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Carlson N, House CD, Tambasco M. Toward a Transportable Cell Culture Platform for Evaluating Radiotherapy Dose Modifying Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15953. [PMID: 37958936 PMCID: PMC10648285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current tools for validating dose delivery and optimizing new radiotherapy technologies in radiation therapy do not account for important dose modifying factors (DMFs), such as variations in cellular repair capability, tumor oxygenation, ultra-high dose rates and the type of ionizing radiation used. These factors play a crucial role in tumor control and normal tissue complications. To address this need, we explored the feasibility of developing a transportable cell culture platform (TCCP) to assess the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of ionizing radiation. We measured cell recovery, clonogenic viability and metabolic viability of MDA-MB-231 cells over several days at room temperature in a range of concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in medium-supplemented gelatin, under both normoxic and hypoxic oxygen environments. Additionally, we measured the clonogenic viability of the cells to characterize how the duration of the TCCP at room temperature affected their radiosensitivity at doses up to 16 Gy. We found that (78±2)% of MDA-MB-231 cells were successfully recovered after being kept at room temperature for three days in 50% FBS in medium-supplemented gelatin at hypoxia (0.4±0.1)% pO2, while metabolic and clonogenic viabilities as measured by ATP luminescence and colony formation were found to be (58±5)% and (57±4)%, respectively. Additionally, irradiating a TCCP under normoxic and hypoxic conditions yielded a clonogenic oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) of 1.4±0.6 and a metabolic OER of 1.9±0.4. Our results demonstrate that the TCCP can be used to assess the RBE of a DMF and provides a feasible platform for assessing DMFs in radiation therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Carlson
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Carrie D. House
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Mauro Tambasco
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
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Yong Y, Li J, Yu T, Fang B, Liu X, Yu Z, Ma X, Gooneratne R, El-Atye AA, Ju X. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 induces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in heat-stressed pigs: A proteomics approach. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Heat shock response enhanced by cell culture treatment in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived proliferating neural stem cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249954. [PMID: 33852623 PMCID: PMC8046196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have a regulatory mechanism known as heat shock (HS) response, which induces the expression of HS genes and proteins in response to heat and other cellular stresses. Exposure to moderate HS results in beneficial effects, such as thermotolerance and promotes survival, whereas excessive HS causes cell death. The effect of HS on cells depends on both exogenous factors, including the temperature and duration of heat application, and endogenous factors, such as the degree of cell differentiation. Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glial cells, but the changes in the HS response of symmetrically proliferating NSCs in culture are unclear. We evaluated the HS response of homogeneous proliferating NSCs derived from mouse embryonic stem cells during the proliferative phase and its effect on survival and cell death in vitro. The number of adherent cells and the expression ratios of HS protein (Hsp)40 and Hsp70 genes after exposure to HS for 20 min at temperatures above 43°C significantly increased with the extension of the culture period before exposure to HS. In contrast, caspase activity was significantly decreased by extension of the culture period before exposure to HS and suppressed the decrease in cell viability. These results suggest that the culture period before HS remarkably affects the HS response, influencing the expression of HS genes and cell survival of proliferating NSCs in culture.
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Zheng Y, Dou JR, Dong L, Gao Y. Thermal effect induced by low-frequency magnetic field on physiological characteristics in hippocampal CA1 region of rat. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa9686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Seo J, Jung J, Jang DS, Kim J, Kim JH. Induction of Cell Death by Betulinic Acid through Induction of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Autophagic Flux in Microglia BV-2 Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:618-624. [PMID: 28274097 PMCID: PMC5685431 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a natural pentacyclic triterpene found in many medicinal plants is known to have various biological activity including tumor suppression and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the cell-death induction effect of BA was investigated in BV-2 microglia cells. BA was cytotoxic to BV-2 cells with IC50 of approximately 2.0 μM. Treatment of BA resulted in a dose-dependent chromosomal DNA degradation, suggesting that these cells underwent apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis further confirmed that BA-treated BV-2 cells showed hypodiploid DNA content. BA treatment triggered apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 levels, activation of capase-3 protease and cleavage of PARP. In addition, BA treatment induced the accumulation of p62 and the increase in conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, which are important autophagic flux monitoring markers. The increase in LC3-II indicates that BA treatment induced autophagosome formation, however, accumulation of p62 represents that the downstream autophagy pathway is blocked. It is demonstrated that BA induced cell death of BV-2 cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting autophagic flux. These data may provide important new information towards understanding the mechanisms by which BA induce cell death in microglia BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongbin Seo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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6
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Sendrowski K, Sobaniec P, Poskrobko E, Rusak M, Sobaniec W. Unfavorable effect of levetiracetam on cultured hippocampal neurons after hyperthermic injury. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:462-468. [PMID: 31994103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the viability of neurons and the putative neuroprotective effects of second-generation antiepileptic drug, levetiracetam (LEV), on cultured hippocampal neurons injured by hyperthermia. METHODS Primary cultures of rat's hippocampal neurons at 7 day in vitro (DIV) were incubated in the presence or absence of LEV in varied concentrations under hyperthermic conditions. Cultures were heated in a temperature of 40 °C for 24 h or in a temperature of 41 °C for 6 h. Flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining as well as fluorescent microscopy assay were used for counting and establishing neurons as viable, necrotic or apoptotic. Additionally, the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to the culture medium, as a marker of cell death, was evaluated. Assessment was performed after 9DIV and 10 DIV. RESULTS Incubation of hippocampal cultures in hyperthermic conditions resulted in statistically significant increase in the number of injured neurons when compared with non-heated control cultures. Intensity of neuronal destruction was dependent on temperature-value. When incubation temperature 40 °C was used, over 80% of the population of neurons remained viable after 10 DIV. Under higher temperature 41 °C, only less than 60% of neurons were viable after 10 DIV. Both apoptotic and necrotic pathways of neuronal death induced by hyperthermia were confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining. CONCLUSIONS LEV showed no neuroprotective effects in the current model of hyperthermia in vitro. Moreover, drug, especially when used in higher concentrations, exerted unfavorable intensification of aponecrosis of cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Sendrowski
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Sobaniec
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Poskrobko
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rusak
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobaniec
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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Zhang T, Hu H, Tao Z, Niu B, Jiao S, Zhang J, Li Y, Cao B. A novel method for primary neuronal culture and characterization under different high temperature. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:823-8. [PMID: 27130681 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heatstroke is a big threat to human health; however, the characteristic of pathological changes of neurons during heatstroke development remains unclear. Here, using an in vitro model of primary cultured neurons from newborn Wistar rats, we investigated the effects of the different combinations of high temperature (37, 39, 41, 43, 45, and 47°C) and exposure time (45 min and 1 h) on the neurons. We found that, under the treatment of 45 min-heat, the neurons could resist high temperature up to 45°C, and under the treatment of 1 h-heat, the mortality of neurons increased as the temperature rises. After heating for 1 h, only a small minority of the neurons died under 41 and 43°C, which primarily occurred in the form of apoptosis. Up to 45°C for 1 h, most neurons occurred to necrosis. Meaningfully, some necrotic neurons expressed specific fried egg-like morphology. Our findings suggest that different high temperatures and exposure times were two key factors influencing the death of neurons. Under the high temperature (below 43°C for 1 h) similar to heatstroke, it just led a small percentage of neurons to apoptosis, and anti-apoptosis controls for preventing and treating heatstroke are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.,Department of Neurology, The 303th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanning, China
| | - Huaiqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Bing Niu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China
| | - Shusheng Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The 205th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The National Hospital of Guangxi Province, Nanning, China
| | - Bingzhen Cao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command of PLA, 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, China.
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Lee JW, Li H, Wu HY, Liu SS, Shen PC. Improved cellular thermotolerance in cloned Holstein cattle derived with cytoplasts from a thermotolerant breed. Theriogenology 2016; 85:709-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Gu ZT, Wang H, Li L, Liu YS, Deng XB, Huo SF, Yuan FF, Liu ZF, Tong HS, Su L. Heat stress induces apoptosis through transcription-independent p53-mediated mitochondrial pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4469. [PMID: 24667845 PMCID: PMC3966036 DOI: 10.1038/srep04469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells apoptosis induced by intense heat stress is the prominent feature of heat-related illness. However, little is known about the biological effects of heat stress on cells apoptosis. Herein, we presented evidence that intense heat stress could induce early apoptosis of HUVEC cells through activating mitochondrial pathway with changes in mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm), release of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-9 and -3. We further revealed that p53 played a crucial role in heat stress-induced early apoptosis, with p53 protein rapidly translocated into mitochondria. Using pifithrin-α(PFT), a p53's mitochondrial translocation inhibitor, we found that pretreated with PFT, heat stress induced mitochondrial p53 translocation was significantly suppressed, accompanied by a significant alleviation in the loss of ΔΨm, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. Furthermore, we also found that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was a critical mediator in heat stress-induced apoptosis. In addition, the antioxidant MnTMPyP significantly decreased the heat stress-induced p53's mitochondrial translocation, followed by the loss of ΔΨm, cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation and heat stress-mediated apoptosis. Conclusively, these findings indicate the contribution of the transcription-independent mitochondrial p53 pathway to early apoptosis in HUVEC cells induced by oxidative stress in response to intense heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Gu
- 1] The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P R China [2] Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China [3]
| | - H Wang
- 1] Department of Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China [2]
| | - L Li
- 1] The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P R China [2] Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China [3]
| | - Y S Liu
- Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - X B Deng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - S F Huo
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - F F Yuan
- 1] The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P R China [2] Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Z F Liu
- Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - H S Tong
- Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - L Su
- Department of intensive care unit, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, PR China
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Rivet CJ, Yuan Y, Gilbert RJ, Borca-Tasciuc DA. Effect of magnetic nanoparticle heating on cortical neuron viability. Int J Hyperthermia 2014; 30:79-85. [PMID: 24471936 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.873825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are currently approved for use as an adjunctive treatment to glioblastoma multiforme radiotherapy. Radio frequency stimulation of the nanoparticles generates localised hyperthermia, which sensitises the tumour to the effects of radiotherapy. Clinical trials reported thus far are promising, with an increase in patient survival rate; however, what are left unaddressed are the implications of this technology on the surrounding healthy tissue. METHODS AND MATERIALS Aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles suspended in culture medium were applied to chick embryonic cortical neuron cultures. Cultures were heated to 37 °C or 45 °C by an induction coil system for 2 h. The latter regime emulates the therapeutic conditions of the adjunctive therapy. Cellular viability and neurite retraction was quantified 24 h after exposure to the hyperthermic events. RESULTS The hyperthermic load inflicted little damage to the neuron cultures, as determined by calcein-AM, propidium iodide, and alamarBlue® assays. Fluorescence imaging was used to assess the extent of neurite retraction which was found to be negligible. CONCLUSIONS Retention of chick, embryonic cortical neuron viability was confirmed under the thermal conditions produced by radiofrequency stimulation of iron oxide nanoparticles. While these results are not directly applicable to clinical applications of hyperthermia, the thermotolerance of chick embryonic cortical neurons is promising and calls for further studies employing human cultures of neurons and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rivet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York and
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White MG, Saleh O, Nonner D, Barrett EF, Moraes CT, Barrett JN. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by heat stress in cultured rat CNS neurons. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:2203-14. [PMID: 22832569 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00638.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated that hyperthermia (43°C for 2 h) results in delayed, apoptotic-like death in striatal neuronal cultures. We investigated early changes in mitochondrial function induced by this heat stress. Partial depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) began about 1 h after the onset of hyperthermia and increased as the stress continued. When the heat stress ended, there was a partial recovery of ΔΨ(m), followed hours later by a progressive, irreversible depolarization of ΔΨ(m). During the heat stress, O(2) consumption initially increased but after 20-30 min began a progressive, irreversible decline to about one-half the initial rate by the end of the stress. The percentage of oligomycin-insensitive respiration increased during the heat stress, suggesting an increased mitochondrial leak conductance. Analysis using inhibitors and substrates for specific respiratory chain complexes indicated hyperthermia-induced dysfunction at or upstream of complex I. ATP levels remained near normal for ∼4 h after the heat stress. Mitochondrial movement along neurites was markedly slowed during and just after the heat stress. The early, persisting mitochondrial dysfunction described here likely contributes to the later (>10 h) caspase activation and neuronal death produced by this heat stress. Consistent with this idea, proton carrier-induced ΔΨ(m) depolarizations comparable in duration to those produced by the heat stress also reduced neuronal viability. Post-stress ΔΨ(m) depolarization and/or delayed neuronal death were modestly reduced/postponed by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a calpain inhibitor, and increased expression of Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G White
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Univ. of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Wang Q, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Zhu BL, Guan DW, Maeda H. Evaluation of human brain damage in fatalities due to extreme environmental temperature by quantification of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100β and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immunoreactivities. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 219:259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The actions of hyperthermia on the autonomic nervous system: Central and peripheral mechanisms and clinical implications. Auton Neurosci 2012; 168:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Burke S, Abu-Wasel B, Eid A, Nissan A, Hanani M. Differential effect of hyperthermia on nerves and smooth muscle of the mouse ileum. J Surg Oncol 2011; 103:92-100. [PMID: 20886554 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) gained wide acceptance as the treatment of choice for selected patients with peritoneal surface malignancies. Patients tend to suffer from prolonged ileus following CRS + HIPEC, complicating their recovery. We studied the effects of hyperthermia on the intestine to gain insight into mechanisms of ileus post-HIPEC. METHODS Segments of mouse ileum were incubated at 36°C. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) was applied, stimulating nerves, and the resultant muscle contraction was measured. The response was measured at varying temperatures (38-43°C) at exposure times of up to 120 min. We also stimulated the tissues with 10(-6) M carbachol, a muscarinic receptor agonist, which acts directly on smooth muscle. RESULTS Response to EFS decreased at high temperatures, especially above 41°C. This effect was irreversible for 120 min after decreasing temperature. When stimulating with carbachol, both transient and plateau responses decreased at 43°C (plateau more than transient) but the effect reversed on returning to 36°C. CONCLUSION The irreversible decline in responses to nerve stimulation when exposed to high temperatures was not seen with direct muscle stimulation. This indicates that smooth muscle is resilient and that the main effect of hyperthermia is on nerves. These results have significance for HIPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Burke
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bahniwal M, Villanueva EB, Klegeris A. Moderate increase in temperature may exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in the brain: human cell culture studies. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:65-72. [PMID: 21185608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a moderate, physiologically relevant rise in temperature on several neuroinflammatory parameters was investigated in vitro using human cell lines and cultured human astrocytes. A two degree Celsius rise in temperature was found to enhance the neurotoxicity of microglia-like and astrocytic cells, increase the release of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 by activated human monocytic THP-1 cells and amplify the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by differentiated HL-60 myelocytic cells. Moderate increases in body temperature may exacerbate neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, therapies aimed at lowering the body temperature could be used to slow down the progression of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bahniwal
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells and neuronal differentiation in the hypothalamus are enhanced in heat-acclimated rats. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:661-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Hatayama K, Higuchi H, Kimura M, Takeda M, Ono H, Watanabe H, Takagishi K. Histologic changes after meniscal repair using radiofrequency energy in rabbits. Arthroscopy 2007; 23:299-304. [PMID: 17349474 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to investigate histologic changes in the rabbit meniscus after meniscal repair via radiofrequency energy (RFE). METHODS Twenty Japanese white rabbits underwent bilateral knee arthrotomies, and a longitudinal tear was made in the avascular area of both medial menisci. On the right knees, RFE treatment (60 degrees C and 40 W) was performed on the femoral surface of the meniscal tear in monopolar mode. On the left knees, the meniscus was left untreated as a control. The rabbits were killed at 0, 1, 2, 4, or 12 weeks after surgery, and all medial menisci were examined histologically. The expression of autocrine motility factor in meniscal fibrochondrocytes was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Histologic examination at baseline showed fusion of collagen fibers in the tear. Failure of fusion was found in 2 of 4 menisci at 2 weeks and 1 of 4 menisci at 4 and 12 weeks. One week after surgery, the specimens showed an acellular area as a result of fibrochondrocyte death. The acellular area expanded deeper until 4 weeks and was reduced at 12 weeks. On the femoral surface of the RFE-treated area, fibroblast proliferation was found at 2 weeks, and fibroblasts had invaded into the meniscus tissue from the meniscal surface at 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of autocrine motility factor in RFE-treated menisci was significantly higher than that in control menisci from 1 to 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS RFE treatment at 60 degrees C and 40 W fused the collagen fiber in the meniscal tear in rabbits just after surgery. After RFE treatment, an acellular area developed as a result of fibrochondrocyte damage. RFE caused fibroblast proliferation at 2 weeks. The acellular area was reduced by cell repopulation at 12 weeks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE RFE may induce fibroblast proliferation for meniscal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Hatayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Faculty of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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White MG, Luca LE, Nonner D, Saleh O, Hu B, Barrett EF, Barrett JN. Cellular mechanisms of neuronal damage from hyperthermia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 162:347-71. [PMID: 17645927 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)62017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia can cause brain damage and also exacerbate the brain damage produced by stroke and amphetamines. The developing brain is especially sensitive to hyperthermia. The severity of, and mechanisms underlying, hyperthermia-induced neuronal death depend on both temperature and duration of exposure. Severe hyperthermia can produce necrotic neuronal death. For a window of less severe heat stresses, cultured neurons exhibit a delayed death with apoptotic characteristics including cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Little is known about mechanisms of hyperthermia-induced damage upstream of these late apoptotic effects. This chapter considers several possible upstream mechanisms, drawing on both in vivo and in vitro studies of the nervous system and other tissues. Hyperthermia-induced damage in some non-neuronal cells includes endoplasmic reticular stress due to denaturing of nascent polypeptide chains, as well as nuclear and cytoskeletal damage. Evidence is presented that hyperthermia produces mitochondrial damage, including depolarization, in cultured mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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19
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Jin YX, Lee JY, Choi SH, Kim T, Cui XS, Kim NH. Heat shock induces apoptosis related gene expression and apoptosis in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2006; 100:118-27. [PMID: 16919406 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Successful in vitro development of embryos is dependent upon maintenance of cellular function in the embryonic microenvironment. However, the molecular aspects involved in the thermoprotection of embryos, against heat and cold stress it is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of heat and cold shock on the viability and development of porcine diploid parthenotes developing in vitro. Exposure of two-cell stage embryos to 41 degrees C did not affect further cleavage. However, prolonged heat shock, greater than 12h, reduced the percentage of blastocysts that developed from two-cell stage parthenotes, as well as the total number of nuclei in the blastocysts that formed. Furthermore, the degree of apoptosis was increased (P<0.05) in these blastocyst stage parthenotes. In contrast, exposure of two-cell parthenotes to cold (30 degrees C) for 24h did not affect the cleavage rates, development to blastocyst, nor the total cell numbers per blastocyst. Real time PCR revealed that quantitative expression of the Bcl-xL gene was not different, but amounts of HSP 70.2, Bak, and Caspase 3mRNA were significantly increased in the heat shocked embryos, as compared with untreated controls. These results suggest that porcine embryos are more tolerant to cold shock than to heat shock. Heat stress seems to induce apoptosis related gene expression in porcine parthenotes developing in vitro, which results in diminished parthenote viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xun Jin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Gaesin-dong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea
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20
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Vis JC, Schipper E, de Boer-van Huizen RT, Verbeek MM, de Waal RMW, Wesseling P, ten Donkelaar HJ, Kremer B. Expression pattern of apoptosis-related markers in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 109:321-8. [PMID: 15668790 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-004-0957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate apoptosis has been implicated in the mechanism of neuronal death in Huntington's disease (HD). In this study, we report the expression of apoptotic markers in HD caudate nucleus (grades 1-4) and compare this with controls without neurological disease. Terminal transferase-mediated biotinylated-UTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were detected in both control and HD brains. However, typical apoptotic cells were present only in HD, especially in grade 3 and 4 specimens. Expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was increased in HD brains compared to controls, demonstrating a cytoplasmic expression pattern in predominantly shrunken and dark neurons, which were most frequently seen in grades 2 and 3. Control brains displayed weak perinuclear expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, whereas in HD brains Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was markedly enhanced, especially in severely affected grade 4 brains, and was observed in both healthy neurons and dark neurons. Caspase-3, an executioner protease, was only found in four HD brains of different grades and was not expressed in controls. A strong neuronal and glial expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-immunoreactivity was observed in HD brains. These data strongly suggest the involvement of apoptosis in HD. The exact apoptotic pathway occurring in HD neurodegeneration remains yet unclear. However, the presence of late apoptotic events, such as enhanced PARP expression and many TUNEL-positive cells accompanied with weak caspase-3 immunoreactivity in severely affected HD brains, suggests that caspase-mediated neuronal death only plays a minor role in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Vis
- Department of Neurology 321, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Tang R, Huang K. Inhibiting effect of selenium on oxysterols-induced apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:1678-85. [PMID: 15522395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the cytoprotection mechanism of selenium against cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol (3-triol)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) damage, cell viability was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2 -yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell count, the percentage release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cell was assessed, and apoptosis was detected by DNA laddering and flow cytometric analysis. Meanwhile, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of VSMCs was measured. The results showed that 3-triol could inhibit proliferation of VSMCs time-dependently and dose-dependently, increase the percentage release of LDH and induce VSMCs apoptosis. While the cytotoxicity and cells apoptosis induced by 3-triol was attenuated by pretreatment of cells with low concentration of sodium selenite, and the longer the pretreated time was, the stronger the inhibition was. Preincubation of cells with sodium selenite (50 nM) for 12 or 24 h before 1, 5, 10, 25, or 50 microM 3-triol exposure, the cell viabilities increased 28.5% (P<0.05), 18.3%, 197.6% (P<0.01), 66.7%, 50.0% or 35.1% (P<0.05), 62.3% (P<0.05), 329.6% (P<0.01), 221.3% (P<0.05), 74.0% compared with the control cells, respectively. When the cells were preincubated with sodium selenite (50 nM) for 12 or 24 h before exposure to 3-triol (10 microM), the percent of apoptotic cells reduced from 30.47+/-15.34% to 26.88+/-17.32% or 7.41+/-5.46% (P<0.05). With preincubation of sodium selenite (50 nM) for 24 h, the GPx activity of VSMCs increased 18.5% compared with control (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that incubated VSMCs could absorb and transfer selenite as selenoprotrein, such as GPx, if the time is long enough and VSMCs selenoproteins can protect markedly against apoptosis and damage induced by 3-triol in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Lu, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wang H, Yang X, Zhang Z, Xu H. Both calcium and ROS as common signals mediate Na(2)SeO(3)-induced apoptosis in SW480 human colonic carcinoma cells. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 97:221-30. [PMID: 14512201 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(03)00284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in Se-induced cell apoptosis. A number of studies have demonstrated that perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis has been implicated in apoptosis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Ca(2+) in Na(2)SeO(3)-induced apoptosis and the relationship between Ca(2+) and ROS in human colonic carcinoma cells SW480. When SW480 cells were exposed to 25-100 microM Na(2)SeO(3), both cell apoptosis and growth inhibition were observed by flow cytometric analysis and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Na(2)SeO(3) was able to induce increase of [Ca(2+)](i) and ROS production and disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m) in SW480 cells monitored by using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Ca(2+) channel inhibitor CoCl(2) and an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator o-phtalaldehyde, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA) completely inhibited [Ca(2+)](i) increase, but catalase had no effect on Na(2)SeO(3)-induced increase of [Ca(2+)](i). BAPTA-AM, CoCl(2), and mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake inhibitor ruthenium red blocked Delta Psi m dissipation. The increase of ROS was also suppressed by CoCl(2), BAPTA, ruthenium red, N-acetylcysteine and catalase, respectively. The mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) completely inhibited Na(2)SeO(3)-induced ROS increase. This showed that ROS increase is due to mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload. The Na(2)SeO(3)-induced apoptosis of SW480 cells was also inhibited by CoCl(2), BAPTA, ruthenium red, N-acetylcysteine, and catalase, respectively. The results mentioned above imply that both calcium and Ca(2+)-dependent ROS as a signal molecule mediate apoptosis induced by Na(2)SeO(3) in SW480 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Maroni P, Bendinelli P, Tiberio L, Rovetta F, Piccoletti R, Schiaffonati L. In vivo heat-shock response in the brain: signalling pathway and transcription factor activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 119:90-9. [PMID: 14597233 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the expression of the hsp70 gene, the phosphorylation status of different members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, the behaviour of the Akt-GSK3 pathway, as well as the DNA-binding activity of several transcription factors, potential targets of these kinases, in the brain of rats exposed to a fever-like increase in body temperature. Two different brain regions, the cerebellum and the hippocampus, were studied. Hyperthermia caused HSF activation and the induction of hsp70 mRNA and protein to a greater extent in the cerebellum than in the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation were increased by hyperthermia and returned to basal levels during the recovery from heat stress, whereas JNK3 phosphorylation decreased and recovered to above control levels within 60 min of recovery. JNK1 phosphorylation was never modified. In the hippocampus, ERK phosphorylation did not increase but rather decreased, whereas the behaviour of p38 MAPK and JNK was similar to that observed in the cerebellum. Akt phosphorylation increased after hyperthermia and was accompanied by an increased phosphorylation of two substrates, GSK3 and FKHRL1, in both brain areas, with a major effect in the cerebellum. DNA-binding activities of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and MEF2 were activated by heat shock in the cerebellum, whereas only MEF2 was activated in the hippocampus. Our data indicate that a physiologically relevant increase in body temperature induces brain injury and survival response to it as demonstrated by induction of hsp70 gene expression and activation of specific signalling pathways. Reprogramming of gene expression, by the specific transcription factors activated, probably plays a central role in cell adaptation and survival to heat stress. The hippocampus shows less responsiveness to hyperthermia than the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maroni
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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24
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White MG, Emery M, Nonner D, Barrett JN. Caspase activation contributes to delayed death of heat-stressed striatal neurons. J Neurochem 2004; 87:958-68. [PMID: 14622126 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia can contribute to brain damage both during development and post-natally. We used rat embryonic striatal neurons in culture to study mechanisms underlying hyperthermia-induced neuronal death. Heat stress at 43 degrees C for 2 h produced no obvious signs of damage during the first 12 h after the stress, but more than 50% of the neurons died during the next 3 days. More than 40% of the neurons had activated caspases 24 h following the heat stress. Caspase-3 activity increased with a delay of more than 10 h following cessation of the heat stress, reaching a peak at approximately 18 h. Neuronal death measured 1-3 days after the stress was reduced by the general caspase inhibitors qVD-OPH (10-20 microm) and zVAD-fmk (50-100 microm). These inhibitors were protective even when added 9 h after cessation of the heat stress, consistent with the delayed activation of caspases. In contrast, blockers of Na+ channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors did not reduce the heat-induced death, indicating that glutamate excitotoxicity was not required for this neuronal death. These results show that the neuronal death produced by heat stress has characteristics of apoptosis, and that caspase inhibitors can delay this death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Cyster LA, Parker KG, Parker TL, Grant DM. The effect of surface chemistry and nanotopography of titanium nitride (TiN) films on primary hippocampal neurones. Biomaterials 2004; 25:97-107. [PMID: 14580913 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell-substrate interaction of primary hippocampal neurones with thin films of TiN was studied in vitro. TiN films of different surface chemistries and topographies were deposited by pulsed DC reactive magnetron sputtering and closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating by Teer Coatings Ltd., Hartlebury, UK to result in TiN films with similar surface chemistries but different topographical features. TiN films were characterised using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The neuron-substrate interaction was examined using environmental scanning electron microscopy (FEG-ESEM) for morphological information. Bromodeoxyuridine and TUNEL assays were used to identify proliferating neurones as well as apoptotic neurones. Fluorescent staining for MAP-2 was used to label neuronal network formation. Primary hippocampal neurones were found to attach and spread to all of the TiN film chemistries and topographies investigated. Neuronal network morphology appeared to be more preferential on the nitrogen rich TiN films and also with reduced nanotopographical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cyster
- Bioengineering Group, School of MMMEM, University of Nottingham,Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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26
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Ye J, Haro H, Takahashi M, Kuroda H, Shinomiya K. Induction of apoptosis of articular chondrocytes and suppression of articular cartilage proteoglycan synthesis by heat shock. J Orthop Sci 2003; 8:387-95. [PMID: 12768483 DOI: 10.1007/s10776-002-0628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cellular and matrix responses of articular cartilage to heat shock. Rat articular cartilage was pretreated at 37 degrees C for 24 h before being exposed to 48 degrees C for 10 min and subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C for 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days. Following heat shock, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling assay showed that articular chondrocyte apoptosis appeared at day 1, peaked at day 7, and declined by day 14. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the chondrocytes had characteristic morphological features of apoptosis; immunohistochemical staining revealed that caspase-3 activity in chondrocytes increased, 3-B-3-positive articular chondrocytes decreased in number, and the expression of 3-B-3 native epitope in articular chondrocytes was reduced. Safranin-O staining revealed that depletion of proteoglycans in the matrix was not found in any group. Morphological and biochemical evidence from this study suggested that heat shock at 48 degrees C induced articular chondrocyte apoptosis and suppressed proteoglycan synthesis of articular cartilage in vitro. This study thus provides evidence of the onset of osteoarthritis induced by heat shock and a basis for choosing a temperature at which malignant bone tumor cells can be killed with minimal damage to articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Frontier Surgical Therapeutics, Division of Advanced Therapeutical Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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27
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Kwong JMK, Lam TT, Caprioli J. Hyperthermic pre-conditioning protects retinal neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced apoptosis in rat. Brain Res 2003; 970:119-30. [PMID: 12706253 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is associated with a selective loss of retinal neurons after retinal ischemia and possibly in glaucoma. Since heat shock protein (HSP) 70 is known to play a protective role against ischemic neuronal injury, which is also linked to excitotoxicity, we studied the expression of inducible (HSP72) and constitutive (HSC70) forms of HSP70 in apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after intravitreal injection of 8 nmoles N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), a glutamate receptor agonist. Approximately 18 h after NMDA injection, there were increased numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and cells with elevated HSP72 immunoreactivity in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), but there were no noticeable changes in HSC70 immunoreactivity. These HSPs positive cells were also Thy-1 positive, a marker for RGCs. Hyperthermic pre-conditioning, which is known to induce HSPs, given 6 or 12 h prior to NMDA injection ameliorated neuronal loss in the RGCL as counted 7 days after NMDA injection but pre-conditioning at 18 h prior to NMDA injection did not have any ameliorative effect. Quercetin, an inhibitor of HSP synthesis, abolished the ameliorative effect of hyperthermic pre-conditioning. Pre-conditioning elevated HSP72 but not HSC70 immunoreactivity and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the RGCL at 18 h. Our results suggest that intravitreal injection of NMDA induces an up-regulation of HSP72 in a time-dependent manner but not HSC70 in RGCs, indicating a stress response of HSP72 in RGCs and other inner retinal neurons after exposure to NMDA. Hyperthermic pre-conditioning given within a therapeutic window is neuroprotective to the retina against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, likely by inhibiting apoptosis through the modulation of HSP72 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky M K Kwong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Room B-121, 100 Stein Plaza, 90095-7000, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Thermal chondroplasty provides a visually enticing effect on articular cartilage, but the long-term effects of thermal modification and injury to articular cartilage must be understood before the technology is applied to cartilage and chondrocytes in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland B Edwards
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA
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29
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Edwards RB, Lu Y, Rodriguez E, Markel MD. Thermometric determination of cartilage matrix temperatures during thermal chondroplasty: comparison of bipolar and monopolar radiofrequency devices. Arthroscopy 2002; 18:339-46. [PMID: 11951190 DOI: 10.1053/jars.2002.29893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare cartilage matrix temperatures between monopolar radiofrequency energy (mRFE) and bipolar RFE (bRFE) at 3 depths under the articular surface during thermal chondroplasty. We hypothesized that cartilage temperatures would be higher at all cartilage depths for the bRFE device than for the mRFE device. TYPE OF STUDY Randomized trial using bovine cartilage. METHODS Sixty osteochondral sections from the femoropatellar joint of 15 adult cattle were used for this study. Using a custom jig, fluoroptic thermometry probes were placed at one of the following depths under the articular surface: 200 microm, 500 microm, or 2,000 microm. RF treatment was performed either with fluid flow (F) (120 mL/min) or without fluid flow (NF) (n = 5/depth/RFE device/flow; total specimens, 60). Irrigation fluid temperature was room temperature (22 degrees C). Thermometry data were acquired at 4 Hz for 5 seconds with the RF probe off, for 20 seconds with the RF probe on, and then for 15 seconds with the RF probe off. During RF treatment, a 0.79-cm2 area (1.0-cm diameter) of the articular surface centered over the thermometry probe was treated in a paintbrush manner in noncontact (bRFE) or light contact (mRFE). RESULTS Thermal chondroplasty with bRFE resulted in higher cartilage matrix temperatures compared with mRFE for all depths and regardless of fluid flow. Bipolar RFE resulted in temperatures of 95 degrees C to 100 degrees C at 200 microm and 500 microm under the surface, with temperatures of 75 degrees C to 78 degrees C at 2,000 microm. Fluid flow during bRFE application had no effect at 200 microm. Monopolar RFE resulted in temperatures of 61 degrees C to 68 degrees C at 200 microm, 54 degrees C to 70 degrees C at 500 microm under the surface, and 28 degrees C to 30 degrees C at 2,000 microm below the surface. A significant effect of fluid flow during mRFE application occurred at 200 microm (NF, 61 degrees C; F, 63 degrees C) and 500 microm (NF, 53 degrees C; F, 68 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found significant differences between bRFE and a temperature-controlled mRFE device with regard to depth of thermal heating of cartilage in vitro. Bipolar RFE resulted in matrix temperatures high enough (>70 degrees C) to kill cells as deep as 2,000 microm under the articular surface. Fluid flow during thermal chondroplasty had the effect of significantly increasing cartilage matrix temperatures at 200 and 500 microm with the mRFE device. During thermal chondroplasty, bRFE creates greater matrix temperature elevations at equivalent depths and treatment duration than does mRFE. Excessive temperatures generated deep within the cartilage matrix could cause full-thickness chondrocyte death, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland B Edwards
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA
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Roy M, Hom J, Sapolsky RM. Neuroprotection with herpes simplex vectors expressing virally derived anti-apoptotic agents. Brain Res 2001; 901:12-22. [PMID: 11368945 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature dealing with neurotoxicity has focused on trying to define the exact nature of cell death following a neurological insult. While there is some debate in the field, it has been shown that a number of neurons in a given population can respond to an acute insult stimulus by activating the apoptotic cascade. To what extent, however, these insults result in the classical manifestations of either apoptosis or necrosis, or whether a mixture of the two results, is highly controversial, in part dependent on the particular system utilized. In this paper, we investigate the role of particular apoptotic signals in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, following acute excitotoxicity, metabolic poisoning, and heat stress. In particular, we examine these effects by utilizing a modified herpes simplex viral vector to specifically deliver viral anti-apoptotic genes. We have selected a battery of viral genes (crmA, p35, gamma34.5, KsBcl-2) that have evolved to suppress suicidal host responses to infection. We examine these inhibitors in the face of the above classes of insults and report that each viral agent tested has a unique profile in its ability to protect hippocampal neurons following acute neurological insults. Specifically, the effects of domoic acid excitotoxicity can be alleviated only with crmA, p35 and gamma34.5 whereas all genes tested can protect against heat stress. Conversely, no genes tested can protect against metabolic poisoning by cyanide. Such a study helps us to further understand the nature of apoptotic signals in different insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.
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31
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Biber K, Sauter A, Brouwer N, Copray SC, Boddeke HW. Ischemia-induced neuronal expression of the microglia attracting chemokine Secondary Lymphoid-tissue Chemokine (SLC). Glia 2001; 34:121-33. [PMID: 11307161 DOI: 10.1002/glia.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that Secondary Lymphoid-tissue Chemokine (SLC) is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid organs and controls the homing of naive T-cells and mature dendritic cells. By screening cDNA isolated from ischemic mouse brain, we found expression of SLC mRNA 6 h up to 4 days after the onset of ischemia. In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry showed neurons expressing SLC mRNA in the ischemic area of the cortex. SLC mRNA expression was also found in cultured neurones after various treatments known to induce neuronal death, but not in cultured glial cells. Stimulation with SLC induced intracellular calcium transients and chemotaxis in cultured microglia. Since mRNA encoding CXCR3, an alternative receptor for SLC, but no CCR7 mRNA was found in microglia, we suggest that the effects of SLC on microglia are mediated by CXCR3. This assumption was corroborated by cross-desensitization experiments using IP-10 as a ligand for CXCR3. The inducible expression of SLC in neurones acting on microglia suggests a new and important role of SLC in the neuroimmune system. We propose that SLC is part of a neurone-microglia signaling system which is related to pathological conditions of the brain like ischemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/physiology
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- DNA Primers
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/chemistry
- Microglia/cytology
- Microglia/physiology
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Biber
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Vis JC, Verbeek MM, de Waal RM, ten Donkelaar HJ, Kremer B. The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid induces differential expression patterns of apoptosis-related markers in rat striatum. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2001; 27:68-76. [PMID: 11299004 DOI: 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2001.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) causes selective striatal lesions in rats and serves as an experimental model for the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease (HD). Apoptotic cell death has been implicated for the neuronal degeneration that occurs in HD brains. The present study was designed to investigate whether the 3-NP-induced cell death in rats involves apoptosis and an altered expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Systemic administration of 3-NP via subcutaneous Alzet pumps resulted in lesions of variable severity with neuronal loss and gliosis in the striatum. Using the terminal transferase-mediated biotinylated-UTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) of DNA, TUNEL-positive cells exhibiting typical apoptotic morphology were detected only in the striatum of rats with a severe lesion. Furthermore, the neuronal expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was strongly increased in the core of the severe lesion. Expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 was unchanged in this location, but was enhanced in the margins of the lesions. A moderately increased expression of both Bax and Bcl-2 was observed in dark neurones in the mild lesion and in the subtle lesion. The presence of nuclear DNA fragmentation, strong granular Bax expression and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the centre of severe lesions suggests the occurrence of apoptotic cell death following 3-NP administration. In contrast, the dark compromised neurones observed in 3-NP-treated animals revealed an equally enhanced expression of both Bax and Bcl-2, but lacked TUNEL-labelling, and are therefore not apoptotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Vis
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Chen JW, Lin J, Madamanchi N, Trier TT, Campbell G. Apoptosis occurs in a new model of thermal brain injury. J Biomed Sci 2000; 7:459-65. [PMID: 11060494 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been implicated recently as a prominent response of the brain to a variety of insults, such as ischemia and trauma. In this study, we demonstrate that apoptosis is a prominent part of the brain's response to a thermal insult. To examine the brain's response to a thermal insult, a new model of thermal brain injury in the laboratory rat was developed. Water heated to 60 degrees C was passed over an area of thinned calvarium for 1 min. This resulted in an actual brain temperature of 47-48 degrees C. A uniform area of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride pallor was demonstrated and pyknotic neurons were seen in the area of injury by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Apoptosis was demonstrated by the characteristic DNA fragmentation seen by agarose gel electrophoresis, ApopTag in situ staining and electron microscopy. The findings of apoptosis were localized to the area of thermal injury and were time dependent, starting 6 h after the insult and peaking approximately 18 h after the insult. This represents one of the first demonstrations that apoptosis occurs in the brain in response to a thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Anitha B, Chandra N, Gopinath PM, Durairaj G. Genotoxicity evaluation of heat shock in gold fish (Carassius auratus). Mutat Res 2000; 469:1-8. [PMID: 10946237 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity evaluation of heat shock was carried out in Carassius auratus. The genotoxicity end points studied were nuclear anomalies (micronucleus assay), chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage (comet assay) and cell proliferation. The heat shock temperatures used were 34 degrees C, 36 degrees C and 38 degrees C. The results demonstrated that heat shock causes the induction of micronucleus at all the three temperature studied. Heat shock also inhibited cell proliferation at 38 degrees C and caused aberrations in the metaphase chromosomes at 34 degrees C and 36 degrees C. Comet assay demonstrated single strand DNA damage at all the three temperatures. The results obtained indicate that heat shock is a genotoxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Anitha
- Presently at Central Leather Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Adyar, 600 020, Chennai, India.
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Abstract
Damage to bone tissue due to heat shock is one of the main causes of the failure of osseointegration at the bone-implant interface. To investigate the effect of heat shock on regeneration of bone tissue, osteoblasts were exposed to heat shock for 10 minutes at 42, 45, or 48 degrees C or kept at 37 degrees C as a control. After 10 minutes of heat shock, disruption of actin filaments was seen in the cells and the degree of disruption increased with the temperature. The cytoskeleton reassembled after a 12-hour incubation at 37 degrees C in the cells treated at 42 or 45 degrees C, but this reversible recovery did not occur in the cells treated at 48 degrees C. Flow cytometric analysis showed that heat shock at 48 degrees C increased the number of necrotic cells to 15-20% within minutes (p < 0.05 compared with 37 degrees C). Apoptosis, evidenced by annexin V staining, DNA laddering, and caspase 3 activation, started after 6-8 hours of incubation, reached a peak at 12 hours, and gradually declined (p<0.05). Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduced the necrosis induced at 48 degrees C of heat shock by one-half (p<0.05) but had no significant effect on caspase 3 activation induced by heat shock, suggesting that reactive oxygen species were critical in heat shock-induced necrosis but not in apoptosis. Heat shock at 48 degrees C induced a sustained translocation of p53 into the nucleus and a sustained activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase, whereas that at 42 and 45 degrees C induced only transient p53 translocation and c-jun N-terminal kinase activation. These results suggest that the sustained activation of p53 and c-jun N-terminal kinase pathways may contribute to heat shock-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, heat shock protein 70 increased dramatically in the cells treated at 45 or 48 degrees C, suggesting that the protecting mechanism in the cells was also activated. Such protection was able to prevent apoptosis in cells treated at 45 degrees C but not in those treated at 48 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Bioengineering and The Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0427, USA
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Chen H, Yan C, Jiang X, Dai Y. Apoptosis in suspension culture of tobacco cells induced by heat shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02886135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ivins KJ, Ivins JK, Sharp JP, Cotman CW. Multiple pathways of apoptosis in PC12 cells. CrmA inhibits apoptosis induced by beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2107-12. [PMID: 9890971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable transfectants of PC12 cells expressing bcl-2 or crmA were generated and tested for their susceptibility to various apoptotic insults. Bcl-2 expression conferred resistance to apoptosis induced by staurosporine and by oxidative insults including hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, but was less effective in inhibition of activation-induced programmed cell death induced by concanavalin A. Concanavalin A-induced apoptosis was abated, however, in cells expressing very high levels of bcl-2. In contrast, cells expressing crmA were protected from concanavalin A-induced apoptosis, but were as susceptible as control cells to apoptosis induced by staurosporine and oxidative insults. Therefore, at least two apoptotic pathways in PC12 cells can be discerned by their differential sensitivity to blockade by bcl-2 and crmA. The ability of beta-amyloid (Abeta) to induce apoptosis in these cells was assessed. CrmA transfectants were protected from apoptosis induced by Abeta1-42, but only cells expressing very high levels of bcl-2 were similarly protected. These results suggest that the apoptotic pathway activated by Abeta1-42 in PC12 cells can be differentiated from the apoptotic pathway activated by oxidative insults. Gene transfer experiments also demonstrated that expression of crmA in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons is protective against cell death induced by Abeta1-42. Together these results support the hypothesis that Abeta-induced apoptosis occurs through activation-induced programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Ivins
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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