1
|
Abstract
Compulsion and impulsivity are both primary features of drug addiction. Based on decades of animal research, we have a detailed understanding of the factors (both environmental and physiological) that influence compulsive drug use, but still know relatively little about the impulsive aspects of drug addiction. This review outlines our current knowledge of the relationship between impulsivity and drug addiction, focusing on cognitive and motor impulsivity, which are particularly relevant to this disorder. Topics to be discussed include the influence of chronic drug administration on impulsivity, the mechanisms that may explain drug-induced impulsivity, and the role of individual differences in the development of impulsive drug use. In addition, the manner in which contemporary theories of drug addiction conceptualize the relationship between impulsivity and compulsion is examined. Most importantly, this review emphasizes a critical role for animal research in understanding the role of impulsivity in the development and maintenance of drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Picetti R, Butelman ER, Ho A, Blendy JA, Kreek MJ. Mouse model of the OPRM1 (A118G) polymorphism: differential heroin self-administration behavior compared with wild-type mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1091-100. [PMID: 25336208 PMCID: PMC4367451 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptors (MOPRs) are the target of heroin and other prescription opioids, which are currently responsible for massive addiction morbidity in the US. The gene coding for the human MOPR (OPRM1) has an important functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), A118G. The OPRM1 A118G genotype results in substantially increased risk of heroin addiction in humans; however, the neurobiological mechanism for this increased risk is not fully understood. This study examined heroin self-administration (SA) behavior in A112G (G/G) mice, harboring a functionally equivalent SNP in Oprm1 with a similar amino acid substitution, in extended (4 h) SA sessions. Adult male and female G/G mice and 'wild-type' litter mates (A/A) were allowed to self-administer heroin (0.25 mg/kg/unit dose, FR1 with a nose poke response) for 4 h/day, for 10 consecutive days. Half of the mice then continued in a heroin dose-response study, while extinction from heroin SA was studied in the other half. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure acute heroin-induced increases of striatal dopamine in the GG vs AA genotypes. Male and female G/G mice responded for heroin significantly more (and thus had greater intake) than A/A mice, in the initial 10 days of heroin SA, and in the subsequent dose-response study. There were no significant differences in extinction of SA between the A/A and G/G mice. Heroin-induced increases in striatal dopamine levels are higher in the GG mice than in the AA mice. Both male and female G/G mice self-administered more heroin than did A/A mice over a 10-day period, possibly because of the greater increases of heroin-induced striatal dopamine in the GG mice. Furthermore, G/G male mice escalated the amount of heroin self-administration across 10 extended-access sessions more than A/A male mice did. These are the first studies to examine the acquisition of heroin SA in this mouse model. These studies may lead to a better understanding of the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms that underlie greater risk of heroin addiction in carriers of the A118G SNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA, Tel: +212 327 8490, Fax: +212 327 8574, E-mail:
| | - Roberto Picetti
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Ho
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Blendy
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martini M, Pinto AX, Valverde O. Estrous cycle and sex affect cocaine-induced behavioural changes in CD1 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2647-59. [PMID: 24452696 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several findings on sex differences in cocaine response suggest a role for hormonal milieu in modulating the subjective effects of cocaine. Nitric oxide (NO) has been involved in the neurochemical, hormonal, and behavioral changes related to stress and anxiety. Within the brain, the anteroventral subdivision of the medial amygdala (MeAV) is an important area involved in processing emotional responses such as anxiety and a high density of NO-producing neurons is observed in this area. OBJECTIVES In this study, we hypothesize the possibility of sex/hormonal differences in response to cocaine and that these differences may reflect a change in the MeAV nitrergic system. We have examined cocaine's acute effects on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (nadph-d) expression, as well as its effect on motor activity and anxiety in male and estrus and diestrus females. RESULTS Our results show that acute cocaine administration produces an increase in both anxiety behaviors and nadph-d expression in the MeAV. Male and diestrus female mice were more susceptible to these effects of cocaine than estrus female mice in which no differences were detected. In addition, we examined individual differences in male and female mice responding to intravenous cocaine reinforcement in a self-administration paradigm. Female mice acquired cocaine self-administration at a faster rate than males and showed a higher motivation to self-administer cocaine under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a complex interaction between hormonal milieu and the behavioral and reinforcing effects of cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Martini
- Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC), Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park C/Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shoji H, Nakatomi Y, Yokoyama C, Fukui K, Hanai K. New index based on the physical separation of motion into three categories for characterizing the effect of cocaine in mice. J Theor Biol 2013; 333:68-77. [PMID: 23688826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of open-field behavior and locomotor activity is widely used to assess the influence of a drug on mouse or rat behavior. In this study, we developed an index for characterizing the behavior of cocaine-administered mice (C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c). Because a three-exponential-model exhibited the best fit to the obtained data among the different probability density functions, we divided each walking episode into three categories according to the duration of movement. We found a significant difference in decay variation of mean speed with time in the case of long walking duration. To clarify this difference quantitatively, we developed an index for the changes in locomotion control, based on a heuristic argument regarding the ratio of the coefficients of the drag term obtained by the biphasic motion-equation model. The index had a significant dose-related effect in each strain and a significant strain effect in high-concentration drug. Therefore, it would thus be useful for examining the effect of the drug on locomotor activity in mice. Moreover, evaluating other characters suggested previously, the proposed index had good advantage to differentiate the dose-related response in the three species of inbred mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Shoji
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Taishogun, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8334, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Schlussman SD, Rabkin J, Butelman ER, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Chronic escalating cocaine exposure, abstinence/withdrawal, and chronic re-exposure: effects on striatal dopamine and opioid systems in C57BL/6J mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 67:259-66. [PMID: 23164614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disease with periods of chronic escalating self-exposure, separated by periods of abstinence/withdrawal of varying duration. Few studies compare such cycles in preclinical models. This study models an "addiction-like cycle" in mice to determine neurochemical/molecular alterations that underlie the chronic, relapsing nature of this disease. Groups of male C57BL/6J mice received acute cocaine exposure (14-day saline/14-day withdrawal/13-day saline + 1-day cocaine), chronic cocaine exposure (14 day cocaine) or chronic re-exposure (14-day cocaine/14-day withdrawal/14-day cocaine). Escalating-dose binge cocaine (15-30 mg/kg/injection × 3/day, i.p. at hourly intervals) or saline (14-day saline) was administered, modeling initial exposure. In "re-exposure" groups, after a 14-day injection-free period (modeling abstinence/withdrawal), mice that had received cocaine were re-injected with 14-day escalating-dose binge cocaine, whereas controls received saline. Microdialysis was conducted on the 14th day of exposure or re-exposure to determine striatal dopamine content. Messenger RNA levels of preprodynorphin (Pdyn), dopamine D1 (Drd1) and D2 (Drd2) in the caudate putamen were determined by real-time PCR. Basal striatal dopamine levels were lower in mice after 14-day escalating exposure or re-exposure than in those in the acute cocaine group and controls. Pdyn mRNA levels were higher in the cocaine groups than in controls. Long-term adaptation was observed across the stages of this addiction-like cycle, in that the effects of cocaine on dopamine levels were increased after re-exposure compared to exposure. Changes in striatal dopaminergic responses across chronic escalating cocaine exposure and re-exposure are a central feature of the neurobiology of relapsing addictive states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kreek MJ, Levran O, Reed B, Schlussman SD, Zhou Y, Butelman ER. Opiate addiction and cocaine addiction: underlying molecular neurobiology and genetics. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3387-93. [PMID: 23023708 DOI: 10.1172/jci60390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive diseases, including addiction to heroin, prescription opioids, or cocaine, pose massive personal and public health costs. Addictions are chronic relapsing diseases of the brain caused by drug-induced direct effects and persisting neuroadaptations at the epigenetic, mRNA, neuropeptide, neurotransmitter, or protein levels. These neuroadaptations, which can be specific to drug type, and their resultant behaviors are modified by various internal and external environmental factors, including stress responsivity, addict mindset, and social setting. Specific gene variants, including variants encoding pharmacological target proteins or genes mediating neuroadaptations, also modify vulnerability at particular stages of addiction. Greater understanding of these interacting factors through laboratory-based and translational studies have the potential to optimize early interventions for the therapy of chronic addictive diseases and to reduce the burden of relapse. Here, we review the molecular neurobiology and genetics of opiate addiction, including heroin and prescription opioids, and cocaine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schlussman SD, Cassin J, Zhang Y, Levran O, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Regional mRNA expression of the endogenous opioid and dopaminergic systems in brains of C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice: strain and heroin effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:8-16. [PMID: 21807019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown strain and dose differences in heroin-induced behavior, reward and regional expression of somatostatin receptor mRNAs in C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice. Using Real Time PCR we examined the effects of five doses of heroin on the levels of the transcripts of endogenous opioid peptides and their receptors and dopaminergic receptors in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways in these same mice. Compared to C57BL/6J animals, 129P3/J mice had higher mRNA levels of Oprk1 in the nucleus accumbens and of Oprd1 in the nucleus accumbens and a region containing both the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA). In the cortex of 129P3/J mice, lower levels of both Oprk1 and Oprd1 mRNAs were observed. Pdyn mRNA was also lower in the caudate putamen of 129P3/J mice. Strain differences were not found in the levels of Oprm1, Penk or Pomc mRNAs in any region examined. Within strains, complex patterns of heroin dose-dependent changes in the levels of Oprm1, Oprk1 and Oprd1 mRNAs were observed in the SN/VTA. Additionally, Oprd1 mRNA was dose-dependently elevated in the hypothalamus. Also in the hypothalamus, we found higher levels of Drd1a mRNA in C57BL/6J mice than in 129P3/J animals and higher levels of DAT (Slc6a3) mRNA in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J animals than in 129P3/J counterparts. Heroin had dose-related effects on Drd1a mRNA in the hypothalamus and on Drd2 mRNA in the caudate putamen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schlussman SD, Cassin J, Levran O, Zhang Y, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Relative expression of mRNA for the somatostatin receptors in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice: strain and heroin effects. Brain Res 2010; 1345:206-12. [PMID: 20478275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using real time qPCR, we examined the expression of mRNAs for the five somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in the caudate putamen of male C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice. Animals were exposed to multiple injections of heroin, or saline, in the setting of a conditioned place preference study. The relative expression levels of the five SSTR mRNAs differed between the two strains. In both strains, SSTR-1 mRNA was expressed at the highest levels and SSTR-5 at the lowest. Interestingly, in 129P3/J mice SSTR-3 mRNA was not detected in the caudate putamen. We confirmed this finding in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens and a region containing the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. We also found strain differences in the mRNA levels of SSTR-2 and -4. Intermittent heroin administration had a dose-dependent effect on the levels of SSTR-1 and -3 mRNAs. These results demonstrate strain differences in the expression of specific mRNAs and a heroin-induced dose-dependent elevation of SSTR-1 and -3 mRNAs in the mouse caudate putamen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen TL, You IJ, Oh S, Yang CH, Lee SY, Jang CG. Assessment of the rewarding effects of dimenhydrinate using the conditioned place preference paradigm in mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 471:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Picetti R, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by oxycodone differ between adolescent and adult mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:912-22. [PMID: 18784649 PMCID: PMC3926215 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of the prescription opioid analgesic oxycodone is a major problem in the United States, particularly among adolescents and young adults. This study characterized self-administration of oxycodone by adolescent and adult mice, and how this affects striatal dopamine levels. Male C57BL/6J mice (4 or 10 weeks old) were allowed to acquire oxycodone self-administration (0.25 mg/kg per infusion) for 9 days, and then tested with varying doses of oxycodone (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/kg per infusion). On completion of the self-administration study, a guide cannula was implanted into the striatum of these mice. Six days later, microdialysis was conducted on the freely moving mouse. After collection of baseline samples, oxycodone was administered i.p. (1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg) and samples were collected for 1 h after each dose. Adult mice self-administered significantly more oxycodone across the doses tested. After 1 week, basal striatal dopamine levels were lower in mice of both ages that had self-administered oxycodone than in yoked saline controls. Oxycodone challenge increased striatal dopamine levels in a dose-dependent manner in both age groups. Of interest, the lowest dose of oxycodone led to increased striatal dopamine levels in the mice that had self-administered oxycodone during adolescence but not those that self-administered it as adults. The lower number of infusions of oxycodone self-administered by adolescent mice, and their later increased striatal dopamine in response to the lowest dose of oxycodone (not found in adults), suggest differential sensitivity to the reinforcing and neurobiological effects of oxycodone in the younger mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Roberto Picetti
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Ho
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu YL. Research of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of leukemia: current status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:867-72. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20080819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Ito S, Mori T, Namiki M, Suzuki T, Sawaguchi T. Complicated interaction between psychostimulants and morphine in expression of phenotype of behavior in the dopaminergic system of BALB/c mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:326-33. [PMID: 18057777 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that BALB/c mice appear to be less sensitive to the locomotor effects of abused drugs compared to other strains, and several behaviors induced by abused drugs depend on genetic factors. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the interaction between psychostimulants and morphine on behavior in BALB/c mice. Morphine and cocaine induced hyperlocomotion and hypolocomotion, respectively, while methamphetamine did not affect locomotor activity and high doses of methamphetamine significantly increased self-injurious behavior. Cocaine or methamphetamine increased the effects of morphine on locomotor behavior. Haloperidol (a dopamine-receptor antagonist) attenuated the hyperlocomotion induced by the combination of cocaine or methamphetamine plus morphine. These results indicate that the synergistic effects of methamphetamine or cocaine and morphine on locomotor activity are mediated through enhancement of the dopaminergic system and that combinations of psychostimulants and morphine enhance the locomotor activity in BALB/c mice. On the other hand, morphine completely attenuated methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior. Furthermore, a low dose (0.01 mg/kg) of haloperidol significantly increased the effects of methamphetamine and morphine on the locomotor activity. Hyperlocomotion induced by psychostimulants is mediated by the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, whereas stereotyped behaviors is mediated by the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Our findings suggest that balances of the activation of dopaminergic neurons (between mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems) may play an important role to engender corresponding behavioral outcomes in BALB/c mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Ito
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mori T, Ito S, Kita T, Narita M, Suzuki T, Matsubayashi K, Sawaguchi T. Oxidative stress in methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:239-49. [PMID: 17426488 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328153dae1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate, the formation of free radicals and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase are related to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress in methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior in mice. In this study, methamphetamine (20 mg/kg) induced continuous self-injurious behavior in six of seven mice. N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor antagonists (MK801 and 3-((R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1-phosphonic acid) significantly attenuated this methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior. These results suggest that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is involved in methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior. Furthermore, we found that the nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, but not the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine, the free-radical inhibitors fullerene and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one-186, or the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor benzamide, significantly attenuated methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior. The present results show that oxidative stress, which is mediated by the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, is associated with methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior. These findings may help us to better understand the clinical phenomenon of self-injurious behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fukushima S, Shen H, Hata H, Ohara A, Ohmi K, Ikeda K, Numachi Y, Kobayashi H, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I. Methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and sensitization in dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 double mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:55-62. [PMID: 17377774 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dopamine transporter (DAT) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) play pivotal roles in the action of methamphetamine (MAP), including acute locomotor effects and behavioral sensitization. However, the relative impact of heterozygous DAT and VMAT2 knockouts (KOs) on the behavioral effects of MAP remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the roles of DAT and VMAT2 in MAP-induced locomotor behavior, we examined locomotor activity and sensitization in heterozygous DAT KO (DAT+/-), heterozygous VMAT2 KO (VMAT2+/-), double heterozygous DAT/VMAT2 KO (DAT+/-VMAT2+/-), and wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS Acute 1 mg/kg MAP injection induced significant locomotor increases in WT and VMAT2+/- mice but not in DAT+/- and DAT+/-VMAT2+/- mice. Acute 2 mg/kg MAP significantly increased locomotor activity in all genotypes. Repeated 1 mg/kg MAP injections revealed a delayed and attenuated development of sensitization in DAT+/- and DAT+/-VMAT2+/- mice compared to WT mice and delayed development in VMAT2+/- mice. In repeated 2 mg/kg MAP injections, DAT+/- and DAT+/-VMAT2+/- mice showed delayed but not attenuated development of sensitization, while there was no difference in the onset of sensitization between VMAT2+/- and WT mice. In DAT+/-VMAT2+/- mice, all of MAP-induced behavioral responses were similar to those in DAT+/- but not VMAT2+/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous deletion of DAT attenuates the locomotor effects of MAP and may play larger role in behavioral responses to MAP compared to heterozygous deletion of VMAT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Setsu Fukushima
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruiz-Durántez E, Hall SK, Steffen C, Self DW. Enhanced acquisition of cocaine self-administration by increasing percentages of C57BL/6J genes in mice with a nonpreferring outbred background. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186:553-60. [PMID: 16586086 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Individual differences in the propensity to acquire drug self-administration may have a substantial genetic basis. OBJECTIVES To study the genetic contribution to cocaine self-administration by comparing hybrids of cocaine preferring (C57BL/6J) and nonpreferring (ICR) mice. METHODS ICR and C57BL/6J parental strains were compared to hybrids with 75% ICR:25% C57BL/6J, 50% ICR:50% C57BL/6J, and 25% ICR:75% C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds for acquisition of sucrose pellet and intravenous cocaine self-administration in 1-h test sessions. Mice that acquired cocaine self-administration were subsequently tested in a between-session self-administration dose-response procedure. RESULTS Increasing presence of C57BL/6J genes increased the percentage of mice that acquired sucrose pellet self-administration in the first test session. In lever-trained mice, only 19% of ICR mice met acquisition criteria for cocaine self-administration after 15 sessions, whereas 76% of C57BL/6J mice met acquisition criteria, although both strains initially sampled a similar number of cocaine injections. Increasing the percentage of C57BL/6J genes in the nonpreferring ICR background to 50 and 75% led to increasing percentages of mice that met acquisition criteria to 31 and 52%, respectively. In mice that acquired self-administration, only mice with 75% C57BL/6J genes showed a typical inverted U-shaped self-administration dose-response curve, whereas the curve was flat across doses for mice with < or = 50 and 100% C57BL/6J genes. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with a genetically based dose-dependent enhancement of cocaine reinforcement by C57BL/6J genes. These results suggest that heritable traits impart a substantial genetic load that facilitates the propensity for cocaine addiction among individuals in outbred populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ruiz-Durántez
- Department of Psychiatry, The Seay Center for Basic and Applied Research in Psychiatric Illness, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Svenningsson P, Picetti R, Schlussman SD, Nairn AC, Ho A, Greengard P, Kreek MJ. Cocaine self-administration in mice is inversely related to phosphorylation at Thr34 (protein kinase A site) and Ser130 (kinase CK1 site) of DARPP-32. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2645-51. [PMID: 16525043 PMCID: PMC6675152 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3923-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcing effect of cocaine is associated with increases in dopamine in the striatum. The phosphoprotein DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein) has been shown to mediate the intracellular events after activation of dopamine receptors. DARPP-32 is phosphorylated at multiple sites by different protein kinases, but little is known about the functional role of these different sites. Cocaine self-administration and striatal levels of dopamine after acute "binge" cocaine administration were measured in separate lines of mice with alanine mutations introduced into DARPP-32 at either Thr34 (protein kinase A site, Thr34A), Thr75, (cyclin-dependent kinase 5 site, Thr75A), Ser97 (kinase CK2 site, Ser97A), or Ser130 (kinase CK1 site, Ser130A). Acquisition of stable cocaine self-administration required significantly more time in Thr34A-/- mice. Both Thr34A- and Ser130A-DARPP-32 mutant mice self-administered more cocaine than their respective wild-type controls. Also, cocaine-induced increases of dopamine in dorsal striatum were attenuated in the Thr34A- and Ser130A-DARPP-32 phosphomutant mice compared with wild-type mice. Notably, levels of P-Thr34- and P-Ser130-DARPP-32 were reduced after self-administration of cocaine in wild-type mice. Thus, phosphorylation states of Thr34- and Ser130-DARPP-32 play important roles in modulating the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Griffin WC, Middaugh LD. The influence of sex on extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice before and after acute cocaine challenge. Synapse 2006; 59:74-81. [PMID: 16270301 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
C57BL6/J (C57) mice serve as a useful animal model of cocaine abuse because they self-administer cocaine, exhibit place conditioning to cocaine, discriminate the interoceptive cues of cocaine, and are used for backcrossing strains of genetically modified mice. The present study was to examine the influence of sex on extracellular DA and locomotor activity in C57 mice in response to acute cocaine challenge. In the first experiment, male and female mice were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the dorsal striatum. Microdialysates were collected in three consecutive phases: baseline, post-saline injection, and post-cocaine injection. Sex did not influence DA measurements during baseline or after intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline injection. Cocaine (20 mg/kg) injections increased peak extracellular DA of both sexes, and the increase was greater for males (278%+/-14.0%) than females (182.5%+/-10.8%) (P<0.05). In the second experiment, under conditions similar to the microdialysis experiment, locomotor activity of male and female mice was assessed during baseline, after saline injection, and after cocaine injection (5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg). Cocaine dose-dependently increased activity; however, sex did not influence locomotor activity during baseline, after saline, or after any cocaine dose. Results of the experiments established that cocaine (20 mg/kg) increased extracellular DA in the dorsal striatum to a greater extent in male than in female mice; however, when cocaine was administered under similar experimental conditions, sex did not influence cocaine stimulation of locomotor activity over a wide range of doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Griffin
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-0742, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lluch J, Rodríguez-Arias M, Aguilar MA, Miñarro J. Role of dopamine and glutamate receptors in cocaine-induced social effects in isolated and grouped male OF1 mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:478-87. [PMID: 16313950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine administration in paired male mice decreases social contacts as well as increases avoidance and flee elements. As dopamine (DA) and glutamate seem to be involved in some of cocaine's effects, an attempt was made to assess whether a range of associated receptors influenced the social impacts of this drug of abuse. The NMDA antagonist memantine (10 and 40 mg/kg); the AMPA antagonist CNQX (1 and 20 mg/kg); the DA release inhibitor CGS 10746b (2 and 8 mg/kg): the DA D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg); and the DA D2/D3 antagonist raclopride (0.03 and 0.3 mg/kg) were administered prior to 25 mg/kg of cocaine and behaviour was evaluated during an encounter between an experimental and a standard opponent in a neutral cage for 10 min. Memantine reverts cocaine-induced social withdrawal and the increase in avoidance and flee, CNQX being effective only in these latter actions. On the other hand, SCH 23390 counteracts the social as well as the defensive action of cocaine, raclopride being effective only in blocking the cocaine-induced increase in avoidance and flee behaviours. In conclusion, although both neurotransmitter systems are involved in the effects of cocaine on social behaviour, NMDA and D1DA receptors seem to have an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lluch
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:551-8. [PMID: 15682306 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring hallucinogen derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is also a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist in vitro. It has been shown that kappa agonists decrease dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens and cause conditioned place aversion in rodents. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, and to determine whether salvinorin A induces conditioned place preference or aversion and changes in locomotor activity in the mouse. METHODS In the first experiment, changes in dopamine levels in these brain regions after administration of salvinorin A were measured with in vivo microdialysis. In the second experiment, we examined whether salvinorin A led to conditioned place preference or aversion, and changes in locomotor activity during conditioning sessions. RESULTS The higher doses of salvinorin A studied (1.0 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased dopamine levels in the caudate putamen, but not in the nucleus accumbens, and this effect was completely blocked by pre-injection with 10 mg/kg of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine. The same doses of salvinorin A caused conditioned place aversion and decreased locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of salvinorin A on striatal dopamine levels may contribute to its induction of conditioned place aversion and decreases in locomotion in mice. These findings are consistent with the in vitro characterization of salvinorin A as a kappa opioid receptor agonist. It is of interest that a compound such as salvinorin A, that lowers striatal dopamine levels and leads to conditioned place aversion in rodents, is self-administered by humans under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171 New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yuferov V, Nielsen D, Butelman E, Kreek MJ. Microarray studies of psychostimulant-induced changes in gene expression. Addict Biol 2005; 10:101-18. [PMID: 15849024 DOI: 10.1080/13556210412331308976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of multiple genes in many brain regions are likely to contribute to psychostimulant-induced behaviours. Microarray technology provides a powerful tool for the simultaneous interrogation of gene expression levels of a large number of genes. Several recent experimental studies, reviewed here, demonstrate the power, limitations and progress of microarray technology in the field of psychostimulant addiction. These studies vary in the paradigms of cocaine or amphetamine administration, drug doses, route and also mode of administration, duration of treatment, animal species, brain regions studied and time of tissue collection after final drug administration. The studies also utilize different microarray platforms and statistical techniques for analysis of differentially expressed genes. These variables influence substantially the results of these studies. It is clear that current microarray techniques cannot detect small changes reliably in gene expression of genes with low expression levels, including functionally significant changes in components of major neurotransmission systems such as glutamate, dopamine, opioid and GABA receptors, especially those that may occur after chronic drug administration or drug withdrawal. However, the microarray studies reviewed here showed cocaine- or amphetamine-induced alterations in the expression of numerous genes involved in the modulation of neuronal growth, cytoskeletal structures, synaptogenesis, signal transduction, apoptosis and cell metabolism. Application of laser capture microdissection and single-cell cDNA amplification may greatly enhance microarray studies of gene expression profiling. The combination of rapidly evolving microarray technology with established methods of neuroscience, molecular biology and genetics, as well as appropriate behavioural models of drug reinforcement, may provide a productive approach for delineating the neurobiological underpinnings of drug responses that lead to addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fagergren P, Overstreet DH, Goiny M, Hurd YL. Blunted response to cocaine in the Flinders hypercholinergic animal model of depression. Neuroscience 2005; 132:1159-71. [PMID: 15857718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rat is a proposed genetic hypercholinergic animal model of human depression. Considering the strong comorbidity between depression and cocaine dependence we investigated the well-documented behavioral and molecular effects of cocaine in the FSL and their control Flinders resistant line (FRL) rats. First, we found no difference between the two lines to establish cocaine self-administration; both lines reached stable responding within 10 days of training at a fixed ratio-1 schedule of reinforcement (1.5 mg/kg/injection). However, the FSL rats exhibited reduced cocaine intake at a dose of 0.09 mg/kg/injection in a within-session dose-response curve (0.02, 0.09, 0.38, 1.5 mg/kg/injection). Second, we examined the effects of repeated cocaine administration on locomotor activity, dopamine overflow and striatal prodynorphin mRNA expression. We found the FSL rats to be low responders to novelty and to exhibit less locomotor activation after repeated cocaine administration (30 mg/kg, i.p., daily injections for 10 days) than their controls. Microdialysis sampling from the nucleus accumbens shell revealed no significant difference in the dopamine overflow between the rat lines, neither during baseline nor after cocaine stimulation. Postmortem analyses of striatal prodynorphin mRNA expression (using in situ hybridization histochemistry) revealed a differentiated response to the cocaine exposure. In contrast to control FRL rats, the FSL rats showed no typical cocaine-evoked elevation of prodynorphin mRNA levels in rostral subregions of the striatum whereas both strains expressed increased prodynorphin mRNA levels in the caudal striatum after cocaine administration. In conclusion, the FSL animal model of depression demonstrates marked blunting of the locomotor and dynorphin neuroadaptative responses to cocaine in accordance with its enhanced cholinergic sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fagergren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry section, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kreek MJ, Schlussman SD, Bart G, Laforge KS, Butelman ER. Evolving perspectives on neurobiological research on the addictions: celebration of the 30th anniversary of NIDA. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47 Suppl 1:324-44. [PMID: 15464148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The roots of the Laboratory of the Biology of the Addictive Diseases are in the development of methadone maintenance for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone maintenance therapy continues to be one of the major effective forms of addiction pharmacotherapy and underscores the importance of biological factors in the physiology and treatment of the addictive diseases. Recent work in the Laboratory has focused on the neurobiological, neurochemical, neuroendocrine and behavioral aspects of addictive diseases (principally cocaine and the opiate addictions), using an interdisciplinary approach. The models we have focused on range from in vitro molecular biology and neuroscience, to in vivo animal models, to experiments in normal human populations and patients with specific addictive diseases, and most recently to the human molecular genetics of different addictive diseases. Two long-term corollary hypotheses have guided the Laboratory's work: (1) That the endogenous opioid peptide/receptor systems play a central role in the addictive states and therefore in their treatment. (2) That atypical responsivity to stressors (e.g., in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) plays a role in vulnerability and relapse to specific addictive diseases. This atypical responsivity may be drug-induced, environmentally acquired, and/or due to genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of the Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mori T, Ito S, Kita T, Sawaguchi T. Effects of dopamine- and serotonin-related compounds on methamphetamine-induced self-injurious behavior in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96:459-64. [PMID: 15599099 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj04040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine induces hyperlocomotion, and high doses of methamphetamine induce self-injurious behavior (SIB) in rodents. It is well known that the monoaminergic system is involved in methamphetamine-induced behavior. However, the effects of dopamine- and serotonin (5-HT)-related compounds on high-dose methamphetamine-induced behavior have not been sufficiently clarified. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of dopamine receptor antagonists and indirect 5-HT receptor agonists on high-dose methamphetamine-induced behavior in mice. Methamphetamine (20 mg/kg) initially increased locomotor activity. As the dosage increased, continuous SIB accompanied by a reduction in locomotor activity was observed. The hyperlocomotion and SIB induced by 20 mg/kg of methamphetamine was abolished by high doses of SCH23390 and haloperidol, indicating that the hyperlocomotion and SIB induced by high doses of methamphetamine are mediated by the activation of D1- and D2-receptors. Furthermore, haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) potently increased locomotor activity in combination with 20 mg/kg methamphetamine. These results suggest that excess dopaminergic activation, especially activation of dopamine D2-receptors, may be involved in the decrease in locomotor activity induced by a high dose of methamphetamine. On the other hand, indirect 5-HT receptor agonists attenuated methamphetamine-induced SIB, suggesting that the stimulation of 5-HT receptors plays an important role in high-dose methamphetamine-induced SIB in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Effect of the kappa opioid agonist R-84760 on cocaine-induced increases in striatal dopamine levels and cocaine-induced place preference in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 173:146-52. [PMID: 14712342 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While the effects of several kappa opioid receptor agonists on cocaine-induced reward have been studied, such effects of R-84760, a novel non-peptidic, potent and selective kappa opioid agonist that has been studied in humans, are not yet known. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of R-84760 on basal levels of dopamine, cocaine-induced increases in dopamine levels, cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in mice. METHODS In the first experiment, R-84760 was administered i.p. (0, 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) to C57BL/6J mice. Its effect on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen was measured with in vivo microdialysis. In the second experiment, the effect of pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg R-84760 on cocaine-induced increases in dopamine levels was studied. The third experiment examined the effect of R-84760 (0.1 mg/kg) on the development of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in the conditioning chamber. RESULTS R-84760 decreased dopamine levels in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of R-84760 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased dopamine levels relative to vehicle, an effect completely blocked by pre-injection with 10 mg/kg of the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI). The same dose of R-84760 blocked cocaine-induced increases in dopamine levels, cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and attenuated cocaine-induced locomotor response. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that R-84760 decreases dopamine levels in the caudate putamen through kappa-opioid receptors. The inhibitory effect of R-84760 on striatal dopamine may contribute to its blockade of cocaine-induced increases in dopamine levels, cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and the associated increases in locomotor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Effect of chronic "binge cocaine" on basal levels and cocaine-induced increases of dopamine in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens of C57BL/6J and 129/J mice. Synapse 2004; 50:191-9. [PMID: 14515336 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis was used to measure the effect of chronic "binge" pattern cocaine administration on basal and cocaine-induced dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens of C57BL/6J and 129/J mice. Mice were implanted with a guide cannula in the caudate putamen or nucleus accumbens and after 4 days recovery, one group received "binge" pattern cocaine administration for 13 days (15 mg/kg x 3, i.p. at hourly intervals) while another group received saline in the same pattern. On the day before microdialysis, dialysis probes were lowered into the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. The next morning, after baseline dopamine collection, all animals received "binge" cocaine administration. Dialysates were collected every 20 min and dopamine content was determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. In the basal condition, the mean level of dopamine in the dialysate from both brain regions of mice pretreated with "binge" pattern cocaine administration was significantly lower than that of the mice pretreated with saline administration. The absolute levels of dopamine achieved following "binge" pattern cocaine challenge were lower in the mice that had received chronic cocaine administration. However, when expressed as percent increase over baseline, the dopamine response to cocaine in the nucleus accumbens was significantly higher in mice that received chronic than in mice that received acute cocaine administration. Chronic cocaine administration led to a lowering of both basal dopamine and the absolute levels of cocaine-induced increases of dopamine in the two brain regions, but enhanced the percent increases over the baseline in response to cocaine in the nucleus accumbens of both mouse strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mori T, Ito S, Narita M, Suzuki T, Sawaguchi T. Combined Effects of Psychostimulants and Morphine on Locomotor Activity in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96:450-8. [PMID: 15599100 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj04039x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous administration of psychostimulants and opioids is a major drug abuse problem worldwide. This combination appears to produce synergistic effects on behavior at low doses; however, there is little direct evidence that the combination is stronger than either drug alone. Therefore, we investigated interactions between psychostimulants and morphine on locomotor activity in mice. Low doses of cocaine (5.0 mg/kg) or methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and morphine (10 mg/kg) enhance locomotor activity in a synergistic fashion. Effective doses of cocaine (20 mg/kg) and morphine (20 mg/kg) increased locomotion in an additive fashion. In contrast, combination of methamphetamine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and morphine (10 and 20 mg/kg) did not merely enhance their effects (or attenuated the peak effects of methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion). These results indicate that different mechanisms explain the interaction between morphine and methamphetamine or cocaine. It is well known that psychostimulants- and opioids-induced hyperlocomotion is mediated by the activation of the dopaminergic system, however, haloperidol (a dopamine receptor antagonist) and U50,488H (which attenuates dopamine release from nerve terminals) significantly increased the effects of methamphetamine and morphine on the locomotor activity. These results suggest that excess dopaminergic activation may be involved in the effects of methamphetamine and morphine on locomotor activity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bergstrom HC, Palmer AA, Wood RD, Burkhart-Kasch S, McKinnon CS, Phillips TJ. Reverse Selection for Differential Response to the Locomotor Stimulant Effects of Ethanol Provides Evidence for Pleiotropic Genetic Influence on Locomotor Response to Other Drugs of Abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:1535-47. [PMID: 14574223 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000091226.18969.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addictive drugs share the ability to induce euphoria, which may be associated with their potential for abuse. Replicate mouse lines with high (FAST-1, FAST-2) and low (SLOW-1, SLOW-2) sensitivity to ethanol-induced psychomotor stimulation (a possible animal model for the euphoria experienced by humans) have provided evidence for common genetic influences (pleiotropy) on sensitivity to the effects of ethanol and of GABA-A receptor acting compounds on locomotor activity. Differences between FAST and SLOW mice in locomotor response to certain other drugs were found later in selection. Reverse selection produced lines (r-FAST-1, r-FAST-2, r-SLOW-1, r-SLOW-2) with similar locomotor responses to ethanol. These lines are well suited for asking whether the same alleles that influence sensitivity to ethanol are also responsible for these later arising differences in drug sensitivity. METHODS Two replicate sets of forward- and reverse-selected FAST and SLOW lines were tested for the effects of multiple doses of morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and scopolamine on their locomotor behavior. We predicted that differences in drug sensitivity between the FAST and SLOW lines would be reduced or eliminated in the reverse-selected lines. RESULTS Differences in sensitivity to morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine that arose in earlier generations of the FAST-1 and SLOW-1 lines ultimately also appeared in the FAST-2 and SLOW-2 lines. However, some differences between the FAST-2 and SLOW-2 lines (those in response to cocaine and methamphetamine) were not seen until several generations after selection had been relaxed. In lines reverse-selected for sensitivity to ethanol, differences in sensitivity to the other drugs were decreased, eliminated, or even reversed. No differences in scopolamine response were found in the replicate 1 forward- or reverse-selected lines. However, a small difference in scopolamine response in the replicate 2 lines was reversed. CONCLUSIONS Genes that influence the locomotor response to ethanol also influence locomotor response to other drugs with stimulant effects in the FAST and SLOW mice. The current data most strongly support this conclusion for sensitivity to morphine and nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadley C Bergstrom
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Reed B, Zhang Y, Chait BT, Kreek MJ. Dynorphin A(1-17) biotransformation in striatum of freely moving rats using microdialysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J Neurochem 2003; 86:815-23. [PMID: 12887680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of the opioid peptide dynorphin A(1-17) was investigated in striatum of freely moving Fischer rats, by direct infusion of this peptide, followed by recovery of the resulting biotransformation products via microdialysis and identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The observed peptides are consistent with enzymatic cleavage at the Arg7-Ile8 position of dynorphin A(1-17), followed by terminal degradation of the resulting dynorphin A(1-7) and dynorphin A(8-17) peptides. Unexpectedly, novel post-translational modifications were found on C-terminal fragments of dynorphin A(1-17). Using tandem mass spectrometry, a covalent modification of mass 172 Da, the nature of which is not understood, was found on the tryptophan residue of C-terminal fragments (Trp14). Additional modifications, of mass 42 and 113 Da, were also found on the N-terminus (Ile8 or Pro10) of these same C-terminal fragments. The role of these modifications of C-terminal fragments has not yet been characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schlussman SD, Zhang Y, Yuferov V, LaForge KS, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Acute 'binge' cocaine administration elevates dynorphin mRNA in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J but not 129/J mice. Brain Res 2003; 974:249-53. [PMID: 12742644 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Preprodynorphin mRNA was measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu) after 3-day 'binge' pattern cocaine administration in C57BL/6J and 129/J mice, strains which differ in behavior and in dopamine increases in the CPu after 'binge' cocaine. In the CPu, there was increased preprodynorphin mRNA in C57BL/6J (P<0.05), but not in 129/J mice, with no differences in the NAc. Thus, 129/J mice are hyporesponsive to the preprodynorphin activating effects of acute 'binge' cocaine in the CPu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fuchs RA, See RE, Middaugh LD. Conditioned stimulus-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in C57BL/6 mice: a mouse model of drug relapse. Brain Res 2003; 973:99-106. [PMID: 12729958 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity of mouse models for relapse to cocaine seeking has curtailed the study of genetic factors that may contribute to susceptibility for drug relapse. To contribute to the development of a new mouse model of drug relapse, C57BL/6 (B6) mice were trained to press a lever for infusions of cocaine (0.35 mg/kg, i.v.) on a fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement during daily 2-h sessions. A light+tone stimulus complex was presented simultaneously with each cocaine infusion. Mice then underwent a series of extinction sessions during which lever presses had no scheduled consequences. As a result, lever pressing gradually declined. In experiment 1, the ability of the cocaine-paired light+tone stimulus complex to reinstate extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e. non-reinforced responses) was assessed. In experiment 2, the ability of cocaine priming (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) to reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior was measured. B6 mice failed to reinstate in response to i.p. cocaine priming; however, they exhibited robust conditioned stimulus-induced reinstatement. These findings suggest that conditioned stimulus-induced reinstatement in B6 mice is a promising model to study genetic and neurobiological factors that alter the ability of cocaine-paired stimuli to elicit relapse to cocaine seeking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Fuchs
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Suite 403, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schlussman SD, Zhang Y, Kane S, Stewart CL, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Locomotion, stereotypy, and dopamine D1 receptors after chronic "binge" cocaine in C57BL/6J and 129/J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75:123-31. [PMID: 12759120 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that C57BL/6J and 129/J mice differ in their behavioral response to "binge" pattern cocaine (three daily injections of 15 mg/kg separated by 1 h). To determine if these differences persist during chronic binge cocaine administration, we examined the effects of 14-day binge pattern cocaine on home cage behavior. Since the dopamine D(1) receptor may be an important mediator of cocaine-induced locomotor activity, we examined binding to the dopamine D(1) receptor. Locomotor activity was increased by chronic binge cocaine in C57BL/6J (P<.0001) but not in 129/J mice. C57BL/6J mice developed tolerance to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine. Stereotypic responses were greater in C57BL/6J than in 129/J mice (P=.03), with neither tolerance nor sensitization in either strain. Dopamine D(1) receptor binding in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle did not differ between strains and was not affected by chronic binge cocaine. In the caudate putamen, subregion specific strain differences in dopamine D(1) receptor binding were observed; chronic binge cocaine increased dopamine D(1) receptor binding in the caudal (P<.05), but not rostral caudate putamen. There was no correlation between locomotor activity or stereotypy and dopamine D(1) receptor density. Thus, with chronic binge cocaine administration, behavioral differences persist between the C57BL/6J and 129/J mice, and cocaine-induced locomotor activity is not correlated with changes in dopamine D(1) receptor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|