULTS Twelve patients (67% males, mean age 74 SD ± 15.5 years) were included. All patients had multiple comorbidities. Lanreotide was given at a dosage of 60 mg (42%), 90 mg (33%) or 120 mg (25%). It was given at a four-week interval in 75% of patients and at a six-week interval in 17% of patients. One patient (8%) received a single dose. The mean duration of treatment was 19 months SD ± 14.5. Only 17% of patients had their lanreotide stopped due to cholelithiasis. There was a significant improvement in mean haemoglobin: 86.8 versus 98.0 (131-166 g/L, p = .012). The mean number of bleeding episodes (4.18 versus 1.09, p = .010) and packed red cells (323 versus 152, p = .006) received improved. Patients required less DBEs ± APCs after starting lanreotide (19 versus 11 p = .048). CONCLUSION Lanreotide is a useful adjuvant treatment to therapeutic enteroscopy in patients with refractory obscure gastrointestinal bleeding due to SBAs. It improves haemoglobin levels, reduces transfusion requirements, bleeding episodes and number of DBEs. Overall, it has a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chetcuti Zammit
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Sheffield, UK
| | - D S Sanders
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Sheffield, UK
| | - R Sidhu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Royal Hallamshire Hospital , Sheffield, UK
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29
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Wani TH, Chakrabarty A, Shibata N, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Chowdhury G. The Dihydroxy Metabolite of the Teratogen Thalidomide Causes Oxidative DNA Damage. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1622-1628. [PMID: 28745489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide [α-(N-phthalimido)glutarimide] (1) is a sedative and antiemetic drug originally introduced into the clinic in the 1950s for the treatment of morning sickness. Although marketed as entirely safe, more than 10 000 babies were born with severe birth defects. Thalidomide was banned and subsequently approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and complications associated with leprosy. Although known for more than 5 decades, the mechanism of teratogenicity remains to be conclusively understood. Various theories have been proposed in the literature including DNA damage and ROS and inhibition of angiogenesis and cereblon. All of the theories have their merits and limitations. Although the recently proposed cereblon theory has gained wide acceptance, it fails to explain the metabolism and low-dose requirement reported by a number of groups. Recently, we have provided convincing structural evidence in support of the presence of arene oxide and the quinone-reactive intermediates. However, the ability of these reactive intermediates to impart toxicity/teratogenicity needs investigation. Herein we report that the oxidative metabolite of thalidomide, dihydroxythalidomide, is responsible for generating ROS and causing DNA damage. We show, using cell lines, the formation of comet (DNA damage) and ROS. Using DNA-cleavage assays, we also show that catalase, radical scavengers, and desferal are capable of inhibiting DNA damage. A mechanism of teratogenicity is proposed that not only explains the DNA-damaging property but also the metabolism, low concentration, and species-specificity requirements of thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasaduq H Wani
- Departments of Chemistry and Life Sciences, SONS, Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Anindita Chakrabarty
- Departments of Chemistry and Life Sciences, SONS, Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Norio Shibata
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology , Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Departments of Chemistry and Life Sciences, SONS, Shiv Nadar University , Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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Biological evaluation of both enantiomers of fluoro-thalidomide using human myeloma cell line H929 and others. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182152. [PMID: 28763493 PMCID: PMC5538663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, thalidomide has become one of the most important anti-tumour drugs for the treatment of relapsed-refractory multiple myeloma. However, besides its undesirable teratogenic side effect, its configurational instability critically limits any further therapeutic improvements of this drug. In 1999, we developed fluoro-thalidomide which is a bioisostere of thalidomide, but, in sharp contrast to the latter, it is configurationally stable and readily available in both enantiomeric forms. The biological activity of fluoro-thalidomide however, still remains virtually unstudied, with the exception that fluoro-thalidomide is not teratogenic. Herein, we report the first biological evaluation of fluoro-thalidomide in racemic and in both (R)- and (S)-enantiomerically pure forms against (in vitro) H929 cells of multiple myeloma (MM) using an annexin V assay. We demonstrate that all fluoro-thalidomides inhibited the growth of H929 MM cells without any in-vivo activation. Furthermore, we report that the enantiomeric forms of fluoro-thalidomide display different anti-tumour activities, with the (S)-enantiomer being noticeably more potent. The angiogenesis of fluoro-thalidomides is also investigated and compared to thalidomide. The data obtained in this study paves the way towards novel pharmaceutical research on fluoro-thalidomides.
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Ramisetti NR, Arnipalli MS, Nimmu NV, Bondigalla R. UHPLC Determination of Besifloxacin Enantiomers on Immobilized Amylose Tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) Chiral Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A HAND to TBX5 Explains the Link Between Thalidomide and Cardiac Diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1416. [PMID: 28469241 PMCID: PMC5431093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the leading cause of death in the first year of life. Mutations only in few genes have been linked to some cases of CHD. Thalidomide was used by pregnant women for morning sickness but was removed from the market because it caused severe malformations including CHDs. We used both in silico docking software, and in vitro molecular and biochemical methods to document a novel interaction involving Thalidomide, TBX5, and HAND2. Thalidomide binds readily to TBX5 through amino acids R81, R82, and K226 all implicated in DNA binding. It reduces TBX5 binding to DNA by 40%, and suppresses TBX5 mediated activation of the NPPA and VEGF promoters by 70%. We documented a novel interaction between TBX5 and HAND2, and showed that a p.G202V HAND2 variant associated with CHD and coronary artery diseases found in a large Lebanese family with high consanguinity, drastically inhibited this interaction by 90%. Similarly, thalidomide inhibited the TBX5/HAND2 physical interaction, and the in silico docking revealed that the same amino acids involved in the interaction of TBX5 with DNA are also involved in its binding to HAND2. Our results establish a HAND2/TBX5 pathway implicated in heart development and diseases.
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Ogino Y, Tanaka M, Shimozawa T, Asahi T. LC-MS/MS and chiroptical spectroscopic analyses of multidimensional metabolic systems of chiral thalidomide and its derivatives. Chirality 2017; 29:282-293. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Ogino
- Waseda University; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Togo Shimozawa
- Waseda University; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Tokyo Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Waseda University; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Tokyo Japan
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Collins I, Wang H, Caldwell JJ, Chopra R. Chemical approaches to targeted protein degradation through modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Biochem J 2017; 474:1127-1147. [PMID: 28298557 PMCID: PMC5350610 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system to achieve targeted degradation of proteins within cells using chemical tools and drugs has the potential to transform pharmacological and therapeutic approaches in cancer and other diseases. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanism of thalidomide and its analogues following their clinical use has unlocked small-molecule modulation of the substrate specificity of the E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), which in turn has resulted in the advancement of new immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) into the clinic. The degradation of multiple context-specific proteins by these pleiotropic small molecules provides a means to uncover new cell biology and to generate future drug molecules against currently undruggable targets. In parallel, the development of larger bifunctional molecules that bring together highly specific protein targets in complexes with CRBN, von Hippel-Lindau, or other E3 ligases to promote ubiquitin-dependent degradation has progressed to generate selective chemical compounds with potent effects in cells and in vivo models, providing valuable tools for biological target validation and with future potential for therapeutic use. In this review, we survey recent breakthroughs achieved in these two complementary methods and the discovery of new modes of direct and indirect engagement of target proteins with the proteasome. We discuss the experimental characterisation that validates the use of molecules that promote protein degradation as chemical tools, the preclinical and clinical examples disclosed to date, and the future prospects for this exciting area of chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Hannah Wang
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - John J Caldwell
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Raj Chopra
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, U.K.
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Mainolfi N, Rasmusson T. Targeted Protein Degradation. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Beedie SL, Diamond AJ, Fraga LR, Figg WD, Vargesson N. Vertebrate embryos as tools for anti-angiogenic drug screening and function. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 70:49-59. [PMID: 27888069 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of new angiogenic inhibitors highlights a need for robust screening assays that adequately capture the complexity of vessel formation, and allow for the quantitative evaluation of the teratogenicity of new anti-angiogenic agents. This review discusses the use of screening assays in vertebrate embryos, specifically focusing upon chicken and zebrafish embryos, for the detection of anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Beedie
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK; Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alexandra J Diamond
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Wang X, Shen Y, Li S, Lv M, Zhang X, Yang J, Wang F, Yang J. Importance of the interaction between immune cells and tumor vasculature mediated by thalidomide in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1021-9. [PMID: 27599781 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 60 years, thalidomide has metamorphosized from a drug prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women, which was subsequently found to induce birth defects, into a highly effective therapy for treating leprosy and multiple myeloma. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the anticancer effects of thalidomide, including antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities. At present, evidence suggests that thalidomide may induce vessel maturation. Vascular normalization may be an effective strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Numerous studies have shown that the tumor infiltrating immune cell subsets are important in regulating the process of tumor angiogenesis. The mechanisms associated with antiangiogenesis and the potent immunomodulatory effects of thalidomide obtained the most support. The studies of the antiangiogenic activity of thalidomide were guided in a novel direction by a hypothesis regarding the vascular normalization of tumors. Hence, thalidomide is effective in cancer treatment due to the interaction between immune cells and tumor vasculature. This mechanism provides new avenues to explore for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Meng Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Kurbanoglu S, Dogan-Topal B, Rodriguez EP, Bozal-Palabiyik B, Ozkan SA, Uslu B. Advances in electrochemical DNA biosensors and their interaction mechanism with pharmaceuticals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Merkle TP, Beckmann N, Bruckner T, Zeifang F. Shoulder joint replacement can improve quality of life and outcome in patients with dysmelia: a case series. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:185. [PMID: 27117810 PMCID: PMC4845506 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthroplasty is a proven treatment option for glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Common indications include primary or posttraumatic osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis of the humeral head, rotator cuff tear arthropathy and rheumatoid osteoarthritis. Arthroplasty is rarely performed among patients with glenohumeral dysmelia. An overuse of the upper limb in patients with thalidomide-induced phocomelia and people with similar congenital deformities like dysmelia results in premature wear of the shoulder joint. This study aims to evaluate our experience with cases of glenohumeral osteoarthritis caused by dysmelia and treated with arthroplasty. To date, few reports on the outcome of shoulder arthroplasty exist on this particular patient group. Case presentation We included four dysmelic patients (five shoulders) with substantial glenoid dysplasia in a prospective database after approval by the local ethics committee. Once conservative treatment options had been exhausted, the patients were treated with shoulder arthroplasty and assessed clinically and radiographically before and after surgery. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 50.4 years. The minimum follow-up time was 24 months (24–91 months). All patients experienced a considerable improvement of range of motion (ROM) and a relief of pain. No intra- or postoperative complications appeared. Conclusion Patients with dysmelia have acceptable short and mid-term results with resurfacing hemiarthroplasty. It is an effective although somewhat complicated method to relieve pain and improve movement. Long-term performance of arthroplasty in patients with dysmelia remains to be seen, particularly with regard to the remaining problem of the altered and often deficient glenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Peter Merkle
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Katharinenhospital Stuttgart, Academic Teaching Hospital of University Tübingen, Kriegsbergstraße 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicholas Beckmann
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Bruckner
- Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University, INF 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Zeifang
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
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Thalidomide treatment in cutaneous lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter study in China. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:1521-7. [PMID: 27097914 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide is effective for treating severe cutaneous lupus patients. The aim of this study was to observe the optimum effective and maintenance doses of thalidomide to maximize clinical benefit and minimize side effects for patients with cutaneous lupus in China. Sixty-nine patients with lupus rash from eight hospitals in China were enrolled and treated with different doses of thalidomide. We started the dose of thalidomide at 25 mg daily and gradually increased administration dose once a week until erythema was markedly improved. The effective and maintenance doses were documented. The size of skin lesions was noted once a week. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score, levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum TNF-α were measured before and after treatment. The remission rates were evaluated weekly until 8 weeks. Sixty-eight percent of patients showed an effective dose of 50 mg daily; another 13, 10, and 9 % of patients had an effective dose of 100, 75, and 25 mg daily, respectively. The maintenance dose was 50 mg daily for 71 % of the patients, and 100, 75, and 25 mg daily for 9, 14, and 6 % of the patients. SLEDAI score and serum ESR levels significantly decreased 4 weeks after thalidomide treatment. At the end of the fourth week, the rates of complete remission, partial remission, and no response were 56 % (n = 39), 41 % (n = 28), and 3 % (n = 2). At the eighth week, the rate of total remission rose up to 100 %. The most common side effects were drowsiness and constipation. No peripheral neuropathy was observed in these patients. Thalidomide at a dose of 50 mg daily may offer a better benefit to risk ratio in the treatment of Chinese cutaneous lupus patients.
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Prasad S, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Serendipity in Cancer Drug Discovery: Rational or Coincidence? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:435-450. [PMID: 27083322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel drug development leading to final approval by the US FDA can cost as much as two billion dollars. Why the cost of novel drug discovery is so expensive is unclear, but high failure rates at the preclinical and clinical stages are major reasons. Although therapies targeting a given cell signaling pathway or a protein have become prominent in drug discovery, such treatments have done little in preventing or treating any disease alone because most chronic diseases have been found to be multigenic. A review of the discovery of numerous drugs currently being used for various diseases including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and autoimmune diseases indicates that serendipity has played a major role in the discovery. In this review we provide evidence that rational drug discovery and targeted therapies have minimal roles in drug discovery, and that serendipity and coincidence have played and continue to play major roles. The primary focus in this review is on cancer-related drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, 221005 India
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Min L, Ling W, Hua R, Qi H, Chen S, Wang H, Tang L, Shangguan W. Anti‑angiogenic therapy for normalization of tumor vasculature: A potential effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction on nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts with high metastatic potential. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2518-26. [PMID: 26846752 PMCID: PMC4768951 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Buyang Huanwu decoction (BYHWD) on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HCCLM3 xenografts. A total of 96 nude mice bearing HCCLM3 xenografts were randomly divided into four groups: BYHWD group (LB), Yi-qi decoction group (LY), Huo-xue decoction group (LH) and model group (LM). Each of these groups was divided into three subgroups (n=8), which were observed on days 21, 25, 38 following treatment, respectively. The tumor weights, volumes and pulmonary metastases were recorded. The expression of CD105 and the microvessel density (MVD) were assessed, and the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), and regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS-5) were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining. Compared with the LM group, no significant decrease in tumor weight or volume were observed in the herbal medicine treatment groups, the number of the metastases in the lungs decreased, whereas the expression levels of RGS-5 and HIF-1α decreased in the LB group on day 35. However, the expression levels of VEGF increased in the LB group on days 28 and 35 post-treatment. The results of the present study suggested that BYHWD may inhibit angiogenesis and metastasis by affecting the expression levels of VEGF, RGS-5 and HIF-1α, and suggested that BYHWD may contribute to the tumor microenvironment and vasculature normalization in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Min
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Shenxu Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Lumen Tang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Wenji Shangguan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Small Bowel Bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1265-87; quiz 1288. [PMID: 26303132 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding from the small intestine remains a relatively uncommon event, accounting for ~5-10% of all patients presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Given advances in small bowel imaging with video capsule endoscopy (VCE), deep enteroscopy, and radiographic imaging, the cause of bleeding in the small bowel can now be identified in most patients. The term small bowel bleeding is therefore proposed as a replacement for the previous classification of obscure GI bleeding (OGIB). We recommend that the term OGIB should be reserved for patients in whom a source of bleeding cannot be identified anywhere in the GI tract. A source of small bowel bleeding should be considered in patients with GI bleeding after performance of a normal upper and lower endoscopic examination. Second-look examinations using upper endoscopy, push enteroscopy, and/or colonoscopy can be performed if indicated before small bowel evaluation. VCE should be considered a first-line procedure for small bowel investigation. Any method of deep enteroscopy can be used when endoscopic evaluation and therapy are required. VCE should be performed before deep enteroscopy if there is no contraindication. Computed tomographic enterography should be performed in patients with suspected obstruction before VCE or after negative VCE examinations. When there is acute overt hemorrhage in the unstable patient, angiography should be performed emergently. In patients with occult hemorrhage or stable patients with active overt bleeding, multiphasic computed tomography should be performed after VCE or CTE to identify the source of bleeding and to guide further management. If a source of bleeding is identified in the small bowel that is associated with significant ongoing anemia and/or active bleeding, the patient should be managed with endoscopic therapy. Conservative management is recommended for patients without a source found after small bowel investigation, whereas repeat diagnostic investigations are recommended for patients with initial negative small bowel evaluations and ongoing overt or occult bleeding.
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Lopes TJS, Shoemaker JE, Matsuoka Y, Kawaoka Y, Kitano H. Identifying problematic drugs based on the characteristics of their targets. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26388775 PMCID: PMC4555035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying promising compounds during the early stages of drug development is a major challenge for both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. The difficulties are even more pronounced when we consider multi-target pharmacology, where the compounds often target more than one protein, or multiple compounds are used together. Here, we address this problem by using machine learning and network analysis to process sequence and interaction data from human proteins to identify promising compounds. We used this strategy to identify properties that make certain proteins more likely to cause harmful effects when targeted; such proteins usually have domains commonly found throughout the human proteome. Additionally, since currently marketed drugs hit multiple targets simultaneously, we combined the information from individual proteins to devise a score that quantifies the likelihood of a compound being harmful to humans. This approach enabled us to distinguish between approved and problematic drugs with an accuracy of 60–70%. Moreover, our approach can be applied as soon as candidate drugs are available, as demonstrated with predictions for more than 5000 experimental drugs. These resources are available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/psin/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago J S Lopes
- Japan Science and Technology Agency ERATO Kawaoka Infection-Induced Host Responses Project Minato-ku, Japan ; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason E Shoemaker
- Japan Science and Technology Agency ERATO Kawaoka Infection-Induced Host Responses Project Minato-ku, Japan ; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Matsuoka
- Japan Science and Technology Agency ERATO Kawaoka Infection-Induced Host Responses Project Minato-ku, Japan ; The Systems Biology Institute Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Japan Science and Technology Agency ERATO Kawaoka Infection-Induced Host Responses Project Minato-ku, Japan ; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- Japan Science and Technology Agency ERATO Kawaoka Infection-Induced Host Responses Project Minato-ku, Japan ; The Systems Biology Institute Tokyo, Japan ; Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. Tokyo, Japan ; Integrated Open Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Okinawa, Japan ; Laboratory for Disease Systems Modeling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama, Japan
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Vargesson N. Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: history and mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:140-56. [PMID: 26043938 PMCID: PMC4737249 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 60 years ago thalidomide was prescribed to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. What followed was the biggest man‐made medical disaster ever, where over 10,000 children were born with a range of severe and debilitating malformations. Despite this, the drug is now used successfully to treat a range of adult conditions, including multiple myeloma and complications of leprosy. Tragically, a new generation of thalidomide damaged children has been identified in Brazil. Yet, how thalidomide caused its devastating effects in the forming embryo remains unclear. However, studies in the past few years have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms the drug. This review will look at the history of the drug, and the range and type of damage the drug caused, and outline the mechanisms of action the drug uses including recent molecular advances and new findings. Some of the remaining challenges facing thalidomide biologists are also discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 105:140–156, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Vargesson
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Shiga T, Shimbo T, Yoshizawa A. Multicenter investigation of lifestyle-related diseases and visceral disorders in thalidomide embryopathy at around 50 years of age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:787-93. [PMID: 26033770 PMCID: PMC5157726 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background In utero exposure to thalidomide causes a wide range of birth defects, including phocomelia, hearing loss and visceral disorders, known as thalidomide embryopathy (TE). Fifty years after the first report of TE, we conducted the first cross‐sectional multicenter study to investigate the development of lifestyle‐related diseases and identify risk factors for visceral disorders in subjects with TE. Methods Seventy‐six cases with TE (31 men, 45 women) underwent medical examinations between 2011 and 2014 to determine the types of TE‐related anomalies (limbs, auditory organs, or visceral organs) and lifestyle‐related diseases present. Logistic multiple regression analyses, adjusted for gender and age, were conducted between TE and lifestyle‐related diseases and to evaluate association between block vertebra and gallbladder aplasia. Results Fatty liver (FL), nonalcoholic FL disease and dyslipidemia were detected in 52.6%, 35.0%, and 23.7% of subjects, respectively, with higher incidences among men. Dyslipidemia was detected in 40.0% of subjects with FL and was significantly associated with FL (odds ratio = 8.86; p = 0.008). Block vertebrae were detected in 44.4% of subjects with gallbladder aplasia, and this association was significant (odds ratio = 9.96; p = 0.006). Conclusion Subjects with TE have also a risk for lifestyle‐related disease as well as the general Japanese population. In addition, cervical spine radiography and magnetic resonance imaging are recommended to assess block vertebrae in subjects with TE with gallbladder aplasia who develop shoulder pain. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:787–793, 2015. © 2015 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Shiga
- Division of Medical Check-up, Department of General Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Shimbo
- Department of Clinical Study and Informatics Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuto Yoshizawa
- General Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The use of thalidomide derivatives (IMIDs) has improved multiple myeloma prognosis, through an unknown mechanism of action. Recently one molecular target, the cereblon (CRBN) protein, has been identified. CRBN acts by binding to DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 forming a ubiquitin ligase multiprotein complex. We have generated antibodies to different regions of CRBN protein, and analyzed the biological consequences of augmenting or decreasing CRBN levels. CRBN was expressed in all the myeloma cell lines tested, independently of their sensitivity to IMIDs, and the CRBN-DDB1-CUL4 complex was efficiently formed. At the molecular level, long-term treatment with IMIDs induced a slight decrease in CRBN levels and a reduction in the CRBN-DDB1-CUL4 complex. Interestingly, treatment with other anti-myeloma drugs downregulated cellular contents of CRBN, and in a much faster fashion. These results suggest that CRBN is an important mediator of the cellular response to IMIDs, but also critical in the maintenance of cell viability and/or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Rodríguez
- a Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca , Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- a Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca , Spain
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Xu Z, Guo K, Yu J, Sun H, Tang J, Shen J, Müllen K, Yang W, Yin M. A unique perylene-based DNA intercalator: localization in cell nuclei and inhibition of cancer cells and tumors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4087-4092. [PMID: 24976526 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To date, perylene derivatives have not been explored as DNA intercalator to inhibit cancer cells by intercalating into the base pairs of DNA. Herein, a water-soluble perylene bisimide (PBDI) that efficiently intercalates into the base pairs of DNA is synthesized. Excitingly, PBDI is superior to the commercial DNA intercalator, amonafide, for specific nuclear accumulation and effective suppression of cancer cells and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education Beijing, University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
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Novel thalidomide analogs: Anti-angiogenic and apoptotic effects on Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Salvage therapy of multiple myeloma: the new generation drugs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:456037. [PMID: 24967371 PMCID: PMC4055245 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, overall results of treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have been improved and survival curves are now significantly better with respect to those obtained with historical treatment. These improvements are linked to a deeper knowledge of the biology of disease and to the introduction in clinical practice of drugs with different mechanism of action such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). However, MM remains in most cases an incurable disease. For patients who relapse after treatment with novel agents, the prognosis is dismal and new drugs and therapeutic strategies are required for continued disease control. In this review, we summarize new insights in salvage therapy for relapsed/refractory MM as emerging from recent clinical trials exploring the activity of bendamustine, new generation proteasome inhibitors, novel IMiDs, monoclonal antibodies, and drugs interfering with growth pathways.
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