1
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Concepcion KR, Zhang L. Corticosteroids and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1718-1732. [PMID: 29778695 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is the major cause of neonatal mortality and severe long-term neurological morbidity. Yet, the effective therapeutic interventions currently available are extremely limited. Corticosteroids act on both mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors and modulate inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Neuroinflammatory response to acute cerebral HI is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of perinatal brain injury. Here, we give an overview of current knowledge of corticosteroid-mediated modulations of inflammation and apoptosis in the neonatal brain, focusing on key regulatory cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, we provide new insights into targets of MR and GR in potential therapeutic strategies that could be beneficial for the treatment of infants with HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Concepcion
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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2
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Nori S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Plasticity and regeneration in the injured spinal cord after cell transplantation therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:33-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Morita K, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Shiraishi S, Dohi T. [Pain relieving effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists in a bone cancer pain model]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 146:87-92. [PMID: 26256746 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Imaizumi T, Sakashita N, Mushiga Y, Yoshida H, Hayakari R, Xing F, Wang L, Matsumiya T, Tanji K, Chiba Y, Furudate K, Kawaguchi S, Murakami M, Tanaka H. Desferrioxamine, an iron chelator, inhibits CXCL10 expression induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. Neurosci Res 2015; 94:10-6. [PMID: 25591911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although iron is essential in physiological processes, accumulation of iron in central nervous system is associated with various neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Innate immune reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of those diseases, but roles of iron in innate immunity are not known well. In the present study, pretreatment of U373MG human astrocytoma cells with an iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFX) inhibited the expression of CXCL10 induced by a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC). Induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) was not affected, but phosphorylation of signal transducer and transcription 1 (STAT1) was decreased by DFX. We have previously reported that various IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are involved in CXCL10 induction by poly IC. Pretreatment with DFX also decreased the expression of these ISGs. Pretreatment of cells with FeSO4 counteracted inhibitory effects of DFX on ISG56, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), CXCL10 and phosphorylation of STAT1. These results suggest that iron may positively regulate STAT1 phosphorylation and following signaling to express ISG56, RIG-I and CXCL10 in U373MG cells treated with poly IC. Iron may contribute to innate immune and inflammatory reactions elicited by the TLR3 signaling in astrocytes, and may play an important role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Nina Sakashita
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Mushiga
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuki Chiba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Furudate
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Manabu Murakami
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; Department of School Health Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan
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Yoshida H, Meng P, Matsumiya T, Tanji K, Hayakari R, Xing F, Wang L, Tsuruga K, Tanaka H, Mimura J, Kosaka K, Itoh K, Takahashi I, Imaizumi T. Carnosic acid suppresses the production of amyloid-β 1-42 and 1-43 by inducing an α-secretase TACE/ADAM17 in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. Neurosci Res 2013; 79:83-93. [PMID: 24295810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides are key molecules in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the β- and γ-secretases generates Aβ peptides; however, the alternate cleavage of APP by the α- and γ-secretases decreases Aβ production. We previously reported that carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene compound found in the labiate herbs rosemary and sage, suppresses Aβ (1-40 and 1-42) production by activating α-secretase in cultured SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells (Neurosci. Res. 2013; 75: 94-102). Here, we investigated the effect of CA on the production of Aβ peptides (1-40, 1-42 and 1-43) in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. The treatment of cells with CA suppressed Aβ40/42/43 release (55-71% decrease at 50μM). CA treatment enhanced the mRNA expressions of an α-secretase TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme, also called a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17, ADAM17); however, the β-secretase BACE1 (β-site APP-cleaving enzyme-1) was not increased by CA. Knockdown of TACE by siRNA reduced soluble-APPα release enhanced by CA and partially recovered the CA-suppressed Aβ40/42/43 release. These results suggest that CA reduces Aβ production, at least partially, by activating TACE in human astroglial cells. The use of CA may have a potential in the prevention of Aβ-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Pengfei Meng
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tsuruga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University School of Medicine and Hospital, Hirosaki 036-8563, Japan; Department of School Health Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan
| | - Junsei Mimura
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kunio Kosaka
- Research and Development Center, Nagase & Co. Ltd., 2-2-3, Kobe 651-2241, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ippei Takahashi
- Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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6
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Koyama Y, Maebara Y, Hayashi M, Nagae R, Tokuyama S, Michinaga S. Endothelins reciprocally regulate VEGF-A and angiopoietin-1 production in cultured rat astrocytes: implications on astrocytic proliferation. Glia 2012; 60:1954-63. [PMID: 22927341 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and angiopoietins (ANGs) are involved in pathophysiological responses in damaged nerve tissues. Astrocytes produce VEGFs and ANGs upon brain ischemia and traumatic injury. To clarify the extracellular signals regulating VEGF and ANG production, effects of endothelins (ETs), a family of endothelium-derived peptides, were examined in cultured rat astrocytes. ET-1 (100 nM) and Ala(1,3,11,15)-ET-1 (100 nM), an ET(B) receptor agonist, increased VEGF-A mRNA levels in cultured astrocytes, while ANG-1 mRNA was decreased by ETs. ET-1 did not affect astrocytic VEGF-B, placental growth factor (PLGF), and ANG-2 mRNA levels. The effects of ET-1 on VEGF-A and ANG-1 mRNAs were inhibited by BQ788, an ET(B) antagonist. Release of VEGF-A proteins from cultured astrocytes was increased by ET-1. In contrast, ET-1 reduced release of astrocytic ANG-1. Exogenous ET-1 (100 nM) and VEGF(165) (100 ng/mL), an isopeptide of VEGF-A, stimulated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cultured astrocytes. Treatment with ET-1 and VEGF(165) increased the numbers of cyclin D1-positive astrocytes. Exogenous ANG-1 (250 ng/mL) did not stimulate the BrdU incorporation. Increases in BrdU incorporation by ET-1 and VEGF(165) were not affected by ANG-1. In 60-70% confluent cultures, SU4312 (10 μM), a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, partially reduced the effects of ET-1 on BrdU incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. ET-induced BrdU incorporation and cyclin D1 expression were reduced by a neutralizing antibody against VEGF-A. Our findings suggest that ET-1 is a factor regulating astrocytic VEGF-A and ANG-1, and that increased VEGF-A production potentiates ET-induced astrocytic proliferation by an autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Koyama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan.
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7
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Sentilhes L, Marret S, Leroux P, Gonzalez BJ, Laquerrière A. Vascular-endothelial growth factor and its high affinity receptor VEGFR-2 in the normal versus destructive lesions human forebrain during development: an immuno-histochemical comparative study. Brain Res 2012; 1385:77-86. [PMID: 21303671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic inducer and neurotrophic factor both in adult and neonatal animal models. In the destructive lesions of the developing human brain, the role and expression of VEGF and of its mitogenic receptor VEGFR-2 have been hardly studied. The aim of the present work was to determine the immunohistochemical distribution of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in premature and full-term infants presenting with hypoxic/ischemic lesions, and to compare results with normal infant brains at similar developmental stages. Paraffin embedded brain tissue samples were assessed using anti-human VEGF and VEGFR-2 antibodies. In all undamaged forebrain areas, VEGF and VEGFR-2 displayed same expression patterns in control and pathologic brains, whatever the destructive lesion occurrence's time (before 25 weeks of gestation (WG), between 25 and 34WG, perinatal period and infancy). In the destructive lesions, VEGF was always expressed in neurons, astrocytes and in neovessel walls, contrary to VEGFR-2 which was only expressed in dispersed astrocytes. VEGF was expressed in oligodendrocytes of prenatally damaged brains, whereas VEGF was expressed in these cells in undamaged areas from birth only, similarly to control brains. These data suggest that VEGF plays specific roles and may not be mediated by VEGFR-2 in human forebrain structures exposed to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Sentilhes
- EA 4309 Neovasc, Rouen Institute for Medical Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Rouen, Normandy, France
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Grafted human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurospheres promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16825-30. [PMID: 21949375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108077108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Once their safety is confirmed, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which do not entail ethical concerns, may become a preferred cell source for regenerative medicine. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of transplanting hiPSC-derived neurospheres (hiPSC-NSs) into nonobese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). For this, we used a hiPSC clone (201B7), established by transducing four reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) into adult human fibroblasts. Grafted hiPSC-NSs survived, migrated, and differentiated into the three major neural lineages (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) within the injured spinal cord. They showed both cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous (trophic) effects, including synapse formation between hiPSC-NS-derived neurons and host mouse neurons, expression of neurotrophic factors, angiogenesis, axonal regrowth, and increased amounts of myelin in the injured area. These positive effects resulted in significantly better functional recovery compared with vehicle-treated control animals, and the recovery persisted through the end of the observation period, 112 d post-SCI. No tumor formation was observed in the hiPSC-NS-grafted mice. These findings suggest that hiPSCs give rise to neural stem/progenitor cells that support improved function post-SCI and are a promising cell source for its treatment.
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9
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I.c.v administration of an endothelin ETB receptor agonist stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor-A production and activates vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in rat brain. Neuroscience 2011; 192:689-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kumagai G, Okada Y, Yamane J, Nagoshi N, Kitamura K, Mukaino M, Tsuji O, Fujiyoshi K, Katoh H, Okada S, Shibata S, Matsuzaki Y, Toh S, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Roles of ES cell-derived gliogenic neural stem/progenitor cells in functional recovery after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7706. [PMID: 19893739 PMCID: PMC2768792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) following the sub-acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been shown to promote functional recovery in rodent models. However, the types of cells most effective for treating SCI have not been clarified. Taking advantage of our recently established neurosphere-based culture system of ES cell-derived NS/PCs, in which primary neurospheres (PNS) and passaged secondary neurospheres (SNS) exhibit neurogenic and gliogenic potentials, respectively, here we examined the distinct effects of transplanting neurogenic and gliogenic NS/PCs on the functional recovery of a mouse model of SCI. ES cell-derived PNS and SNS transplanted 9 days after contusive injury at the Th10 level exhibited neurogenic and gliogenic differentiation tendencies, respectively, similar to those seen in vitro. Interestingly, transplantation of the gliogenic SNS, but not the neurogenic PNS, promoted axonal growth, remyelination, and angiogenesis, and resulted in significant locomotor functional recovery after SCI. These findings suggest that gliogenic NS/PCs are effective for promoting the recovery from SCI, and provide essential insight into the mechanisms through which cellular transplantation leads to functional improvement after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaro Kumagai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Kanrinmaru Project, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Yamane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mukaino
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Fujiyoshi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Research Super Star Program Stem Cell Unit, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishikawa A, Yoshida H, Metoki N, Toki T, Imaizumi T, Matsumiya T, Yamashita K, Taima K, Satoh K. Edaravone inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human astrocytes exposed to hypoxia. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:406-12. [PMID: 17889387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a free radical scavenger, reduces brain edema in patients with acute ischemic stroke. We have addressed the effect of edaravone on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potential mediator of brain edema, in astrocytes exposed to hypoxia. Normal human astrocytes in culture were treated with edaravone, and the levels of VEGF mRNA and protein were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a transcriptional activator of VEGF, was examined by RT-PCR, real-time PCR and western blotting; and the binding of HIF-1alpha to the promoter region of VEGF gene by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Edaravone moderately suppressed the expression of VEGF mRNA and protein in astrocytes under hypoxia in time- and concentration-dependent manners. It also suppressed the accumulation of HIF-1alpha in the nuclei under hypoxia. ChIP assay confirmed that edaravone reduced HIF-1alpha binding to VEGF promoter. We conclude that edaravone inhibits VEGF expression in astrocytes exposed to hypoxia, at least partly, through the down-regulation of HIF-1alpha. These findings offer a partial explanation for the protective effect of edaravone on the development of brain edema in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Antipyrine/analogs & derivatives
- Antipyrine/pharmacology
- Antipyrine/therapeutic use
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Brain Edema/drug therapy
- Brain Edema/etiology
- Brain Edema/physiopathology
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Edaravone
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Free Radical Scavengers/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoxia, Brain/complications
- Hypoxia, Brain/drug therapy
- Hypoxia, Brain/physiopathology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/drug effects
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Hatakeyama M, Imaizumi T, Sakaki H, Yoshida H, Tanaka H, Kimura H, Fukuda I, Satoh K. Interleukin-1 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human pericardial mesothelial cells. Heart Vessels 2007; 22:123-7. [PMID: 17390208 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-006-0942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen for endothelial cells. We have studied the production of VEGF by human pericardial mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells were separated by scraping the pericardial surface during cardiac surgery and cultured. When stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1alpha, pericardial mesothelial cells expressed VEGF mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Hypoxia was also found to enhance mesothelial VEGF mRNA expression. The cells expressed mRNA for Flt-1 (VEGF receptor 1) and Flk-1 (VEGF receptor 2), and exogenous VEGF was found to have migration-promoting activity on cultured cells. We conclude that pericardial mesothelial cells express VEGF, which may serve as an autocrine growth-regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hatakeyama
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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13
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Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Lee SJ, Tanji K, Sakaki H, Matsumiya T, Ishikawa A, Taima K, Yuzawa E, Mori F, Wakabayashi K, Kimura H, Satoh K. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I mediates RANTES/CCL5 expression in U373MG human astrocytoma cells stimulated with double-stranded RNA. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:199-206. [PMID: 17395328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) mediates part of the cell signaling in response to viral infection. Polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly IC) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and mimics viral infection when applied to cell cultures. The CC chemokine, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), is a potent attractant for inflammatory cells such as memory T-lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. In the present study, we demonstrated that poly IC enhances the expression of RIG-I in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. The RNA interference of RIG-I resulted in the suppression of the poly IC-induced RANTES expression. Pretreatment of the cells with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and dexamethasone inhibited the poly IC-induced expression of RIG-I. Furthermore, poly IC upregulated RIG-I in normal human astrocytes in culture and the in vivo injection of poly IC into the striatum of the mouse brain induced the expression of RIG-I in astrocytes. We conclude that RIG-I may be involved in immune reactions against viral infection, at least in part, through the regulation of RANTES expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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14
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Bian ZM, Elner SG, Elner VM. Regulation of VEGF mRNA expression and protein secretion by TGF-beta2 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:812-22. [PMID: 17331500 PMCID: PMC2094015 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
VEGF secretion by the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) plays an important role in retinal and choroidal neovascularization. In this study, transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2)-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression was investigated in hRPE cells. Treatment of hRPE cells with TGF-beta2 for 24 and 48h as compared to 8h resulted in markedly increased VEGF secretion by fivefold and nine-fold, respectively. Induced VEGF mRNA peaked within 3h of stimulation and remained above the basal at 36h. Stimulation of VEGF expression by TGF-beta2 was blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required. Induced VEGF production was strongly inhibited by anti-inflammatory agents, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A. Despite of the weak stimulation of VEGF expression by TNF-alpha or bFGF alone, co-administration of either of these two cytokines synergized the effect of TGF-beta2 on VEGF mRNA expression and protein production. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the synergy was predominantly at the level of VEGF transcription. Moreover, TGF-beta2-induced RPE VEGF secretion was significantly reduced by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MEK) (U0126), p38 (SB202190), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), Sp600125, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) (Genistein), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) (Ly294002). Induced VEGF expression was completely abrogated by inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) (Ro318220), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) [caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)], and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [N-acetyl-cysteine (Nac) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI)]. These results suggest that MEK, p38, JNK, PI3K, and NF-kappaB as well as multiple essential signaling intermediates, including PKC, PTK and ROS, are involved in hRPE VEGF up regulation by TGF-beta2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Mei Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Susan G. Elner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Victor M. Elner
- Department of pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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15
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Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Tanji K, Sakaki H, Metoki N, Sato Y, Wakabayashi K, Kimura H, Satoh K. Interleukin-1β enhances the angiotensin-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 through angiotensin receptor upregulation in human astrocytes. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074:38-47. [PMID: 16427616 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates not only fibrinolysis but extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiotensin II is known to play an important role in controlling the expression of PAI-1 in astrocytes. We have studied the effect of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), one of major cytokines also active in the nervous system, on the angiotensin II-induced expression of PAI-1 in human astrocytes. Cultures of normal human astrocytes were stimulated with IL-1beta and angiotensin II, and the expression of mRNAs for angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) and PAI-1 was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or real-time quantitative PCR. PAI-1 protein in astrocyte-conditioned medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1beta enhanced the expression of AT1 in astrocytes in time- and concentration-dependent manners. After 24-h stimulation, 10 ng/ml IL-1beta and 10 nM angiotensin II increased the levels of PAI-1 protein in astrocyte-conditioned medium by 1.9-fold and 1.8-fold of the basal value, respectively. There was no synergistic effect when the cells were stimulated simultaneously with IL-1beta and angiotensin II. When the cells were stimulated, with angiotensin II, 16 h after the stimulation with IL-1beta, the production of PAI-1 was enhanced by 1.4-fold as compared to the cells stimulated only with IL-1beta. CV-11794, an AT1 antagonist, inhibited the enhanced PAI-1 production in response to angiotensin II. We conclude that IL-1beta increases angiotensin II-induced PAI-1 secretion by astrocytes through the induction of AT1, and the enhanced secretion of PAI-1 may modulate functions of plasminogen activators in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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16
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Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Tanji K, Sakaki H, Metoki N, Hatakeyama M, Yamashita K, Ishikawa A, Taima K, Sato Y, Kimura H, Satoh K. Platelet-activating factor enhances the expression of nerve growth factor in normal human astrocytes under hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 133:95-101. [PMID: 15661369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the survival of neurons. We have addressed the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF), one of the mediators of ischemic injury of the brain, on NGF expression in astrocytes. Normal human astrocytes in culture were stimulated with PAF, and levels of NGF mRNA and protein were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PAF increased the expressions of NGF mRNA and protein in astrocytes in time- and concentration-dependent manners. After 48-h stimulation, 10 nmol/L PAF increased the levels of NGF protein in astrocyte-conditioned medium by 1.4-fold. The PAF-induced stimulation of NGF expression was further enhanced (2.1-fold of the control) in the cells under hypoxic culture condition. BN52021 (Ginkgolide B), an antagonist for PAF binding sites, suppressed the effect of PAF. We conclude that PAF enhances NGF gene expression in human astrocytes, and the PAF-induced increase in the expression of NGF under hypoxia may benefit the protection of the nervous tissue by promoting neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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17
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Iłzecka J. Cerebrospinal fluid vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 106:289-93. [PMID: 15297002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and glutamate-mediated toxicity may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a neuroprotective cytokine activated by hypoxia. The aim of this study was to measure VEGF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients. The study concerned 30 ALS patients and 30 control subjects. The VEGF was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results have shown that CSF VEGF levels are significantly increased in patients with long duration of ALS and in patients with limb-onset of the disease compared with controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, the type of ALS patients' subgroup significantly influences CSF VEGF levels (P = 0.05). The CSF VEGF levels were significantly increased in patients with limb-onset compared to patients with bulbar-onset of ALS, and in patients with long duration of ALS compared to patients with its short duration (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between CSF VEGF levels and duration of ALS (P < 0.05). It seems that a significant increase in CSF VEGF levels in patients with limb-onset of ALS and in patients with long duration of the disease may have a protective role against glutamate-mediated toxicity and oxidative damage of motor neurons. However, the conclusions are limited due to relatively small subgroups of ALS patients and by lack of a control group consisting of healthy persons. Further investigations could help to confirm the results from this preliminary report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Iłzecka
- Department of Neurology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
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18
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Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM. Platelet-activating factor, a pleiotrophic mediator of physiological and pathological processes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 40:643-72. [PMID: 14708958 DOI: 10.1080/714037693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory phospholipid with diverse pathological and physiological effects. This bioactive phospholipid mediates processes as diverse as wound healing, physiological inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, reproduction and long-term potentiation. Recent progress has demonstrated the participation of MAP kinase signaling pathways as modulators of the two critical enzymes, phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, involved in the remodeling pathway of PAF biosynthesis. The unregulated production of structural analogs of PAF by non-specific oxidative reactions has expanded this superfamily of signaling molecules to include "PAF-like" lipids whose mode of action is identical to that of authentic PAF. The action of members of this family is mediated by the PAF receptor, a G protein-coupled membrane-spanning molecule that can engage multiple signaling pathways in various cell types. Inappropriate activation of this signaling pathway is associated with many diseases in which inflammation is thought to be one of the underlying features. Inactivation of all members of the PAF superfamily occurs by a unique class of enzymes, the PAF acetylhydrolases, that have been characterized at the molecular level and that terminate signals initiated by both regulated and unregulated PAF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5550, USA.
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19
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Tanji K, Irie Y, Uchida Y, Mori F, Satoh K, Mizushima Y, Wakabayashi K. Expression of metallothionein-III induced by hypoxia attenuates hypoxia-induced cell death in vitro. Brain Res 2003; 976:125-9. [PMID: 12763630 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are metal-binding proteins that are expressed in many tissues including brain. MTs protect cells and organs against metal toxicity and oxidants. Among MTs, a brain-predominant subtype MT-III has prominent neuroprotective activity against various types of damage. Here we show that the expression of MT-III is induced in cultured normal human astrocytes by hypoxia, and that overexpressed MT-III protects human embryonic kidney cells from hypoxia, suggesting that MT-III can protect the brain from hypoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, 036-8562 Hirosaki, Japan
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