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Zhao X, Zhou Y, Li BL, Du G, Yu Z. Highly diastereoselective cascade dearomatization of 3-(2-isocyanoethyl)indoles with nitrile imines: a facile access to unexpected polycyclic indolines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel cascade annulation between 2-isocyanoethylindoles and hydrazonyl chlorides has been realized to assemble a variety of unexpected polycyclic indoline derivatives with excellent diastereoselectivities under simple reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bao-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guangxi Du
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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2
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Hou XQ, Wen JB, Yan L, Du DM. Squaramide-catalysed asymmetric Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction of 4-arylmethylidene-2,3-dioxopyrrolidines with 2-isothiocyanato-1-indanones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7181-7185. [PMID: 34378622 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient cinchona alkaloid-derived squaramide catalysed asymmetric Michael/cyclization cascade reaction of 4-arylmethylidene-2,3-dioxopyrrolidines with 2-isothiocyanato-1-indanones was successfully developed. This protocol provides an efficient and mild access to indanone-derived spiropyrrolidone scaffolds containing three contiguous stereocenters with two spiroquaternary stereocenters in excellent yields (up to 99%) with high enantio- and diastereoselectivities (up to 99% ee and up to >20 : 1 dr). This method provides an economical and practical approach for the asymmetric synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qiang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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3
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New solutions using natural products. INSECT-BORNE DISEASES IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7442118 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818706-7.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most antibiotics are derived from natural products, like penicillin, as well as recent insecticides, like pyrethroids. Secondary metabolites are produced by plants as ecological chemical mediators, and can therefore possess intrinsic physiological properties against other organisms. These benefits are far from being fully explored. In particular, attention is here focused on the multipurpose neem tree (Azadirachta indica), reporting several experiments of applications in the field of seed oil and neem cake. The latter product seems to be promising because of the low cost, the possible production on a large scale, and the selection of effects in favor of beneficial organisms. Neem cake is able to act on different sites, as required by integrated pest management. Several utilizations of neem products are reported and their potentiality evidenced. Some considerations in this chapter may appear distant from the title of the book, but only by applying the general natural rules can the reason of the single phenomenon be understood. Other studies on resistance mechanisms of Plasmodium are enabling new possible methods of control always based on natural products activity.
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4
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Wang Y, Xie F, Lin B, Cheng M, Liu Y. Synthetic Approaches to Tetracyclic Indolines as Versatile Building Blocks of Diverse Indole Alkaloids. Chemistry 2018; 24:14302-14315. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Fukai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
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5
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Kowalski K. Recent developments in the chemistry of ferrocenyl secondary natural product conjugates. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Kong A, Mancheno DE, Boudet N, Delgado R, Andreansky ES, Blakey SB. Total synthesis of malagashanine: a chloroquine potentiating indole alkaloid with unusual stereochemistry. Chem Sci 2017; 8:697-700. [PMID: 28451219 PMCID: PMC5297967 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03578g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first total synthesis of malagashanine, a chloroquine potentiating indole alkaloid, is presented. A highly stereoselective cascade annulation reaction was developed to generate the tetracyclic core of the Malagasy alkaloids. This chemistry is likely to be broadly applicable to the synthesis of other members of this stereochemically unique family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kong
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - D E Mancheno
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - N Boudet
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - R Delgado
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - E S Andreansky
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - S B Blakey
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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7
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Chen YL, Liu CD, Cheng CP, Zhao B, Hsu HJ, Shen CL, Chiu SJ, Kieff E, Peng CW. Nucleolin is important for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-mediated episome binding, maintenance, and transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:243-8. [PMID: 24344309 PMCID: PMC3890893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is essential for EBV episome maintenance, replication, and transcription. These effects are mediated by EBNA1 binding to cognate oriP DNA, which comprise 20 imperfect copies of a 30-bp dyad symmetry enhancer and an origin for DNA replication. To identify cell proteins essential for these EBNA1 functions, EBNA1 associated cell proteins were immune precipitated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Nucleolin (NCL) was identified to be EBNA1 associated. EBNA1's N-terminal 100 aa and NCL's RNA-binding domains were critical for EBNA1/NCL interaction. Lentivirus shRNA-mediated NCL depletion substantially reduced EBNA1 recruitment to oriP DNA, EBNA1-dependent transcription of an EBV oriP luciferase reporter, and EBV genome maintenance in lymphoblastoid cell lines. NCL RNA-binding domain K429 was critical for ATP and EBNA1 binding. NCL overexpression increased EBNA1 binding to oriP and transcription, whereas NCL K429A was deficient. Moreover, NCL silencing impaired lymphoblastoid cell line growth. These experiments reveal a surprisingly critical role for NCL K429 in EBNA1 episome maintenance and transcription, which may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Cheng-Der Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Chi-Ping Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Chih-Long Shen
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Shu-Jun Chiu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
| | - Elliott Kieff
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chih-wen Peng
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; and
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8
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Mangoyi R, Hayeshi R, Ngadjui B, Ngandeu F, Bezabih M, Abegaz B, Razafimahefa S, Rasoanaivo P, Mukanganyama S. Glutathione transferase from Plasmodium falciparum – Interaction with malagashanine and selected plant natural products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:854-62. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.486793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Mangoyi
- Biomolecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rose Hayeshi
- Biomolecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bonventure Ngadjui
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde, BP 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Francois Ngandeu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaounde, BP 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Merhatibebe Bezabih
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Berhanu Abegaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Philippe Rasoanaivo
- Biomolecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Stanley Mukanganyama
- Biomolecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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9
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Delgado R, Blakey SB. Cascade Annulation Reactions To Access the Structural Cores of Stereochemically Unusual Strychnos Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Frederich M, Tits M, Angenot L. Potential antimalarial activity of indole alkaloids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Osorio EJ, Robledo SM, Bastida J. Alkaloids with antiprotozoal activity. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2008; 66:113-90. [PMID: 19025098 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(08)00202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edison J Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química-Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
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12
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Giri P, Hossain M, Kumar GS. Molecular aspects on the specific interaction of cytotoxic plant alkaloid palmatine to poly(A). Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:210-21. [PMID: 16678250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the protoberberine alkaloid palmatine with single and double stranded structures of poly(A) was studied by various biophysical techniques. Comparative binding studies were also performed with double stranded DNA, t-RNA, poly(C).poly(G), poly(U) and poly(C). The results of competition dialysis, fluorescence, and absorption spectral studies converge to reveal the molecular aspects of the strong and specific binding of palmatine to single stranded poly(A). The binding affinity of palmatine to natural DNA, t-RNA and double stranded poly(A) was weaker while no binding was apparent with single stranded poly(U), poly(C) and double stranded poly(C).poly(G). The strong affinity of the alkaloid to single stranded poly(A) in comparison to the double stranded structure was also revealed from circular dichroic and viscometric studies. The effect of [Na+] ion concentration on the binding process revealed the significant role of electrostatic forces in the complexation. The presence of bound alkaloid also remarkably affected denaturation-renaturation of stacked helical poly(A). The energetics of the strong binding to poly(A) was studied from thermodynamic estimation from van Hoff' analysis of the temperature dependent binding constants and ultra sensitive isothermal titration calorimertry, both suggesting the binding to be exothermic and enthalpy driven. This study provides detailed insight into the binding specificity of the natural alkaloid to single stranded poly(A) over several other single and double stranded nucleic acid structures suggesting its potential as a lead compound for RNA based drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Giri
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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13
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Chouteau F, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Chibale K. Exploiting a basic chemosensitizing pharmacophore hypothesis. Part 1: Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel arylbromide and bicyclic chemosensitizers against drug-resistant malaria parasites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3024-8. [PMID: 15908208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An exploratory series of novel arylbromide and bicyclic chemosensitizers (modulators) against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum were designed and synthesized on the basis of a basic chemosensitizing pharmacophore hypothesis in malaria. ortho-Substituted bromo and biphenyl ether compounds displayed the best activity from the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Chouteau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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14
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Razafimahefa D, Pélinski L, Martin MT, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Brocard J. Synthesis and chloroquine-enhancing activity of Na-deacetyl-ferrocenoyl-strychnobrasiline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1239-41. [PMID: 15686950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several strychnobrasiline derivatives have been synthesized to overcome the lack of in vivo reversal activity of the parent compound. In the present study, N(a)-deacetyl-ferrocenoyl-strychnobrasiline was synthesized by condensing N(a)-deacetyl-strychnobrasiline with ferrocenic acid previously treated with oxalyl chloride. While the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the test compound (IC(50)=4.83 microg/mL) was increased 15-fold compared to that of strychnobrasiline, and the in vitro enhancing activity was found to be similar to that of the parent compound, the compound was devoid of any in vivo potentiating effect, and an antagonistic effect was even observed at higher doses. Based on the overall results on the hemisynthesis of strychnobrasiline derivatives for better reversal activity, this strategy has appeared to be of little value for useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Razafimahefa
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquées aux Substances Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences d'Antananarivo, BP 906, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
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15
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Kluza J, Baldeyrou B, Colson P, Rasoanaivo P, Mambu L, Frappier F, Bailly C. Cytotoxicity and DNA binding properties of the plant alkaloid burasaine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 20:383-91. [PMID: 14659482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Burasaine is a plant alkaloid isolated from the roots of several species of the Burasaia genus endemic to Madagascar. It exhibits in vitro antiplasmodial activities but the molecular basis of this biological activity is not known. The strong structural similarity with the alkaloid berberine prompted us to postulate that burasaine could interact with DNA. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mode of binding of burasaine to DNA and tested its cytotoxic potential toward human HL-60 leukemia cells. Its inhibitory activity toward topoisomerases I and II was also studied. Absorption and melting temperature measurements attested that burasaine forms stable complexes with DNA. The results of electric linear dichroism (ELD) spectroscopy may be interpreted either by an intercalation or by an external stacking parallel to the base pairs. The affinity of burasaine for DNA is slightly lower than that of berberine and this translates at the cellular level by a reduced cytotoxicity. Burasaine does not promote DNA cleavage by human topoisomerases I or II and this likely accounts for its very weak cytotoxic potential and its very modest effects on the cell cycle progression observed at high concentrations. The study identifies DNA as a potential bioreceptor for burasaine and contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of benzoquinolizine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kluza
- INSERM U-524 et Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Antitumorale du Centre Oscar Lambret, IRCL, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France
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16
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Oxidation of indolines to nitrones and new rearrangement in seco-curane type indoline alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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New contributions to the structure elucidation and pharmacology of Strychnos alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(02)80024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Federici E, Palazzino G, Galeffi C, Nicoletti M. Biological activities of the plant-derived bisindole voacamine with reference to malaria. Phytother Res 2001; 15:30-3. [PMID: 11180519 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1573(200102)15:1<30::aid-ptr680>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of voacamine was assessed in a 4-day test. It was shown to exhibit in vivo activity with 25.4% and 43.4% inhibition of parasitaemia with 2.5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. In synchronized cultures, it was found to act on trophozoite and schizont stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Using the FMC29 strain of Plasmodium falciparum as parasite and the isobologram curve as a method to assess interaction in drug combination, it was shown to lack any chloroquine-enhancing activity and its in vitro antiplasmodial effect was not potentiated by the chemosensitizer malagashanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramanitrahasimbola
- Laboratoire de Phytochimie et de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Parasitaire, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, B. P. 3833, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
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19
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Willcox ML, Cosentino MJ, Pink R, Bodeker G, Wayling S. Natural products for the treatment of tropical diseases. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17:58-60. [PMID: 11228001 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(00)01870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Willcox
- Research Initiative for Traditional Antimalarial Methods, 9 Croft Rd, Oxford, UK OX3 0JY
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