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Krohn F, Lancini E, Ludwig M, Leiman M, Guruprasath G, Haag L, Panczyszyn J, Düzel E, Hämmerer D, Betts M. Noradrenergic neuromodulation in ageing and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105311. [PMID: 37437752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates cognition and autonomic functions and is involved in the brain's immune response. The extent of degeneration to the LC in healthy ageing remains unclear, however, noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite their differences in progression at later disease stages, the early involvement of the LC may lead to comparable behavioural symptoms such as preclinical sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as a result of AD and PD pathology. In this review, we draw attention to the mechanisms that underlie LC degeneration in ageing, AD and PD. We aim to motivate future research to investigate how early degeneration of the noradrenergic system may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD which may also be relevant to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Krohn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Lancini
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ludwig
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Leiman
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Guruprasath
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L Haag
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Panczyszyn
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - E Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Hämmerer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London UK-WC1E 6BT, UK; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Betts
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; CBBS Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Benarroch E. What Are Current Concepts on the Functional Organization of the Locus Coeruleus and Its Role in Cognition and Neurodegeneration? Neurology 2023; 100:132-137. [PMID: 36646470 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000206736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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3
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Kang SS, Meng L, Zhang X, Wu Z, Mancieri A, Xie B, Liu X, Weinshenker D, Peng J, Zhang Z, Ye K. Tau modification by the norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL stimulates its pathology and propagation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:292-305. [PMID: 35332321 PMCID: PMC9018606 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic locus ceruleus (LC) is the first site of detectable tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms underlying the selective vulnerability of the LC in AD have not been completely identified. In the present study, we show that DOPEGAL, a monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) metabolite of norepinephrine (NE), reacts directly with the primary amine on the Lys353 residue of tau to stimulate its aggregation and facilitate its propagation. Inhibition of MAO-A or mutation of the Lys353 residue to arginine (Lys353Arg) decreases tau Lys353-DOPEGAL levels and diminishes tau pathology spreading. Wild-type tau preformed fibrils (PFFs) trigger Lys353-DOPEGAL formation, tau pathology propagation and cognitive impairment in MAPT transgenic mice, all of which are attenuated with PFFs made from the Lys353Arg mutant. Thus, the selective vulnerability of LC neurons in AD may be explained, in part, by NE oxidation via MAO-A into DOPEGAL, which covalently modifies tau and accelerates its aggregation, toxicity and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ariana Mancieri
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Boer Xie
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Godbersen GM, Murgaš M, Gryglewski G, Klöbl M, Unterholzner J, Rischka L, Spies M, Baldinger-Melich P, Winkler D, Lanzenberger R. Coexpression of Gene Transcripts with Monoamine Oxidase A Quantified by Human In Vivo Positron Emission Tomography. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3516-3524. [PMID: 34952543 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is integral to monoamine metabolism and is thus relevant to the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders; however, associated gene-enzyme relations are not well understood. This study aimed to unveil genes coexpressed with MAO-A. Therefore, 18 179 mRNA expression maps (based on the Allen Human Brain Atlas) were correlated with the cerebral distribution volume (VT) of MAO-A assessed in 36 healthy subjects (mean age ± standard deviation: 32.9 ± 8.8 years, 18 female) using [11C]harmine positron emission tomography scans. Coexpression analysis was based on Spearman's ρ, over-representation tests on Fisher's exact test with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. The analysis revealed 35 genes in cortex (including B-cell translocation gene family, member 3, implicated in neuroinflammation) and 247 genes in subcortex (including kallikrein-related peptidase 10, implicated in Alzheimer's disease). Significantly over-represented Gene Ontology terms included "neuron development", "neuron differentiation", and "cell-cell signaling" as well as "axon" and "neuron projection". In vivo MAO-A enzyme distribution and MAOA expression did not correlate in cortical areas (ρ = 0.08) while correlation was found in subcortical areas (ρ = 0.52), suggesting influences of region-specific post-transcriptional and -translational modifications. The herein reported information could contribute to guide future genetic studies, deepen the understanding of associated pathomechanisms and assist in the pursuit of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Godbersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - M Murgaš
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - G Gryglewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - M Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - J Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - L Rischka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - M Spies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - P Baldinger-Melich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - D Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Oxidative Transformations of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde Generate Potential Reactive Intermediates as Causative Agents for Its Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111751. [PMID: 34769179 PMCID: PMC8583873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, are associated, not only with the selective loss of dopamine (DA), but also with the accumulation of reactive catechol-aldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), which is formed as the immediate oxidation product of cytoplasmic DA by monoamine oxidase. DOPAL is well known to exhibit toxic effects on neuronal cells. Both catecholic and aldehyde groups seem to be associated with the neurotoxicity of DOPAL. However, the exact cause of toxicity caused by this compound remains unknown. Since the reactivity of DOPAL could be attributed to its immediate oxidation product, DOPAL-quinone, we examined the potential reactions of this toxic metabolite. The oxidation of DOPAL by mushroom tyrosinase at pH 5.3 produced conventional DOPAL-quinone, but oxidation at pH 7.4 produced the tautomeric quinone-methide, which gave rise to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as products through a series of reactions. When the oxidation reaction was performed in the presence of ascorbic acid, two additional products were detected, which were tentatively identified as the cyclized products, 5,6-dihydroxybenzofuran and 3,5,6-trihydroxybenzofuran. Physiological concentrations of Cu(II) ions could also cause the oxidation of DOPAL to DOPAL-quinone. DOPAL-quinone exhibited reactivity towards the cysteine residues of serum albumin. DOPAL-oligomer, the oxidation product of DOPAL, exhibited pro-oxidant activity oxidizing GSH to GSSG and producing hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that DOPAL-quinone generates several toxic compounds that could augment the neurotoxicity of DOPAL.
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6
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Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Bryson M, Miller GW, Weinshenker D, Ye K. ApoE4 inhibition of VMAT2 in the locus coeruleus exacerbates Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:139-158. [PMID: 33895869 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ApoE4 enhances Tau neurotoxicity and promotes the early onset of AD. Pretangle Tau in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is the earliest detectable AD-like pathology in the human brain. However, a direct relationship between ApoE4 and Tau in the LC has not been identified. Here we show that ApoE4 selectively binds to the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and inhibits neurotransmitter uptake. The exclusion of norepinephrine (NE) from synaptic vesicles leads to its oxidation into the toxic metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL), which subsequently activates cleavage of Tau at N368 by asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) and triggers LC neurodegeneration. Our data reveal that ApoE4 boosts Tau neurotoxicity via VMAT2 inhibition, reduces hippocampal volume, and induces cognitive dysfunction in an AEP- and Tau N368-dependent manner, while conversely ApoE3 binds Tau and protects it from cleavage. Thus, ApoE4 exacerbates Tau neurotoxicity by increasing VMAT2 vesicle leakage and facilitating AEP-mediated Tau proteolytic cleavage in the LC via DOPEGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Bryson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Gallo A, Pillet LE, Verpillot R. New frontiers in Alzheimer's disease diagnostic: Monoamines and their derivatives in biological fluids. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111452. [PMID: 34182050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relies on a combination of neuropsychological evaluations, biomarker measurements and brain imaging. Nevertheless, these approaches are either expensive, invasive or lack sensitivity to early AD stages. The main challenge of ongoing research is therefore to identify early non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose AD at preclinical stage. Accumulating evidence support the hypothesis that initial degeneration of profound monoaminergic nuclei may trigger a transneuronal spread of AD pathology towards hippocampus and cortex. These studies aroused great interest on monoamines, i.e. noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (D) ad serotonin (5-HT), as early hallmarks of AD pathology. The present work reviews current literature on the potential role of monoamines and related metabolites as biomarkers of AD. First, morphological changes in the monoaminergic systems during AD are briefly described. Second, we focus on concentration changes of these molecules and their derivatives in biological fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, obtained by lumbar puncture, and blood or urine, sampled via less invasive procedures. Starting from initial observations, we then discuss recent insights on metabolomics-based analysis, highlighting the promising clinical utility of monoamines for the identification of a molecular AD signature, aimed at improving early diagnosis and discrimination from other dementia.
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Behl T, Kaur D, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Zengin G, Andronie-Cioara FL, Toma MM, Bungau S, Bumbu AG. Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Alzheimer's Disease: An Insight into the Therapeutic Potential of Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123724. [PMID: 34207264 PMCID: PMC8234097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite not being utilized as considerably as other antidepressants in the therapy of depression, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) proceed to hold a place in neurodegeneration and to have a somewhat broad spectrum in respect of the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Preclinical and clinical studies on MAOIs have been developing in recent times, especially on account of rousing discoveries manifesting that these drugs possess neuroprotective activities. The altered brain levels of monoamine neurotransmitters due to monoamine oxidase (MAO) are directly associated with various neuropsychiatric conditions like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Activated MAO induces the amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition via abnormal cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO contributes to the generation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive impairment due to neuronal loss. No matter the attention of researchers on the participation of MAOIs in neuroprotection has been on monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, there is a developing frame of proof indicating that monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors may also play a role in neuroprotection. The therapeutic potential of MAOIs alongside the complete understanding of the enzyme’s physiology may lead to the future advancement of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Dapinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (D.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Adrian Gheorghe Bumbu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
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Rahman MS, Uddin MS, Rahman MA, Samsuzzaman M, Behl T, Hafeez A, Perveen A, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4017-4029. [PMID: 34126892 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210612051713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a family of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that exert a crucial role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters of the central nervous system. The impaired function of MAOs is associated with copious brain diseases. The alteration of monoamine metabolism is a characteristics feature of aging. MAO plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) - a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with an excessive accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Activated MAO has played a critical role in the development of amyloid plaques from Aβ, as well as the formation of the NFTs. In the brain, MAO mediated metabolism of monoamines is the foremost source of reactive oxygen species formation. The elevated level of MAO-B expression in astroglia has been reported in the AD brains adjacent to amyloid plaques. Increased MAO-B activity in the cortical and hippocampal regions is associated with AD. This review describes the pathogenic mechanism of MAOs in aging as well as the development and propagation of Alzheimer's pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Trust University, Ruiya, Nobogram Road, Barishal 8200, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513. Korea
| | - Tapan Behl
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick. Ireland
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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Santin Y, Resta J, Parini A, Mialet-Perez J. Monoamine oxidases in age-associated diseases: New perspectives for old enzymes. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101256. [PMID: 33434685 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Population aging is one of the most significant social changes of the twenty-first century. This increase in longevity is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, further rising healthcare costs. At the molecular level, cellular senescence has been identified as a major process in age-associated diseases, as accumulation of senescent cells with aging leads to progressive organ dysfunction. Of particular importance, mitochondrial oxidative stress and consequent organelle alterations have been pointed out as key players in the aging process, by both inducing and maintaining cellular senescence. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), a class of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of catecholamines and biogenic amines, have been increasingly recognized as major producers of mitochondrial ROS. Although well-known in the brain, evidence showing that MAOs are also expressed in a variety of peripheral organs stimulated a growing interest in the extra-cerebral roles of these enzymes. Besides, the fact that MAO-A and/or MAO-B are frequently upregulated in aged or dysfunctional organs has uncovered new perspectives on their roles in pathological aging. In this review, we will give an overview of the major results on the regulation and function of MAOs in aging and age-related diseases, paying a special attention to the mechanisms linked to the increased degradation of MAO substrates or related to MAO-dependent ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Santin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Resta
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Wong KY, Roy J, Fung ML, Heng BC, Zhang C, Lim LW. Relationships between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurotransmission Failure in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1291-1316. [PMID: 33014538 PMCID: PMC7505271 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides extracellular deposition of amyloid beta and formation of phosphorylated tau in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathogenesis of AD is also thought to involve mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered neurotransmission systems. However, none of these components can describe the diverse cognitive, behavioural, and psychiatric symptoms of AD without the pathologies interacting with one another. The purpose of this review is to understand the relationships between mitochondrial and neurotransmission dysfunctions in terms of (1) how mitochondrial alterations affect cholinergic and monoaminergic systems via disruption of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and apoptosis; and (2) how different neurotransmission systems drive mitochondrial dysfunction via increasing amyloid beta internalisation, oxidative stress, disruption of mitochondrial permeabilisation, and mitochondrial trafficking. All these interactions are separately discussed in terms of neurotransmission systems. The association of mitochondrial dysfunctions with alterations in dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine is the prospective goal in this research field. By unfolding the complex interactions surrounding mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, we can better develop potential treatments to delay, prevent, or cure this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yin Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jaydeep Roy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Man Lung Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Giorgi FS, Galgani A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Limanaqi F, Busceti CL, Fornai F. Locus Coeruleus and neurovascular unit: From its role in physiology to its potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2406-2434. [PMID: 32875628 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic (NA) nucleus of the central nervous system. LC degenerates early during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and NA loss might concur to AD pathogenesis. Aside from neurons, LC terminals provide dense innervation of brain intraparenchymal arterioles/capillaries, and NA modulates astrocyte functions. The term neurovascular unit (NVU) defines the strict anatomical/functional interaction occurring between neurons, glial cells, and brain vessels. NVU plays a fundamental role in coupling the energy demand of activated brain regions with regional cerebral blood flow, it includes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), plays an active role in neuroinflammation, and participates also to the glymphatic system. NVU alteration is involved in AD pathophysiology through several mechanisms, mainly related to a relative oligoemia in activated brain regions and impairment of structural and functional BBB integrity, which contributes also to the intracerebral accumulation of insoluble amyloid. We review the existing data on the morphological features of LC-NA innervation of the NVU, as well as its contribution to neurovascular coupling and BBB proper functioning. After introducing the main experimental data linking LC with AD, which have repeatedly shown a key role of neuroinflammation and increased amyloid plaque formation, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which the loss of NVU modulation by LC might contribute to AD pathogenesis. Surprisingly, thus far not so many studies have tested directly these mechanisms in models of AD in which LC has been lesioned experimentally. Clarifying the interaction of LC with NVU in AD pathogenesis may disclose potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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13
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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14
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Delta-secretase cleavage of Tau mediates its pathology and propagation in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1275-1287. [PMID: 32859953 PMCID: PMC8080617 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with age as a major risk factor. AD is the most common dementia with abnormal structures, including extracellular senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, as key neuropathologic hallmarks. The early feature of AD pathology is degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), which is the main source of norepinephrine (NE) supplying various cortical and subcortical areas that are affected in AD. The spread of Tau deposits is first initiated in the LC and is transported in a stepwise manner from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus and then to associative regions of the neocortex as the disease progresses. Most recently, we reported that the NE metabolite DOPEGAL activates delta-secretase (AEP, asparagine endopeptidase) and triggers pathological Tau aggregation in the LC, providing molecular insight into why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in the disease and how δ-secretase mediates the spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain. This review summarizes our current understanding of the crucial role of δ-secretase in driving and spreading AD pathologies by cleaving multiple critical players, including APP and Tau, supporting that blockade of δ-secretase may provide an innovative disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for treating AD. The identification of an enzyme that plays a critical role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could lead to novel therapeutic interventions. In the earliest stage of AD, the build-up of Tau protein aggregates causes degeneration of a site in the brainstem. These abnormal Tau accumulations then spread to other parts of the brain. Recent research suggests that an enzyme called delta-secretase cleaves Tau and other key molecules, making Tau more prone to forming aggregates and thus facilitating disease progression. Keqiang Ye and co-workers at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, USA, reviewed current understanding of the role of delta-secretase in AD pathology. Studies show that delta-secretase expression levels are high in aged mice and AD brains. Inhibiting delta-secretase could therefore limit neurodegeneration and alleviate cognitive deficits in patients.
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15
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Neshan M, Campbell A, Malakouti SK, Zareii M, Ahangari G. Gene expression of serotonergic markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04716. [PMID: 32904297 PMCID: PMC7452509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is primarily involved in the regulation of learning and memory. Pathological changes in metabolism or functional imbalance of 5-HT has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hypothesis tested is that in peripheral blood, markers of the serotonergic pathway can be used as a diagnostic tool for AD. The current study measured the relative expression of 5-HT receptors (5-HTR2A and 5-HTR3A) as well as the 5-HT catalytic enzyme, Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) mRNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and age-matched controls. 5-HTR2A, 5-HTR3A, and MAO-A mRNA expressions were examined in PBMCs of 30 patients with LOAD and 30 control individuals. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNA expression. The dementia status of patients in this study was assessed using a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Mean data of relative mRNA expression of 5-HTR2A, 5-HTR3A and MAO-A were significantly lower in PBMCs of patients with LOAD compared with controls. Based on the down-regulation of serotonergic markers in PBMCs, our findings may be another claim to the systemic nature of LOAD. The role of peripheral serotonergic downregulation, in the pathogenesis of AD, needs to be further studied. Given the extremely convenient access to PBMCs, these molecular events may represent more complete dimensions of AD neuropathophysiology or possibly lead to a new direction in studies focused on blood-based markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Neshan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, California, USA
| | - Seyed Kazem Malakouti
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry–School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zareii
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry–School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Kang SS, Liu X, Ahn EH, Xiang J, Manfredsson FP, Yang X, Luo HR, Liles LC, Weinshenker D, Ye K. Norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL activates AEP and pathological Tau aggregation in locus coeruleus. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:422-437. [PMID: 31793911 DOI: 10.1172/jci130513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Tau inclusions in the locus coeruleus (LC) are the earliest detectable Alzheimer's disease-like (AD-like) neuropathology in the human brain. However, why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in disease and whether the LC might seed the stereotypical spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain remain unclear. Here, we show that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, which is produced exclusively in noradrenergic neurons by monoamine oxidase A metabolism of norepinephrine, activated asparagine endopeptidase that cleaved Tau at residue N368 into aggregation- and propagation-prone forms, thus leading to LC degeneration and the spread of Tau pathology. Activation of asparagine endopeptidase-cleaved Tau aggregation in vitro and in intact cells was triggered by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, resulting in LC neurotoxicity and propagation of pathology to the forebrain. Thus, our findings reveal that norepinephrine metabolism and Tau cleavage represent the specific molecular mechanism underlying the selective vulnerability of LC neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Hroch L, Guest P, Benek O, Soukup O, Janockova J, Dolezal R, Kuca K, Aitken L, Smith TK, Gunn-Moore F, Zala D, Ramsay RR, Musilek K. Synthesis and evaluation of frentizole-based indolyl thiourea analogues as MAO/ABAD inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1143-1152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Fu Z, Yang J, Wei Y, Li J. Effects of piceatannol and pterostilbene against β-amyloid-induced apoptosis on the PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathway in PC12 cells. Food Funct 2016; 7:1014-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Piceatannol and pterostilbene both showed protective effect against Aβ-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, however, with different PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jiufang Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yangji Wei
- Center for Viticulture and Enology
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jingming Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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19
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective effects of multifaceted hybrid agents targeting MAO, cholinesterase, iron and β-amyloid in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:2080-94. [PMID: 26332830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accepted nowadays as a complex neurodegenerative disorder with multifaceted cerebral pathologies, including extracellular deposition of amyloid β peptide-containing plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, progressive loss of cholinergic neurons, metal dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitoxicity, oxidative stress and increased MAO enzyme activity. This may explain why it is currently widely accepted that a more effective therapy for AD would result from the use of multifunctional drugs, which may affect more than one brain target involved in the disease pathology. The current review will discuss the potential benefits of novel multimodal neuroprotective, brain permeable drugs, recently developed by Youdim and collaborators, as a valuable therapeutic approach for AD treatment. The pharmacological and neuroprotective properties of these multitarget-directed ligands, which target MAO enzymes, the cholinergic system, iron accumulation and amyloid β peptide generation/aggregation are described, with a special emphasis on their potential therapeutic value for ageing and AD-associated cognitive functions. This review is conceived as a tribute to the broad neuropharmacology work of Professor Moussa Youdim, Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Medicine and Director of Eve Topf Center of Excellence in Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Chief Scientific Officer of ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., at the occasion of his 75th birthday. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
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20
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Manier ML, Spraggins JM, Reyzer ML, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. A derivatization and validation strategy for determining the spatial localization of endogenous amine metabolites in tissues using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:665-73. [PMID: 25044893 PMCID: PMC4126081 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) studies increasingly focus on endogenous small molecular weight metabolites and consequently bring special analytical challenges. Since analytical tissue blanks do not exist for endogenous metabolites, careful consideration must be given to confirm molecular identity. Here, we present approaches for the improvement in detection of endogenous amine metabolites such as amino acids and neurotransmitters in tissues through chemical derivatization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) IMS. Chemical derivatization with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (CA) was used to improve sensitivity and specificity. CA was applied to the tissue via MALDI sample targets precoated with a mixture of derivatization reagent and ferulic acid as a MALDI matrix. Spatial distributions of chemically derivatized endogenous metabolites in tissue were determined by high-mass resolution and MS(n) IMS. We highlight an analytical strategy for metabolite validation whereby tissue extracts are analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS/MS to unambiguously identify metabolites and distinguish them from isobaric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lisa Manier
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Michelle L. Reyzer
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeremy L. Norris
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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21
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Follmer C. Monoamine oxidase and α-synuclein as targets in Parkinson’s disease therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:703-16. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.920235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Cai Z. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: promising therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1533-41. [PMID: 24626484 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated monoamine oxidase (MAO) has a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the formation of amyloid plaques from amyloid β peptide (Aβ) production and accumulation, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive impairment via the destruction of cholinergic neurons and disorder of the cholinergic system. Several studies have indicated that MAO inhibitors improve cognitive deficits and reverse Aβ pathology by modulating proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and decreasing Aβ protein fragments. Thus, MAO inhibitors may be considered as promising therapeutic agents for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an People's Hospital, Lu'an, Anhui 237005, P.R. China
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23
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Wang CC, Man GCW, Chu CY, Borchert A, Ugun-Klusek A, Billett EE, Kühn H, Ufer C. Serotonin receptor 6 mediates defective brain development in monoamine oxidase A-deficient mouse embryos. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8252-63. [PMID: 24497636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.522094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) are enzymes of the outer mitochondrial membrane that metabolize biogenic amines. In the adult central nervous system, MAOs have important functions for neurotransmitter homeostasis. Expression of MAO isoforms has been detected in the developing embryo. However, suppression of MAO-B does not induce developmental alterations. In contrast, targeted inhibition and knockdown of MAO-A expression (E7.5-E10.5) caused structural abnormalities in the brain. Here we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying defective brain development induced by MAO-A knockdown during in vitro embryogenesis. The developmental alterations were paralleled by diminished apoptotic activity in the affected neuronal structures. Moreover, dysfunctional MAO-A expression led to elevated levels of embryonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)), and we found that knockdown of serotonin receptor-6 (5-Htr6) expression or pharmacologic inhibition of 5-Htr6 activity rescued the MAO-A knockdown phenotype and restored apoptotic activity in the developing brain. Our data suggest that excessive 5-Htr6 activation reduces activation of caspase-3 and -9 of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and enhances expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Moreover, we found that elevated 5-HT levels in MAO-A knockdown embryos coincided with an enhanced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and a reduction of proliferating cell numbers. In summary, our findings suggest that excessive 5-HT in MAO-A-deficient mouse embryos triggers cellular signaling cascades via 5-Htr6, which suppresses developmental apoptosis in the brain and thus induces developmental retardations.
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24
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Xiong XJ, Guo XF, Ge XX, Wang H, Zhang HS. Determination of neurotransmitter amino acids in mouse central nervous system by CE-LIF. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3264-9. [PMID: 23894032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An MEKC method with LIF detection has been developed for the determination of seven neurotransmitter amino acids (NAAs) using 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(N-hydroxysuccinimidyl butyric ester)difluoroboradiaza-S-indacene as the labeling reagent. After derivatization at room temperature for 30 min, the seven target NAAs including glycine, alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine, glutamine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were separated in running buffer, which consisted of 70 mM pH 4.00 H3 PO4 /Na3 PO4 buffer, 5.5 mM cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and 20% v/v acetonitrile within 17 min. The LODs were 2 ~ 14 × 10(-10) M without interference from other coexisting amino acids. The proposed method has been applied to the analysis of NAAs in the central nervous systems of healthy mice and those with Alzheimer's disease with recoveries of 92-104%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
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25
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Genotype-independent decrease in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:94-9. [PMID: 23416088 PMCID: PMC3952071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The noradrenergic system is involved in the etiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but its role is still unclear. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) as a catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme plays a central role in noradrenaline (NA) synthesis and turnover. Plasma DBH (pDBH) activity shows wide inheritable interindividual variability that is under genetic control. The aim of this study was to determine pDBH activity, DBH (C-970T; rs1611115) and DBH (C1603T; rs6271) gene polymorphisms in 207 patients with AD and in 90 healthy age-matched controls. Plasma DBH activity was lower, particularly in the early stage of AD, compared to values in middle and late stages of the disease, as well as to control values. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effect of both diagnosis and DBH (C-970T) or DBH (C1603T) genotypes on pDBH activity, but without significant diagnosis×genotype interaction. No association was found between AD and DBH C-970T (OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.13-4.37; p=0.779) and C1603T (OR=0.89; 95% CI 0.36-2.20; p=0.814) genotypes controlled for age, gender, and ApoE4 allele. The decrease in pDBH activity, found in early phase of AD suggests that alterations in DBH activity represent a compensatory mechanism for the loss of noradrenergic neurons, and that treatment with selective NA reuptake inhibitors may be indicated in early stages of AD to compensate for loss of noradrenergic activity in the locus coeruleus.
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26
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Revin SB, John SA. Electrochemical sensor for neurotransmitters at physiological pH using a heterocyclic conducting polymer modified electrode. Analyst 2012; 137:209-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Extraction of neurotransmitters from rat brain using graphene as a solid-phase sorbent, and their fluorescent detection by HPLC. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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28
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Roles of organic anion/cation transporters at the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers involving uremic toxins. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 15:478-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Neuroprotective effects of icariin on memory impairment and neurochemical deficits in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Brain Res 2010; 1334:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Dina OA, Khasar SG, Alessandri-Haber N, Bogen O, Chen X, Green PG, Reichling DB, Messing RO, Levine JD. Neurotoxic catecholamine metabolite in nociceptors contributes to painful peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:1180-90. [PMID: 18783367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic effects of catecholamine metabolites have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. As some sensory neurons express tyrosine hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase (MAO), we investigated the potential contribution of catecholamine metabolites to neuropathic pain in a model of alcoholic neuropathy. The presence of catecholamines in sensory neurons is supported by capsaicin-stimulated epinephrine release, an effect enhanced in ethanol-fed rats. mRNA for enzymes in dorsal root ganglia involved in catecholamine uptake and metabolism, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and MAO-A, were decreased by neonatal administration of capsaicin. Ethanol-induced hyperalgesia was attenuated by systemic and local peripheral administration of inhibitors of MAO-A, reduction of norepinephrine transporter (NET) in sensory neurons and a NET inhibitor. Finally, intradermal injection of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL), a neurotoxic MAO-A catecholamine metabolite, produced robust mechanical hyperalgesia. These observations suggest that catecholamines in nociceptors are metabolized to neurotoxic products by MAO-A, which can cause neuronal dysfunction underlying neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka A Dina
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
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Insua D, Suárez ML, Santamarina G, Sarasa M, Pesini P. Dogs with canine counterpart of Alzheimer's disease lose noradrenergic neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:625-35. [PMID: 18573571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus is a well-described feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In spite of extensive utilization of the dog as a model for human degenerative diseases, there is no data on the response to aging of the noradrenergic system in dogs. We have used modern unbiased stereology to estimate the total number of A6-A7 noradrenergic neurons in normal, aged dogs and dogs with the canine counterpart of AD. In small-breed dogs with no cognitive impairments, the total mean number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeled A6-A7 neurons was 17,228+/-1655, with no differences between young and aged dogs. In contrast, aged dogs with cognitive impairments exhibited a significant reduction in the total number of A6-A7 neurons (13,487+/-1374; P=0.001). Additionally, we found a negative correlation between the number of A6-A7 neurons and the extent of beta-amyloid deposits in the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that the canine model could be useful in exploring the potential benefits of noradrenergic drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Insua
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Wu YH, Fischer DF, Swaab DF. A promoter polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene is associated with the pineal MAOA activity in Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Res 2007; 1167:13-9. [PMID: 17692293 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and Alzheimer's disease (AD). MAOA activity and gene expression have been found to be up-regulated in different brain areas of AD patients, including the pineal gland. Increased pineal MAOA activity might contribute to the reduced pineal melatonin production in AD. A promoter polymorphism of a variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) in the MAOA gene shows to affect MAOA transcriptional activity in vitro. METHODS Here we examined in 63 aged controls and 44 AD patients the effects of the MAOA-VNTR on MAOA gene expression and activity in the pineal gland as endophenotypes, and on melatonin production. RESULTS AD patients carrying long MAOA-VNTR genotype (consisting of 3.5- or 4-repeat alleles) showed higher MAOA gene expression and activity than the short-genotyped (i.e., 3-repeat allele) AD patients. Moreover, the AD-related up-regulation of MAOA showed up only among long-genotype bearing subjects. There was no significant effect of the MAOA-VNTR on MAOA activity or gene expression in controls, or on melatonin production in both controls and AD patients. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the MAOA-VNTR affects the activity and gene expression of MAOA in the brain of AD patients, and is involved in the changes of monoamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Wu
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chan ASL, Ng LWC, Poon LSW, Chan WWY, Wong YH. Dopaminergic and adrenergic toxicities on SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells are mediated through G protein signaling and oxidative stress. Apoptosis 2007; 12:167-79. [PMID: 17136323 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters which participate in various regulatory functions of the human brain. These functions are lost in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells to investigate the cytotoxicities of high concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine on neuronal cells. Dopamine, norepinephrine, as well as their corresponding synthetic agonists (SKF38393 and isoproterenol, respectively) triggered SK-N-MC cell death when applied at 50-100 muM persistently for 2 days. This catecholamine-induced cell death appears to be neuronal specific, as demonstrated by their inabilities of triggering apoptosis of A549 lung carcinoma cells and Cos-7 kidney fibroblasts. By pretreating SK-N-MC cells with target-specific inhibitors before administration of catecholamine, components of G protein signaling (i.e. G( s )/cAMP/PKA), monoamine oxidases, nitric oxide synthase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and oxidative stress were found to be involved in this dopamine/norepinephrine-induced cytotoxicity, which subsequently led to caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic responses as well as DNA degradation. In contrast, agonists of G( i )-coupled dopamine receptors and adrenergic receptors (quinpirole and UK14,304, respectively) were incapable of triggering apoptosis of SK-N-MC cells. Our results suggest that both G protein (G( s ))-mediated signaling cascade and oxidative stress participate in the dopamine/norepinephrine-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S L Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, the Molecular Neuroscience Center, and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Marchitti SA, Deitrich RA, Vasiliou V. Neurotoxicity and metabolism of the catecholamine-derived 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:125-50. [PMID: 17379813 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of these biogenic aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, type II hyperprolinemia, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, and pyridoxine-dependent seizures, most of which are characterized by neurological abnormalities. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. It is, therefore, possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. This article presents a comprehensive review of what is currently known of both the neurotoxicity and respective metabolism pathways of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde with an emphasis on the role that aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes play in the detoxification of these two aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satori A Marchitti
- Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Mao W, Iwai C, Keng PC, Vulapalli R, Liang CS. Norepinephrine-induced oxidative stress causes PC-12 cell apoptosis by both endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial intrinsic pathway: inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase survival pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C1373-84. [PMID: 16338971 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00369.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response and reduces maturation and translocation of NE transporter to cell membrane via enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species in PC-12 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether ER stress is also implicated in the proapoptotic effect of NE. We found that the apoptotic effect of NE was associated with increased processing of ER-resident pro-caspase-12, cleavage of caspase-9 and -3, and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. ER stress was evidenced by upregulation of ER chaperone GRP78 and transcription factor CHOP and the translocation of XBP-1 from the ER to the nucleus by NE. NE also reduced phospho-Akt (Ser473), indicating suppression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt survival pathway. Similar results were produced by thapsigargin. NGF, which promotes the PI3-kinase/Akt activity, reduced the effects of NE and thapsigargin on apoptosis and activation of caspase-12 and -3. However, the effects of NE, but not of thapsigargin, were abolished by pretreatment with SOD and catalase. In contrast, the PI3-kinase inhibitors LY-294002 and wortmannin abolished the protective effects of both SOD/catalase and NGF on NE-induced apoptosis. The functional importance of caspase-12 activation was supported by the use of Z-ATAD-FMK, which reduced the NE-induced processing of caspase-12 and cell apoptosis, but the caspase-12, -9, and -3 inhibitors had no effects on the increase in cytosolic cytochrome c produced by NE. In contrast, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c was abolished by SOD/catalase and NGF. These results indicate that NE induced cell apoptosis by both ER stress and a mitochondrial death pathway and that the effects of NE were mediated via oxidative stress and inhibition of the PI3-kinase/Akt survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Mao
- Cardiology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 679, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Lin L, Qiu P, Yang L, Cao X, Jin L. Determination of dopamine in rat striatum by microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection on a functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1308-13. [PMID: 16496134 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography coupled with microdialysis sampling and electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) has been used to determine dopamine (DA). In the HPLC-ECD a multi-wall carbon nanotube electrode chemically modified with carboxyl groups (MWNT-COOH CME) was used as the working electrode for determination of DA. The results indicated that the MWNT-COOH CME enabled efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of DA with relatively high sensitivity and stability and long life. Peak currents for dopamine were linearly dependent on concentration in the range 5.0 x 10(-9) to 5.0 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) and the calculated detection limit (S/N=3) was 2.5 x 10(-9) mol L(-1). The method had been successfully used to measure dopamine in rat striatal microdialysate. To study the physiological effect of nitric oxide (NO) on striatal release of DA, 0.5 mmol L(-1) sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was a continuously perfused into rat striatum. This resulted in a 46% increase in DA basal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, 325035, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Stavrovskaya IG, Kristal BS. The powerhouse takes control of the cell: is the mitochondrial permeability transition a viable therapeutic target against neuronal dysfunction and death? Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:687-97. [PMID: 15721979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke and neurodegenerative disease exert an increasing large toll on human health at the levels both of the individual and of society. As an example of each, in the United States, stroke is the major single cause of overall morbidity and mortality, and the financial costs of Alzheimer's disease alone dwarfs the entire federal medical research budget. It has been long recognized that mitochondrial energy production is essential for the second to second functions of the central nervous system (CNS), and that severe mitochondrial impairment is incompatible with normal cerebral function. The last decade, however, has brought a growing understanding that mitochondria play an even greater role than previously suspected. Increased understanding of the role of mitochondria in antioxidant defense and calcium homeostasis further solidified the importance of mitochondria in CNS function--just as increased understanding of mitochondrial roles in calcium-mediated toxicity and production of reactive species further exemplified the Janus role of mitochondria--as mediators of CNS dysfunction. Perhaps most unexpected, however, was the evidence that mitochondria serve as the dominant integrators, checkpoints, and amplifiers of the cell death signals in the CNS. The mechanism of propagation of cell death cascades by mitochondria remains controversial. In this review, we focus on the evidence that supports the involvement of an event termed the mitochondrial permeability transition that (i) occurs (patho)physiologically; (ii) occurs in the CNS, and; (iii) is a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention against CNS dysfunction, injury, and cell loss resulting from stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Stavrovskaya
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Yoshitake S, Fujino K, Nohta H, Yamaguchi M. Determination of serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and their metabolites in rat brain extracts and microdialysis samples by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection following derivatization with benzylamine and 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 807:177-83. [PMID: 15203027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective and sensitive column liquid chromatographic method for fluorescence determination of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and their related metabolites 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) following derivatization with benzylamine and 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (DPE) is described. The monoamines and the metabolites (20 microl samples) were derivatized in a two-step reaction, initiated with 20 microl of 0.3M benzylamine in 0.3M 3-cyclohexylaminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPS) buffer (pH 10.0), (for 5-HT, 5-HIAA, 2 min, 24 degrees C) and followed by 20 microl of 0.1M DPE in 0.3M glycine buffer (pH 10.0), (for DA, NA, DOPAC, 20 min, 50 degrees C). Both reagents contained 0.02 M potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) and 50% (v/v) methanol. The resulting highly fluorescent and stable benzoxazole derivatives were isocratically separated on a reversed-phase column (150 mm x 1.5 mm i.d., packed with C18 silica, 5 microm) within 45 min. Using fluorescence detection at ex. and em. wavelengths of 345 and 480 nm, respectively, the detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for 5-HT, DA, NA, 5-HIAA, L-DOPA and DOPAC ranged between 0.08 and 5.65 fmol per 20-microl injection (12-847.5 pM in standard solution). The concentrations of monoamines (expressed in microg/g wet weight, mean +/- S.E.M., n=5) in tissue extracts from the rat striatum were: 0.45+/-0.05 (5-HT), 4.27+/-0.08 (DA), 0.27+/-0.04 (NA), 0.55+/-0.06 (5-HIAA), 1.26+/-0.16 (L-DOPA) and 1.62+/-0.11 (DOPAC). Microdialysis samples were collected in 20 min intervals from the probes implanted in the striatum of awake rats. The basal monoamine levels (in fmol/20 microl, mean +/- S.E.M., n=5) in the dialysates were: 4.0+/-0.7 (5-HT), 78.4+/-9.1 (DA), 6.4+/-0.8 (NA), 785.5+/-64.5 (5-HIAA) and 5504.5+/-136.5 (DOPAC). It is concluded that the new fluorescence derivatization protocol provides an excellent means for simultaneous determination of all three monoamines both in the complex samples (e.g. brain homogenates) and also at trace levels, such as those found in the microdialysis samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ohtsuki S, Asaba H, Takanaga H, Deguchi T, Hosoya KI, Otagiri M, Terasaki T. Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem 2002; 83:57-66. [PMID: 12358729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal impairment is associated with CNS dysfunctions and the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate, in blood. To evaluate the relevance of indoxyl sulfate to CNS dysfunctions, we investigated the brain-to-blood transport of indoxyl sulfate at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using the Brain Efflux Index method. [(3)H]Indoxyl sulfate undergoes efflux transport with an efflux transport rate of 1.08 x 10(-2)/min, and the process is saturable with a Km of 298 microm. This process is inhibited by para-aminohippuric acid, probenecid, benzylpenicillin, cimetidine and uremic toxinins, such as hippuric acid and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid. RT-PCR revealed that an OAT3 mRNA is expressed in conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell lines and rat brain capillary fraction. Xenopus oocytes expressing OAT3 were found to exhibit [(3)H]indoxyl sulfate uptake, which was significantly inhibited by neurotransmitter metabolites, such as homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid, and by acyclovir, cefazolin, baclofen, 6-mercaptopurine, benzoic acid, and ketoprofen. These results suggest that OAT3 mediates the brain-to-blood transport of indoxyl sulfate, and is also involved in the efflux transport of neurotransmitter metabolites and drugs. Therefore, inhibition of the brain-to-blood transport involving OAT3 would occur in uremia and lead to the accumulation of neurotransmitter metabolites and drugs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Takehashi M, Tanaka S, Masliah E, Ueda K. Association of monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body variant. Neurosci Lett 2002; 327:79-82. [PMID: 12098640 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between (GT)n dinucleotide repeats in monoamine oxidase gene loci, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB), and Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Lewy body variant (LBV) of AD were determined. MAOA-GT polymorphisms were significantly associated with pure AD and LBV. MAOA-GT allele 113 was excessively represented in pure AD and LBV compared with controls. Furthermore, the frequency of females homozygous for MAOA-GT allele 113 was higher in pure AD and LBV than controls by 2.79- and 2.77-fold, respectively. In contrast, there was no association between MAOA-GT or MAOB-GT polymorphisms and PD. These results suggest that polymorphisms within the MAOA gene may have implication in AD pathology shared by pure AD and LBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Takehashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Li SW, Lin TS, Minteer S, Burke WJ. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide generate a hydroxyl radical: possible role in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 93:1-7. [PMID: 11532332 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL), the monoamine oxidase (MAO) metabolites of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively, are toxic to catecholamine (CA) neurons in vitro and in vivo. DOPEGAL generates a free radical and activates mitochondrial permeability transition, a mechanism implicated in neuron death. To determine if DOPAL and other DA metabolites generate the hydroxyl radical in the presence of H(2)O(2), we used HPLC-EC to detect salicylate hydroxylation products. To determine the relative reducing capacity of DOPAL and DOPEGAL we used cyclic voltammetry to measure their reduction potentials. Results indicate that DOPAL, but not DOPEGAL, DA or other DA metabolites, generates hydroxyl radicals. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and heavy metal screening indicate that this result is not due to contamination of DOPAL with iron or other heavy metals. DOPAL reduction potential (161 mV) is lower than that of DOPEGAL (235 mV). DOPAL is present in human substantia nigra. The implications of these findings to CA neuronal death in degenerative brain diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Li
- Department of Chemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and St. Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Burke WJ, Li SW, Zahm DS, Macarthur H, Kolo LL, Westfall TC, Anwar M, Glickstein SB, Ruggiero DA. Catecholamine monoamine oxidase a metabolite in adrenergic neurons is cytotoxic in vivo. Brain Res 2001; 891:218-27. [PMID: 11164826 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is the monoamine oxidase-A metabolite of two catecholamine neurotransmitters, epinephrine and norepinephrine. This aldehyde metabolite and its synthesizing enzymes increase in cell bodies of catecholamine neurons in Alzheimer's disease. To test the hypothesis that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, but not epinephrine or its major metabolite 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol, is a neurotoxin, we injected 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde onto adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Injections of epinephrine or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol were made into the same area of controls. A dose response and time study were performed. Adrenergic neurons were identified by their content of the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, immunohistochemically. Apoptosis was evaluated by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated dUTP nick end label staining. Injection of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde in amounts as low as 50 ng results in loss of adrenergic neurons and apoptosis after 18 h. The degree of neurotoxicity is dose and time dependent. Doses of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde 10-fold higher produce necrosis. Neither epinephrine nor 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol are toxic. A 2.5 microg injection of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is toxic to cortical neurons but not glia. Active uptake of the catecholamine-derived aldehyde into differentiated PC-12 cells is demonstrated. Implications of these findings for catecholamine neuron death in neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Burke WJ, Chung HD, Li SW. Quantitation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, the monoamine oxidase metabolites of dopamine and noradrenaline, in human tissues by microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 273:111-6. [PMID: 10452806 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the chemical synthesis of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, the monamine oxidase metabolites of dopamine and noradrenaline, respectively. We demonstrated the neurotoxicity of these compounds. Catecholamine nerve cells which synthesize these aldehydes die in degenerative brain diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Here we describe a sensitive method for separating these catecholaldehydes from catecholamines and their other oxidative and methylated metabolites by microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. We then quantitate catecholamines and their major metabolites in human brain, plasma, and urine. The method can be used to determine the role of these catecholaldehydes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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