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Sui Y, Chen Y, Lv Q, Zheng Y, Kong D, Jiang H, Huang W, Ren Y, Liu P, Jiang Y. Suilyin Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier by Activating Group III Secretory Phospholipase A2. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060919. [PMID: 35743951 PMCID: PMC9229629 DOI: 10.3390/life12060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serious diseases caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) include septicaemia and meningitis, which are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Proliferation in the blood can result in a breach of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and provide entry into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where bacteria cause inflammation of the meningeal membranes resulting in meningitis. The molecular mechanisms of how this pathogen crosses the BBB remain unclear. Suilysin (SLY) has been identified as an important secreted virulence factor of S. suis 2 and may play a vital role in provoking meningitis. In this investigation, we demonstrate that SLY can increase the paracellular permeability of BBB, both in vivo and in vitro, via the activation of group III secretory phospholipase A2 (PLA2G3). Our results indicate that at lower, sublytic concentrations, the toxin can stimulate cerebral microvascular endothelial cells to release TNF-α, thereby inducing high level expressions of PLA2G3. Abnormal elevations of PLA2G3 might further injure tissues through direct cytolytic effectors or other responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Yuhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China; (Y.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (D.K.); (H.J.); (W.H.); (Y.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (Y.J.)
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Chagani S, Wang R, Carpenter EL, Löhr CV, Ganguli-Indra G, Indra AK. Ablation of epidermal RXRα in cooperation with activated CDK4 and oncogenic NRAS generates spontaneous and acute neonatal UVB induced malignant metastatic melanomas. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:736. [PMID: 29121869 PMCID: PMC5679438 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of cutaneous malignant melanoma is critical for improved diagnosis and treatment. Keratinocytic nuclear receptor Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) has a protective role against melanomagenesis and is involved in the regulation of keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis subsequent acute ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. METHODS We generated a trigenic mouse model system (RXRα ep-/- | Tyr-NRAS Q61K | CDK4 R24C/R24C ) harboring an epidermal knockout of Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα ep-/- ), combined with oncogenic NRAS Q61K (constitutively active RAS) and activated CDK4 R24C/R24C (constitutively active CDK4). Those mice were subjected to a single neonatal dose of UVB treatment and the role of RXR α was evaluated by characterizing the molecular and cellular changes that took place in the untreated and UVB treated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice compared to the control mice with functional RXRα. RESULTS Here we report that the trigenic mice develops spontaneous melanoma and exposure to a single neonatal UVB treatment reduces the tumor latency in those mice compared to control mice with functional RXRα. Melanomas from the trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice are substantial in size, show increased proliferation, exhibit increased expression of malignant melanoma markers and exhibit enhanced vascularization. Altered expression of several biomarkers including increased expression of activated AKT, p21 and cyclin D1 and reduced expression of pro-apoptotic marker BAX was observed in the tumor adjacent normal (TAN) skin of acute ultraviolet B treated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice. Interestingly, we observed a significant increase in p21 and Cyclin D1 in the TAN skin of un-irradiated trigenic RXRα ep-/- mice, suggesting that those changes might be consequences of loss of functional RXRα in the melanoma microenvironment. Loss of RXRα in the epidermal keratinocytes in combination with oncogenic NRAS Q61K and CDK4 R24C/R24C mutations in trigenic mice led to significant melanoma invasion into the draining lymph nodes as compared to controls with functional RXRα. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the protective role of keratinocytic RxRα in (1) suppressing spontaneous and acute UVB-induced melanoma, and (2) preventing progression of the melanoma to malignancy in the presence of driver mutations like activated CDK4 R24C/R24C and oncogenic NRAS Q61K .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmeen Chagani
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, OSU, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Evan L Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, 97239, OR, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA.
- Linus Pauling Institute, OSU, Corvallis, OR, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, 97239, OR, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, OHSU, Portland, 97239, OR, USA.
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Jridi I, Catacchio I, Majdoub H, Shahbazzadeh D, El Ayeb M, Frassanito MA, Solimando AG, Ribatti D, Vacca A, Borchani L. The small subunit of Hemilipin2, a new heterodimeric phospholipase A2 from Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom, mediates the antiangiogenic effect of the whole protein. Toxicon 2016; 126:38-46. [PMID: 27940138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported the identification of Hemilipin, the first secreted heterodimeric phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) from Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom and demonstrated its effective inhibition of all angiogenesis key steps in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to characterize a second sPLA2, Hemilipin2, from the same venom and to elucidate its antiangiogenic effect. The protein was purified by chromatography separation and analyzed by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. Its N terminal amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation method and the enzymatic activity by fatty acids release assay. Hemilipin2 antiangiogenic activity was investigated by studying its effect in vitro on adhesion, migration and capillary like tube formation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells (HPAECs); and in vivo on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Data to be presented show that Hemilipin2 is heterodimeric composed by two subunits: the large one has a molecular weight of 12,866 and the small one of 2461 a.m.u. It has a strong calcium-dependent PLA2 activity and impacts angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo without showing any cytotoxic or apoptotic signs. Its chemical modification with p-Bromophenacyl Bromide abolishes the enzymatic activity without affecting the antiangiogenic effect. Furthermore, it has been proved that Hemilipin2 small subunit was able to inhibit blood vessel formation both in vitro and in vivo. These findings may serve as a starting point for the designing of a new generation of specific inhibitor of human angiogenesis at different steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jridi
- Carthage University, Sciences Faculty of Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ivana Catacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Hafed Majdoub
- USCR Protein Sequencer, Faculty of Sciences de Sfax, Route de la Soukra km 4, B.P 802, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Biotechnology Research Center, Medical Biotechnology Department, Venomics Lab, P.O.Box 131649, Tehran 43551, Iran
| | - Mohamed El Ayeb
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Clinical Pathology, University of Bari Medical School "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School "Aldo Moro", National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, "Aldo Moro" Piazza Giulio Cesare11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques LR11IPT08, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia.
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Yui D, Nishida Y, Nishina T, Mogushi K, Tajiri M, Ishibashi S, Ajioka I, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H, Murayama S, Yokota T. Enhanced Phospholipase A2 Group 3 Expression by Oxidative Stress Decreases the Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143518. [PMID: 26637123 PMCID: PMC4670075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has a ubiquitous role in neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative damage in specific regions of the brain is associated with selective neurodegeneration. We previously reported that Alzheimer disease (AD) model mice showed decreased insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) levels in the cerebrum and accelerated phenotypic features of AD when crossbred with alpha-tocopherol transfer protein knockout (Ttpa-/-) mice. To further investigate the role of chronic oxidative stress in AD pathophysiology, we performed DNA microarray analysis using young and aged wild-type mice and aged Ttpa-/- mice. Among the genes whose expression changed dramatically was Phospholipase A2 group 3 (Pla2g3); Pla2g3 was identified because of its expression profile of cerebral specific up-regulation by chronic oxidative stress in silico and in aged Ttpa-/- mice. Immunohistochemical studies also demonstrated that human astrocytic Pla2g3 expression was significantly increased in human AD brains compared with control brains. Moreover, transfection of HEK293 cells with human Pla2g3 decreased endogenous IDE expression in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings show a key role of Pla2g3 on the reduction of IDE, and suggest that cerebrum specific increase of Pla2g3 is involved in the initiation and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Yui
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Nishida
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishina
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Mogushi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Tajiri
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itsuki Ajioka
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate school of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jridi I, Catacchio I, Majdoub H, Shahbazeddah D, El Ayeb M, Frassanito MA, Ribatti D, Vacca A, Borchani L. Hemilipin, a novel Hemiscorpius lepturus venom heterodimeric phospholipase A2, which inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Toxicon 2015; 105:34-44. [PMID: 26335363 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes which specifically hydrolyze the sn-2 acyl ester bond of phospholipids producing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) are the most common types of PLA2 purified from the snake venom, mammalian pancreatic juice and other sources. They display a variety of toxic actions and biological activities, including antitumoral and antiangiogenic effects. In this study, we report the isolation, characterization and the antiangiogenic activity of Hemilipin, a novel sPLA2 extracted from Hemiscorpius lepturus venom, the most dangerous scorpion in Iran. Hemilipin was purified by HPLC and analyzed by MALDI TOF/MS. The primary structure was determined by EDMAN degradation method and the PLA2 activity by titration of fatty acids released from the egg yolk phospholipids. Its antiangiogenic activity was studied in vitro by evaluating effects on apoptosis, Matrigel angiogenesis, migration and adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and in vivo by the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Mass spectrometry profile showed that Hemilipin is heterodimeric and the PLA2 test demonstrated its strong hydrolytic activity. N-terminal aminoacid sequence highlighted a significant homology of Hemilipin's small and large subunits with other sPLA2 group III. Hemilipin had no effect on apoptosis, but strongly impacted angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that this novel non toxic sPLA2 could be a new tool to disrupt at different steps human angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jridi
- Carthage University, Sciences Faculty of Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia; Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ivana Catacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Hafed Majdoub
- USCR Protein Sequencer, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Delavar Shahbazeddah
- Biotechnology Research Center, Medical Biotechnology Department, Venomics Lab, P.O.Box 13164943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamed El Ayeb
- Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Clinical Pathology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Lamia Borchani
- Laboratory of Venom and Therapeutic Biomolecules, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, Tunis, 1002, Tunisia.
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Nakamura H, Wakita S, Yasufuku K, Makiyama T, Waraya M, Hashimoto N, Murayama T. Sphingomyelin Regulates the Activity of Secretory Phospholipase A2in the Plasma Membrane. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1898-907. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Shigeo Wakita
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Kana Yasufuku
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Makiyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Misa Waraya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Naohiro Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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Brglez V, Lambeau G, Petan T. Secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer: Diverse mechanisms of action. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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The role of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the central nervous system and neurological diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:863-76. [PMID: 24113843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2s) are small secreted proteins (14-18 kDa) and require submillimolar levels of Ca(2+) for liberating arachidonic acid from cell membrane lipids. In addition to the enzymatic function, sPLA2 can exert various biological responses by binding to specific receptors. Physiologically, sPLA2s play important roles on the neurotransmission in the central nervous system and the neuritogenesis in the peripheral nervous system. Pathologically, sPLA2s are involved in the neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., stoke). The common pathology (e.g., neuronal apoptosis) of Alzheimer's disease and stroke coexists in the mixed dementia, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms of the two neurological diseases. Among mammalian sPLA2s, sPLA2-IB and sPLA2-IIA induce neuronal apoptosis in rat cortical neurons. The excess influx of calcium into neurons via L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels mediates the two sPLA2-induced apoptosis. The elevated concentration of intracellular calcium activates PKC, MAPK and cytosolic PLA2. Moreover, it is linked with the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis through activation of the superoxide producing enzyme NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase is involved in the neurotoxicity of amyloid β peptide, which impairs synaptic plasticity long before its deposition in the form of amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease. In turn, reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase can stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activation of cPLA2 and result in a release of arachidonic acid. sPLA2 is up-regulated in both Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease, suggesting the involvement of sPLA2 in the common pathogenic mechanisms of the two diseases. Thus, our review presents evidences for pathophysiological roles of sPLA2 in the central nervous system and neurological diseases.
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Moon KH, Tajuddin N, Brown J, Neafsey EJ, Kim HY, Collins MA. Phospholipase A2, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in binge ethanol-treated organotypic slice cultures of developing rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:161-9. [PMID: 23909864 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain neurodamage from chronic binge ethanol (EtOH) exposure is linked to neuroinflammation and associated oxidative stress. Using rat organotypic hippocampal-entorhinal cortical (HEC) slice cultures of developing brain age, we reported that binge EtOH promotes release of a neuroinflammatory instigator, arachidonic acid (AA), concomitant with neurodegeneration, and that mepacrine, a global inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes mobilizing AA from phospholipids, is neuroprotective. Here, we sought with binge EtOH-treated HEC cultures to establish that PLA2 activity is responsible in part for significant oxidative stress and to ascertain the PLA2 families responsible for AA release and neurodegeneration. METHODS HEC slices, prepared from 1-week-old rats and cultured 2 to 2.5 weeks, were exposed to 100 mM EtOH over 6 successive days, with 4 daytime "withdrawals" (no EtOH). Brain 3-nitrotyrosinated (3-NT)- and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)-adducted proteins, oxidative stress footprints, were immunoassayed on days 3 through 6, and mepacrine's effect was determined on day 6. The effects of specific PLA2 inhibitors on neurodegeneration (propidium iodide staining) and AA release (ELISA levels in media) in the cultures were then determined. Also, the effect of JZL184, an inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) which is reported to mobilize AA from endocannabinoids during neuroinflammatory insults, was examined. RESULTS 3-NT- and 4-HNE-adducted proteins were significantly increased by the binge EtOH exposure, consistent with oxidative stress, and mepacrine prevented the increases. The PLA2 inhibitor results implicated secretory PLA2 (group II sPLA2) and to some extent Ca(2+) -independent cytosolic PLA2 (group VI iPLA2) in binge EtOH-induced neurotoxicity and in AA release, but surprisingly, Ca(2+) -dependent cytosolic PLA2 (group IV cPLA2) did not appear important. Furthermore, unlike PLA2 inhibition, MAGL inhibition failed to prevent the neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS In these developing HEC slice cultures, pro-oxidative signaling via sPLA2 and iPLA2, but not necessarily cPLA2 or MAGL, is involved in EtOH neurotoxicity. This study provides further insights into neuroinflammatory phospholipase signaling and oxidative stress underlying binge EtOH-induced neurodegeneration in developing (adolescent age) brain in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Hoon Moon
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics , Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
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Secretory phospholipase A2 promotes MMP-9-mediated cell death by degrading type I collagen via the ERK pathway at an early stage of chondrogenesis. Biol Cell 2012; 102:107-19. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20090073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Z, Coleman DJ, Bajaj G, Liang X, Ganguli-Indra G, Indra AK. RXRα ablation in epidermal keratinocytes enhances UVR-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and proliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:177-87. [PMID: 20944655 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We show here that keratinocytic nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) regulates mouse keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis following acute UVR. Keratinocytic RXRα has a protective role in UVR-induced keratinocyte and melanocyte proliferation/differentiation, oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, and cellular apoptosis. We discovered that keratinocytic RXRα, in a cell-autonomous manner, regulates mitogenic growth responses in skin epidermis through secretion of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, GM-CSF, IL-1α, and cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. We identified altered expression of several keratinocyte-derived mitogenic paracrine growth factors such as endothelin 1, hepatocyte growth factor, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, stem cell factor, and fibroblast growth factor-2 in skin of mice lacking RXRα in epidermal keratinocytes (RXRα(ep-/-) mice), which in a non-cell-autonomous manner modulated melanocyte proliferation and activation after UVR. RXRα(ep-/-) mice represent a unique animal model in which UVR induces melanocyte proliferation/activation in both epidermis and dermis. Considered together, the results of our study suggest that RXR antagonists, together with inhibitors of cell proliferation, can be effective in preventing solar UVR-induced photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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12
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Phospholipases A2 in ocular homeostasis and diseases. Biochimie 2010; 92:611-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Wang G, Zhou D, Wang C, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Qian G, DeCoster MA. Hypoxic preconditioning suppresses group III secreted phospholipase A2-induced apoptosis via JAK2-STAT3 activation in cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1039-48. [PMID: 20492356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies show that group III secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s III) induces extensive neuronal apoptosis in brain cortical cultures. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying sPLA(2) III-induced neuronal injury/death are still unknown. Also it is not clear whether hypoxic pre-conditioning (HPC) is able to protect neurons from the sPLA(2) III insult. In this report, we demonstrate that sPLA(2) III significantly decreased production of Bcl-xl and the ratio of Bcl-xl/Bax, and increased expression of Bax, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved alpha-Fodrin in primary neuronal culture. HPC prevented the sPLA(2) III-induced decreases in production of Bcl-xl and the ratio of Bcl-xl/Bax, and increases in expression of Bax, cleaved caspase 3, and alpha-Fodrin. However, the HPC-produced neuronal protection was eliminated or attenuated by AG490, rapamycin, and STAT3 shRNA. Our results suggest that sPLA(2) III-induced neuronal apoptosis is likely because of its alterations in expression and activity of Bcl-xl, Bax, caspase 3, and its target gene fodrin; and that HPC-produced neuroprotection against the sPLA(2) III toxicity is mediated via JAK-STAT signal pathways that regulate the expression of Bcl-xl, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3 in cultured cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansong Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Second affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University of China, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Titsworth WL, Cheng X, Ke Y, Deng L, Burckardt KA, Pendleton C, Liu NK, Shao H, Cao QL, Xu XM. Differential expression of sPLA2 following spinal cord injury and a functional role for sPLA2-IIA in mediating oligodendrocyte death. Glia 2009; 57:1521-37. [PMID: 19306380 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After the initial mechanical insult of spinal cord injury (SCI), secondary mediators propagate a massive loss of oligodendrocytes. We previously showed that following SCI both the total phospholipase activity and cytosolic PLA(2)-IV alpha protein expression increased. However, the expression of secreted isoforms of PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) and their possible roles in oligodendrocyte death following SCI remained unclear. Here we report that mRNAs extracted 15 min, 4 h, 1 day, or 1 month after cervical SCI show marked upregulation of sPLA(2)-IIA and IIE at 4 h after injury. In contrast, SCI induced down regulation of sPLA(2)-X, and no change in sPLA(2)-IB, IIC, V, and XIIA expression. At the lesion site, sPLA(2)-IIA and IIE expression were localized to oligodendrocytes. Recombinant human sPLA(2)-IIA (0.01, 0.1, or 2 microM) induced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity in differentiated adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells but not primary astrocytes or Schwann cells in vitro. Most importantly, pretreatment with S3319, a sPLA(2)-IIA inhibitor, before a 30 min H(2)O(2) injury (1 or 10 mM) significantly reduced oligodendrocyte cell death at 48 h. Similarly, pretreatment with S3319 before injury with IL-1 beta and TNFalpha prevented cell death and loss of oligodendrocyte processes at 72 h. Collectively, these findings suggest that sPLA(2)-IIA and IIE are increased following SCI, that increased sPLA(2)-IIA can be cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, and that in vitro blockade of sPLA(2) can create sparing of oligodendrocytes in two distinct injury models. Therefore, sPLA(2)-IIA may be an important mediator of oligodendrocyte death and a novel target for therapeutic intervention following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lee Titsworth
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Ibeas E, Fuentes L, Martín R, Hernández M, Nieto ML. Inflammatory protein sPLA2-IIA abrogates TNFα-induced apoptosis in human astroglioma cells: Crucial role of ERK. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Yang X, Sheng W, He Y, Cui J, Haidekker MA, Sun GY, Lee JCM. Secretory phospholipase A2 type III enhances alpha-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing through alterations in membrane fluidity. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:957-66. [PMID: 19805624 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the non-amyloidogenic pathway, amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by alpha-secretases to produce alpha-secretase-cleaved soluble APP (sAPP(alpha)) with neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties; therefore, enhancing the non-amyloidogenic pathway has been suggested as a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we demonstrate the effects of type III secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-III) on sAPP(alpha) secretion. Exposing differentiated neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat neurons) to sPLA(2)-III for 24 h increased sAPP(alpha) secretion and decreased levels of Abeta(1-42) in SH-SY5Y cells, and these changes were accompanied by increased membrane fluidity. We further tested whether sPLA(2)-III-enhanced sAPP(alpha) release is due in part to the production of its hydrolyzed products, including arachidonic acid (AA), palmitic acid (PA), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Addition of AA but neither PA nor LPC mimicked sPLA(2)-III-induced increases in sAPP(alpha) secretion and membrane fluidity. Treatment with sPLA(2)-III and AA increased accumulation of APP at the cell surface but did not alter total expressions of APP, alpha-secretases, and beta-site APP cleaving enzyme. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that sPLA(2)-III enhances sAPP(alpha) secretion through its action to increase membrane fluidity and recruitment of APP at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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17
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Praznikar ZJ, Petan T, Pungercar J. A neurotoxic secretory phospholipase A2 induces apoptosis in motoneuron-like cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1152:215-24. [PMID: 19161393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ammodytoxin A (AtxA) is a presynaptically neurotoxic secretory phospholipase A(2) from snake venom. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of its cytotoxicity expressed against mouse motoneuronal NSC34 cells. AtxA displayed a potent dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity that was associated with apoptosis and not necrosis, as revealed by a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3, and by the absence of propidium iodide staining. The cytotoxic- and apoptosis-inducing effects of AtxA were specific for the motoneuronal cells; human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and mouse myoblast (C2C12) cells were shown to be resistant to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Jenko Praznikar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, JoZef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Titsworth WL, Liu NK, Xu XM. Role of secretory phospholipase a(2) in CNS inflammation: implications in traumatic spinal cord injury. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2008; 7:254-69. [PMID: 18673210 DOI: 10.2174/187152708784936671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) are a subfamily of lipolytic enzymes which hydrolyze the acyl bond at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to produce free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. These products are precursors of bioactive eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF). The hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by PLA(2) is a rate-limiting step for generation of eicosanoids and PAF. To date, more than 10 isozymes of sPLA(2) have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, sPLA(2)s are involved in diverse cellular responses, including host defense, phospholipid digestion and metabolism. However, under pathological situations, increased sPLA(2) activity and excessive production of free fatty acids and their metabolites may lead to inflammation, loss of membrane integrity, oxidative stress, and subsequent tissue injury. Emerging evidence suggests that sPLA(2) plays a role in the secondary injury process after traumatic or ischemic injuries in the brain and spinal cord. Importantly, sPLA(2) may act as a convergence molecule that mediates multiple key mechanisms involved in the secondary injury since it can be induced by multiple toxic factors such as inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and excitatory amino acids, and its activation and metabolites can exacerbate the secondary injury. Blocking sPLA(2) action may represent a novel and efficient strategy to block multiple injury pathways associated with the CNS secondary injury. This review outlines the current knowledge of sPLA(2) in the CNS with emphasis placed on the possible roles of sPLA(2) in mediating CNS injuries, particularly the traumatic and ischemic injuries in the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lee Titsworth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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Costa-Junior HM, Hamaty FC, da Silva Farias R, Einicker-Lamas M, da Silva MH, Persechini PM. Apoptosis-inducing factor of a cytotoxic T cell line: involvement of a secretory phospholipase A2. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:255-66. [PMID: 16609916 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill target cells by the granule-exocytosis pathway and by the engagement of molecules belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family. The involvement of secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) in the cytotoxic process has been proposed in NK cells. However, its molecular identity and intracellular localization remain unknown, and its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we have readdressed this issue by studying the cytotoxic activity of whole cell extracts of a CTL line. We observed that inactivation of the perforin-granzyme pathway at 37 degrees C in the presence of 1 mM Ca(2+) enhanced the ability of CTL extracts to induce apoptosis. This potentiation of cell death was Ca(2+)-dependent, thermo-resistant, and inhibited by 4-bromophenacyl bromide and scalaradial (two inhibitors of sPLA(2)). The involvement of an sPLA(2) was confirmed by blocking the pro-apoptotic activity of the Ca(2+)-treated cell extract with an anti-sPLA(2) polyclonal antibody. By cell fractionation assays, we showed that the pro-apoptotic sPLA(2) was localized in the cytoplasmic fraction but not in perforin-rich granules or plasma membrane fractions. Western blotting analysis revealed the presence of four distinct bands of 56, 29.5, 21, and 15 kDa. The highest molecular weight band was consistent with the expression of a group III sPLA2. Taken together, these data indicate that an apoptosis-inducing sPLA(2) is expressed in the cytosol of a CTL cell line and suggest that it plays an effector role in CTL-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio M Costa-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - UFRJ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G do CCS - Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Lee C, Park DW, Lee J, Lee TI, Kim YJ, Lee YS, Baek SH. Secretory phospholipase A2 induces apoptosis through TNF-α and cytochrome c-mediated caspase cascade in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536:47-53. [PMID: 16564042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is an esterase that cleaves the sn-2 ester bond in glycerophospholipids, thereby releasing free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In addition to the apoptotic activity of cytosolic PLA2 and Ca2+-independent PLA2, recent studies showed that secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) also play a role in apoptosis. However, the details of molecular mechanism have not been fully elucidated. Our data demonstrated that group IB PLA (IB PLA2)-exposed murine macrophage 264.7 cells showed characteristic features of apoptosis such as morphological changes, DNA laddering, staining positive for propidium iodide (PI) as well as Annexin V and activation of caspases and subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, IB PLA2 was found to elicit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and release of cytochrome c, suggesting that IB PLA2 exerts its apoptotic activity via the induction of TNF-alpha production and cytochrome c release, which results in triggering the activation of caspase cascade and PARP cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuHee Lee
- Aging-Associated Vascular Disease Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-717, South Korea
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21
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Shaikh Mohammed J, Decoster MA, McShane MJ. Fabrication of interdigitated micropatterns of self-assembled polymer nanofilms containing cell-adhesive materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:2738-46. [PMID: 16519477 PMCID: PMC2536648 DOI: 10.1021/la0525473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterns of different biomaterials with micro- and nanoscale features and defined spatial arrangement on a single substrate are useful tools for studying cellular-level interactions, and recent reports have highlighted the strong influence of scaffold compliance in determining cell behavior. In this paper, a simple yet versatile and precise patterning technique for the fabrication of interdigitated micropatterns of nanocomposite multilayer coatings on a single substrate is demonstrated through a combination of lithography and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly processes, termed polymer surface micromachining (PSM). The first nanofilm pattern is constructed using lithography, followed by LbL multilayer assembly and lift-off, and the process is repeated with optical alignment to obtain interdigitated patterns on the same substrate. Thus, the method is analogous to surface micromachining, except that the deposition materials are polymers and biological materials that are used to produce multilayer nanocomposite structures. A key feature of the multilayers is the capability to tune properties such as stiffness by appropriate selection of materials, deposition conditions, and postdeposition treatments. Two- and four-component systems on glass coverslips are presented to demonstrate the versatility of the approach to construct precisely defined, homogeneous nanofilm patterns. In addition, an example of a complex system used as a testbed for in vitro cell adhesion and growth is provided: micropatterns of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (PSS/PLL) and secreted phospholipase A(2)/poly(ethyleneimine) (sPLA(2)/PEI) multilayers. The interdigitated square nanofilm array patterns were obtained on a single coverslip with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as a cell-repellent background. Cell culture experiments show that cortical neurons respond and bind specifically to the sPLA(2) micropatterns in competition with PLL micropatterns. The fabrication and the initial biological results on the nanofilm micropatterns support the usefulness of this technique for use in studies aimed at elucidating important biological structure-function relationships, but the applicability of the fabrication method is much broader and may impact electronics, photonics, and chemical microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Shaikh Mohammed
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA
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22
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Arioka M, Cheon SH, Ikeno Y, Nakashima S, Kitamoto K. A novel neurotrophic role of secretory phospholipases A2for cerebellar granule neurons. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2693-701. [PMID: 15862311 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) require membrane depolarization or neurotrophic factors for their survival in vitro and undergo apoptosis when deprived of these survival-promoting stimuli. Here, we show that secretory phospholipases A(2)s (sPLA(2)s) rescue CGNs from apoptosis after potassium deprivation. The neurotrophic effect required the enzymatic activity of sPLA(2)s, since catalytically inactive mutants of sPLA(2)s failed to protect CGNs from apoptosis. Consistently, the ability of sPLA(2)s to protect CGNs from apoptosis correlated with the extent of sPLA(2)-induced arachidonic acid release from live CGNs. The survival-promoting effect of sPLA(2) was inhibited by depletion of extracellular Ca(2+) or by the presence of L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker nicardipine, suggesting that Ca(2+) influx occurs upon sPLA(2) treatment. Among the mammalian sPLA(2)s tested, only group X sPLA(2), but not group IB nor IIA sPLA(2)s, displayed neurotrophic activity. These results suggest a novel, unexpected neurotrophin-like role of sPLA(2) in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Arioka
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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23
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Daniel B, DeCoster MA. Quantification of sPLA2-induced early and late apoptosis changes in neuronal cell cultures using combined TUNEL and DAPI staining. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:144-50. [PMID: 15296851 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stain is in wide use for measuring apoptosis in neurons, as well as in other cell types. TUNEL may give false positive results due to variations in labeling technique as well as staining of cells that have undergone non-apoptotic DNA strand breaks. Therefore, in isolation, TUNEL is not a certain indicator of apoptosis. Recently, we have demonstrated the potent apoptotic effect of secreted phospholipase A2 from group III (sPLA2-III) on primary cortical neurons from rat. Here we describe a computer-assisted method for quantifying TUNEL-positive neurons after sPLA2-III induced apoptosis. Extent of TUNEL is normalized to total nuclear content using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Furthermore, DAPI counterstaining allows for determination of a nuclear morphology indicator, based on nuclear size and roundness, which we call the nuclear area factor. We found that the nuclear area factor is an early indicator of cell death (significant after 4 h post treatment), while TUNEL staining is significant at later times (26 h). Thus, the independent staining techniques using TUNEL and DAPI complement each other, and with commercially available image analysis software, may be used to indicate early as well as delayed cell injury processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bron Daniel
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Mohammed JS, DeCoster MA, McShane MJ. Micropatterning of Nanoengineered Surfaces to Study Neuronal Cell Attachment in Vitro. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:1745-55. [PMID: 15360283 DOI: 10.1021/bm0498631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methods for producing protein patterns with defined spatial arrangement and micro- and nanoscale features are important for studying cellular-level interactions, including basic cell-cell communications, cell signaling, and mechanisms of drug action. Toward this end, a straightforward, versatile procedure for fabricating micropatterns of bioactive nanofilm coatings as multifunctional biological testbeds is demonstrated. The method, based on a combination of photolithography and layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL), allows for precise construction of nanocomposite films of potentially complex architecture, and patterning of these films on substrates using a modified lift-off (LO) procedure. As a first step in evaluating nanostructures made with this process, "comparison chips," comprising two coexisting regions of square patterns with relevant proteins/polypeptides on a single substrate, were fabricated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as a cell-repellent background. Using neuronal cells as a model biological system, comparison chips were produced with secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), a known membrane-active enzyme for neurons, for direct comparison with gelatin, poly-l-lysine (PLL), or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorescence microscopy, surface profilometry, and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to evaluate the structural properties of the patterns on these chips and show that the patterning technique was successful. Preliminary cell culture studies show that neurons respond and bind specifically to the sPLA2 enzyme embedded in the polyelectrolyte thin films and present as the outermost layer. These findings point to the potential for this method to be applied in developing test substrates for a broad array of studies aimed at identifying important biological structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shaikh Mohammed
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston 71272, USA
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