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The Involvement of Post-Translational Modifications in Regulating the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3617-3632. [PMID: 36877359 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been recently reported to be involved in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In detail, PTMs include phosphorylation, glycation, acetylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination, methylation, nitration, and truncation, which are associated with pathological functions of AD-related proteins, such as β-amyloid (Aβ), β-site APP-cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1), and tau protein. In particular, the roles of aberrant PTMs in the trafficking, cleavage, and degradation of AD-associated proteins, leading to the cognitive decline of the disease, are summarized under AD conditions. By summarizing these research progress, the gaps will be filled between PMTs and AD, which will facilitate the discovery of potential biomarkers, leading to the establishment of novel clinical intervention methods against AD.
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2
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Mumtaz I, Ayaz MO, Khan MS, Manzoor U, Ganayee MA, Bhat AQ, Dar GH, Alghamdi BS, Hashem AM, Dar MJ, Ashraf GM, Maqbool T. Clinical relevance of biomarkers, new therapeutic approaches, and role of post-translational modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:977411. [PMID: 36158539 PMCID: PMC9490081 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive loss of cognitive functions like thinking, memory, reasoning, behavioral abilities, and social skills thus affecting the ability of a person to perform normal daily functions independently. There is no definitive cure for this disease, and treatment options available for the management of the disease are not very effective as well. Based on histopathology, AD is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although several molecular events contribute to the formation of these insoluble deposits, the aberrant post-translational modifications (PTMs) of AD-related proteins (like APP, Aβ, tau, and BACE1) are also known to be involved in the onset and progression of this disease. However, early diagnosis of the disease as well as the development of effective therapeutic approaches is impeded by lack of proper clinical biomarkers. In this review, we summarized the current status and clinical relevance of biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and extracellular vesicles involved in onset and progression of AD. Moreover, we highlight the effects of several PTMs on the AD-related proteins, and provide an insight how these modifications impact the structure and function of proteins leading to AD pathology. Finally, for disease-modifying therapeutics, novel approaches, and targets are discussed for the successful treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam Mumtaz
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mir Owais Ayaz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Mohamad Sultan Khan
- Neurobiology and Molecular Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Umar Manzoor
- Laboratory of Immune and Inflammatory Disease, Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mohd Azhardin Ganayee
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Aadil Qadir Bhat
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Jamal Dar
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
- Centre for Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Gulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Maqbool
- Laboratory of Nanotherapeutics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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3
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Maina MB, Al-Hilaly YK, Oakley S, Burra G, Khanom T, Biasetti L, Mengham K, Marshall K, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Serpell LC. Dityrosine Cross-links are Present in Alzheimer's Disease-derived Tau Oligomers and Paired Helical Filaments (PHF) which Promotes the Stability of the PHF-core Tau (297-391) In Vitro. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167785. [PMID: 35961386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the pathological aggregation and deposition of tau into paired helical filaments (PHF) in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Oxidative stress is an early event during AD pathogenesis and is associated with tau-mediated AD pathology. Oxidative environments can result in the formation of covalent dityrosine crosslinks that can increase protein stability and insolubility. Dityrosine cross-linking has been shown in Aβ plaques in AD and α-synuclein aggregates in Lewy bodies in ex vivo tissue sections, and this modification may increase the insolubility of these aggregates and their resistance to degradation. Using the PHF-core tau fragment (residues 297 - 391) as a model, we have previously demonstrated that dityrosine formation traps tau assemblies to reduce further elongation. However, it is unknown whether dityrosine crosslinks are found in tau deposits in vivo in AD and its relevance to disease mechanism is unclear. Here, using transmission electron microscope (TEM) double immunogold-labelling, we reveal that neurofibrillary NFTs in AD are heavily decorated with dityrosine crosslinks alongside tau. Single immunogold-labelling TEM and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of dityrosine on AD brain-derived tau oligomers and fibrils. Using the tau (297-391) PHF-core fragment as a model, we further showed that prefibrillar tau species are more amenable to dityrosine crosslinking than tau fibrils. Dityrosine formation results in heat and SDS stability of oxidised prefibrillar and fibrillar tau assemblies. This finding has implications for understanding the mechanism governing the insolubility and toxicity of tau assemblies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud B Maina
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK; Biomedical Science Research and Training Centre, Yobe State University, Nigeria. https://twitter.com/mahmoudbukar
| | - Youssra K Al-Hilaly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK; Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sebastian Oakley
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK
| | - Gunasekhar Burra
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK; Analytical Development Biologics, Biopharmaceutical Development, Syngene International Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560009, India
| | - Tahmida Khanom
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK
| | - Luca Biasetti
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK
| | - Kurtis Mengham
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK
| | - Karen Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK
| | - Charles R Harrington
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claude M Wischik
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex UK.
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4
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Hu KW, Fan HF, Lin HC, Huang JW, Chen YC, Shen CL, Shih YH, Tu LH. Exploring the Impact of Glyoxal Glycation on β-Amyloid Peptide (Aβ) Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5559-5571. [PMID: 34019761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques formed by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the patient's brain. Previous studies have shown that the plaques in the AD brains are colocalized with the advanced glycation end products, which is mainly formed from a series of nonenzymatic reactions of proteins with reducing sugars or reactive dicarbonyls. Glycation was also demonstrated to increase the neurotoxicity of the Aβ peptides. To clarify the impact of glycation on Aβ aggregation, we synthesized two glycated Aβ42 peptides by replacing Lys16 and Lys28 with Nε-carboxymethyllysine respectively to mimic the occurrence of protein glycation. Afterward, we monitored the aggregation kinetics and conformational change for two glycated peptides. We also used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to probe the early stage of peptide oligomerization and tested their abilities in copper binding and reactive oxygen species production. Our data show that glycation significantly slows down the aggregation process and induces more cytotoxicity especially at position 28. We speculated that the higher toxicity might result from a relatively stable oligomeric form of peptide and not from ROS production. The data shown here emphasized that glycated proteins would be an important therapeutic target in AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Fang Fan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Wei Huang
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Ling Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 800, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hsien Tu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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5
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Alquezar C, Arya S, Kao AW. Tau Post-translational Modifications: Dynamic Transformers of Tau Function, Degradation, and Aggregation. Front Neurol 2021; 11:595532. [PMID: 33488497 PMCID: PMC7817643 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.595532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on tau have long been recognized as affecting protein function and contributing to neurodegeneration. The explosion of information on potential and observed PTMs on tau provides an opportunity to better understand these modifications in the context of tau homeostasis, which becomes perturbed with aging and disease. Prevailing views regard tau as a protein that undergoes abnormal phosphorylation prior to its accumulation into the toxic aggregates implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. However, the phosphorylation of tau may, in fact, represent part of the normal but interrupted function and catabolism of the protein. In addition to phosphorylation, tau undergoes another forms of post-translational modification including (but not limited to), acetylation, ubiquitination, glycation, glycosylation, SUMOylation, methylation, oxidation, and nitration. A holistic appreciation of how these PTMs regulate tau during health and are potentially hijacked in disease remains elusive. Recent studies have reinforced the idea that PTMs play a critical role in tau localization, protein-protein interactions, maintenance of levels, and modifying aggregate structure. These studies also provide tantalizing clues into the possibility that neurons actively choose how tau is post-translationally modified, in potentially competitive and combinatorial ways, to achieve broad, cellular programs commensurate with the distinctive environmental conditions found during development, aging, stress, and disease. Here, we review tau PTMs and describe what is currently known about their functional impacts. In addition, we classify these PTMs from the perspectives of protein localization, electrostatics, and stability, which all contribute to normal tau function and homeostasis. Finally, we assess the potential impact of tau PTMs on tau solubility and aggregation. Tau occupies an undoubtedly important position in the biology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an integrated perspective of how post-translational modifications actively, purposefully, and dynamically remodel tau function, clearance, and aggregation. In doing so, we hope to enable a more comprehensive understanding of tau PTMs that will positively impact future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shruti Arya
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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Cioffi F, Adam RHI, Broersen K. Molecular Mechanisms and Genetics of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:981-1017. [PMID: 31744008 PMCID: PMC6971833 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that can cause dementia in elderly over 60 years of age. One of the disease hallmarks is oxidative stress which interconnects with other processes such as amyloid-β deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and tangle formation. This review discusses current thoughts on molecular mechanisms that may relate oxidative stress to Alzheimer’s disease and identifies genetic factors observed from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease-related oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cioffi
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rayan Hassan Ibrahim Adam
- Nanobiophysics Group, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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7
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Moyse E, Haddad M, Benlabiod C, Ramassamy C, Krantic S. Common Pathological Mechanisms and Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease and Type-2 Diabetes: Focus on Inflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:986-1006. [PMID: 31692443 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease, but it is yet unclear whether this pathological link is reciprocal. Although Alzheimer's disease and diabetes appear as entirely different pathological entities affecting the Central Nervous System and a peripheral organ (pancreas), respectively, they share a common pathological core. Recent evidence suggests that in the pancreas in the case of diabetes, as in the brain for Alzheimer's Disease, the initial pathological event may be the accumulation of toxic proteins yielding amyloidosis. Moreover, in both pathologies, amyloidosis is likely responsible for local inflammation, which acts as a driving force for cell death and tissue degeneration. These pathological events are all inter-connected and establish a vicious cycle resulting in the progressive character of both pathologies. OBJECTIVE To address the literature supporting the hypothesis of a common pathological core for both diseases. DISCUSSION We will focus on the analogies and differences between the disease-related inflammatory changes in a peripheral organ, such as the pancreas, versus those observed in the brain. Recent evidence suggesting an impact of peripheral inflammation on neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease will be presented. CONCLUSION We propose that it is now necessary to consider whether neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease affects inflammation in the pancreas related to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Sante Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada
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8
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Haddad M, Perrotte M, Landri S, Lepage A, Fülöp T, Ramassamy C. Circulating and Extracellular Vesicles Levels of N-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-Lysine (CML) Differentiate Early to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:751-762. [PMID: 31127773 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) N-(1-carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and pentosidine were found in the brain from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and were associated with the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. In AD patients, the circulating level of both AGEs remains unknown. Moreover, their levels in peripheral extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their association with AD remain to be determined. Finally, it is not known if neuronal cells can release AGEs via EVs and propagate AGEs. OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of circulating CML and pentosidine during the progression of AD. Moreover, their levels in circulating EVs were determined and their association with the clinical cognitive scores were analyzed. Finally, we have studied the possibility that neuronal cells eliminate and transfer these AGEs through EVs. METHODS CML and pentosidine levels were measured in serum and in circulating EVs. Released-EVs from SK-N-SH neuronal cells were isolated and CML levels were also determined. RESULTS The levels of CML in albumin-free serum proteins were higher in the early stage of AD while the levels of pentosidine remained unchanged. In contrast, the levels of CML in the EVs were lower in the moderate stage of AD. Interestingly, the levels of CML in serum were negatively correlated with the clinical cognitive scores MMSE and MoCA. For the first time, we were able to demonstrate that CML was present in EVs released from neuronal cells in culture. CONCLUSION Peripheral and circulating EVs levels of CML can differentiate early to moderate AD. In the brain, neuronal CML can propagate from cells-to-cells via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Haddad
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sarra Landri
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurelie Lepage
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamàs Fülöp
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, Research Center on Aging, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are considered as major targets for AD therapies. However, no effective therapy is available to cure or prevent the progression of AD up until now. Accumulation of NFTs, which consist of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau, is directly correlated with the degree of dementia in AD patients. Emerging evidence indicates that the prion-like seeding and spreading of tau pathology may be the key driver of AD. In the past decades, greater understanding of tau pathway reveals new targets for the development of specific therapies. Here, we review the recent research progress in the mechanism underlying tau pathology in AD and briefly introduce tau-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
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10
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Molecular Connection Between Diabetes and Dementia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:103-131. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Prion-Like Propagation of Post-Translationally Modified Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Hypothesis. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:480-490. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Kontaxi C, Piccardo P, Gill AC. Lysine-Directed Post-translational Modifications of Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Tauopathies. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:56. [PMID: 28848737 PMCID: PMC5554484 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein responsible mainly for stabilizing the neuronal microtubule network in the brain. Under normal conditions, tau is highly soluble and adopts an "unfolded" conformation. However, it undergoes conformational changes resulting in a less soluble form with weakened microtubule stabilizing properties. Altered tau forms characteristic pathogenic inclusions in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Although, tau hyperphosphorylation is widely considered to be the major trigger of tau malfunction, tau undergoes several post-translational modifications at lysine residues including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, and glycation. We are only beginning to define the site-specific impact of each type of lysine modification on tau biology as well as the possible interplay between them, but, like phosphorylation, these modifications are likely to play critical roles in tau's normal and pathobiology. This review summarizes the latest findings focusing on lysine post-translational modifications that occur at both endogenous tau protein and pathological tau forms in AD and other tauopathies. In addition, it highlights the significance of a site-dependent approach of studying tau post-translational modifications under normal and pathological conditions.
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13
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Liu K, Liu Y, Li L, Qin P, Iqbal J, Deng Y, Qing H. Glycation alter the process of Tau phosphorylation to change Tau isoforms aggregation property. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:192-201. [PMID: 26655600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The risk of tauopathies depends in part on the levels and modified composition of six Tau isoforms in the human brain. Abnormal phosphorylation of the Tau protein and the shift of the ratio of 3R Tau to 4R Tau are presumed to result in neurofibrillary pathology and neurodegeneration. Glycation has recently been linked to dementia and metabolic syndrome. To determine the contribution of Tau protein glycation and phosphorylation on Tau aggregation propensity, the assembled kinetics were examined in vitro using Thioflavin T fluorescence assays. We found that glycation and phosphorylation have different effects on aggregation propensity in different Tau isoforms. Different Tau proteins play important parts in each tauopathies, but 3R0N, fetal Tau protein, has no effect on tauopathies. Conversely, 4R2N has more modified sites and a higher tendency to aggregate, playing the most important role in 4R tauopathies. Finally, Glycation, which could modulate Tau phosphorylation, may occur before any other modification. It also regulates the 3R to 4R ratio and promotes 4R2N Tau protein aggregation. Decreasing the sites of glycation, as well as shifting other Tau proteins to 3R0N Tau proteins has potential therapeutic implications for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lingyun Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China; School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Peibin Qin
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, No.33, Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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14
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Gerson JE, Castillo-Carranza DL, Kayed R. Advances in therapeutics for neurodegenerative tauopathies: moving toward the specific targeting of the most toxic tau species. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:752-69. [PMID: 25075869 DOI: 10.1021/cn500143n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is one of the greatest health concerns today and with no effective treatment in sight, it is crucial that researchers find a safe and successful therapeutic. While neurofibrillary tangles are considered the primary tauopathy hallmark, more evidence continues to come to light to suggest that soluble, intermediate tau aggregates--tau oligomers--are the most toxic species in disease. These intermediate tau species may also be responsible for the spread of pathology, suggesting that oligomeric tau may be the best therapeutic target. Here, we summarize results for the modulation of tau by molecular chaperones, small molecules and aggregation inhibitors, post-translational modifications, immunotherapy, other techniques, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Gerson
- Department
of Neurology, George and Cynthia Mitchell
Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Diana L. Castillo-Carranza
- Department
of Neurology, George and Cynthia Mitchell
Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Department
of Neurology, George and Cynthia Mitchell
Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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15
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Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes for development of Alzheimer disease: a key role for oxidative stress in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1693-706. [PMID: 24949886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. Epidemiological data show that the incidence of AD increases with age and doubles every 5 years after 65 years of age. From a neuropathological point of view, amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) leads to senile plaques, which, together with hyperphosphorylated tau-based neurofibrillary tangles and synapse loss, are the principal pathological hallmarks of AD. Aβ is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and induces calcium-dependent excitotoxicity, impairment of cellular respiration, and alteration of synaptic functions associated with learning and memory. Oxidative stress was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which (i) represents another prevalent disease associated with obesity and often aging, and (ii) is considered to be a risk factor for AD development. T2DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin production and peripheral insulin resistance, which close resemble to the brain insulin resistance observed in AD patients. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance and vice versa. This review article provides molecular aspects and the pharmacological approaches from both preclinical and clinical data interpreted from the point of view of oxidative stress with the aim of highlighting progresses in this field.
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Li XH, Lv BL, Xie JZ, Liu J, Zhou XW, Wang JZ. AGEs induce Alzheimer-like tau pathology and memory deficit via RAGE-mediated GSK-3 activation. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1400-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kuo TY, Huang CL, Yang JM, Huang WJ, Huang NK, Chen YW, Lin RJ, Yang YC. The role of ribosylated-BSA in regulating PC12 cell viability. Cell Biol Toxicol 2012; 28:255-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-012-9220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Münch G, Westcott B, Menini T, Gugliucci A. Advanced glycation endproducts and their pathogenic roles in neurological disorders. Amino Acids 2010; 42:1221-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Effect of pioglitazone on insulin resistance in fructose-drinking rats correlates with AGEs/RAGE inhibition and block of NAPDH oxidase and NF kappa B activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 629:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ribosylation rapidly induces alpha-synuclein to form highly cytotoxic molten globules of advanced glycation end products. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9052. [PMID: 20140223 PMCID: PMC2816216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha synuclein (α-Syn) is the main component of Lewy bodies which are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. While the glycation with D-glucose that results in α-Syn misfold and aggregation has been studied, the effects of glycation with D-ribose on α-Syn have not been investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we show that ribosylation induces α-Syn misfolding and generates advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which form protein molten globules with high cytotoxcity. Results from native- and SDS-PAGE showed that D-ribose reacted rapidly with α-Syn, leading to dimerization and polymerization. Trypsin digestion and sequencing analysis revealed that during ribosylation the lysinyl residues (K58, K60, K80, K96, K97 and K102) in the C-terminal region reacted more quickly with D-ribose than those of the N-terminal region. Using Western blotting, AGEs resulting from the glycation of α-Syn were observed within 24 h in the presence of D-ribose, but were not observed in the presence of D-glucose. Changes in fluorescence at 410 nm demonstrated again that AGEs were formed during early ribosylation. Changes in the secondary structure of ribosylated α-Syn were not clearly detected by CD spectrometry in studies on protein conformation. However, intrinsic fluorescence at 310 nm decreased markedly in the presence of D-ribose. Observations with atomic force microscopy showed that the surface morphology of glycated α-Syn looked like globular aggregates. thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence increased during α-Syn incubation regardless of ribosylation. As incubation time increased, ribosylation of α-Syn resulted in a blue-shift (∼100 nm) in the fluorescence of ANS. The light scattering intensity of ribosylated α-Syn was not markedly different from native α-Syn, suggesting that ribosylated α-Syn is present as molten protein globules. Ribosylated products had a high cytotoxicity to SH-SY5Y cells, leading to LDH release and increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusions/Significance α-Syn is rapidly glycated in the presence of D-ribose generating molten globule-like aggregations which cause cell oxidative stress and result in high cytotoxicity.
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Chen L, Wei Y, Wang X, He R. D-Ribosylated Tau forms globular aggregates with high cytotoxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2559-71. [PMID: 19517062 PMCID: PMC11115892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the glycation of Tau that is involved in paired helical filament formation in Alzheimer's disease has been widely studied, little attention has been paid to the role of D-ribose in the glycation of Tau. Here, we show that Tau is rapidly glycated in the presence of D-ribose, resulting in oligomerization and polymerization. Glycated derivatives appeared after 24 h incubation. Western blotting indicated the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) during initial stages of glycation. Thioflavin T-positive (ThT-positive) aggregations that appeared from day 4 indicated the globular-like features. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the surface morphology of ribosylated Tau40 was globular-like. Kinetic studies suggested that D-ribosylated Tau is slowly oligomerized and rapidly polymerized with ThT-positive features. Moreover, D-ribosylated Tau aggregates were highly toxic to SHSY5Y cells and resulted in both apoptosis and necrosis. This work has demonstrated that D-ribose reacted with Tau protein rapidly, producing ThT-positive aggregations which had high cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yu Quan Road, Shijingshan District, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, Münch G. Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:763-77. [PMID: 19464758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementing disorder of late life. Although there might be various different triggering events in the early stages of the disease, they seem to converge on a few characteristic final pathways in the late stages, characterized by inflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we revisit the hypothesis that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their receptor RAGE may play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Accumulation of AGEs in cells and tissues is a normal feature of aging, but is accelerated in AD. In AD, AGEs can be detected in pathological deposits such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. AGEs explain many of the neuropathological and biochemical features of AD such as extensive protein crosslinking, glial induction of oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Oxidative stress and AGEs initiate a positive feedback loop, where normal age-related changes develop into a pathophysiological cascade. RAGE and its decoy receptor soluble RAGE, may contribute to or protect against AD pathogenesis by influencing transport of β-amyloid into the brain or by manipulating inflammatory mechanisms. Targeted pharmacological interventions using AGE-inhibitors, RAGE-antagonists, RAGE-antibodies, soluble RAGE or RAGE signalling inhibitors such as membrane-permeable antioxidants may be promising therapeutic strategies to slow down the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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23
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Lue LF, Walker DG, Jacobson S, Sabbagh M. Receptor for advanced glycation end products: its role in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009; 4:167-177. [PMID: 19885375 DOI: 10.2217/14796708.4.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been demonstrated to play a central role in the pathogenic mechanisms of a growing number of important neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke. Two functional types of RAGE have been associated with neurological diseases: cell membrane-bound (full length) and soluble. In general, ligand binding to full-length RAGE initiates sustained cellular activation and receptor-dependent signaling resulting in inflammation and cellular stress, and is ultimately associated with increased RAGE expression. By comparison, soluble forms of RAGE, generated either by alternative splicing or by proteolysis, can reduce the severity of the consequence of ligand-membrane RAGE interactions by preventing ligands from binding to the full-length RAGE. This can inhibit the neurotoxic or proinflammatory responses involved in disease states. This article reviews the pathobiology of RAGE, with emphasis on soluble forms of RAGE, and discusses its relevance to AD and to other neurological diseases, as well as how manipulation of the different forms of RAGE is becoming a powerful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, USA,
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24
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Insulin resistance and amyloidogenesis as common molecular foundation for type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1792:482-96. [PMID: 19026743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Characterized as a peripheral metabolic disorder and a degenerative disease of the central nervous system respectively, it is now widely recognized that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share several common abnormalities including impaired glucose metabolism, increased oxidative stress, insulin resistance and amyloidogenesis. Several recent studies suggest that this is not an epiphenomenon, but rather these two diseases disrupt common molecular pathways and each disease compounds the progression of the other. For instance, in AD the accumulation of the amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), which characterizes the disease and is thought to participate in the neurodegenerative process, may also induce neuronal insulin resistance. Conversely, disrupting normal glucose metabolism in transgenic animal models of AD that over-express the human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) promotes amyloid-peptide aggregation and accelerates the disease progression. Studying these processes at a cellular level suggests that insulin resistance and Abeta aggregation may not only be the consequence of excitotoxicity, aberrant Ca(2+) signals, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, but may also promote these pathological effectors. At the molecular level, insulin resistance and Abeta disrupt common signal transduction cascades including the insulin receptor family/PI3 kinase/Akt/GSK3 pathway. Thus both disease processes contribute to overlapping pathology, thereby compounding disease symptoms and progression.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Sayre
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - George Perry
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Mark A. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Pathology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
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26
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Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs): involvement in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. Amino Acids 2007; 35:29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Kuhla B, Haase C, Flach K, Lüth HJ, Arendt T, Münch G. Effect of pseudophosphorylation and cross-linking by lipid peroxidation and advanced glycation end product precursors on tau aggregation and filament formation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:6984-91. [PMID: 17082178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein as paired helical filaments in pyramidal neurons is a major hallmark of Alzheimer disease. Besides hyperphosphorylation, other modifications of the Tau protein, such as cross-linking, are likely to contribute to the characteristic features of paired helical filaments, including their insolubility and resistance against proteolytic degradation. In this study, we have investigated whether the four reactive carbonyl compounds acrolein, malondialdehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal accelerate the formation of Tau oligomers, thioflavin T-positive aggregates, and fibrils using wild-type and seven pseudophosphorylated mutant Tau proteins. Acrolein and methylglyoxal were the most reactive compounds followed by glyoxal and malondialdehyde in terms of formation of Tau dimers and higher molecular weight oligomers. Furthermore, acrolein and methylglyoxal induced the formation of thioflavin T-fluorescent aggregates in a triple pseudophosphorylation-mimicking mutant to a slightly higher degree than wild-type Tau. Analysis of the Tau aggregates by electron microscopy study showed that formation of fibrils using wild-type Tau and several Tau mutants could be observed with acrolein and methylglyoxal but not with glyoxal and malondialdehyde. Our results suggest that reactive carbonyl compounds, particularly methylglyoxal and acrolein, could accelerate tangle formation in vivo and that this process could be slightly accelerated, at least in the case of methylglyoxal and acrolein, by hyperphosphorylation. Interference with the formation or the reaction of these reactive carbonyl compounds could be a promising way of inhibiting tangle formation and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuhla
- Nutritional Physiology Unit "Oskar Kellner," Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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28
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Leszek J, Malyszczak K, Bartys A, Staniszewska M, Gamian A. Analysis of serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease for the level of advanced glycation end products. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:360-5. [PMID: 17062556 PMCID: PMC10832636 DOI: 10.1177/1533317506291075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data on the serum level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are scarce, although a specific biochemical marker easy to detect in body fluids is desired for an early diagnosis of disease and to monitor the effects of therapeutic treatment. In the current study, the content of AGEs was examined with an immunochemical assay in the sera of AD patients, in the frame of a search for a biochemical marker of disease. Subjects with AD and vascular dementia (VaD) were included in the study (n = 30; age range, 68-70 years). The results were compared to the healthy control groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test for the determination of AGEs is based on a rabbit anti-AGE, affinity-purified antibody and a model AGE-myoglobin antigen, in which a serum sample treated with proteinase K is used as an inhibitor. For the measurement of immune complexes and anti-AGE antibodies, the corresponding ELISA tests have been applied. The AGE level in the VaD group (49.5 U(AGE)) was higher than in AD patients (46.1 U(AGE)). The level of total AGEs in the sera of AD patients was significantly lower than in the control group (50/51.6 U(AGE)). These relations were not observed with regard to the immune complexes and anti-AGE antibody levels in AD (70.2 U(IC)/0.027 U(IgG)) and VaD (83 U(IC)/0.034 U(IgG)) patients because the levels of these parameters were similar to the controls (76.2 U(IC)/0.042 U(IgG)). The work revealed the lower level of circulating serum AGEs in patients with AD in relation to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Leszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
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29
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Kuhla B, Lüth HJ, Haferburg D, Weick M, Reichenbach A, Arendt T, Münch G. Pathological effects of glyoxalase I inhibition in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1591-600. [PMID: 16555297 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), in aging, and under conditions of oxidative stress, the levels of reactive carbonyl compounds continuously increase. Accumulating carbonyl levels might be caused by an impaired enzymatic detoxification system. The major dicarbonyl detoxifying system is the glyoxalase system, which removes methylglyoxal in order to minimize cellular impairment. Although a reduced activity of glyoxalase I was evident in aging brains, it is not known how raising the intracellular methylglyoxal level influences neuronal function and the phosphorylation pattern of tau protein, which is known to be abnormally hyperphosphorylated in AD. To simulate a reduced glyoxalase I activity, we applied an inhibitor of glyoxalase I, p-bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (pBrBzGSCp(2)), to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to induce chronically elevated methylglyoxal concentrations. We have shown that 10 microM pBrBzGSCp(2) leads to a fourfold elevation of the methylglyoxal level after 24 hr. In addition, glyoxalase I inhibition leads to reduced cell viability, strongly retracted neuritis, increase in [Ca(2+)](i), and activation of caspase-3. However, pBrBzGSCp(2) did not lead to tau "hyper"-phosphorylation despite activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase but rather activated protein phosphatases 2 and induced tau dephosphorylation at the Ser(202)/Thr(205) and Ser(396)/Ser(404) epitopes. Preincubation with the carbonyl scavenger aminoguanidine prevented tau dephosphorylation, indicating the specific effect of methylglyoxal. Also, pretreatment with the inhibitor okadaic acid prevented tau dephosphorylation, indicating that methylglyoxal activates PP-2A. In summary, our data suggest that a reduced glyoxalase I activity mimics some changes associated with neurodegeneration, such as neurite retraction and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuhla
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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30
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Yen SH, Hutton M, DeTure M, Ko LW, Nacharaju P. Fibrillogenesis of tau: insights from tau missense mutations in FTDP-17. Brain Pathol 2006; 9:695-705. [PMID: 10517508 PMCID: PMC8098577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) is a neurological disorder associated with tau pathology.Tau deposits in FTDP-17 brains consist of polymerized filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau, the morphology of which is determined by the nature of the tau gene mutation observed in each case. A number of mutations associated with FTDP-17 have been identified in the 5' splice site of exon 10 and in exons 9-13 of the tau gene. The exon 10 5' splice site mutations disrupt alternative splicing and thus alter the ratio of 4R and 3R Tau isoforms. The majority of Tau missense mutations decrease its ability to bind tubulin and promote microtubule assembly. The extent of reduction varies depending on the site and nature of the mutation. Some Tau missense mutations also have a direct effect on the rate and the extent of tau filament formation. In the presence of polymerization-inducing agents such as heparin or arachidonic acid, mutant tau forms polymers more efficiently than wild type tau in vitro. Tau mutations affect polymerization at both nucleation and elongation phases. One mutation (R406W) is also known to alter the susceptibility of tau to phosphorylation. Expression of mutant tau in cultured cells changes the cytoskeletal integrity of CHO and COS-7 cells, but none of the tau transfected cells display tau filament inclusions. These findings suggest involvement of at least two mechanisms in the pathogenesis of FTDP-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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31
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Vega IE, Cui L, Propst JA, Hutton ML, Lee G, Yen SH. Increase in tau tyrosine phosphorylation correlates with the formation of tau aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:135-44. [PMID: 15913839 PMCID: PMC3677942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by aberrant intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau. It has been shown that aggregated tau is phosphorylated at serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. However, the occurrence of tyrosine phosphorylation on tau proteins at different states of tau aggregation has not been shown. In this report, we utilized the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3 that expresses human 0N4R tau isoform bearing the missense P301L mutation to study the occurrence of tau tyrosine phosphorylation in the course of the development of tau aggregation. These mice develop behavioral and motor deficits and form sarkosyl-insoluble hyperphosphorylated tau in an age-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry analyses of immunopurified brain tau proteins from JNPL3 and Alzheimer's disease affected individual uncovered novel tau tyrosine-phosphorylated sites. Further studies demonstrated that the abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated tau increases in an age-dependent manner in JNPL3 mice. Tyrosine-phosphorylated tau was detected in both soluble and sarkosyl-insoluble preparations derived from brain and spinal cord, and localized in neurons containing aggregated tau. The phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in tau appeared to occur along with that of serine and threonine residues and was not detectable in non-transgenic littermates and transgenic mice expressing 0N4R wild-type human tau. The results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is as important as phosphorylation of other residues in tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E. Vega
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Birdsall Medical Research Bldg., 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Birdsall Medical Research Bldg., 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Josh A. Propst
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Birdsall Medical Research Bldg., 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael L. Hutton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Birdsall Medical Research Bldg., 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Gloria Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shu-Hui Yen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Birdsall Medical Research Bldg., 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 904 953 7117. (S.-H. Yen)
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Moreira PI, Smith MA, Zhu X, Nunomura A, Castellani RJ, Perry G. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043:545-52. [PMID: 16037277 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1333.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-studied early response in chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, where neuronal loss can exceed 90% in the vulnerable neuronal population. Oxidative stress affects all classes of macromolecules (sugar, lipids, proteins, and DNA), leading inevitably to neuronal dysfunction. We observed that Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), the predominant advanced glycation end product that accumulates in vivo, along with its glycation-specific precursor hexitol-lysine, are increased in neurons from cases of Alzheimer's disease, especially those containing intracellular neurofibrillary pathology. The increase in hexitol-lysine and CML can result from either lipid peroxidation or advanced glycation, whereas hexitol-lysine is solely a product of glycation, suggesting that two distinct oxidative processes act in concert in the neuropathology of the disease. Furthermore, using olfactory neurons as an experimental model, we observed an increase in glycation products in neurons derived from Alzheimer's disease patients. Our findings support the idea that aldehyde-mediated modifications, in concert with oxyradical-mediated modifications, are critical early pathogenic factors in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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33
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Staniszewska M, Leszek J, Małyszczak K, Gamian A. Are advanced glycation end-products specific biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:896-7. [PMID: 16116580 DOI: 10.1002/gps.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Staniszewska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Richter T, Münch G, Lüth HJ, Arendt T, Kientsch-Engel R, Stahl P, Fengler D, Kuhla B. Immunochemical crossreactivity of antibodies specific for "advanced glycation endproducts" with "advanced lipoxidation endproducts". Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:465-74. [PMID: 15653175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are used for their immunohistological localization in tissues, for example in Alzheimer's disease (AD) or diabetes. Many monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been used, and their specificity is unknown in most cases. Increased radical production, leading to the formation of lipid-derived reactive carbonyl species, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, and glyoxal, is a characteristic aspect of age-related diseases like Alzheimer's disease or diabetic polyneuropathy. These reactive carbonyl species are able to modify proteins, resulting in AGE related structures, termed "advanced lipoxidation products" (ALEs). In this study, the monoclonal carboxymethyllysine-specific antibody 4G9 and the polyclonal AGE-antibody K2189 were tested for their immunoreactivity towards these carbonyl-derived protein modifications. To investigate which carbonyl-modified amino acid side chains are specifically recognized by these antibodies, peptide membranes were incubated with glyoxal, MDA and acrolein. As model proteins, microtubuli associated protein tau (MAP-tau), beta-amyloid, human serum albumin and chicken egg albumin were incubated likewise. It was found that both antibodies detected reaction products of these carbonyl compounds on lysine- and arginine residues and for the protein modification, it was found that some epitopes might not be detected. In conclusion, AGE-antibodies might not only detect sugar-derived AGEs but also structures derived from lipid peroxidation products (serving as markers of oxidative stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Richter
- Neuroimmunological Cell Biology Unit, Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), Leipzig, Germany
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Chen F, Wollmer MA, Hoerndli F, Münch G, Kuhla B, Rogaev EI, Tsolaki M, Papassotiropoulos A, Götz J. Role for glyoxalase I in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7687-92. [PMID: 15128939 PMCID: PMC419667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402338101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P301L mutant tau transgenic mice develop neurofibrillary tangles, a histopathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTDP-17). To identify differentially expressed genes and to gain insight into pathogenic mechanisms, we performed a stringent analysis of the microarray dataset obtained with RNA from whole brains of P301L mutant mice and identified a single up-regulated gene, glyoxalase I. This enzyme plays a critical role in the detoxification of dicarbonyl compounds and thereby reduces the formation of advanced glycation end products. In situ hybridization analysis revealed expression of glyoxalase I in all brain areas analyzed, both in transgenic and control mice. However, levels of glyoxalase I protein were significantly elevated in P301L brains, as shown by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, a glyoxalase I-specific antiserum revealed many intensely stained flame-shaped neurons in Alzheimer's disease brain compared with brains from nondemented controls. In addition, we examined a single nucleotide polymorphism predicting a nonconservative amino acid substitution at position 111 (E111A) in ethnically independent populations. We identified significant and consistent deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which points to the presence of selection forces. The E111A single nucleotide polymorphism was not associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease in the overall population. Together, our data demonstrate the potential of transcriptomics applied to animal models of human diseases. They suggest a previously unidentified role for glyoxalase I in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zürich, August Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Abstract
There are many lines of evidence showing that oxidative stress and aberrant mitogenic changes have important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although both oxidative stress and cell cycle-related abnormalities are early events, occurring before any cytopathology, the relation between these two events, and their role in pathophysiology was, until recently, unclear. However, on the basis of studies of mitogenic and oxidative stress signalling pathways in AD, we proposed a "two-hit hypothesis" which states that although either oxidative stress or abnormalities in mitotic signalling can independently serve as initiators, both processes are necessary to propagate disease pathogenesis. In this paper, we summarise evidence for oxidative stress and abnormal mitotic alterations in AD and explain the two-hit hypothesis by describing how both mechanisms are necessary and invariant features of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Zhu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Vehmas AK, Kawas CH, Stewart WF, Troncoso JC. Immune reactive cells in senile plaques and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24:321-31. [PMID: 12498966 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations of postmortem neocortical immunoreactivities for microglia, astrocytes, Abeta and Tau with cognitive changes in clinically characterized subjects with pathological diagnoses (CERAD classification) of definite AD (9), possible AD (15) and age-matched controls (11). By measuring the fractional area (FA) of immunoreactivity, we found that Abeta deposits appear early in the pathogenesis of Abeta, but cannot account for cognitive decline. We found a significant increases in FA for microglia in possible AD cases (nondemented) compared to controls (P<0.05) and in FA for astrocytes in definite AD (demented) compared to possible AD (P<0.01). Tau immunoreactivity was observed only in the neuropil of definite AD cases (P<0.001). The significant increase in microglia between controls and AD possible cases suggests that activation of microglia occurs in the early pathogenesis of AD, whereas the significant association between astrocytic reaction and dementia, suggests that these cells play a role in the late stage of the disease, when dementia develops. Tau immunoreactivity appears as the strongest morphological correlate of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Vehmas
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 558, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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Reddy VP, Obrenovich ME, Atwood CS, Perry G, Smith MA. Involvement of Maillard reactions in Alzheimer disease. Neurotox Res 2002; 4:191-209. [PMID: 12829400 DOI: 10.1080/1029840290007321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maillard reactions have been explored by food chemists for many years. It is only recently that the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the end products of the Maillard reaction, have been detected in a wide variety of diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cataractogenesis, Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease (AD). In this review, we discuss the chemistry and biochemistry of AGE-related crosslinks such as pyrraline, pentosidine, carboxymethyllysine (CML), crosslines, imidazolidinones, and dilysine crosslinks (GOLD and MOLD), as well as their possible involvement in neurodegenerative conditions. Pentosidine and CML are found in elevated amounts in the major lesions of the AD brain. Glycation is also implicated in the formation of the paired helical filaments (PHF), a component of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta peptide and proteins of the cerebrospinal fluid are also glycated in patients with AD. In order to ameliorate the effects of AGEs on AD pathology, various inhibitors of AGEs have been increasingly explored. It is hoped that understanding of the mechanism of the AGEs formation and their role in the neurodegeneration will result in novel therapeutics for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409; Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Münch G, Shepherd CE, McCann H, Brooks WS, Kwok JBJ, Arendt T, Hallupp M, Schofield PR, Martins RN, Halliday GM. Intraneuronal advanced glycation endproducts in presenilin-1 Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2002; 13:601-4. [PMID: 11973454 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200204160-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated gene resulting in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease is presenilin-1. We have used antibodies against advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) in brain tissue sections of four patients with three different presenilin I mutations. Accumulation of intracellular AGE was observed in 75-95% of pyramidal neurons in patients with presenilin-1 mutations, far exceeding the percentage of presenilin-1-, tau- or ubiquitin-positive neurons. This high level of AGE-modified proteins in vulnerable neurons is most likely explained by higher levels of their precursors (reactive (di)carbonyl products) or a slower turnover of the participating proteins. These conditions of carbonyl stress may contribute to increased neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability leading to the early disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Münch
- Neuroimmunological Cell Biology (IZKF), Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Shuvaev VV, Laffont I, Serot JM, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, Siest G. Increased protein glycation in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22:397-402. [PMID: 11378244 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of advanced glycation end products occurs in the brain with ageing and was proposed to be involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We studied changes in the level of an early glycation product, an Amadori product, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ageing and in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The work was carried out on 99 consecutive patients. The concentration of Amadori product in CSF correlated with CSF glucose concentration but was not changed with age (n = 70). In contrast, level of CSF Amadori product was 1.7-fold higher in Alzheimer's disease patients (n = 29) as compared with non-demented age-matched control group (n = 20; P < 0.0005), although CSF glucose concentration was similar in both groups (4.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/liter, resp.). An increased accumulation of Amadori products was found in all major proteins of CSF of Alzheimer's disease including albumin, apolipoprotein E and transthyretin. We propose that the increased early glycation of CSF proteins in the Alzheimer's patients may stimulate the formation and the consequent deposition of advanced glycation end products as well as oxidative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Shuvaev
- Centre du Médicament, INSERM U525, Université Henri Poincare Nancy I, 30, rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France
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Aksenov MY, Aksenova MV, Butterfield DA, Geddes JW, Markesbery WR. Protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2001; 103:373-83. [PMID: 11246152 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we used immunohistochemistry and two-dimensional fingerprinting of oxidatively modified proteins (two-dimensional Oxyblot) together to investigate protein carbonyl formation in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Increased protein oxidation was detected in sections from the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyri of six Alzheimer's disease and six age-matched control human subjects, but not in the cerebellum. In two brain regions severely affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology, prominent protein carbonyl immunoreactivity was localized in the cytoplasm of neurons without visual pathomorphological changes and degenerating neurons, suggesting that intracellular proteins might be significantly affected by oxidative modifications. Following two-dimensional electrophoresis the positions of some individual proteins were identified using specific antibodies, and immunoblot analysis for protein carbonyls was performed. These studies demonstrated the presence of protein carbonyl immunoreactivity in beta-tubulin, beta-actin and creatine kinase BB in Alzheimer's disease and control brain extracts. Protein carbonyls were undetectable in spots matching glial fibrillary acidic protein and tau isoforms. Specific protein carbonyl levels in beta-actin and creatine kinase BB were significantly higher in Alzheimer's disease than in control brain extract. beta-Tubulin did not demonstrate a significant increase in specific protein carbonyl content in Alzheimer's disease brains. We suggest that oxidative stress-induced injury may involve the selective modification of different intracellular proteins, including key enzymes and structural proteins, which precedes and may lead to the neurofibrillary degeneration of neurons in the Alzheimer's disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Aksenov
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Buée L, Bussière T, Buée-Scherrer V, Delacourte A, Hof PR. Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2000; 33:95-130. [PMID: 10967355 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1392] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tau proteins belong to the family of microtubule-associated proteins. They are mainly expressed in neurons where they play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules to constitute the neuronal microtubules network. Microtubules are involved in maintaining the cell shape and serve as tracks for axonal transport. Tau proteins also establish some links between microtubules and other cytoskeletal elements or proteins. Tau proteins are translated from a single gene located on chromosome 17. Their expression is developmentally regulated by an alternative splicing mechanism and six different isoforms exist in the human adult brain. Tau proteins are the major constituents of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions described in Alzheimer's disease and numerous neurodegenerative disorders referred to as 'tauopathies'. Molecular analysis has revealed that an abnormal phosphorylation might be one of the important events in the process leading to their aggregation. Moreover, a specific set of pathological tau proteins exhibiting a typical biochemical pattern, and a different regional and laminar distribution could characterize each of these disorders. Finally, a direct correlation has been established between the progressive involvement of the neocortical areas and the increasing severity of dementia, suggesting that pathological tau proteins are reliable marker of the neurodegenerative process. The recent discovery of tau gene mutations in frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 has reinforced the predominant role attributed to tau proteins in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and underlined the fact that distinct sets of tau isoforms expressed in different neuronal populations could lead to different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buée
- INSERM U422, Place de Verdun, 59045 cedex, Lille, France.
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