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D’Aiello B, Di Vara S, De Rossi P, Vicari S, Menghini D. The effect of a single dose of methylphenidate on attention in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299449. [PMID: 39133690 PMCID: PMC11318934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated to difficulties in regulating adverse states, elevated functional impairment, deficits in Executive Functions and high risk for psychopathology. Recent studies have shown that ODD is a negative predictor of a positive response to methylphenidate (MPH) treatment for ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents and that patients with a diagnosis of comorbid ADHD and ODD are less likely to respond favorably to pharmacological treatment with MPH. We conducted a naturalistic study to understand the clinical characteristics of drug-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD that influence the response to MPH by measuring the effect on attention. Specifically, we investigated whether a single dose of MPH differently affects the performance of 53 children and adolescents with ADHD with or without ODD comorbidity. In addition, participant characteristics such as symptom severity, functional impairment, and associated behavioral and emotional symptoms at baseline were examined to better understand what aspects affect the response to MPH. We found that a single dose of MPH improved the attention of children and adolescents with ADHD without ODD more than those with comorbid ADHD and ODD, resulting in reduced reaction times. Our findings indicated that children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and ODD and those with ADHD alone did not exhibit differences in measures of attention prior to taking MPH, nor in demographic variables (age, intelligence quotient, gender), clinical characteristics related to symptom severity, and adaptive behaviors. However, we observed differences between the two groups in certain behavioral aspects, including the Dysregulation Profile and disruptive behaviors. Assessing symptoms in combination with the presence of ADHD can be beneficial in determining which individuals would derive the greatest benefits from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D’Aiello
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Science, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Vara
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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2
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Senkowski D, Ziegler T, Singh M, Heinz A, He J, Silk T, Lorenz RC. Assessing Inhibitory Control Deficits in Adult ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Stop-signal Task. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:548-567. [PMID: 37300725 PMCID: PMC11166755 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing quest in improving our understanding of the neurocognitive deficits underlying adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Current statistical manuals of psychiatric disorders emphasize inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, but empirical studies have also shown consistent alterations in inhibitory control. To date, there is no established neuropsychological test to assess inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD. A common paradigm for assessing response inhibition is the stop-signal task (SST). Following PRISMA-selection criteria, our systematic review and meta-analysis integrated the findings of 26 publications with 27 studies examining the SST in adult ADHD. The meta-analysis, which included 883 patients with adult ADHD and 916 control participants, revealed reliable inhibitory control deficits, as expressed in prolonged SST response times, with a moderate effect size g = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.376-0.644, p < 0.0001). The deficits were not moderated by study quality, sample characteristics or clinical parameters, suggesting that they may be a phenotype in this disorder. The analyses of secondary outcome measures revealed greater SST omission errors and reduced go accuracy in patients, indicative of altered sustained attention. However, only few (N < 10) studies were available for these measures. Our meta-analysis suggests that the SST, in conjunction with other tests and questionnaires, could become a valuable tool for assessing inhibitory control deficits in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Senkowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Theresa Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singh
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason He
- King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Tim Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development (SEED) and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert C Lorenz
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Maw KJ, Beattie G, Burns EJ. Cognitive strengths in neurodevelopmental disorders, conditions and differences: A critical review. Neuropsychologia 2024; 197:108850. [PMID: 38467371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are traditionally characterised by a range of associated cognitive impairments in, for example, sensory processing, facial recognition, visual imagery, attention, and coordination. In this critical review, we propose a major reframing, highlighting the variety of unique cognitive strengths that people with neurodevelopmental differences can exhibit. These include enhanced visual perception, strong spatial, auditory, and semantic memory, superior empathy and theory of mind, along with higher levels of divergent thinking. Whilst we acknowledge the heterogeneity of cognitive profiles in neurodevelopmental conditions, we present a more encouraging and affirmative perspective of these groups, contrasting with the predominant, deficit-based position prevalent throughout both cognitive and neuropsychological research. In addition, we provide a theoretical basis and rationale for these cognitive strengths, arguing for the critical role of hereditability, behavioural adaptation, neuronal-recycling, and we draw on psychopharmacological and social explanations. We present a table of potential strengths across conditions and invite researchers to systematically investigate these in their future work. This should help reduce the stigma around neurodiversity, instead promoting greater social inclusion and significant societal benefits.
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Alotaibi MM, Motl RW, Stavrinos D, Snyder SW, Singh H, Lein DH. Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Clin Med 2024; 13:968. [PMID: 38398282 PMCID: PMC10889301 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Some evidence indicates that adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have balance impairments. This study examined the associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), response inhibition (RI), and static balance in this population while off and on psychostimulant medication (PS). Methods: Participants (n = 40; 30 females; M age = 29.0; SD = 6.3 years) wore an ActiGraph GT9X-link around their waist to estimate MVPA levels (minutes/day). To assess RI, participants completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) subtests Trail-Making Test (TMT) and Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT). To evaluate static balance, participants completed postural sway area (cm2) assessments in four conditions: feet-apart eyes-open (FAEO), feet-apart eyes-closed (FAEC), feet-together eyes-open (FTEO), and feet-together eyes-closed (FTEC). Participants also completed the single-leg standing tests (seconds) with eyes open (SLEO) and with eyes closed (SLEC). Results: When off medication, MVPA significantly predicted SLEC (β = 0.30; p = 0.017). MVPA and TMT significantly predicted FTEO, explaining ~19% of the variance in FTEO; both MVPA and TMT were significant predictors (β = -0.33, p = 0.027 and β = -0.31, p = 0.039, respectively). When on medication, TMT significantly predicted FAEC (β = 0.17; p = 0.047). Conclusions: MVPA and RI may be effective parameters in predicting static balance in adults with ADHD when off medication only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour M. Alotaibi
- Department of Rehabilitation, College of Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert W. Motl
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 61820, USA;
| | - Despina Stavrinos
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Scott W. Snyder
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (H.S.); (D.H.L.J.)
| | - Donald H. Lein
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (H.S.); (D.H.L.J.)
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5
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Tiego J, Verdejo-Garcia A, Anderson A, Koutoulogenis J, Bellgrove MA. Mechanisms of cognitive disinhibition explain individual differences in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder traits. Cortex 2023; 167:178-196. [PMID: 37567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is strongly associated with psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment. Here, we aimed to use a newly developed online cognitive battery with strong psychometric properties for measuring individual differences in three cognitive mechanisms proposed to underlie ADHD traits in adults: 1) attentional control - the ability to mobilize cognitive resources to stop a prepotent motor response; 2) information sampling/gathering - adequate sampling of information in a stimulus detection task prior to making a decision; and 3) shifting - the ability to adapt behavior in response to positive and negative contingencies. METHODS This cross-sectional and correlational study recruited 650 adults (330 males) aged 18-69 years (M = 33.06; MD = 31.00; SD = 10.50), with previously diagnosed ADHD (n = 329) and those from the general community without a history of ADHD (n = 321). Self-report measures of ADHD traits (i.e., inattention/disorganization, impulsivity, hyperactivity) and the cognitive battery were completed online. RESULTS Latent class analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling and factor mixture modeling revealed self-reported ADHD traits formed a unidimensional and approximately normally distributed phenotype. Bayesian structural equation modeling demonstrated that all three mechanisms measured by the cognitive battery, explained unique, incremental variance in ADHD traits, with a total of 15.9% explained in the ADHD trait factor. CONCLUSIONS Attentional control and shifting, as well as the less researched cognitive process of information gathering, explain individual difference variance in self-reported ADHD traits with potential to yield genetic and neurobiological insights into adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeggan Tiego
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Level 5, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800.
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Level 5, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800.
| | - Alexandra Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Level 5, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800.
| | - Julia Koutoulogenis
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Level 5, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800.
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Level 5, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3800.
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6
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Smit D, Trevino L, Mohamed SMH, Enriquez-Geppert S. Theta power and functional connectivity as neurophysiological markers of executive functions in individuals with cognitive complaints in daily life. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108503. [PMID: 36681295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in executive functions (EFs) are common across psychological disorders. Research into the neural oscillations underlying EFs has the potential to help understand these impairments and contribute to the development of interventions. The aim of this study is to assess theta power and functional theta connectivity in the sensor space of the regions of the superordinate network for the core EFs: conflict monitoring, response inhibition, set-shifting, and working memory updating. We recruited adults with self-reported everyday EFs complaints and formed two groups: one with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=27) and another without any diagnosis (n=22), and compared them to controls (n=21) on the Stroop, Stop-signal, Switching, and N-back task using EEG. Power and functional connectivity analyses were conducted for four regions of interest: frontal-midline, frontolateral left and right, and parietal region. For all four EFs, the groups showed a dynamical increase in theta power over time in the four regions of interest, as well as in functional theta connectivity between these regions. Group differences were found especially for conflict monitoring, with differences in theta power in the frontal-midline and frontolateral right region. These neural markers are also associated with behavioural performance and complaints in daily life. For set-shifting, group differences were less pronounced and for response inhibition and working memory updating no group differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Smit
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lorena Trevino
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saleh M H Mohamed
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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7
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Mata-Marín D, Pineda-Pardo JÁ, Michiels M, Pagge C, Ammann C, Martínez-Fernández R, Molina JA, Vela-Desojo L, Alonso-Frech F, Obeso I. A circuit-based approach to modulate hypersexuality in Parkinson's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 77:223-232. [PMID: 36579893 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Impulse-control disorder is a common neuropsychiatric complication in Parkinson's disease (PD) under dopamine replacement therapy. Prior studies tested the balance between enhanced desire towards reward and cognitive control deficits, hypothesized to be biased towards the former in impulse control disorders. We provide evidence for this hypothesis by measuring behavioral and neural patterns behind the influence of sexual desire over response inhibition and tools towards functional restoration using repetitive transcranial stimulation in patients with hypersexuality as predominant impulsive disorder. METHODS The effect of sexual cues on inhibition was measured with a novel erotic stop-signal task under on and off dopaminergic medication. Task-related functional and anatomical connectivity models were estimated in 16 hypersexual and 17 nonhypersexual patients with PD as well as in 17 healthy controls. Additionally, excitatory neuromodulation using intermittent theta-burst stimulation (sham-controlled) was applied over the pre-supplementary motor area in 20 additional hypersexual patients with PD aiming to improve response inhibition. RESULTS Compared with their nonhypersexual peers, patients with hypersexuality recruited caudate, pre-supplementary motor area, ventral tegmental area, and anterior cingulate cortex while on medication. Reduced connectivity was found between pre-supplementary motor area and caudate nucleus in hypersexual compared with nonhypersexual patients (while medicated), a result paralleled by compensatory enhanced anatomical connectivity. Furthermore, stimulation over the pre-supplementary motor area improved response inhibition in hypersexual patients with PD when exposed to sexual cues. CONCLUSION This study, therefore, has identified a specific fronto-striatal and mesolimbic circuitry underlying uncontrolled sexual responses in medicated patients with PD where cortical neuromodulation halts its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mata-Marín
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,PhD program in Neuroscience, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ángel Pineda-Pardo
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Michiels
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,PhD program in Neuroscience, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pagge
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,PhD program in Neuroscience, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Ammann
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Martínez-Fernández
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Obeso
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal (HM CINAC), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur. HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology & Methods for the Behavioral Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Pinggal E, Dockree PM, O'Connell RG, Bellgrove MA, Andrillon T. Pharmacological Manipulations of Physiological Arousal and Sleep-Like Slow Waves Modulate Sustained Attention. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8113-8124. [PMID: 36109167 PMCID: PMC9637000 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0836-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained attention describes our ability to keep a constant focus on a given task. This ability is modulated by our physiological state of arousal. Although lapses of sustained attention have been linked with dysregulations of arousal, the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. An emerging body of work proposes that the intrusion during wakefulness of sleep-like slow waves, a marker of the transition toward sleep, could mechanistically account for attentional lapses. This study aimed to expose, via pharmacological manipulations of the monoamine system, the relationship between the occurrence of sleep-like slow waves and the behavioral consequences of sustained attention failures. In a double-blind, randomized-control trial, 32 healthy human male participants received methylphenidate, atomoxetine, citalopram or placebo during four separate experimental sessions. During each session, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure neural activity while participants completed a visual task requiring sustained attention. Methylphenidate, which increases wake-promoting dopamine and noradrenaline across cortical and subcortical areas, improved behavioral performance whereas atomoxetine, which increases dopamine and noradrenaline predominantly over frontal cortices, led to more impulsive responses. Additionally, citalopram, which increases sleep-promoting serotonin, led to more missed trials. Based on EEG recording, citalopram was also associated with an increase in sleep-like slow waves. Importantly, compared with a classical marker of arousal such as α power, only slow waves differentially predicted both misses and faster responses in a region-specific fashion. These results suggest that a decrease in arousal can lead to local sleep intrusions during wakefulness which could be mechanistically linked to impulsivity and sluggishness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We investigated whether the modulation of attention and arousal could not only share the same neuromodulatory pathways but also rely on similar neuronal mechanisms; for example, the intrusion of sleep-like activity within wakefulness. To do so, we pharmacologically manipulated noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin in a four-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial and examined the consequences on behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) indices of attention and arousal. We showed that sleep-like slow waves can predict opposite behavioral signatures: impulsivity and sluggishness. Slow waves may be a candidate mechanism for the occurrence of attentional lapses since the relationship between slow-wave occurrence and performance is region-specific and the consequences of these local sleep intrusions are in line with the cognitive functions carried by the underlying brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Pinggal
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Paul M Dockree
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Thomas Andrillon
- School of Philosophical, Historical, and International Studies, Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 75013, France
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9
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Canu D, Ioannou C, Müller K, Martin B, Fleischhaker C, Biscaldi M, Beauducel A, Smyrnis N, van Elst LT, Klein C. Evidence towards a continuum of impairment across neurodevelopmental disorders from basic ocular-motor tasks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16521. [PMID: 36192503 PMCID: PMC9530118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of genetic overlap between Schizophrenia, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) contributed to a renewed conceptualization of these disorders as laying on a continuum based on aetiological, pathophysiological and neurodevelopmental features. Given that cognitive impairments are core to their pathophysiology, we compared patients with schizophrenia, ADHD, ASD, and controls on ocular-motor and manual-motor tasks, challenging crucial cognitive processes. Group comparisons revealed inhibition deficits common to all disorders, increased intra-subject variability in schizophrenia and, to a lesser extent, ADHD as well as slowed processing in schizophrenia. Patterns of deviancies from controls exhibited strong correlations, along with differences that posited schizophrenia as the most impaired group, followed by ASD and ADHD. While vector correlations point towards a common neurodevelopmental continuum of impairment, vector levels suggest differences in the severity of such impairment. These findings argue towards a dimensional approach to Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Canu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Chara Ioannou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarina Müller
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für Junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Berthold Martin
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für Junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Christian Fleischhaker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute «COSTAS STEFANIS», Athens, Greece
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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van den Bosch R, Lambregts B, Määttä J, Hofmans L, Papadopetraki D, Westbrook A, Verkes RJ, Booij J, Cools R. Striatal dopamine dissociates methylphenidate effects on value-based versus surprise-based reversal learning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4962. [PMID: 36002446 PMCID: PMC9402573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate are widely used for their cognitive enhancing effects, but there is large variability in the direction and extent of these effects. We tested the hypothesis that methylphenidate enhances or impairs reward/punishment-based reversal learning depending on baseline striatal dopamine levels and corticostriatal gating of reward/punishment-related representations in stimulus-specific sensory cortex. Young healthy adults (N = 100) were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging during a reward/punishment reversal learning task, after intake of methylphenidate or the selective D2/3-receptor antagonist sulpiride. Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity was indexed with [18F]DOPA positron emission tomography. Methylphenidate improved and sulpiride decreased overall accuracy and response speed. Both drugs boosted reward versus punishment learning signals to a greater degree in participants with higher dopamine synthesis capacity. By contrast, striatal and stimulus-specific sensory surprise signals were boosted in participants with lower dopamine synthesis. These results unravel the mechanisms by which methylphenidate gates both attention and reward learning. The mechanisms underpinning the variability in methylphenidate’s effects on cognition remain unclear. Here, the authors show that such effects reflect changes in striatal dopamine-related output gating of task-relevant cortical signals, and that these changes depend on baseline dopamine synthesis capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben van den Bosch
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Britt Lambregts
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Määttä
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lieke Hofmans
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danae Papadopetraki
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Medical Imaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Prepubertal methylphenidate leads to sex-dependent differences in probabilistic discounting. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173424. [PMID: 35780911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prescription psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate (MPH), have served as a first line treatment for ADHD and associated developmental disorders since 1961. Psychostimulants has been shown to improve attention, response inhibition, and reduce hyperactivity in patients with ADHD, as well as in non-clinical human populations and animals. While there is a considerable amount of preclinical research investigating the effects of stimulant medications on reward sensitivity and basic learning in male rats, less is understood about their effects in females. Further, there are competing theories on the long-term cognitive impact of MPH, specifically in children who do not have ADHD. To this end, Long-Evans female and male rats were exposed to methylphenidate (0, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, BID, IP) for 20 days during early development (PD10-29). After discontinuation of MPH into adulthood, rats (beginning PD 60) were trained and tested for risk-preference using a 2-choice probabilistic discounting task. For this task, rats were given an option between a 'large-risky' choice (3 sugar pellets delivered on a probabilistic VR schedule) and 'small-certain' choice (1 sugar pellet delivered on a FR schedule). Rats were subsequently tested on an open field conflict test. The results demonstrate that prepubertal exposure to MPH can have lasting effects on decision-making. Specifically, female rats treated with 2.5 mg/kg MPH displayed a decrease in preference for the risky option, whereas male rats treated with the same dose showed an overall increase in preference compared to sex-matched controls. Irrespective of sex, rats treated with 2.5 mg/kg MPH also demonstrated a decrease in anxiety/inhibitory behavior on the modified open field test compared to controls. These results were not due to differences in locomotor behavior. Overall, the study contributes to the growing body of evidence to suggest that MPH exposure early in development can have a sex-dependent impact on decision-making in adulthood.
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12
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Inci Izmir SB, Ipci M, Ercan ES. Methylphenidate significantly improves neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2022; 311:114492. [PMID: 35306379 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on scores on a neurocognitive test battery for individuals with various presentations of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the effect of comorbidities on executive function. This study included 861 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years who were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-V criteria. The CNS Vital Signs Battery was utilized to compare the neuropsychological characteristics and MPH treatment responses of patients with predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and combined (ADHD-C) presentations of ADHD. Before MPH administration, a statistically significant difference was observed between groups only for complex attention. In addition, the overall prevalence rate of psychiatric comorbidities was 45.5%, and no statistically significant differences were found in the ADHD-I group pre- versus post-MPH administration. Prior to the administration of MPH, statistically significant differences were observed within the ADHD-C group between those with or without comorbidities. However, after MPH administration, these differences between the groups disappeared. The effects of MPH on improving scores on neuropsychological subtests were similar between the groups with different presentations of ADHD. Additionally, MPH treatment was effective despite the presence of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melis Ipci
- Hasan Kalyoncu University, Psychology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Eyüp Sabri Ercan
- Ege University, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
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13
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Mckenzie A, Meshkat S, Lui LMW, Ho R, Di Vincenzo JD, Ceban F, Cao B, McIntyre RS. The effects of psychostimulants on cognitive functions in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:252-259. [PMID: 35303614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of deficits in cognitive functions which has significant implications for quality of life. Psychostimulants are demonstrated to improve symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, however, their impact on cognition remains incompletely characterized. Herein, the aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the extant literature reporting on the effects of psychostimulants on cognitive function in individuals with ADHD. METHOD A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to July 2021 was conducted. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were original studies that evaluated the cognitive function of individuals with ADHD taking psychostimulants drugs. We assessed the quality of the included papers using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RESULTS A total of 10 studies involving 753 subjects with ADHD and 194 healthy controls were identified and eligible for inclusion. Nine studies evaluated the impact of methylphenidate on cognitive function and one study investigated the use of lisdexamfetamine. Results indicated that attentional deficits such as memory, vigilance, divided attention, phasic and tonic alertness, and focused attention were improved in ADHD patients treated with psychostimulants. The efficacy of psychostimulants in improving other domains of cognition remains inconclusive due to conflicting evidence or insignificant findings (ie. academic performance and executive function). Overall, results indicate that psychostimulants may improve only select domains of cognition (ie. memory and attention). CONCLUSION Psychostimulants are reported to improve several disparate aspects of cognition among individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between cognition and behavior in ADHD, as well as the impact of medication on these distinct aspects of functioning. Further research is also needed to determine whether the pro-cognitive effect of stimulants would be transferable to other mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mckenzie
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shakila Meshkat
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leanna M W Lui
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua D Di Vincenzo
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felicia Ceban
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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D’Aiello B, Battisti A, Lazzaro G, Pani P, De Rossi P, Di Vara S, Pretelli I, Costanzo F, Vicari S, Menghini D. Comparing the Effect of Methylphenidate and Anodal tDCS on Inhibitory Control and Working-Memory in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study Protocol for a Randomized, within-Subject Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084575. [PMID: 35457447 PMCID: PMC9030177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with individual functioning. The international guidelines recommend targeting ADHD-related neurochemical brain abnormalities by intervening via drug treatment, such as methylphenidate (MPH), as first choice. Drug treatments are usually associated with a huge amount of cost for families and the healthcare system, suspension for low compliance, poor long-term efficacy, and side effects. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been suggested as a possible noninvasive means to safely manipulate brain activity and, in turn, improve behavior and cognition in developmental ages. Several studies have shown that tDCS has the potential to improve ADHD-related cognitive deficits, but the effect of tDCS compared with MPH has never been evaluated. The aim of the present within-subject, sham-controlled, randomized proof-of-concept study is to demonstrate the positive effect of one-session anodal tDCS analogous to the MPH drug on inhibitory control and working memory in children and adolescents with ADHD. We strongly believe that this study protocol will serve to accelerate research into low-cost, drug-free, feasible interventions for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D’Aiello
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
- Department of Human Science, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
- Department of Human Science, LUMSA University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Lazzaro
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro De Rossi
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Silvia Di Vara
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Italo Pretelli
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riabilitazione, Casa San Giuseppe, Opera Don Guanella, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.D.); (A.B.); (G.L.); (P.D.R.); (S.D.V.); (I.P.); (F.C.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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The effect of methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts on cognitive reflection: a field study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:455-463. [PMID: 34729642 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methylphenidate (MPH) and mixed D,L-amphetamine salts (MASs; Adderall) were previously found to have unreliable effects on judgment and decision processes. OBJECTIVE We predicted that MPH and MASs have a specific effect of reducing heuristic responses, which should lead to increased performance on the cognitive reflection test (CRT). The CRT is considered to be a testbed for heuristic versus deliberative response modes. METHODS We recruited a sample of 15,361 individuals using the Prolific Academic crowdsourcing platform. From this initial pool, our final sample consisted of 294 participants (125 MPH users and 169 MASs users) who conformed to the study criteria and completed the experimental tasks. Tasks were performed on days where participants were either medicated or not, allowing to assess the effect of medication status. RESULTS There was a strong positive effect of taking MPH on CRT scores (Cohen's d = 0.40) which was not qualified by frequency of MPH usage, ADHD symptoms, and demographic factors. There was also a somewhat weaker effect for MASs (Cohen's d = 0.07). No effects of MPH and MASs were recorded for risk-taking and numeracy. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MPH enhances decision-making in tasks where heuristic responses typically bias it.
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16
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Moderators and Other Predictors of Methylphenidate Response in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031640. [PMID: 35162663 PMCID: PMC8834961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is the treatment of first choice for developmental ADHD. To date, no reliable method to predict how patients will respond to MPH exists and conflicting results are reported on clinical characteristics of responders. The present study aims to give a more precise characterization of the patients who will respond best to MPH to help clinicians in defining the treatment plan. Age, neuropsychological functioning (i.e., attention and working memory), and behavioral/emotional symptoms of 48 drug-naïve children and adolescents with ADHD (42 boys and 6 girls, age-range 6–16 years, mean age 10.5 ± 2.5 years, mean IQ 101.3 ± 11.2) were studied to assess how these different characteristics affected a single-dose MPH response. Four hierarchical linear regression models were used to explore whether age, neuropsychological measures at baseline, and behavioral/emotional symptoms could predict attention and working memory measures after a single-dose MPH administration. We found that improvement in attention and working memory was predicted by age, neuropsychological measures at baseline, and severity of ADHD symptoms. No behavioral and emotional symptoms predicted single-dose MPH response with the exception of conduct symptoms.
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17
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Stolte M, Oranje B, Van Luit JEH, Kroesbergen EH. Prepulse Inhibition and P50 Suppression in Relation to Creativity and Attention: Dispersed Attention Beneficial to Quantitative but Not Qualitative Measures of Divergent Thinking. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:875398. [PMID: 35757214 PMCID: PMC9218263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.875398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated whether lower sensory and sensorimotor gating were related to higher levels of creativity and/or attentional difficulties in a natural population of primary school children (9- to 13-year-old). Gating abilities were measured with P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI). The final sample included 65 participants in the P50 analyses and 37 participants in the PPI analyses. Our results showed that children with a high P50 amplitude to testing stimuli scored significantly higher on the divergent outcome measures of fluency and flexibility but not originality compared to children with a lower amplitude. No significant differences were found on any of the creativity measures when the sample was split on average PPI parameters. No significant differences in attention, as measured with a parent questionnaire, were found between children with low or high levels of sensory or sensorimotor gating. The data suggest that quantitative, but not qualitative measures of divergent thinking benefit from lower psychophysiological gating and that attentional difficulties stem from specific instead of general gating deficits. Future studies should take the effect of controlled attention into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Stolte
- Department of Orthopedagogics: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bob Oranje
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Mental Health Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Johannes E H Van Luit
- Department of Orthopedagogics: Cognitive and Motor Disabilities, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Caglayan A, Stumpenhorst K, Winter Y. The Stop Signal Task for Measuring Behavioral Inhibition in Mice With Increased Sensitivity and High-Throughput Operation. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:777767. [PMID: 34955779 PMCID: PMC8696275 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.777767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceasing an ongoing motor response requires action cancelation. This is impaired in many pathologies such as attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Action cancelation is measured by the stop signal task that estimates how quickly a motor response can be stopped when it is already being executed. Apart from human studies, the stop signal task has been used to investigate neurobiological mechanisms of action cancelation overwhelmingly in rats and only rarely in mice, despite the need for a genetic model approach. Contributing factors to the limited number of mice studies may be the long and laborious training that is necessary and the requirement for a very loud (100 dB) stop signal. We overcame these limitations by employing a fully automated home-cage-based setup. We connected a home-cage to the operant box via a gating mechanism, that allowed individual ID chipped mice to start sessions voluntarily. Furthermore, we added a negative reinforcement consisting of a mild air puff with escape option to the protocol. This specifically improved baseline inhibition to 94% (from 84% with the conventional approach). To measure baseline inhibition the stop is signaled immediately with trial onset thus measuring action restraint rather than action cancelation ability. A high baseline allowed us to measure action cancelation ability with higher sensitivity. Furthermore, our setup allowed us to reduce the intensity of the acoustic stop signal from 100 to 70 dB. We constructed inhibition curves from stop trials with daily adjusted delays to estimate stop signal reaction times (SSRTs). SSRTs (median 88 ms) were lower than reported previously, which we attribute to the observed high baseline inhibition. Our automated training protocol reduced training time by 17% while also promoting minimal experimenter involvement. This sensitive and labor efficient stop signal task procedure should therefore facilitate the investigation of action cancelation pathologies in genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - York Winter
- Institute for Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.,Excellenzcluster NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Zhang Z, Jing J, Qi M, Gao H. Response inhibition and memory updating in the count/nocount task: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3371-3380. [PMID: 34491370 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to separate the neural activities between response inhibition and memory updating processes in the Count/Nocount task. Memory load was manipulated to investigate the memory updating process. Within each trial, participants were asked to count/withhold counting the number of O/X letters in the Count/Nocount task. The participants were asked to silently add 1 if a Count letter was presented in the low load condition, and add 2 in the high load condition. Data from 28 healthy participants showed that: (1) in both high load and low load conditions, the latencies of P2 and N2 components were shorter for the Nocount than Count trials, indicating faster attentional orienting and conflict monitoring processes for the Nocount stimuli (i.e., inhibition processes triggered by the Nocount stimuli against those response execution processes triggered by Count stimuli); (2) more positive frontal P3 amplitudes were evoked for the Nocount relative to the Count stimuli, indicating a more intensive response inhibition process for the Nocount trials; (3) a more positive parietal P3 component was evoked for the low load relative to high load condition, indicating a more intensive working memory updating process for the high load condition. This load effect was absent for the frontal P3 component, suggesting that the frontal P3 might not be associated with the memory updating process. In sum, both the cognitive inhibition process (reflected by the frontal P3 component) and working memory updating process (reflected by the parietal P3 component) appear to be involved in the Count/Nocount task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyun Zhang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jingyan Jing
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Mingming Qi
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Heming Gao
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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20
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Ahmadi M, Kazemi K, Kuc K, Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Helfroush MS, Aarabi A. Resting state dynamic functional connectivity in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34289458 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac16b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In this study, we investigated group differences in dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) between 113 children with inattentive (46 ADHDI) and combined (67 ADHDC) ADHD and 76 typically developing (TD) children using resting-state functional MRI data. For dynamic connectivity analysis, the data were first decomposed into 100 independent components, among which 88 were classified into eight well-known resting-state networks (RSNs). Three discrete FC states were then identified using k-means clustering and used to estimate transition probabilities between states in both patient and control groups using a hidden Markov model. Our results showed state-dependent alterations in intra and inter-network connectivity in both ADHD subtypes in comparison with TD. Spending less time than healthy controls in state 1, both ADHDIand ADHDCwere characterized with weaker intra-hemispheric connectivity with functional asymmetries. In this state, ADHDIfurther showed weaker inter-hemispheric connectivity. The patients spent more time in state 2, exhibiting characteristic abnormalities in corticosubcortical and corticocerebellar connectivity. In state 3, a less frequently state observed across the ADHD and TD children, ADHDCwas differentiated from ADHDIby significant alterations in FC between bilateral temporal regions and other brain areas in comparison with TD. Across all three states, several strategic brain regions, mostly bilateral, exhibited significant alterations in both static functional connectivity (sFC) and dFC in the ADHD groups compared to TD, including inferior, middle and superior temporal gyri, middle frontal gyri, insula, anterior cingulum cortex, precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, superior motor area, and cerebellum. Our results show distributed abnormalities in sFC and dFC between different large-scale RSNs including cortical and subcortical regions in both ADHD subtypes compared to TD. Our findings show that the dynamic changes in brain FC can better explain the underlying pathophysiology of ADHD such as deficits in visual cognition, attention, memory and emotion processing, and cognitive and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Ahmadi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Kazemi
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Katarzyna Kuc
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ardalan Aarabi
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience and Pathologies (LNFP EA4559), University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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21
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The fronto-central N2 but not parietal P3 reflects response inhibition in the count/no-count task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1122-1131. [PMID: 34357422 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the N2 or P3 component in the count/no-count task reflects response inhibition. The participants were asked to count/withhold counting the number of O/X letters in the count/no-count task, and to calculate the sum of all digits (i.e., 1/0) in the digital accumulation task. Therefore, four conditions were obtained in this study: count, no-count, Add 1, and Add 0. In the count and Add 1 conditions, the counting/calculation number need to be updated. In both no-count and Add 0 conditions, the memory of counting/calculation number need not to be updated; a No-go (withhold) instruction was given in the no-count condition, but a Go instruction was given in the Add 0 condition. Results showed that an enhanced fronto-central N2 was evoked in the no-count than in the Add 0 condition, indicating that a stronger response conflict or stronger inhibition might be triggered in the No-count condition. The frontocentral P3 showed no differences between no-count and Add 0 conditions, however, an enhanced centro-parietal P3 component was observed for the count relative to the no-count condition and for the Add 1 relative to the Add 0 condition, indicating that a greater amount of attentional resources might be consumed during memory updating process. Taken together, in the count/no-count task, the fronto-central N2 might reflect response inhibition or conflict and the parietal P3 might reflect attentional resource allocation but not response inhibition.
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22
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Brockett AT, Roesch MR. Reactive and Proactive Adaptation of Cognitive and Motor Neural Signals during Performance of a Stop-Change Task. Brain Sci 2021; 11:617. [PMID: 34064876 PMCID: PMC8151620 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit or suppress unwanted or inappropriate actions, is an essential component of executive function and cognitive health. The immense selective pressure placed on maintaining inhibitory control processes is exemplified by the relatively small number of instances in which these systems completely fail in the average person's daily life. Although mistakes and errors do inevitably occur, inhibitory control systems not only ensure that this number is low, but have also adapted behavioral strategies to minimize future failures. The ability of our brains to adapt our behavior and appropriately engage proper motor responses is traditionally depicted as the primary domain of frontal brain areas, despite evidence to the fact that numerous other brain areas contribute. Using the stop-signal task as a common ground for comparison, we review a large body of literature investigating inhibitory control processes across frontal, temporal, and midbrain structures, focusing on our recent work in rodents, in an effort to understand how the brain biases action selection and adapts to the experience of conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Brockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Matthew R. Roesch
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mandali A, Sethi A, Cercignani M, Harrison NA, Voon V. Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:12. [PMID: 33414411 PMCID: PMC7791121 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk evaluation is a critical component of decision making. Risk tolerance is relevant in both daily decisions and pathological disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), where impulsivity is a cardinal symptom. Methylphenidate, a commonly prescribed drug in ADHD, improves attention but has mixed reports on risk-based decision making. Using a double-blinded placebo protocol, we studied the risk attitudes of ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers while performing the 2-step sequential learning task and examined the effect of methylphenidate on their choices. We then applied a novel computational analysis using the hierarchical drift-diffusion model to extract parameters such as threshold ('a'-amount of evidence accumulated before making a decision), drift rate ('v'-information processing speed) and response bias ('z' apriori bias towards a specific choice) focusing specifically on risky choice preference. Critically, we show that ADHD patients on placebo have an apriori bias towards risky choices compared to controls. Furthermore, methylphenidate enhanced preference towards risky choices (higher apriori bias) in both groups but had a significantly greater effect in the patient population independent of clinical scores. Thus, methylphenidate appears to shift tolerance towards risky uncertain choices possibly mediated by prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation. We emphasise the utility of computational models in detecting underlying processes. Our findings have implications for subtle yet differential effects of methylphenidate on ADHD compared to healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alekhya Mandali
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arjun Sethi
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Cercignani
- grid.12082.390000 0004 1936 7590Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Neil A. Harrison
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Brain potentials reveal reduced attention and error-processing during a monetary Go/No-Go task in procrastination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19678. [PMID: 33184299 PMCID: PMC7661523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a self-regulatory problem of voluntarily and destructively delaying intended and necessary or personally important tasks. Previous studies showed that procrastination is associated with executive dysfunctions that seem to be particularly strong in punishing contexts. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study a monetary version of the parametric Go/No-Go task was performed by high and low academic procrastinators to verify the influence of motivational context (reward vs. punishment expectation) and task difficulty (easy vs. hard) on procrastination-related executive dysfunctions. The results revealed increased post-error slowing along with reduced P300 and error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes in high (vs. low) procrastination participants—effects that indicate impaired attention and error-related processing in this group. This pattern of results did not differ as a function of task difficulty and motivation condition. However, when the task got more difficult executive attention deficits became even more apparent at the behavioral level in high procrastinators, as indexed by increased reaction time variability. The findings substantiate prior preliminary evidence that procrastinators show difficulties in certain aspects of executive functioning (in attention and error processing) during execution of task-relevant behavior, which may be more apparent in highly demanding situations.
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Abstract
Objective: This research aimed to provide explanations for the inconsistent findings regarding creativity in ADHD. Method: In Study 1, we assessed real-world creative achievements and intrinsic motivation during idea generation in adults with ADHD and compared these with controls. In Study 2, we manipulated competition during idea generation to investigate effects on idea originality in adults with ADHD versus controls, and assessed creativity in specific domains. Results: Adults with ADHD reported more real-world creative achievements. We did not observe differences in intrinsic motivation during idea generation between groups, but adults with ADHD generated more original ideas when competing for a bonus. Moreover, adults with ADHD rated themselves as more creative in specific creative domains. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that goal-directed motivation may drive the enhanced real-world creative achievements of people with ADHD. Moreover, people with ADHD may selectively engage and excel in creative domains that fit their skills and preferences.
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Sar-El R, Sharon H, Lubianiker N, Hendler T, Raz G. Inducing a Functional-Pharmacological Coupling in the Human Brain to Achieve Improved Drug Effect. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:557874. [PMID: 33154714 PMCID: PMC7586318 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.557874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Sar-El
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Roy Sar-El,
| | - Haggai Sharon
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Lubianiker
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gal Raz,
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Abstract
Nootropics are drugs used to either treat or benefit cognition deficits. Among this class, methylphenidate is a popular agent, which acts through indirect dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonism and, therefore, is proposed to enhance performance in catecholamine-dependent cognitive domains such as attention, memory and prefrontal cortex-dependent executive functions. However, investigation into the efficacy of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancer has yielded variable results across all domains, leading to debate within the scientific community surrounding its off-label use in healthy individuals seeking scholaristic benefit or increased productivity. Through analysis of experimental data and methodological evaluation, it is apparent that there are dose-, task- and domain-dependent considerations surrounding the use of methylphenidate in healthy individuals, whereby tailored dose administration is likely to provide benefit on an individual basis dependent on the domain of cognition in which benefit is required. Additionally, it is apparent that there are subjective effects of methylphenidate, which may increase user productivity irrespective of cognitive benefit. Whilst there is not extensive study in healthy older adults, it is plausible that there are dose-dependent benefits to methylphenidate in older adults in selective cognitive domains that might improve quality of life and reduce fall risk. Methylphenidate appears to produce dose-dependent benefits to individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but the evidence for benefit in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia is inconclusive. As with any off-label use of pharmacological agents, and especially regarding drugs with neuromodulatory effects, there are inherent safety concerns; epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests there are sympathomimetic, cardiovascular and addictive considerations, which might further restrict their use within certain demographics.
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Abstract
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are neuropsychiatric conditions characterized by the repeated inability to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the person or others. Although classification approaches to ICDs vary both diachronically and synchronically, this group of conditions encompasses a wide range of syndromes, including pathologic gambling, kleptomania, trichotillomania, excoriation (skin picking) disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, oppositional defiant, conduct, and antisocial personality disorders. ICDs can play a significant role as comorbidities in both neurodevelopmental (eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome) and neurodegenerative (eg, Parkinson disease) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Canas-Simião
- Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea E Cavanna
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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Li J, Yang X, Zhou F, Liu C, Wei Z, Xin F, Daumann B, Daumann J, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Modafinil enhances cognitive, but not emotional conflict processing via enhanced inferior frontal gyrus activation and its communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1026-1033. [PMID: 31995813 PMCID: PMC7162953 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive control regulates cognitive and emotional systems to facilitate goal-directed behavior in the context of task-irrelevant distractors. Cognitive control deficits contribute to residual functional impairments across psychiatric disorders and represent a promising novel treatment target. Translational evidence suggests that modafinil may enhance performance in executive functions; however, differential effects on regulatory control in cognitive and emotional domains have not been examined. The present pre-registered randomized-controlled pharmacological fMRI trial examined differential effects of modafinil (single-dose, 200 mg) on cognitive and emotional conflict processing. To further separate objective cognitive enhancing effects from subjective performance perception, a metacognitive paradigm was employed. Results indicated that modafinil specifically enhanced cognitive conflict performance and concomitantly increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and its functional communication with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory analysis further revealed modafinil-enhanced basolateral amygdala reactivity to cognitive conflict, with stronger reactivity being associated with higher cognitive conflict performance. Whereas modafinil enhanced cognitive performance in the metacognitive paradigm, confidence indices remained unaffected. Overall, the present results suggest that modafinil has the potential to enhance cognitive conflict processing while leaving emotional conflict processing unaffected. On the neural level modafinil enhanced the recruitment of a network engaged in general conflict and regulatory control processes, whereas effects on the amygdala may reflect improved arousal-mediated attention processes for conflicting information. The pattern of cognitive enhancing effects in the absence of effects on affective processing suggests a promising potential to enhance cognitive control in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Xin
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jörg Daumann
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- 0000 0004 0369 4060grid.54549.39The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Greater activation of the response inhibition network in females compared to males during stop signal task performance. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gasanov RF, Makarov IV, Emelina DA. [Cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:126-131. [PMID: 32323954 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents current data on the nature of cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder, and possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Considering possible neurobiological components of hyperkinetic disorder, attention is given to pathological functional connections underlying specific clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gasanov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - I V Makarov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia.,Mechnicov North-Western State Medical University, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - D A Emelina
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
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Chikara RK, Lo WC, Ko LW. Exploration of Brain Connectivity during Human Inhibitory Control Using Inter-Trial Coherence. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061722. [PMID: 32204504 PMCID: PMC7147711 DOI: 10.3390/s20061722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is a cognitive process that inhibits a response. It is used in everyday activities, such as driving a motorcycle, driving a car and playing a game. The effect of this process can be compared to the red traffic light in the real world. In this study, we investigated brain connectivity under human inhibitory control using the phase lag index and inter-trial coherence (ITC). The human brain connectivity gives a more accurate representation of the functional neural network. Results of electroencephalography (EEG), the data sets were generated from twelve healthy subjects during left and right hand inhibitions using the auditory stop-signal task, showed that the inter-trial coherence in delta (1-4 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) band powers increased over the frontal and temporal lobe of the brain. These EEG delta and theta band activities neural markers have been related to human inhibition in the frontal lobe. In addition, inter-trial coherence in the delta-theta and alpha (8-12 Hz) band powers increased at the occipital lobe through visual stimulation. Moreover, the highest brain connectivity was observed under inhibitory control in the frontal lobe between F3-F4 channels compared to temporal and occipital lobes. The greater EEG coherence and phase lag index in the frontal lobe is associated with the human response inhibition. These findings revealed new insights to understand the neural network of brain connectivity and underlying mechanisms during human response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar Chikara
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.L.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Li-Wei Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- The Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.L.); (L.-W.K.)
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Furukawa E, da Costa RQM, Bado P, Hoefle S, Vigne P, Monteiro M, Wickens JR, Moll J, Tripp G, Mattos P. Methylphenidate modifies reward cue responses in adults with ADHD: An fMRI study. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Neural Activities Classification of Human Inhibitory Control Using Hierarchical Model. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173791. [PMID: 31480570 PMCID: PMC6749522 DOI: 10.3390/s19173791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human inhibitory control refers to the suppression of behavioral response in real environments, such as when driving a car or riding a motorcycle, playing a game and operating a machine. The P300 wave is a neural marker of human inhibitory control, and it can be used to recognize the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in human. In addition, the P300 neural marker can be considered as a stop command in the brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies. Therefore, the present study of electroencephalography (EEG) recognizes the mindset of human inhibition by observing the brain dynamics, like P300 wave in the frontal lobe, supplementary motor area, and in the right temporoparietal junction of the brain, all of them have been associated with response inhibition. Our work developed a hierarchical classification model to identify the neural activities of human inhibition. To accomplish this goal phase-locking value (PLV) method was used to select coupled brain regions related to inhibition because this method has demonstrated the best performance of the classification system. The PLVs were used with pattern recognition algorithms to classify a successful-stop versus a failed-stop in left-and right-hand inhibitions. The results demonstrate that quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) yielded an average classification accuracy of 94.44%. These findings implicate the neural activities of human inhibition can be utilized as a stop command in BCI technologies, as well as to identify the symptoms of ADHD patients in clinical research.
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Chikara RK, Ko LW. Modulation of the Visual to Auditory Human Inhibitory Brain Network: An EEG Dipole Source Localization Study. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E216. [PMID: 31461954 PMCID: PMC6770157 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory alarms are used to direct people's attention to critical events in complicated environments. The capacity for identifying the auditory alarms in order to take the right action in our daily life is critical. In this work, we investigate how auditory alarms affect the neural networks of human inhibition. We used a famous stop-signal or go/no-go task to measure the effect of visual stimuli and auditory alarms on the human brain. In this experiment, go-trials used visual stimulation, via a square or circle symbol, and stop trials used auditory stimulation, via an auditory alarm. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals from twelve subjects were acquired and analyzed using an advanced EEG dipole source localization method via independent component analysis (ICA) and EEG-coherence analysis. Behaviorally, the visual stimulus elicited a significantly higher accuracy rate (96.35%) than the auditory stimulus (57.07%) during inhibitory control. EEG theta and beta band power increases in the right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG) were associated with human inhibitory control. In addition, delta, theta, alpha, and beta band increases in the right cingulate gyrus (rCG) and delta band increases in both right superior temporal gyrus (rSTG) and left superior temporal gyrus (lSTG) were associated with the network changes induced by auditory alarms. We further observed that theta-alpha and beta bands between lSTG-rMFG and lSTG-rSTG pathways had higher connectivity magnitudes in the brain network when performing the visual tasks changed to receiving the auditory alarms. These findings could be useful for further understanding the human brain in realistic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar Chikara
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Weigard A, Heathcote A, Matzke D, Huang-Pollock C. Cognitive Modeling Suggests That Attentional Failures Drive Longer Stop-Signal Reaction Time Estimates in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:856-872. [PMID: 32047706 PMCID: PMC7011120 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619838466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mean stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) is frequently employed as a measure of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience research on ADHD. However, this measurement model is limited by two factors which may bias SSRT estimation in this population: 1) excessive skew in "go" RT distributions, and 2) trigger failures, or instances in which individuals fail to trigger an inhibition process in response to the "stop" signal. We use a Bayesian parametric approach, which allows unbiased estimation of the shape of entire SSRT distributions and the probability of trigger failures, to clarify mechanisms of stop-signal task deficits in ADHD. Children with ADHD displayed greater positive skew than their peers in both "go" RT and SSRT distributions. However, they also displayed more frequent trigger failures, which appeared to drive ADHD-related stopping difficulties. Results suggest that stop-signal task performance in ADHD reflects impairments in early attentional processes, rather than inefficiency in the stop process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dora Matzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
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Effect of ADHD medication in male C57BL/6J mice performing the rodent Continuous Performance Test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1839-1851. [PMID: 30656365 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT) is a novel rodent paradigm to assess attention and impulsivity that resembles the human CPT. This task measures the rodents' ability to discriminate between target and non-target stimuli. The effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on rCPT performance in mice remains to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive validity of the mouse rCPT by studying the effects of ADHD medication methylphenidate, atomoxetine, amphetamine, guanfacine, and modafinil in four behavioral subgroups based on performance and impulsivity levels. METHODS Two cohorts of male C57BL/6J mice were used, and the effect of treatment was tested in a variable stimulus duration probe. Performance and impulsive subgroups were made based on discriminability and percentage premature responses, respectively. RESULTS Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and amphetamine improved performance in the low-performing animals, with no effect in the high-performers. These improvements were a result of increased hit rate and/or decreased false-alarm rate. Furthermore, these drugs decreased percentage premature responses in the high-impulsive group. Methylphenidate, guanfacine, and modafinil increased premature responses in the low-impulsive group. Modafinil impaired performance in the high-performers by increasing false-alarm rate. CONCLUSION The effect of ADHD treatment was dependent on baseline, as seen by increases in performance for the low-performers and decreases in impulsivity for the high-impulsive animals. These results agree with clinical data and may support the inverted U-shaped arousal-performance theory. The rCPT combined with behavioral separation into subgroups has high predictive validity, and our study is a step forward towards establishing the clinical translatability of the rCPT.
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Rubinson M, Horowitz I, Naim-Feil J, Gothelf D, Levit-Binnun N, Moses E. Effects of methylphenidate on the ERP amplitude in youth with ADHD: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over EEG study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217383. [PMID: 31150439 PMCID: PMC6544236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a first line drug for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the neuronal mechanisms underlying the condition and the treatment are still not fully understood. Previous EEG studies on the effect of MPH in ADHD found changes in evoked response potential (ERP) components that were inconsistent between studies. These inconsistencies highlight the need for a well-designed study which includes multiple baseline sessions and controls for possible fatigue, learning effects and between-days variability. To this end, we employ a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study and explore the effect of MPH on the ERP response of subjects with ADHD during a Go/No-Go cognitive task. Our ERP analysis revealed significant differences in ADHD subjects between the placebo and MPH conditions in the frontal-parietal region at 250ms-400ms post stimulus (P3). Additionally, a decrease in the late 650ms-800ms ERP component (LC) is observed in frontal electrodes of ADHD subjects compared to controls. The standard deviation of response time of ADHD subjects was significantly smaller in the MPH condition compared to placebo and correlated with the increased P3 ERP response in the frontoparietal electrodes. We suggest that mental fatigue plays a role in the decrease of the P3 response in the placebo condition compared to pre-placebo, a phenomenon that is significant in ADHD subjects but not in controls, and which is interestingly rectified by MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica Rubinson
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Itai Horowitz
- Beer Yaacov–Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Beer Yaacov, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jodie Naim-Feil
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Rubinson M, Horowitz I, Naim-Feil J, Gothelf D, Moses E, Levit-Binnun N. Electroencephalography Functional Networks Reveal Global Effects of Methylphenidate in Youth with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Connect 2019; 9:437-450. [PMID: 30919658 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is the leading drug for treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet its underlying neuronal mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we use a dynamical brain networks approach to explore the effects of cognitive effort and MPH on ADHD subjects. Electroencephalography data were recorded from 19 ADHD subjects and 18 controls during a Go/No-Go Task. ADHD subjects completed the task twice a day over 2 days. The second session was administered post-ingestion of placebo/MPH (alternately). Controls performed two tasks in 1 day. The data were divided into 300 ms windows from -300 pre-stimulus until 1200 ms post-stimulus. Brain networks were constructed per subject and window, from which network metrics were extracted and compared across the experimental conditions. We identified an immediate shift of global connectivity and of network segregation after the stimulus for both groups, followed by a gradual return to baseline. Decreased global connectivity was found to be 400-700 ms post-stimulus in ADHD compared with controls, and it was normalized post-MPH. An increase of the networks' segregation occurred post-placebo at 100-400 and 400-700 ms post-stimulus, yet it was inhibited post-MPH. These global alterations resulted mainly from changes in task-relevant frontal and parietal regions. The networks of medicated ADHD subjects and controls exhibited a more significant and lasting change, relative to baseline, compared with those of nonmedicated ADHD. These results suggest impaired network flexibility in ADHD, corrected by MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica Rubinson
- 1 Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itai Horowitz
- 2 Beer Yaacov-Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Beer Yaacov, Israel.,3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jodie Naim-Feil
- 1 Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,4 Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,5 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,6 Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elisha Moses
- 1 Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- 4 Sagol Center for Brain and Mind, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
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Güven A, Altinkaynak M, Dolu N, Demirci E, Özmen S, İzzetoğlu M, Pektaş F. Effects of Methylphenidate on Reaction Time in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2019; 56:27-31. [PMID: 30911234 DOI: 10.29399/npa.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of neuropsychological impairments that are attenuated with methylphenidate (MPH) treatment. The aim of this study was to determine how MPH effects attentional functioning in terms of reaction time (RT) in ADHD. METHODS Eighteen pre-medicated ADHD children (7 to 12 years old) and eighteen gender matched normal controls (7 to 12 years old) were included in the study. Participants performed an auditory attention task and the RT of participants to each target response was calculated automatically. The same test was repeated 3 months after OROS-MPH administration for ADHD group. RT, RT standard deviation (RTSD), and response errors (omission and commission errors) were compared between control and pre-MPH ADHD groups, and between Pre-MPH and post-MPH ADHD groups. RESULTS Relative to control subjects, significantly longer RTs, higher RTSD and more errors of omission were observed in unmedicated ADHD children during auditory attention task. Analyses revealed significant effects of medication across all measures except commission errors. After treatment RTs were faster, RTSD values were lower, and errors of omission were attenuated compared to pre-medication condition in ADHD group. There were no significant differences in terms of commission errors between groups. CONCLUSION In this study it was observed that MPH reduced RTs to stimuli, attenuated omission errors during the task in ADHD group and after 3 months of treatment ADHD children showed similar patterns in RT as compared to controls. Results suggest that when treating ADHD, it might help clinicians to evaluate objective and non-invasive cognitive outcomes such as RT, RTSD and response errors to evaluate the effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Güven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Miray Altinkaynak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazan Dolu
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (retired)
| | - Esra Demirci
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Özmen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Meltem İzzetoğlu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Villanova University, USA
| | - Ferhat Pektaş
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Altınbaş University, Turkey
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Cools R, Froböse M, Aarts E, Hofmans L. Dopamine and the motivation of cognitive control. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 163:123-143. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Smith CT, San Juan MD, Dang LC, Katz DT, Perkins SF, Burgess LL, Cowan RL, Manning HC, Nickels ML, Claassen DO, Samanez-Larkin GR, Zald DH. Ventral striatal dopamine transporter availability is associated with lower trait motor impulsivity in healthy adults. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:269. [PMID: 30531858 PMCID: PMC6286354 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic feature of a range of externalizing psychiatric disorders. Preclinical work links reduced ventral striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability with heightened impulsivity and novelty seeking. However, there is a lack of human data investigating the relationship between DAT availability, particularly in subregions of the striatum, and the personality traits of impulsivity and novelty seeking. Here we collected PET measures of DAT availability (BPND) using the tracer 18F-FE-PE2I in 47 healthy adult subjects and examined relations between BPND in striatum, including its subregions: caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum (VS), and trait impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: BIS-11) and novelty seeking (Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: TPQ-NS), controlling for age and sex. DAT BPND in each striatal subregion showed nominal negative associations with total BIS-11 but not TPQ-NS. At the subscale level, VS DAT BPND was significantly associated with BIS-11 motor impulsivity (e.g., taking actions without thinking) after correction for multiple comparisons. VS DAT BPND explained 13.2% of the variance in motor impulsivity. Our data demonstrate that DAT availability in VS is negatively related to impulsivity and suggest a particular influence of DAT regulation of dopamine signaling in VS on acting without deliberation (BIS motor impulsivity). While needing replication, these data converge with models of ventral striatal functions that emphasize its role as a key interface linking motivation to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Smith
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - M. Danica San Juan
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Linh C. Dang
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Daniel T. Katz
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Scott F. Perkins
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Leah L. Burgess
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA
| | - Ronald L. Cowan
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - H. Charles Manning
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235 USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Biomedical Engineering, PMB 351826, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235-1826 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, T4224 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2380 USA
| | - Michael L. Nickels
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Daniel O. Claassen
- 0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-0118, Nashville, TN 37232-2551 USA
| | - Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin
- 0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - David H. Zald
- 0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Department of Psychology, PMB 407817, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817 USA ,0000 0004 1936 9916grid.412807.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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Martin CA, Nuzzo PA, Ranseen JD, Kleven MS, Guenthner G, Williams Y, Walsh SL, Dwoskin LP. Lobeline Effects on Cognitive Performance in Adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:1361-1366. [PMID: 23966351 PMCID: PMC4062608 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713497791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphetamine, and improved performance and learning in studies utilizing radial-arm maze and spatial-discrimination water maze. This laboratory proof-of-concept study investigated lobeline as a treatment for ADHD symptoms in adults (31.11 ± 7.08 years). METHOD Using cognitive tasks and self-report measures, the effects of lobeline (0, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg, s.l.) and methylphenidate (0, 15, or 30 mg, p.o.) were assessed in nine volunteers with ADHD. RESULTS Evidence suggested that lobeline could modestly improve working memory in adults with ADHD, but no significant improvement in attention was observed. Lobeline administration was associated with mild adverse side effects (nausea). CONCLUSION Further investigation of lobeline on working memory may be warranted.
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Neonatal 6-OHDA lesion model in mouse induces Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-like behaviour. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15349. [PMID: 30337626 PMCID: PMC6193955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. The "neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine" (6-OHDA) lesion is a commonly used model of ADHD in rat. However, a comprehensive assessment of ADHD-like symptoms is still missing, and data in mouse remain largely unavailable. Our aim was to analyse symptoms of ADHD in the mouse neonatal 6-OHDA model. 6-OHDA mice exhibited the major ADHD-like symptoms, i.e. hyperactivity (open field), attention deficit and impulsivity (five-choice serial reaction time task). Further, the model revealed discrete co-existing symptoms, i.e. anxiety-like (elevated plus maze test) and antisocial (social interaction) behaviours and decreased cognitive functioning (novel object recognition). The efficacy of methylphenidate, a classical psychostimulant used in the treatment of ADHD, was also evaluated. A histological analysis further supports the model validity by indicating dopamine depletion, changes in cortical thickness and abnormalities in anterior cingulate cortex neurons. A principal component analysis of the behaviour profile confirms that the 6-OHDA mouse model displayed good face and predictive validity. We conclude that neonatal dopamine depletion results in behavioural and morphological changes similar to those seen in patients and therefore could be used as a model for studying ADHD pathophysiological mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets.
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Pharmacogenetics predictors of methylphenidate efficacy in childhood ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1929-1936. [PMID: 29230023 PMCID: PMC7039663 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant medication has long been effective in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is currently the first-line pharmacological treatment for children. Both methylphenidate and amphetamine modulate extracellular catecholamine levels through interaction with dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic system components; it is therefore likely that catecholaminergic molecular components influence the effects of ADHD treatment. Using meta-analysis, we sought to identify predictors of pharmacotherapy to further the clinical implementation of personalized medicine. We identified 36 studies (3647 children) linking the effectiveness of methylphenidate treatment with DNA variants. Pooled-data revealed a statistically significant association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1800544 ADRA2A (odds ratio: 1.69; confidence interval: 1.12-2.55), rs4680 COMT (odds ratio (OR): 1.40; confidence interval: 1.04-1.87), rs5569 SLC6A2 (odds ratio: 1.73; confidence interval: 1.26-2.37) and rs28386840 SLC6A2 (odds ratio: 2.93; confidence interval: 1.76-4.90), and, repeat variants variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) 4 DRD4 (odds ratio: 1.66; confidence interval: 1.16-2.37) and VNTR 10 SLC6A3 (odds ratio: 0.74; confidence interval: 0.60-0.90), whereas the following variants were not statistically significant: rs1947274 LPHN3 (odds ratio: 0.95; confidence interval: 0.71-1.26), rs5661665 LPHN3 (odds ratio: 1.07; confidence interval: 0.84-1.37) and VNTR 7 DRD4 (odds ratio: 0.68; confidence interval: 0.47-1.00). Funnel plot asymmetry among SLC6A3 studies was identified and attributed largely to small study effects. Egger's regression test and Duval and Tweedie's 'trim and fill' were used to examine and correct for publication bias. These findings have major implications for advancing our therapeutic approach to childhood ADHD treatment.
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Pievsky MA, McGrath RE. Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:447-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dolder PC, Strajhar P, Vizeli P, Odermatt A, Liechti ME. Acute effects of lisdexamfetamine and D-amphetamine on social cognition and cognitive performance in a placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1389-1402. [PMID: 29511807 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amphetamines are used as medications but are also misused as cognitive enhancers by healthy subjects and may have additional effects on social cognition. METHODS We investigated the acute effects of single, high, equimolar doses of D-amphetamine (40 mg) and lisdexamfetamine (100 mg) on social cognition and cognitive performance using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design in 24 healthy volunteers. Effects on social cognition were assessed using the Facial Emotion Recognition Task (FERT), Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET), and Sexual Arousal Task (SAT). Cognitive performance was measured using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Digit Span (DS), Stop-Signal Task (SST), and Mackworth Clock Test (MCT). RESULTS D-Amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine had small effects on measures of social cognition. There were no effects on emotion recognition on the FERT. D-Amphetamine increased direct empathy on the MET, but only for positive stimuli. Both amphetamines increased ratings of pleasantness and attractiveness on the SAT in response to sexual but also to neutral stimuli. D-Amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine increased cognitive performance (go-accuracy and vigilance on the SST and MCT, respectively). Lisdexamfetamine increased processing speed on the DSST. Neither drug had an effect on the DS. CONCLUSION Single, high, equimolar doses of D-amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine enhanced certain aspects of cognitive performance in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects. Both amphetamines also slightly altered aspects of social cognition. Whether these small effects also influence social interaction behavior in amphetamine users remains to be investigated. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02668926).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Dolder
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vizeli
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Psychopharmacology Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4056, Basel, CH, Switzerland.
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Firing of Putative Dopamine Neurons in Ventral Tegmental Area Is Modulated by Probability of Success during Performance of a Stop-Change Task. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0007-18. [PMID: 29687078 PMCID: PMC5909181 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0007-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition, the ability to refrain from unwanted actions, is an essential component of complex behavior and is often impaired across numerous neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Accordingly, much research has been devoted to characterizing brain regions responsible for the regulation of response inhibition. The stop-signal task, a task in which animals are required to inhibit a prepotent response in the presence of a STOP cue, is one of the most well-studied tasks of response inhibition. While pharmacological evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) contributes to the regulation of response inhibition, what is exactly encoded by DA neurons during performance of response inhibition tasks is unknown. To address this issue, we recorded from single units in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), while rats performed a stop-change task. We found that putative DA neurons fired less and higher to cues and reward on STOP trials relative to GO trials, respectively, and that firing was reduced during errors. These results suggest that DA neurons in VTA encode the uncertainty associated with the probability of obtaining reward on difficult trials instead of the saliency associated with STOP cues or the need to resolve conflict between competing responses during response inhibition.
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Zhang DD, Zhang YQ, Zhang XH. Prefrontal AMPA receptors are involved in the effect of methylphenidate on response inhibition in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:607-615. [PMID: 29265108 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a critical executive control function in many species. Deficits in response inhibition have been observed in many disorders, eg, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The stop-signal task (SST) is a unique behavior task for evaluating response inhibition via measuring the covert latency of a stop process, and it is widely used in studies of humans, nonhuman primates and rodents. Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®) is a psychostimulant that is widely used for the treatment of ADHD and that effectively improves response inhibition in individuals with ADHD and normal subjects. However, its mechanism of improving response inhibition remains unknown. In this study we adopted a rodent nose-poking version of the SST to examine response inhibition by estimating the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in rats. Administration of MPH (1 mg/kg, sc) 25 min before the SST test exerted a baseline-dependent effect of MPH on response inhibition, ie, it shortened the SSRTs only in the rats with larger baseline SSRTs, thereby improving response inhibition in these rats. The effect of MPH on response inhibition remained 3 h after MPH administration. Co-administration of PP2 (1 mg/kg, sc), a Src-protein tyrosine kinase (Src-PTKs) inhibitor that inhibited the upregulation of glutamate receptor expression on the plasma membrane of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), abolished the MPH-caused improvement in response inhibition. Furthermore, intra-PFC infusion of a selective AMPAR antagonist.NASPM (0.3 mmol/L, per side) via stainless guide cannulas implanted earlier abolished the effect of MPH on SSRT. These results suggest that AMPA receptors in the PFC are involved in the effect of MPH on response inhibition in rats.
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Serotonin enhances the impact of health information on food choice. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 17:542-553. [PMID: 28116581 PMCID: PMC5403870 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin has been implicated in promoting self-control, regulation of hunger and physiological homeostasis, and regulation of caloric intake. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of serotonin on caloric intake reflect purely homeostatic mechanisms, or whether serotonin also modulates cognitive processes involved in dietary decision making. We investigated the effects of an acute dose of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram on choices between food items that differed along taste and health attributes, compared with placebo and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. Twenty-seven participants attended three sessions and received single doses of atomoxetine, citalopram, and placebo in a double-blind randomised cross-over design. Relative to placebo, citalopram increased choices of more healthy foods over less healthy foods. Citalopram also increased the emphasis on health considerations in decisions. Atomoxetine did not affect decision making relative to placebo. The results support the hypothesis that serotonin may influence food choice by enhancing a focus on long-term goals. The findings are relevant for understanding decisions about food consumption and also for treating health conditions such as eating disorders and obesity.
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