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Lu W, Wang Y, Wen J. The Roles of RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB Pathway in Microglia Polarization Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:19. [PMID: 38753217 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nevertheless, there still lacks the effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and can initiate immune responses and monitor the microenvironment. Microglia are activated and polarize into proinflammatory or anti‑inflammatory phenotype in response to various brain injuries, including ischemic stroke. Proinflammatory microglia could generate immunomodulatory mediators, containing cytokines and chemokines, these mediators are closely associated with secondary brain damage following ischemic stroke. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. Regulating the activation and the function of microglia is crucial in exploring the novel treatments for ischemic stroke patients. Accumulating studies have revealed that RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB are famous modulators in the process of microglia activation and polarization. Inhibiting these key modulators can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the microglia activation and polarization, reveal the relationship between RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. In addition, we likewise discussed the drug modulators targeting microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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2
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Tian Y, Milic J, Monasor LS, Chakraborty R, Wang S, Yuan Y, Asare Y, Behrends C, Tahirovic S, Bernhagen J. The COP9 signalosome reduces neuroinflammation and attenuates ischemic neuronal stress in organotypic brain slice culture model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:262. [PMID: 37597109 PMCID: PMC10439869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) is a deNEDDylase controlling ubiquitination activity of cullin-RING-E3 ligases (CRLs) and thus the levels of key cellular proteins. While the CSN and its catalytic subunit CSN5 have been extensively studied in cancer, its role in inflammatory and neurological diseases is less understood. Following verification that CSN5 is expressed in mouse and human brain, here we studied the role of the CSN in neuroinflammation and ischemic neuronal damage employing models of relevant brain-resident cell types, an ex vivo organotypic brain slice culture model, and the CRL NEDDylation state-modifying drugs MLN4924 and CSN5i-3, which mimic and inhibit, respectively, CSN5 deNEDDylase activity. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed that MLN4924 and CSN5i-3 substantially alter the microglial proteome, including inflammation-related proteins. Applying these drugs and mimicking microglial and endothelial inflammation as well as ischemic neuronal stress by TNF and oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/RO) treatment, respectively, we could link CSN5/CSN-mediated cullin deNEDDylation to reduction of microglial inflammation, attenuated cerebral endothelial inflammation, improved barrier integrity, as well as protection from ischemic stress-induced neuronal cell death. Specifically, MLN4924 reduced phagocytic activity, motility, and inflammatory cytokine expression of microglial cells, and this was linked to inhibition of inflammation-induced NF-κB and Akt signaling. Inversely, Csn5 knockdown and CSN5i-3 increased NF-κB signaling. Moreover, MLN4924 abrogated TNF-induced NF-κB signaling in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs) and rescued hCMEC monolayers from OGD/RO-triggered barrier leakage, while CSN5i-3 exacerbated permeability. In an ex vivo organotypic brain slice model of ischemia/reperfusion stress, MLN4924 protected from neuronal death, while CSN5i-3 impaired neuronal survival. Neuronal damage was attributable to microglial activation and inflammatory cytokines, as indicated by microglial shape tracking and TNF-blocking experiments. Our results indicate a protective role of the CSN in neuroinflammation via brain-resident cell types involved in ischemic brain disease and implicate CSN activity-mimicking deNEDDylating drugs as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jelena Milic
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rahul Chakraborty
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sijia Wang
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Yaw Asare
- Translational Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Smith CA, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ, Smielewski P, Helmy A. Candidate neuroinflammatory markers of cerebral autoregulation dysfunction in human acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1237-1253. [PMID: 37132274 PMCID: PMC10369156 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231171991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of cerebral autoregulation (CA) is a common and detrimental secondary injury mechanism following acute brain injury and has been associated with worse morbidity and mortality. However patient outcomes have not as yet been conclusively proven to have improved as a result of CA-directed therapy. While CA monitoring has been used to modify CPP targets, this approach cannot work if the impairment of CA is not simply related to CPP but involves other underlying mechanisms and triggers, which at present are largely unknown. Neuroinflammation, particularly inflammation affecting the cerebral vasculature, is an important cascade that occurs following acute injury. We hypothesise that disturbances to the cerebral vasculature can affect the regulation of CBF, and hence the vascular inflammatory pathways could be a putative mechanism that causes CA dysfunction. This review provides a brief overview of CA, and its impairment following brain injury. We discuss candidate vascular and endothelial markers and what is known about their link to disturbance of the CBF and autoregulation. We focus on human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), with supporting evidence from animal work and applicability to wider neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Smith
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keri LH Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Li R, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Li J, Zheng Y, Fan X. The natural (poly)phenols as modulators of microglia polarization via TLR4/NF-κB pathway exert anti-inflammatory activity in ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 914:174660. [PMID: 34863710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidences suggest that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of stroke, a devastating disease second only to cardiac ischemia as a cause of death worldwide. Microglia are the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the innate immune response to acute ischemic stroke. Microglia respond to acute brain injury by activating and developing classic M1-like (pro-inflammatory) or alternative M2-like (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes. M1 microglia produce pro-inflammatory cytokines to exacerbate neural death, astrocyte apoptosis, and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, while M2 microglia play the opposite role. NF-κB, a central regulator of the inflammatory response, was responsible for microglia M1 and M2 polarization. NF-κB p65 and p50 form a heterodimer to initiate a pro-inflammatory cytokine response, which enhances M1 activation and impair M2 response of microglia. TLR4, expressed on the surface of microglia, plays an important role in activating NF-κB, ultimately causing the M1 response of microglia. Therefore, modulation of microglial phenotypes via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway may be a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke. Dietary (poly)phenols are present in various foods, which have shown promising protective effects on ischemic stroke. In vivo studies strongly suggest that many (poly)phenols have a pronounced impact on ischemic stroke, as demonstrated by lower neuroinflammation. Thus, this review focuses on the anti-inflammatory properties of dietary (poly)phenols and discusses their effects on the polarization of microglia through modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jieying Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yingyi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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5
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Munawara U, Catanzaro M, Xu W, Tan C, Hirokawa K, Bosco N, Dumoulin D, Khalil A, Larbi A, Lévesque S, Ramassamy C, Barron AE, Cunnane S, Beauregard PB, Bellenger JP, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Witkowski JM, Laurent B, Frost EH, Fulop T. Hyperactivation of monocytes and macrophages in MCI patients contributes to the progression of Alzheimer's disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 34154615 PMCID: PMC8215492 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease ultimately manifesting as clinical dementia. Despite considerable effort and ample experimental data, the role of neuroinflammation related to systemic inflammation is still unsettled. While the implication of microglia is well recognized, the exact contribution of peripheral monocytes/macrophages is still largely unknown, especially concerning their role in the various stages of AD. Objectives AD develops over decades and its clinical manifestation is preceded by subjective memory complaints (SMC) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI); thus, the question arises how the peripheral innate immune response changes with the progression of the disease. Therefore, to further investigate the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the progression of AD we assessed their phenotypes and functions in patients at SMC, MCI and AD stages and compared them with cognitively healthy controls. We also conceptualised an idealised mathematical model to explain the functionality of monocytes/macrophages along the progression of the disease. Results We show that there are distinct phenotypic and functional changes in monocyte and macrophage populations as the disease progresses. Higher free radical production upon stimulation could already be observed for the monocytes of SMC patients. The most striking results show that activation of peripheral monocytes (hyperactivation) is the strongest in the MCI group, at the prodromal stage of the disease. Monocytes exhibit significantly increased chemotaxis, free radical production, and cytokine production in response to TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation. Conclusion Our data suggest that the peripheral innate immune system is activated during the progression from SMC through MCI to AD, with the highest levels of activation being in MCI subjects and the lowest in AD patients. Some of these parameters may be used as biomarkers, but more holistic immune studies are needed to find the best period of the disease for clinical intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-021-00236-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usma Munawara
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Michael Catanzaro
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Crystal Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo and Nitobe Memorial Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nabil Bosco
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Cellular Metabolism, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Dumoulin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Lévesque
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé-biotechnologie, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. .,Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Mathematical, Computational and Experimental Neuroscience research group, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Basque-Country, Spain.
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Valbonne, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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6
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Wu XM, Qian C, Jiang F, Bao YX, Qian ZM, Ke Y. The involvement of nuclear factor-κB in astroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury by ischemia-preconditioned neurons. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:4515-4527. [PMID: 33442879 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioned (IP) neurons protect astrocytes against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury by inhibiting oxidative stress. However, the relevant mechanisms are unknown. Based on the role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cell survival and adaption to oxidative stress, we hypothesized that NF-κB might be associated with astroprotection induced by IP neurons via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. Here, we investigated the effects of IP neurons on NF-κB activation, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), expression of antioxidant enzymes, erythropoietin (EPO), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), in the presence or absence of BAY11-7082 (an NF-κB inhibitor), anti-EPO, and anti-TNF-α antibodies, in astrocytes treated with or without I/R. We found that IP neurons could keep NF-κB activation at a relatively higher but beneficial level, and in turn, upregulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes and hence enhanced cell viability and reduced ROS in I/R treated astrocytes. The results collectively indicated that IP neurons are able to significantly inhibit the I/R-induced NF-κB overactivation, probably via EPO and TNF-α, being essential for IP neuron-induced astroprotection under the conditions of I/R. We concluded that NF-κB-mediated antioxidative stress is one of the mechanisms by which IP neurons protect astrocytes against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Wu
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine and Institute for Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine and Institute for Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Xin Bao
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational & Precision Medicine and Institute for Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Guo H, Zhu L, Tang P, Chen D, Li Y, Li J, Bao C. Carthamin yellow improves cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammation and ferroptosis in rats. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:52. [PMID: 33576458 PMCID: PMC7895518 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carthamin yellow (CY), a flavonoid compound extracted from safflower, has been reported to attenuate cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. However, whether CY could ameliorate ischemic stroke is not completely understood. In the present study, the preventive effects of CY on experimental ischemic stroke were investigated using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rats. Neurological scores, brain edema, infarct area and microtubule‑associated protein 2 (MAP‑2) immunoreactivity were assessed to evaluate the effects of CY on ischemic brain injury. The involvement of inflammation and ferroptosis were examined to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of CY. The results demonstrated that 2‑week CY treatment attenuated the neurological deficit score, brain water content and infarct area, and increased MAP‑2 immunoreactivity in the cortex in MCAO model rats. CY administration also deactivated the cortex NF‑κB/NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome signaling pathway, and decreased serum TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6 concentrations. Moreover, CY treatment inhibited Fe2+ and reactive oxygen species accumulation, and reversed acyl‑CoA synthetase long‑chain family member 4, transferrin receptor 1, glutathione peroxidase 4 and ferritin heavy chain 1 protein expression levels in the brain. The levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in the serum were also reversed by CY treatment. Collectively, the results of the present study demonstrated that CY protected rats against ischemic stroke, which was associated with mitigation of inflammation and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Tang
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yancai Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Li
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chao Bao
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Ahmad A, Fauzia E, Kumar M, Mishra RK, Kumar A, Khan MA, Raza SS, Khan R. Gelatin-Coated Polycaprolactone Nanoparticle-Mediated Naringenin Delivery Rescue Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Inflammatory Stress. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:683-695. [PMID: 33405831 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke involves pro-inflammatory species, which implicates inflammation in the disease mechanism. Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of therapeutic choice such as stem cell transplantation has seen an upsurge in ischemic stroke. However, after transplantation the fate of transplanted cells is largely unknown. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their robust survival rate upon transplantation in brain tissue, are being widely employed to treat ischemic stroke. In the present study, we have evaluated naringenin-loaded gelatin-coated polycaprolactone nanoparticles (nar-gel-c-PCL NPs) to rescue MSCs against oxygen glucose deprived insult. Naringenin, due to its strong anti-inflammatory effects, remains a therapeutic choice in neurological disorders. Though, the low solubility and inefficient delivery remain challenges in using naringenin as a therapeutic drug. The present study showed that inflammation occurred in MSCs during their treatment with oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and was well overturned by treatment with nar-gel-c-PCL NPs. In brief, the results indicated that nar-gel-c-PCL NPs were able to protect the loss of cell membrane integrity and restored neuronal morphology. Then nar-gel-c-PCL NPs successfully protected the human MSCs against OGD-induced inflammation as evident by reduced level of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) and other inflammatory biomarkers (COX2, iNOS, and MPO activity). Therefore, the modulation of inflammation by treatment with nar-gel-c-PCL NPs in MSCs could provide a novel strategy to improve MSC-based therapy, and thus, our nanoformulation may find a wide therapeutic application in ischemic stroke and other neuro-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Eram Fauzia
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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9
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Zhang Y, Xu D, Qi H, Yuan Y, Liu H, Yao S, Yuan S, Zhang J. Enriched environment promotes post-stroke neurogenesis through NF-κB-mediated secretion of IL-17A from astrocytes. Brain Res 2018; 1687:20-31. [PMID: 29481794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enriched environment (EE) has been shown to promote post-stroke neurogenesis and functional recovery. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remains poorly understood. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion, after which mice were housed in either standard environment (SE) or EE. We found that post-ischemic EE exhibited reduced protein level of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/p65 in cytoplasm and increased its expression correspondingly in nucleus at 28 days post-ischemia (dpi). However, post-ischemic EE had no effects on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in ischemic hemisphere at 28dpi. EE mice treated with NF-kB inhibitor Bay11-7082 had decreased subventricular zone (SVZ) neural precursor cells (NPCs) proliferation, neuronal differentiation and subsequent functional recovery after stroke at 28dpi. Bay11-7082 treatment attenuated the promoting effects of post-ischemic EE on interleukin 17A (IL-17A) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression at 28dpi. Furthermore, our in vitro data revealed that in primary astrocyte cultures addition of Bay11-7082 markedly decreased the expression of IL-17A in both the cell lysate and culture supernatant of activated astrocytes. Blockade of IL-17A with neutralizing antibody abrogated the promoting role of EE in NPCs proliferation derived from SVZ, neuronal differentiation and subsequent functional recovery after stroke. Thus, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized property of NF-κB/IL-17A signaling pathway in EE-mediated neurogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Anrather J, Iadecola C, Hallenbeck J. Inflammation and Immune Response. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brand FJ, de Rivero Vaccari JC, Mejias NH, Alonso OF, de Rivero Vaccari JP. RIG-I contributes to the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:52. [PMID: 26379474 PMCID: PMC4570046 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Focal cerebral ischemia induces an inflammatory response that when exacerbated contributes to deleterious outcomes. The molecular basis regarding the regulation of the innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia remains poorly understood. Methods In this study we examined the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-like receptor-I (RIG-I) and its involvement in regulating inflammation after ischemia in the brain of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition, we studied the regulation of RIG-I after oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in astrocytes in culture. Results In this study we show that in the hippocampus of rats, RIG-I and IFN-α are elevated after MCAO. Consistent with these results was an increased in RIG-I and IFN-α after OGD in astrocytes in culture. These data are consistent with immunohistochemical analysis of hippocampal sections, indicating that in GFAP-positive cells there was an increase in RIG-I after MCAO. In addition, in this study we have identified n-propyl gallate as an inhibitor of IFN-α signaling in astrocytes. Conclusion Our findings suggest a role for RIG-I in contributing to the innate immune response after focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Brand
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Juan Carlos de Rivero Vaccari
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine/Ochsner Medical Center - Ophthalmology Department, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Nancy H Mejias
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Ofelia F Alonso
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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Hua K, Sheng X, Li TT, Wang LN, Zhang YH, Huang ZJ, Ji H. The edaravone and 3-n-butylphthalide ring-opening derivative 10b effectively attenuates cerebral ischemia injury in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:917-27. [PMID: 26073328 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Compound 10b is a hybrid molecule of edaravone and a ring-opening derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of compound 10b on brain damage in rats after focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS SD rats were subjected to 2-h-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At the onset of reperfusion, the rats were orally treated with NBP (60 mg/kg), edaravone (3 mg/kg), NBP (60 mg/kg)+edaravone (3 mg/kg), or compound 10b (70, 140 mg/kg). The infarct volume, motor behavior deficits, brain water content, histopathological alterations, and activity of GSH, SOD, and MDA were analyzed 24 h after reperfusion. The levels of relevant proteins in the ipsilateral striatum were examined using immunoblotting. RESULTS Administration of compound 10b (70 or 140 mg/kg) significantly reduced the infarct volume and neurological deficits in MCAO rats. The neuroprotective effects of compound 10b were more pronounced compared to NBP, edaravone or NBP+edaravone. Furthermore, compound 10b significantly upregulated the protein levels of the cytoprotective molecules Bcl-2, HO-1, Nrf2, Trx, P-NF-κB p65, and IκB-α, while decreasing the expression of Bax, caspase 3, caspase 9, Txnip, NF-κB p65, and P-IκB-α. CONCLUSION Oral administration of compound 10b effectively attenuates rat cerebral ischemia injury.
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Loss of Presenilin 2 Function Is Associated with Defective LPS-Mediated Innate Immune Responsiveness. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3428-3438. [PMID: 26081153 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of presenilin-dependent γ-secretase protease activities in the development, neurogenesis, and immune system is highlighted by the diversity of its substrates and characterization of Psen1- and Psen2-deficient transgenic animals. Functional differences between presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) are incompletely understood. In this study, we have identified a Psen2-specific function, not shared by Psen1 in Toll-like receptor signaling. We show that immortalized fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages from Psen2- but not Psen1-deficient mice display reduced responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In whole animal in vivo responses, Psen2-deficient animals have abnormal systemic production of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Psen2 deficiency is paralleled by reduced transcription of tlr4 mRNA and loss of LPS-induced tlr4 mRNA transcription regulation. These observations illustrate a novel PS2-dependent means of modulating LPS-mediated immune responses and identify a functional distinction between PS1 and PS2 in innate immunity.
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Gupta RK, Prasad S. Age-Dependent Alterations in the Interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 Promoter in the Pericontusional Cortex of Mice Subjected to Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3377-3388. [PMID: 26081154 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major risk factors of dementia, aging, and cognitive impairments, etc. We have previously reported that expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1/EAAT2 is downregulated in the pericontusional cortex of adult and old mice in post-TBI time-dependent manner, and the process of decline starts before in old than in adult TBI mice. However, relationship between age- and TBI-dependent alterations in GLT-1/EAAT2 expression and interactions of transcription factors NF-κB and N-myc with their cognate GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences, an important step of its transcriptional control, is not known. To understand this, we developed TBI mouse model by modified chronic head injury (CHI) method, analyzed expression of GFAP, TNF-α, and AQP4 by RT-PCR for its validation, and analyzed interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Our EMSA data revealed that interactions of NF-κB and N-myc with GLT-1/EAAT2 promoter sequences was significantly elevated in the ipsi-lateral cortex of both adult and old TBI mice in post-TBI time-dependent manner; however, these interactions started immediately in the old compared to that in adult TBI mice, which could be attributed to our previously reported age- and post-TBI time-dependent differential expression of GLT-1/EAAT2 in the pericontusional cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaneesh K Gupta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - S Prasad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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Shinjyo N, de Pablo Y, Pekny M, Pekna M. Complement Peptide C3a Promotes Astrocyte Survival in Response to Ischemic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3076-3087. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Matching Diabetes and Alcoholism: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurogenesis Are Commonly Involved. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:624287. [PMID: 26063976 PMCID: PMC4439509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and alcohol misuse are two of the major challenges in health systems worldwide. These two diseases finally affect several organs and systems including the central nervous system. Hippocampus is one of the most relevant structures due to neurogenesis and memory-related processing among other functions. The present review focuses on the common profile of diabetes and ethanol exposure in terms of oxidative stress and proinflammatory and prosurvival recruiting transcription factors affecting hippocampal neurogenesis. Some aspects around antioxidant strategies are also included. As a global conclusion, the present review points out some common hits on both diseases giving support to the relations between alcohol intake and diabetes.
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Li WL, Yu SP, Chen D, Yu SS, Jiang YJ, Genetta T, Wei L. The regulatory role of NF-κB in autophagy-like cell death after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 244:16-30. [PMID: 23558089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy may contribute to ischemia-induced cell death in the brain, but the regulation of autophagic cell death is largely unknown. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a regulator of apoptosis in cerebral ischemia. We examined the hypothesis that autophagy-like cell death could contribute to ischemia-induced brain damage and the process was regulated by NF-κB. In adult wild-type (WT) and NF-κB p50 knockout (p50(-/-)) mice, focal ischemia in the barrel cortex was induced by ligation of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery. Twelve to 24h later, autophagic activity increased as indicated by enhanced expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in the ischemic core and/or penumbra regions. This increased autophagy contributed to cell injury, evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) co-staining and a protective effect achieved by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The number of Beclin-1/TUNEL-positive cells was significantly more in p50(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Neuronal and vascular cell death, as determined by TUNEL-positive cells co-staining with NeuN or Collagen IV, was more abundant in p50(-/-) mice. Immunostaining of the endothelial cell tight junction marker occludin revealed more damage to the blood-brain barrier in p50(-/-) mice. Western blotting of the peri-infarct tissue showed a reduction of Akt-the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in p50(-/-) mice after ischemia. These findings provide the first evidence that cerebral ischemia induced autophagy-like injury is regulated by the NF-κB pathway, which may suggest potential treatments for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-L Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Brown DR. Gene regulation as a potential avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:515-24. [PMID: 23485084 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902849237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As more people live to an older age, the frequency of diseases associated with longer life begins to increase. Neurodegenerative disorders are the worst of these in that there is now no treatment that offers any real improvement. For this reason, any new avenue of research that could lead to a treatment needs to be rigorously pursued. In many cases, neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the expression of a protein with an altered conformation or that generates a breakdown product associated with the cause. Clearly, the prevention of this process is a key therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE In this review, the potential for regulating gene expression to prevent or reverse neurodegenerative disease is explored. CONCLUSIONS Whereas much research has been directed at the proteins associated with neurodegeneration, understanding what controls their expression presents a new way this issue could be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK +44 1225 383133 ; +44 1225 386779 ;
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Jung HW, Oh TW, Jung JK, Lee JH, Shin GJ, Park YK. Inhibitory effects of the methylene chloride fraction of JP05 on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. Inflammation 2012; 35:332-41. [PMID: 21505811 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines from activated microglia in the central nervous system contributes to uncontrolled inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activities of the methylene chloride fraction of JP05 (JP05-MC) on the production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 mouse microglial cells, and its mechanism of action. JP05-MC significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO and the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, in BV2 cells. JP05-MC also attenuated the mRNA expression and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-induced BV2 cells. JP05-MC significantly attenuated LPS-elicited phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation in BV2 cells. Our results indicate that JP05-MC exerts anti-inflammatory properties via downregulation of inflammatory mediator gene transcription by suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, suggesting that JP05-MC may have therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Jung
- Oriental Medicine R&D Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 780-714, Republic of Korea
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Herkenham M, Rathore P, Brown P, Listwak SJ. Cautionary notes on the use of NF-κB p65 and p50 antibodies for CNS studies. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:141. [PMID: 21999414 PMCID: PMC3210105 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The characterization and cellular localization of transcription factors like NF-κB requires the use of antibodies for western blots and immunohistochemistry. However, if target protein levels are low and the antibodies not well characterized, false positive data can result. In studies of NF-κB activity in the CNS, antibodies detecting NF-κB proteins have been used to support the finding that NF-κB is constitutively active in neurons, and activity levels are further increased by neurotoxic treatments, glutamate stimulation, or elevated synaptic activity. The specificity of the antibodies used was analyzed in this study. Methods Selectivity and nonselectivity of commonly used commercial and non-commercial p50 and p65 antibodies were demonstrated in western blot assays conducted in tissues from mutant gene knockout mice lacking the target proteins. Results A few antibodies for p50 and p65 each mark a single band at the appropriate molecular weight in gels containing proteins from wildtype tissue, and this band is absent in proteins from knockout tissues. Several antibodies mark proteins that are present in knockout tissues, indicating that they are nonspecific. These include antibodies raised against the peptide sequence containing the nuclear localization signals of p65 (MAB3026; Chemicon) and p50 (sc-114; Santa Cruz). Some antibodies that recognize target proteins at the correct molecular weight still fail in western blot analysis because they also mark additional proteins and inconsistently so. We show that the criterion for validation by use of blocking peptides can still fail the test of specificity, as demonstrated for several antibodies raised against p65 phosphorylated at serine 276. Finally, even antibodies that show specificity in western blots produce nonspecific neuronal staining by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions We note that many of the findings in the literature about neuronal NF-κB are based on data garnered with antibodies that are not selective for the NF-κB subunit proteins p65 and p50. The data urge caution in interpreting studies of neuronal NF-κB activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kang W, Hébert JM. Signaling pathways in reactive astrocytes, a genetic perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 43:147-54. [PMID: 21234816 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are associated with a vast array of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The activation of astrocytes is characterized by changes in their molecular and morphological features, and depending on the type of damage can also be accompanied by inflammatory responses, neuronal damage, and in severe cases, scar formation. Although reactive astrogliosis is the normal physiological response essential for containing damage, it can also have detrimental effects on neuronal survival and axon regeneration, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases. It is believed that progressive changes in astrocytes as they become reactive are finely regulated by complex intercellular and intracellular signaling mechanisms. However, these have yet to be sorted out. Much has been learned from gain-of-function approaches in vivo and culture paradigms, but in most cases, loss-of-function genetic studies, which are a critical complementary approach, have been lacking. Understanding which signaling pathways are required to control different aspects of astrogliosis will be necessary for designing therapeutic strategies to improve their beneficial effects and limit their detrimental ones in CNS pathologies. In this article, we review recent advances in the mechanisms underlying the regulation of aspects of astrogliosis, with the main focus on the signaling pathways that have been studied using loss-of-function genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Jayadev S, Case A, Eastman AJ, Nguyen H, Pollak J, Wiley JC, Möller T, Morrison RS, Garden GA. Presenilin 2 is the predominant γ-secretase in microglia and modulates cytokine release. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15743. [PMID: 21206757 PMCID: PMC3012089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) are the enzymatic component of the γ-secretase complex that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. PS deficiency in mice results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the absence of accumulated Aβ. We hypothesize that PS influences neuroinflammation through its γ-secretase action in CNS innate immune cells. We exposed primary murine microglia to a pharmacological γ-secretase inhibitor which resulted in exaggerated release of TNFα and IL-6 in response to lipopolysaccharide. To determine if this response was mediated by PS1, PS2 or both we used shRNA to knockdown each PS in a murine microglia cell line. Knockdown of PS1 did not lead to decreased γ-secretase activity while PS2 knockdown caused markedly decreased γ-secretase activity. Augmented proinflammatory cytokine release was observed after knockdown of PS2 but not PS1. Proinflammatory stimuli increased microglial PS2 gene transcription and protein in vitro. This is the first demonstration that PS2 regulates CNS innate immunity. Taken together, our findings suggest that PS2 is the predominant γ-secretase in microglia and modulates release of proinflammatory cytokines. We propose PS2 may participate in a negative feedback loop regulating inflammatory behavior in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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Abstract
Acute cerebral ischemia elicits an innate immune response that leads to a cascade of events that culminates in necrotic death of neurons and injury to their supportive structures in the neurovascular unit. Indeed, clinical studies have shown a close relationship between elevated levels of inflammatory markers and the risk for ischemic stroke. However, the signaling pathways that link these events are not well understood. A central regulator of inflammatory response is the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The activation of NF-κB is required for the transcriptional induction of many proinflammatory mediators involved in innate immunity, such as cellular adhesion molecules, cytokines, and growth factors. Therefore, factors that modulate the activity of NF-κB could potentially regulate inflammatory processes in ischemic stroke. Here, we review the relationship between NF-κB and ischemic stroke, its role in the neurovascular unit, and discuss some animal models that suggest that this relationship is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier A Harari
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Hovatta I, Juhila J, Donner J. Oxidative stress in anxiety and comorbid disorders. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:261-75. [PMID: 20804792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders, depression, and alcohol use disorder are common neuropsychiatric diseases that often occur together. Oxidative stress has been suggested to contribute to their etiology. Oxidative stress is a consequence of either increased generation of reactive oxygen species or impaired enzymatic or non-enzymatic defense against it. When excessive it leads to damage of all major classes of macromolecules, and therefore affects several fundamentally important cellular functions. Consequences that are especially detrimental to the proper functioning of the brain include mitochondrial dysfunction, altered neuronal signaling, and inhibition of neurogenesis. Each of these can further contribute to increased oxidative stress, leading to additional burden to the brain. In this review, we will provide an overview of recent work on oxidative stress markers in human patients with anxiety, depressive, or alcohol use disorders, and in relevant animal models. In addition, putative oxidative stress-related mechanisms important for neuropsychiatric diseases are discussed. Despite the considerable interest this field has obtained, the detailed mechanisms that link oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases remain largely unknown. Since this pathway may be amenable to pharmacological intervention, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiris Hovatta
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Lim JY, Won TJ, Hwang BY, Kim HR, Hwang KW, Sul D, Park SY. The new diterpene isodojaponin D inhibited LPS-induced microglial activation through NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 642:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke: An overview with emphasis on therapeutic significance beyond thrombolysis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:197-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Kim HS, Lim JY, Sul D, Hwang BY, Won TJ, Hwang KW, Park SY. Neuroprotective effects of the new diterpene, CBNU06 against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity through the inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 622:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Platycodin D and 2''-O-acetyl-polygalacin D2 isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum protect ischemia/reperfusion injury in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 2009; 1279:197-208. [PMID: 19433075 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platycodi radix is used as a folk remedy for several conditions. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of five major extracts; deapioplatycoside E (DPE), platycoside E (PE), platyconic acid A (PA), platycodin D (PD) and 2''-o-acetyl-polygalacin D2 (PD2) isolated from the P.radix in the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) 4 or 10 days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Each extract was administered into gerbils with intraperitoneal injection (5 mg/kg/day) 10 days before ischemic surgery and the gerbils were sacrificed 4 or 10 days after I/R. Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neurodegeneration) positive ((+)) neurons increased significantly in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region in the vehicle-treated group after I/R. A similar pattern was observed in the DPE-, PE- and PA-treated groups; however, in the PD- and PD2-treated groups, F-J B(+) neurons were small in number. We also observed that activations of astrocytes and microglia in the CA1 region after I/R were blocked by the PD- and PD2 treatments. In addition, we found that Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) immunoreactivity in the pyramidal layer of the PD- and PD2-treated groups was similar to that of the sham group and COX-2(+) and NF-kappaB(+) cells were significantly lower in the PD- and PD2-treated group than those in the vehicle-treated group after I/R. These results suggest that PD and PD2 rescue neurons in the CA1 region from an ischemic damage.
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Liu Y, Zhang XJ, Yang CH, Fan HG. Oxymatrine protects rat brains against permanent focal ischemia and downregulates NF-kappaB expression. Brain Res 2009; 1268:174-180. [PMID: 19285049 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxymatrine is proven to protect ischemic and reperfusion injury in liver, intestine and heart, this effect is via anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. Whether this protective effect applies to ischemic injury in brain, we therefore investigate the potential neuroprotective role of oxymatrine and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), high dose (pMCAO+oxymatrine 120 mg/kg), low dose (pMCAO+oxymatrine 60 mg/kg) and sham operated group. We used a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model and administered oxymatrine intraperitoneally immediately after cerebral ischemia and once daily on the following days. At 24 h after MCAO, neurological deficit was evaluated using a modified six point scale; brain water content was measured; NF-kappaB expression was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. Infarct volume was analyzed with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining at 72 h. RESULTS Compared with pMCAO group, neurological deficit in high dose group was improved (P<0.05), infarct volume was decreased (P<0.001) and cerebral edema was alleviated (P<0.05). Consistent with these indices, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated that NF-kappaB expression was significantly decreased in high dose group. Low dose of oxymatrine did not affect NF-kappaB expression in pMCAO rats. CONCLUSIONS Oxymatrine reduced infarct volume induced by pMCAO, this effect may be through the decreasing of NF-kappaB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Xiang-Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Chen-Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Hong-Guang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Shijiazhuang 050000, China
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Pizzi M, Sarnico I, Lanzillotta A, Battistin L, Spano P. Post-ischemic brain damage: NF-kappaB dimer heterogeneity as a molecular determinant of neuron vulnerability. FEBS J 2009; 276:27-35. [PMID: 19087197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been proposed to serve a dual function as a regulator of neuron survival in pathological conditions associated with neurodegeneration. NF-kappaB is a transcription family of factors comprising five different proteins, namely p50, RelA/p65, c-Rel, RelB and p52, which can combine differently to form active dimers in response to external stimuli. Recent research shows that diverse NF-kappaB dimers lead to cell death or cell survival in neurons exposed to ischemic injury. While the p50/p65 dimer participates in the pathogenesis of post-ischemic injury by inducing pro-apoptotic gene expression, c-Rel-containing dimers increase neuron resistance to ischemia by inducing anti-apoptotic gene transcription. We present, in this report, the latest findings and consider the therapeutic potential of targeting different NF-kappaB dimers to limit ischemia-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
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33
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Ridder D, Schwaninger M. NF-κB signaling in cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2009; 158:995-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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34
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Mutated IκBα represses proliferation of immortalized neural progenitor cells and prevents their apoptosis after oxygen–glucose deprivation. Brain Res 2008; 1244:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Aoki E, Yano R, Yokoyama H, Kato H, Araki T. Role of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) for MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine)-induced apoptosis in nigral neurons of mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 86:57-64. [PMID: 19027004 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical and cellular changes that occur following treatment with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine) are remarkably similar to that seen in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated the time course changes of NF-kappaB (Nuclear factor kappa B) p65 protein and apoptosis in the substantia nigra after MPTP treatment in mice. Four administrations of MPTP at 2 h intervals showed a significant and severe decrease of the number of TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) immunopositive neurons in the substantia nigra of mice from 5 h up to 21 days posttreatment. Densities of DAT (dopamine transporter) immunoreactivity were also significantly decreased in nigral neurons of mice from 1 up to 21 days after MPTP treatment. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunopositive cells were increased significantly in the substantia nigra from 5 h up to 21 days after MPTP treatment. In contrast, isolectin B(4) positive microglia were increased markedly in the substantia nigra only 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. On the other hand, a significant increase of NF-kappaB p65 immunoreactivity was observed mainly in glial cells of the substantia nigra from 5 h to 3 days after MPTP treatment. A significant increase of ssDNA (single stranded DNA) immunopositive apoptotic neurons was also observed in the substantia nigra from 5 h to 3 days after MPTP treatment. These results demonstrate that dopaminergic neuronal loss may be caused by apoptosis due to increased cytokines and apoptosis-related proteins via the activation of NF-kappaB in reactive astrocytes of the substantia nigra after MPTP treatment in mice. Thus our findings suggest that the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in astrocytes may be useful intervention in Parkinson's disease and other neurogenerative disorders where apoptosis or inflammation plays a key role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aoki
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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36
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Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2008; 44:115-27. [PMID: 18940959 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This is a review of preclinical studies covering alcohol-induced brain neuronal death and loss of neurogenesis as well as abstinence-induced brain cell genesis, e.g. brain regeneration. Efforts are made to relate preclinical studies to human studies. METHODS The studies described are preclinical rat experiments using a 4-day binge ethanol treatment known to induce physical dependence to ethanol. Neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits following binge treatment mimic the mild degeneration and cognitive deficits found in humans. Various histological methods are used to follow brain regional degeneration and regeneration. RESULTS Alcohol-induced degeneration occurs due to neuronal death during alcohol intoxication. Neuronal death is related to increases in oxidative stress in brain that coincide with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative enzymes that insult brain. Degeneration is associated with increased NF-kappaB proinflammatory transcription and decreased CREB transcription. Corticolimbic brain regions are most sensitive to binge-induced degeneration and induce relearning deficits. Drugs that block oxidative stress and NF-kappaB transcription or increase CREB transcription block binge-induced neurodegeneration, inhibition of neurogenesis and proinflammatory enzyme induction. Regeneration of brain occurs during abstinence following binge ethanol treatment. Bursts of proliferating cells occur across multiple brain regions, with many new microglia across brain after months of abstinence and many new neurons in neurogenic hippocampal dentate gyrus. Brain regeneration may be important to sustain abstinence in humans. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration occurs primarily during intoxication and is related to increased oxidative stress and proinflammatory proteins that are neurotoxic. Abstinence after binge ethanol intoxication results in brain cell genesis that could contribute to the return of brain function and structure found in abstinent humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Ji L, Nazarali AJ, Paterson PG. Protein-energy malnutrition increases activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappaB, in the gerbil hippocampus following global ischemia. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:770-7. [PMID: 18430555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) exacerbates functional impairment caused by brain ischemia. This is correlated with reactive gliosis, which suggests an increased inflammatory response. The objective of the current study was to investigate if PEM increases hippocampal activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), a transcription factor that amplifies the inflammatory response involved in ischemic brain injury. Mongolian gerbils (11-12 weeks old) were randomly assigned to control diet (12.5% protein) or protein-deficient diet (2%) for 4 weeks. The 2% protein group had a 15% decrease in voluntary food intake (P<.001; unpaired t test), resulting in PEM. Body weight after 4 weeks was 20% lower in the PEM group (P<.001). Gerbils were then exposed to sham surgery or global ischemia induced by 5-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. PEM independently increased hippocampal NFkappaB activation detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay at 6 h after surgery (P=.014; 2-factor ANOVA). Ischemia did not significantly affect NFkappaB activation nor was there interaction between diet and ischemia. Serum glucose and cortisol concentrations at 6 h postischemia were unaltered by diet or ischemia. A second experiment using gerbils of the same age and feeding paradigm demonstrated that PEM also increases hippocampal NFkappaB activation in the absence of surgery. These findings suggest that PEM, which exists in 16% of elderly patients at admission for stroke, may worsen outcome by increasing activation of NFkappaB. Since PEM increased NFkappaB activation independent of ischemia or surgery, the data also have implications for the inflammatory response of the many individuals affected globally by PEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ji
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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38
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Qin ZH, Tao LY, Chen X. Dual roles of NF-kappaB in cell survival and implications of NF-kappaB inhibitors in neuroprotective therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1859-72. [PMID: 18031598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB is a well-characterized transcription factor with multiple physiological and pathological functions. NF-kappaB plays important roles in the development and maturation of lymphoids, regulation of immune and inflammatory response, and cell death and survival. The influence of NF-kappaB on cell survival could be protective or destructive, depending on types, developmental stages of cells, and pathological conditions. The complexity of NF-kappaB in cell death and survival derives from its multiple roles in regulating the expression of a broad array of genes involved in promoting cell death and survival. The activation of NF-kappaB has been found in many neurological disorders, but its actual roles in pathogenesis are still being debated. Many compounds with neuroprotective actions are strongly associated with the inhibition of NF-kappaB, leading to speculation that blocking the pathological activation of NF-kappaB could offer neuroprotective effects in certain neurodegenerative conditions. This paper reviews the recent developments in understanding the dual roles of NF-kappaB in cell death and survival and explores its possible usefulness in treating neurological diseases. This paper will summarize the genes regulated by NF-kappaB that are involved in cell death and survival to elucidate why NF-kappaB promotes cell survival in some conditions while facilitating cell death in other conditions. This paper will also focus on the effects of various NF-kappaB inhibitors on neuroprotection in certain pathological conditions to speculate if NF-kappaB is a potential target for neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China.
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39
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Chu CT, Plowey ED, Wang Y, Patel V, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Location, location, location: altered transcription factor trafficking in neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:873-83. [PMID: 17917581 PMCID: PMC2220049 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318156a3d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons may be particularly sensitive to disruptions in transcription factor trafficking. Survival and injury signals must traverse dendrites or axons, in addition to soma, to affect nuclear transcriptional responses. Transcription factors exhibit continued nucleocytoplasmic shuttling; the predominant localization is regulated by binding to anchoring proteins that mask nuclear localization/export signals and/or target the factor for degradation. Two functional groups of karyopherins, importins and exportins, mediate RanGTPase-dependent transport through the nuclear pore. A growing number of recent studies, in Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Lewy body diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, implicate aberrant cytoplasmic localization of transcription factors and their regulatory kinases in degenerating neurons. Potential mechanisms include impaired nuclear import, enhanced export, suppression of degradation, and sequestration in protein aggregates or organelles and may reflect unmasking of alternative cytoplasmic functions, both physiologic and pathologic. Some "nuclear" factors also function in mitochondria, and importins are also involved in axonal protein trafficking. Detrimental consequences of a decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic balance include suppression of neuroprotective transcription mediated by cAMP- and electrophile/antioxidant-response elements and gain of toxic cytoplasmic effects. Studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating transcription factor localization should facilitate strategies to bypass deficits and restore adaptive neuroprotective transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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40
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Mémet S. NF-kappaB functions in the nervous system: from development to disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1180-95. [PMID: 16997282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is an ubiquitously expressed dimeric molecule with post-translationally regulated activity. Its role in the immune system and host defense has been well characterized over the last two decades. In contrast, our understanding of the function of this transcription factor in the nervous system (NS) is only emerging. Given their cytoplasmic retention and nuclear translocation upon stimulus, NF-kappaB members are likely to exert an important role in transduction of signals from synaptic terminals to nucleus, to initiate transcriptional responses. This report describes recent findings deciphering the diverse functions of NF-kappaB in NS development and activity, which range from the control of cell growth, survival and inflammatory response to synaptic plasticity, behavior and cognition. Particular attention is given to the specific roles of NF-kappaB in the various cells of the NS, e.g. neurons and glia. Current knowledge of the contribution of NF-kappaB to several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mémet
- Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, FRE CNRS 2849, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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41
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Pizzi M, Spano P. Distinct roles of diverse nuclear factor-kappaB complexes in neuropathological mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545:22-8. [PMID: 16854410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear transcription factors kappaB (NF-kappaB) function as key regulators of physiological processes in the central nervous system. Aberrant regulation of NF-kappaB can underlie neurological disorders associated with neurodegeneration. A large number of studies have reported a dual role of NF-kappaB in regulating neuron survival in pathological conditions. A recent progress in understanding the mechanisms responsible for opposite effects elicited by NF-kappaB in brain dysfunctions arises from the identification of diverse NF-kappaB complexes specifically involved in the mechanism of neuronal cell death or cell survival. We here discuss the latest findings and consider the therapeutic potential of targeting distinct NF-kappaB complexes for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, I 25123, Italy.
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42
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Crack PJ, Taylor JM, Ali U, Mansell A, Hertzog PJ. Potential Contribution of NF-κB in Neuronal Cell Death in the Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Knockout Mouse in Response to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Stroke 2006; 37:1533-8. [PMID: 16627788 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000221708.17159.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
We have previously identified an increased susceptibility of Gpx1
−/−
mice to increased infarct size after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). This study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in elevated neuronal cell death arising from an altered endogenous oxidant state.
Methods—
Gpx1
−/−
mice were exposed to transient MCAO and reperfusion by intraluminal suture blockade. Protein expression of the p65 subunit of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western Analysis. NF-κB DNA-protein activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Wild-type and Gpx1
−/−
mice were exposed to MCAO with or without the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC).
Results—
Upregulation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB and subsequent p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 was detected in the Gpx1
−/−
brains after stroke. EMSAs revealed that increased ischemia-enhanced DNA binding of NF-κB was observed in Gpx1
−/−
mice compared with wild-type. Supershift assays indicated that the p50 and p65 subunits participated in the bound NF-κB complex. The NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, a potential antioxidant, was able to afford partial neuroprotection in the Gpx1
−/−
mice.
Conclusions—
NF-κB is upregulated in the Gpx1
−/−
mouse, and this upregulation contributes to the increased cell death seen in the Gpx1
−/−
after MCAO. The activation of NF-κB may increase the expression of downstream target genes that are involved in the progression of neural injury after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crack
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Human Disease, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Pizzi M, Sarnico I, Boroni F, Benarese M, Steimberg N, Mazzoleni G, Dietz GPH, Bähr M, Liou HC, Spano PF. NF-κB factor c-Rel mediates neuroprotection elicited by mGlu5 receptor agonists against amyloid β-peptide toxicity. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:761-72. [PMID: 15818410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opposite effects of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) on neuron survival rely on activation of diverse NF-kappaB factors. While p65 is necessary for glutamate-induced cell death, c-Rel mediates prosurvival effects of interleukin-1beta. However, it is unknown whether activation of c-Rel-dependent pathways reduces neuron vulnerability to amyloid-beta (Abeta), a peptide implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. We show that neuroprotection elicited by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors type 5 (mGlu5) against Abeta toxicity depends on c-Rel activation. Abeta peptide induced NF-kappaB factors p50 and p65. The mGlu5 agonists activated c-Rel, besides p50 and p65, and the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and Bcl-X(L). Targeting c-Rel expression by RNA interference suppressed the induction of both antiapoptotic genes. Targeting c-Rel or Bcl-X(L) prevented the prosurvival effect of mGlu5 agonists. Conversely, c-Rel overexpression or TAT-Bcl-X(L) addition rescued neurons from Abeta toxicity. These data demonstrate that mGlu5 receptor activation promotes a c-Rel-dependent antiapoptotic pathway responsible for neuroprotection against Abeta peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
1. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative state are slowly gaining acceptance in having a physiological relevance rather than just being the culprits in pathophysiological processes. The control of the redox environment of the cell provides for additional regulation in relation to signal transduction pathways. Conversely, aberrant regulation of oxidative state manifesting as oxidative stress can predispose a cell to adverse outcome. 2. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt pathway is one such pathway that is partially regulated via oxidative state and, in an oxidative stress paradigm such as ischaemic-reperfusion injury, may be inactivated, which can lead to exacerbation of cell death. 3. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB has been associated with oxidative stress. The role of NF-kappaB in neuronal cell death is widely debated, with major studies highlighting both a pro- and anti-apoptotic role for NF-kappaB, with the outcome being region, stimulus, dose and duration specific. 4. Oxidative state plays a key role in the regulation and control of numerous signal transduction pathways in the cell. Elucidating the mechanisms behind oxidative stress-mediated neuronal cell death is important in identifying potential putative targets for the treatment of diseases such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet M Taylor
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Human Disease, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhang W, Potrovita I, Tarabin V, Herrmann O, Beer V, Weih F, Schneider A, Schwaninger M. Neuronal activation of NF-kappaB contributes to cell death in cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:30-40. [PMID: 15678110 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key regulator of inflammation and cell survival. NF-kappaB is activated by cerebral ischemia in neurons and glia, but its function is controversial. To inhibit NF-kappaB selectively in neurons and glial cells, we have generated transgenic mice that express the IkappaBalpha superrepressor (IkappaBalpha mutated at serine-32 and serine-36, IkappaBalpha-SR) under transcriptional control of the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, respectively. In primary cortical neurons of NSE-IkappaBalpha-SR mice, NF-kappaB activity was partially inhibited. To assess NF-kappaB activity in vivo after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we measured the expression of NF-kappaB target genes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The induction of c-myc and transforming growth factor-beta2 by cerebral ischemia was inhibited by neuronal expression of IkappaBalpha-SR, whereas induction of GFAP by MCAO was reduced by astrocytic expression of IkappaBalpha-SR. Neuronal, but not astrocytic, expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitor reduced both infarct size and cell death 48 hours after permanent MCAO. In summary, the data show that NF-kappaB is activated in neurons and astrocytes during cerebral ischemia and that NF-kappaB activation in neurons contributes to the ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Stroke has enormous clinical, social, and economic implications, and demands a significant effort from both basic and clinical science in the search for successful therapies. Atherosclerosis, the pathologic process underlying most coronary artery disease and the majority of ischemic stroke in humans, is an inflammatory process. Complex interactions occur between the classic risk factors for atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences. These interactions appear to involve inflammatory mechanisms both in the periphery and in the CNS. Central nervous system inflammation is important in the pathophysiologic processes occurring after the onset of cerebral ischemia in ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and head injury. In addition, inflammation in the CNS or in the periphery may be a risk factor for the initial development of cerebral ischemia. Peripheral infection and inflammatory processes are likely to be important in this respect. Thus, it appears that inflammation may be important both before, in predisposing to a stroke, and afterwards, where it is important in the mechanisms of cerebral injury and repair. Inflammation is mediated by both molecular components, including cytokines, and cellular components, such as leukocytes and microglia, many of which possess pro- and/or antiinflammatory properties, with harmful or beneficial effects. Classic acute-phase reactants and body temperature are also modified in stroke, and may be useful in the prediction of events, outcome, and as therapeutic targets. New imaging techniques are important clinically because they facilitate dynamic evaluation of tissue damage in relation to outcome. Inflammatory conditions such as giant cell arteritis and systemic lupus erythematosus predispose to stroke, as do a range of acute and chronic infections, principally respiratory. Diverse mechanisms have been proposed to account for inflammation and infection-associated stroke, ranging from classic risk factors to disturbances of the immune and coagulation systems. Considerable opportunities therefore exist for the development of novel therapies. It seems likely that drugs currently used in the treatment of stroke, such as aspirin, statins, and modulators of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, act at least partly via antiinflammatory mechanisms. Newer approaches have included antimicrobial and antileukocyte strategies. One of the most promising avenues may be the use of cytokine antagonism, for example, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedley C A Emsley
- University of Manchester and Stroke Services, Clinical Sciences Building, Hope Hospital, Eccles Old Road, Salford, M6 8HD, U.K.
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Crespel A, Coubes P, Rousset MC, Brana C, Rougier A, Rondouin G, Bockaert J, Baldy-Moulinier M, Lerner-Natoli M. Inflammatory reactions in human medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Res 2002; 952:159-69. [PMID: 12376176 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many experimental studies suggest that NFkappaB, a transcription factor involved in acute inflammation, and cytokines participate in neuronal excitability and/or glial scar formation in epilepsy. In this report, we looked for the expression of NFkappaB in hippocampi surgically removed in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) who had an history of febrile convulsions. We analyzed 18 hippocampi from epileptic patients with MTLE and HS, and we used as control specimens three hippocampi from non-epileptic patients and four hippocampi from patients with cryptogenic MTLE without HS. We used antibodies raised against the NFkappaB-p65 subunit and we identified glial cells with specific antibodies. Hippocampi from patients with MTLE and HS displayed severe neuronal loss surrounded by gliosis in CA1 area and more or less in CA3/CA4 areas. Double immunolabeling showed that reactive astrocytes of lesioned areas over-expressed NFkappaB-p65 (significantly when compared to control specimens). Moreover, some surviving pyramidal neurons in these areas and numerous dentate granule cells were strongly positive for NFkappaB-p65 in cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas control hippocampi showed a faint basal cytoplasmic staining in neurons. These results suggest that in epileptic hippocampi with typical sclerosis, inflammatory processes are chronically active or transiently re-induced by recurrent seizures. Whether NFkappaB over-expression reflects protective or deleterious mechanisms in the epileptic focus remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Crespel
- UPR CNRS 9023, CCIPE, 141 avenue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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Bazan NG, Palacios-Pelaez R, Lukiw WJ. Hypoxia signaling to genes: significance in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2002; 26:283-98. [PMID: 12428761 DOI: 10.1385/mn:26:2-3:283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in neural signaling, converging to and diverging from oxidative metabolism and blood supply, contribute to the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory responses, neuronal degeneration, and age-related cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hypoxia/ischemia triggers phospholipase A2, leading to the accumulation of free arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (AA, DHA), as well as that of lysophospholipids. Some of these bioactive lipid messengers in turn give rise to several downstream lipid messengers, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF) and ecosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes). Eicosanoid synthesis is highly regulated in hypoxia and in reperfusion subsequent to ischemia. As one of the consequences, mitochondrial function is disrupted and reactive oxygen species (ROS) both contribute to the expansion of cellular inflammatory responses and reduce the expression of genes required to maintain synaptic structure and function. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory genes are up-regulated. One of these, the inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), along with oxygen-starved mitochondria, comprise the major sources of ROS in the brain during hypoxia, ischemia, and reperfusion. One outcome is a sustained metabolic stress that drives progressive dysfunction, apoptosis and/or necrosis, and brain cell death. How hypoxia modulates oxygen-sensitive gene expression is not well understood. Pro-inflammatory gene families that contribute to neurodegeneration are transiently activated in part by the heterodimeric oxygen-sensitive DNA-binding proteins nuclear factor for kappa B (NF-kappaB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha (HIF-1alpha). Here the authors summarize current studies supporting the hypothesis that synaptically-derived lipid messengers play significant roles in ischemic stroke and that hypoxia is an important contributor to the onset and progression of AD neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans 70112-2272, USA
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