1
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Qiu X, Garden AL, Fairbanks AJ. Protecting group free glycosylation: one-pot stereocontrolled access to 1,2- trans glycosides and (1→6)-linked disaccharides of 2-acetamido sugars. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4122-4130. [PMID: 35440979 PMCID: PMC8985506 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected 2-acetamido sugars may be directly converted into their oxazolines using 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC), and a suitable base, in aqueous solution. Freeze drying and acid catalysed reaction with an alcohol as solvent produces the corresponding 1,2-trans-glycosides in good yield. Alternatively, dissolution in an aprotic solvent system and acidic activation in the presence of an excess of an unprotected glycoside as a glycosyl acceptor, results in the stereoselective formation of the corresponding 1,2-trans linked disaccharides without any protecting group manipulations. Reactions using aryl glycosides as acceptors are completely regioselective, producing only the (1→6)-linked disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qiu
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna L Garden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand .,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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2
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Li W, Yu B. Temporary ether protecting groups at the anomeric center in complex carbohydrate synthesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2020; 77:1-69. [PMID: 33004110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a carbohydrate building block usually starts with introduction of a temporary protecting group at the anomeric center and ends with its selective cleavage for further transformation. Thus, the choice of the anomeric temporary protecting group must be carefully considered because it should retain intact during the whole synthetic manipulation, and it should be chemoselectively removable without affecting other functional groups at a late stage in the synthesis. Etherate groups are the most widely used temporary protecting groups at the anomeric center, generally including allyl ethers, MP (p-methoxyphenyl) ethers, benzyl ethers, PMB (p-methoxybenzyl) eithers, and silyl ethers. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on their formation, cleavage, and applications in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Abstract
Glycosyl chlorides have historically been activated using harsh conditions and/or toxic stoichiometric promoters. More recently, the Ye and the Jacobsen groups showed that glycosyl chlorides can be activated under organocatalytic conditions. However, those reactions are slow, require specialized catalysts and high temperatures, but still provide only moderate yields. Presented herein is a simple method for the activation of glycosyl chlorides using abundant and inexpensive ferric chloride in catalytic amounts. Our preliminary results indicate that both benzylated and benzoylated glycosyl chlorides can be activated with 20 mol% of FeCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Geringer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trattnig N, Farcet JB, Gritsch P, Christler A, Pantophlet R, Kosma P. Synthesis of a Pentasaccharide Fragment Related to the Inner Core Region of Rhizobial and Agrobacterial Lipopolysaccharides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12346-12358. [PMID: 29028168 PMCID: PMC5715290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
pentasaccharide fragment α-d-Man-(1 →
5)-[α-d-Kdo-(2 → 4)-]α-d-Kdo-(2
→ 6)-β-d-GlcNAc-(1 → 6)-α-d-GlcNAc equipped with a 3-aminopropyl spacer moiety was prepared
by a sequential assembly of monosaccharide building blocks. The glucosamine
disaccharide—as a backbone surrogate of the bacterial lipid
A region—was synthesized using an 1,3-oxazoline donor, which
was followed by coupling with an isopropylidene-protected Kdo-fluoride
donor to afford a protected tetrasaccharide intermediate. Eventually,
an orthogonally protected manno-configured trichloroacetimidate
donor was used to achieve the sterically demanding glycosylation of
the 5-OH group of Kdo in good yield. The resulting pentasaccharide
is suitably protected for further chain elongation at positions 3,
4, and 6 of the terminal mannose. Global deprotection afforded the
target pentasaccharide to be used for the conversion into neoglycoconjugates
and “clickable” ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Trattnig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Gritsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Christler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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SHODA SI. Development of chemical and chemo-enzymatic glycosylations. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:125-145. [PMID: 28302960 PMCID: PMC5422579 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidic compounds are indispensable molecules in living systems. Biological phenomena such as cell wall formation, energy storage, and cell recognition strongly depend on the multi-functional characters of these substances. Development of highly regio- and stereoselective glycosylation reactions is necessary to provide sufficient amounts of specific compounds in basic research as well as for applications in industry. This review presents an overview of chemical and chemo-enzymatic glycosylations that have been developed during my forty-year academic career in the field of glyco-science. In the course of these studies, several new concepts such as "Direct Anomeric Activation", "Glyco-Process Chemistry" and "Glyco-Chemistry Cycles" have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro SHODA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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7
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Li X, Zhu J. Glycosylation via Transition-Metal Catalysis: Challenges and Opportunities. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Natural Sciences; University of Michigan-Dearborn; 4901 Evergreen Road 48128 Dearborn Michigan USA
| | - Jianglong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Green Chemistry and Engineering; The University of Toledo; 2801 West Bancroft Street 43606 Toledo Ohio USA
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Schocker NS, Portillo S, Brito CRN, Marques AF, Almeida IC, Michael K. Synthesis of Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-, Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα- and GlcNAc-containing neoglycoproteins and their immunological evaluation in the context of Chagas disease. Glycobiology 2015; 26:39-50. [PMID: 26384953 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease (ChD), has a cell surface covered by immunogenic glycoconjugates. One of the immunodominant glycotopes, the trisaccharide Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα, is expressed on glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucins of the infective trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi and triggers high levels of protective anti-α-Gal antibodies (Abs) in infected individuals. Here, we have efficiently synthesized the mercaptopropyl glycoside of that glycotope and conjugated it to maleimide-derivatized bovine serum albumin (BSA). Chemiluminescent-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA is recognized by purified anti-α-Gal Abs from chronic ChD patients ∼230-fold more strongly than by anti-α-Gal Abs from sera of healthy individuals (NHS anti-α-Gal). Similarly, the pooled sera of chronic Chagas disease patients (ChHSP) recognized Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα ∼20-fold more strongly than pooled NHS. In contrast, the underlying disaccharide Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα and the monosaccharide GlcNAcα or GlcNAcβ conjugated to BSA are poorly or not recognized by purified anti-α-Gal Abs or sera from Chagasic patients or healthy individuals. Our results highlight the importance of the terminal Galα moiety for recognition by Ch anti-α-Gal Abs and the lack of Abs against nonself Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα and GlcNAcα glycotopes. The substantial difference in binding of Ch vs. NHS anti-α-Gal Abs to Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA suggests that this neoglycoprotein (NGP) might be suitable for experimental vaccination. To this end, the Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα-BSA NGP was then used to immunize α1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout mice, which produced antibody titers 40-fold higher as compared with pre-immunization titers. Taken together, our results indicate that the synthetic Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAcα glycotope coupled to a carrier protein could be a potential diagnostic and vaccine candidate for ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Portillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Carlos R N Brito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Marques
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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9
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Arihara R, Kakita K, Suzuki N, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Glycosylation with 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglycosyl Donors at a Low Temperature: Scope of the Non-Oxazoline Method. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4259-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Arihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kakita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunichi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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10
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Hargreaves JM, Le Guen Y, Guerreiro C, Descroix K, Mulard LA. Linear synthesis of the branched pentasaccharide repeats of O-antigens from Shigella flexneri 1a and 1b demonstrating the major steric hindrance associated with type-specific glucosylation. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7728-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri serotypes 1b and 1a are Gram-negative enteroinvasive bacteria causing shigellosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hargreaves
- Institut Pasteur
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523
- Institut Pasteur
| | - Yann Le Guen
- Institut Pasteur
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523
- Institut Pasteur
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut Pasteur
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523
- Institut Pasteur
| | - Karine Descroix
- Institut Pasteur
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523
- Institut Pasteur
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523
- Institut Pasteur
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11
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Wei G, Lv X, Du Y. FeCl3-catalyzed α-glycosidation of glycosamine pentaacetates. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:3096-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Christensen H, Christiansen MS, Petersen J, Jensen HH. Direct formation of beta-glycosides of N-acetyl glycosamines mediated by rare earth metal triflates. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3276-83. [PMID: 18802633 DOI: 10.1039/b807064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct, mild and efficient protocol for the preparation of beta-glycosides of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) has been developed using peracetylated beta-GlcNAc and beta-GalNAc as donors. All rare Earth metal triflate promoters screened were found to promote glycosylation with Sc(OTf)(3) being superior in terms of reaction rate. Simple alcohol glycosylation was found to proceed smoothly in refluxing dichloromethane, whereas higher temperatures under microwave conditions were needed to attain acceptable yields with less reactive, carbohydrate based glycosyl acceptors. The protocol developed was applied to provide the first example of direct chemical formation of a disaccharide using both GlcNAc as a glycosyl donor and acceptor. The alpha-acetate donor was found to be significantly less reactive than the corresponding beta-anomer necessitating higher reaction temperatures under which glycoside anomerisation was found to occur. It was established, that the anomerisation only took place in the presence of both Sc(OTf)(3) and acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Boullanger P, André C, Descotes G. Staphylococcus Aureus Antigens. Part III1: Synthesis of Artificial Disaccharidic Antigens. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328308508070181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Lamberth C, Nagy JO, Kasper C, Bednarski MD. Synthesis of Selectively Protected Chitobiose and Chitotriose Derivatives from one Precursor. Versatile Building Blocks for Oligosaccharide Synthesis. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309408011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lamberth
- a The Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , Berkeley , California , 94720
| | - Jon O. Nagy
- a The Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , Berkeley , California , 94720
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- b Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720
| | - Mark D. Bednarski
- a The Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory , Berkeley , California , 94720
- b Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California , 94720
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15
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2245-9. [PMID: 15747388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Arihara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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16
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Arihara R, Nakamura S, Hashimoto S. Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-?-D-glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Amer H, Hofinger A, Kosma P. Synthesis of neoglycoproteins containing O-methylated trisaccharides related to excretory/secretory antigens of Toxocara larvae. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:35-45. [PMID: 12504379 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The disaccharides allyl beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta- and alpha-D-galactopyranoside 10a and 10b and the trisaccharides allyl 2-O-methyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta- and alpha-D-galactopyranoside 18a and 18b have been prepared using stepwise assembly of the sugar units. The glycosidic linkages were formed employing the trichloroacetimidate procedure for the attachment of the galactopyranosyl residue and N-iodosuccinimide/triflic acid activation of an ethyl 1-thiofucopyranoside donor for fucosylation. Deprotection furnished the allyl glycosides which were converted into cysteamine-spacered ligands, activated with thiophosgene and subsequently linked to bovine serum albumin. The neoglycoproteins serve as immunoreagents to determine epitope specificities of monoclonal antibodies directed against highly immunogenic O-glycans located at the surface of Toxocara larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Amer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Muthhasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Li YT, Li SC, Ishida H, Kiso M, Raimondi L, Bernardi A, Sonnino S. Structural Basis for the Enzymatic Resistance of the GM2 Ganglioside. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:242-64. [PMID: 14579580 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teh Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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19
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Vega-Pérez JM, Candela JI, Blanco E, Iglesias-Guerra F. Stereoselective synthesis of epoxyalkyl glycoside precursors of glycosyl glycerol analogues from alkenyl glycosides of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Wittmann V, Lennartz D. Copper(II)‐Mediated Activation of Sugar Oxazolines: Mild and Efficient Synthesis of β‐Glycosides of
N
‐Acetylglucosamine. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200204)2002:8<1363::aid-ejoc1363>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wittmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
| | - Dirk Lennartz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐Universität, Marie‐Curie‐Str. 11, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Fax: (internat.) + 49‐(0)69/798‐29148
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21
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Mukherjee D, Kumar Ray P, Sankar Chowdhury U. Synthesis of glycosides via indium(III) chloride mediated activation of glycosyl halide in neutral condition. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Xia J, Piskorz CF, Locke RD, Chandrasekaran EV, Alderfer JL, Matta KL. An efficient synthesis of two monosulfated trisaccharides with the Galbeta1,3GlcNacbeta1,3Galbeta-O-allyl backbone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2941-6. [PMID: 10571152 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The GlcNAcbeta(1-->3) Gal linked disaccharide 7 was synthesized as key building blocks for the construction of target monosulfated trisaccharides 1 and 2 using oxazoline 3 as glycosyl donor promoted by BF3 x Et2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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23
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Niggemann J, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:1605-12. [PMID: 9801831 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic approach is described towards the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit, beta-D-Galp- (1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-[beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)]-beta-D-GlcpNac, of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 in a form suitable for conjugation. The linear trisaccharide acceptor, beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->O)CH2CH++ + = CH2, was synthesized by coupling of peracetylated lactosyl trichloroacetimidate to a suitably protected glucosamine building block and subsequent deprotection steps. The obtained derivative was found to be a good acceptor for bovine milk beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, and the resulting branched tetrasaccharide beta-allyl glycoside was isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and FAB mass spectrometry. Reaction of the anomeric allyl function with cysteamine under UV-irradiation gave the beta-aminoethylthio-extended glycoside suitable for further coupling of the tetrasaccharide to protein carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Niggemann
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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24
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Aguilera B, Jiménez-Barbero J, Fernández-Mayoralas A. Conformational differences between Fuc(alpha 1-3) GlcNAc and its thioglycoside analogue. Carbohydr Res 1998; 308:19-27. [PMID: 9675354 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NOE measurements and molecular mechanics calculations have been performed to study the conformational behaviour of Fuc(alpha 1-3)GlcNAc and its thioglycoside analogue in solution. Experimental data show that, in contrast with the natural O-disaccharide, which is basically monoconformational, the S-analogue shows two conformational families, namely syn and anti.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aguilera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Ishida H, Ito Y, Tanahashi E, Li YT, Kiso M, Hasegawa A. Synthesis of 6'-GM2, a regioisomer of ganglioside GM2, for studying the mechanism of action of GM2 activator. Carbohydr Res 1997; 302:223-7. [PMID: 9291574 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Japan
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27
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Chierici S, Boullanger P, Marron-Brignone L, Morelis R, Coulet P. Synthesis and interfacial behaviour of a gemini neoglycolipid. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Aguilera B, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Jaramillo C. Use of cyclic sulfamidates derived from D-allosamine in nucleophilic displacements: Scope and limitations. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Boullanger P, Chevalier Y, Croizier MC, Lafont D, Sancho MR. Synthesis and surface-active properties of some alkyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Werner R, Barwick M, Davis JT. C-silylation of secondary amides: GlcNAc peracetate derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Stereoselective glycosylation using fully benzylated pyrimidin-2-yl 1-thio-β-d-glycopyranosides. Carbohydr Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00031-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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D'Ambra AJ, Gray GR. An improved procedure for the analysis of linkage positions in 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl residues by the reductive-cleavage method. Carbohydr Res 1994; 251:115-25. [PMID: 8149368 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The conditions of the reductive-cleavage method were modified to allow simultaneous analysis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl residues and monosaccharides of other classes. Methyl 2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-2-(N-methylacetamido)-beta-D-glucopyran oside was found to undergo transglycosidation under reductive-cleavage conditions when the reaction was quenched with an alcohol. Transglycosidation proceeded via an oxazolinium-ion intermediate, which then acted as a glycosyl donor to form an anomerically pure product. Time-course studies showed that in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (Me3SiOSO2CF3), 4 h were required for complete conversion of the substrate into this intermediate, which was then trapped with methanol-d4. When the reaction was conducted in the presence of a mixture of trimethylsilyl methanesulfonate (Me3SiOSO2Me) and boron trifluoride etherate (BF3.OEt2) or with BF3.OEt2 alone, 24 h and 48 h, respectively, were required for complete conversion. The alpha anomer was unreactive after 24 h under all conditions, confirming earlier results. Reaction with racemic 2-butanol yielded a pair of diastereomers, in a 1:1 ratio, which were distinguishable by their GLC retention times and their 1H NMR spectra. Reaction with (S)-2-butanol gave only one of the diastereomeric products. These experiments demonstrated the feasibility of using the reductive-cleavage method to determine the absolute configuration of 2-acetamido sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J D'Ambra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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34
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Arsequell G, Krippner L, Dwek RA, Wong SYC. Building blocks for solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis: 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glycosides of FmocSerOH and FmocThrOH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/c39940002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Thiem J, Wiesner M. Preparations and reactions of acylated and partially acylated glycosyl fluorides. Carbohydr Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84069-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Peter MG, Boldt PC, Petersen S. Asymmetric Induction in the Epoxidation of Alkenyl Glycosides of Tri-O-acetyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.1992199201211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Yohino T, Sato K, Wanme F, Takai I, Ishido Y. Efficient catalysis by pyridinium sulfonate in glycosylation involving an oxazoline intermediate derived from per-O-acetyl-N-acetyllactosamine and N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. Glycoconj J 1992; 9:287-91. [PMID: 1305420 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Yohino
- Department of Chemistry, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Synthesis of n-acetylsugar-β-trans-glycosides: Facile one-pot transglycosylation of epoxypentyl tri-o-acetyl-n-acetylglucosamine. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Kosma P, Bahnmüller R, Schulz G, Brade H. Synthesis of a tetrasaccharide of the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia. Carbohydr Res 1990; 208:37-50. [PMID: 1707757 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)80083-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxan-1,3- diyl)-beta-D- glucopyranoside was coupled with methyl (4,5,7,8-tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosyl bromide)onate (1) to give a good yield of the alpha-(2----6)-linked disaccharide, isolated after deacetylation and regioselective conversion into the corresponding 7',8'-O-carbonyl or 7',8'-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl) derivatives, respectively. Subsequent glycosylation with 1 gave a high yield of the alpha- and beta-(2"----4')-linked trisaccharide derivatives 16 and 18, whereas block synthesis using the alpha-(2----8)-linked Kdo-disaccharide bromide derivative 19 afforded a low yield of the corresponding alpha- and beta-(2"----4')-linked tetrasaccharide derivatives 20 and 22. Removal of the protecting groups furnished the disaccharide allyl O-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----6)-2-acetamido -2-deoxy- beta-D-glucopyranoside, the trisaccharide allyl O-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----4)-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----6)-2-acetamido -2-deoxy- beta-D-glucopyranoside, and the tetrasaccharide allyl O-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----8)-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----4)-(sodium 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-2-octulopyranosylonate)-(2----6)-2-acetamido -2-deoxy- beta-D-glucopyranoside in high yield. Copolymerization of the allyl glycosides with acrylamide gave artificial polyvalent haptens suitable for defining epitope specificities of monoclonal antibodies directed against Chlamydia lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kosma
- Institut für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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40
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“Standardized intermediates” for oligosaccharide synthesis: convenient preparation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose derivatives and their conversion into the d-galactose analogues. Carbohydr Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)80032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Boullanger P, Jouineau M, Bouammali B, Lafont D, Descotes G. The use of N-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose as donors in glycosylation reactions. Carbohydr Res 1990; 202:151-64. [PMID: 2224888 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-alkoxycarbonylamino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glu copyranoses and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-alkoxycarbonylamino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyra nosyl bromides have been used as donors in glycosylation reactions with model alcohols. beta-Glycosides were obtained in good yields and with a high degree of 1,2-trans stereoselectivity. An oxazolidinone was formed as the main product from the reaction of some of the glucopyranosyl bromides with alcohols of low reactivity, but the formation of all products could be interpreted by a strong participation of the alkoxycarbonylamino group.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boullanger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique II, C.N.R.S., Université de Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
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42
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Dasgupta F, Anderson L. 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloroacetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose as a glycosyl donor in syntheses of oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1990; 202:239-55. [PMID: 2224892 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(90)84083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-chloroacetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyran ose was tested as a glycosyl donor for oligosaccharide synthesis via a ferric chloride-catalyzed coupling reaction. Glycosyl acceptors tried (6 in all) were O-benzyl-protected D-galactosides having free OH groups at positions 3 and 4, respectively, and similarly protected glycosides of D-glucose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose unsubstituted on O-4. Existing syntheses of all the acceptors were improved, in four instances by exploitation of Garegg and Hultberg's cyanoborohydride procedure for the conversion 4,6-O-benzylidene----6- O-benzyl [Carbohydr. Res., 93 (1981) c10-c11; 108 (1982) 97-101]. Good to excellent yields of beta-linked disaccharides were obtained from the galactoside and glucoside acceptors, but with allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, stereoselectivity was lost (alpha:beta-ratio 1:2). Allyl and benzyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosides gave, respectively, the allyl and benzyl beta-glycosides of the donor as major products. A mechanism is proposed for this transglycosidation reaction. The N-chloroacetyl groups in the disaccharide products were readily converted into N-acetyl by reduction with zinc-acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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43
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Ichikawa Y, Lee RT, Lee YC. Synthesis and Binding Activity of 3- and 4-Deoxy-N-Acetyl-Galactosamine Derivatives. J Carbohydr Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309008543865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Lafont D, Guilloux P, Descotes G. A new synthesis of 1,2-trans-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglycopyranosides via 1,2-trans-2-deoxy-2-iodoglycosyl azides. Carbohydr Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(89)85107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Stöckl WP, Weidmann H. Synthesen und Reaktionen von 1,2-Didesoxy-Hexopyrano-[2,1-d]-Oxazolinen und -Oxazoliniumsalzen1,2. J Carbohydr Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/07328308908048003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Dasgupta F, Garegg PJ. Alkyl sulfenyl triflate as activator in the thioglycoside-mediated formation of β-glycosidic linkages during oligosaccharide synthesis. Carbohydr Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)85071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Sato S, Ito Y, Nukada T, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Total synthesis of X hapten, III3 Fuc alpha-nLc4 Cer. Carbohydr Res 1987; 167:197-210. [PMID: 2891443 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(87)80279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[alpha-L- fucopyranosyl- (1----3)]-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-beta- D- galactopyranosyl- (1----4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----1)-2-N-tetracosanoyl-(2S,3R ,4E)- sphingenine was achieved by use of the key glycosyl donors O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl) - (1----3)]-O-(2- acetamido-6-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2,4,6-tr i-O- acetyl- beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyrano syl trichloroacetimidate and fluoride, as well as key glycosyl acceptor 3-O-benzoyl-2-N-tetracosanoyl- (2S,3R,4E)-sphingenine, in an unambiguous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- RIKEN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan
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48
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49
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Takahashi T, Shimizu C, Nakamoto S, Ikeda K, Achiwa K. A new methodology for chemoselection of one amino and four hydroxyl groups of glucosamine derivatives and its use for synthesis of lipid X. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1985; 33:1760-2. [PMID: 4042251 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.33.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Kiso M, Anderson L. Protected glycosides and disaccharides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose by ferric chloride-catalyzed coupling. Carbohydr Res 1985; 136:309-23. [PMID: 4005891 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(85)85205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ferric chloride-catalyzed glycosylation of hydroxy compounds by protected 2-acylamino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 1-acetates is described. In addition to known glycosides from the reaction of alcohols with 2-acetamido-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (3), ally (and other alkyl) beta-glycosides were obtained from the N-benzoyl, N-phenoxyacetyl, N-methoxyacetyl, N-chloroacetyl, and N-phthaloyl congeners of 3. The latter compounds, except for the N-phthaloyl derivative, gave oxazolines in the absence of an alcoholic reactant. Compound 3 and the related N-benzoyl, N-chloroacetyl, N-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl, and N-acetyl-4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl derivatives were coupled to one or more protected sugars to form protected, beta-linked disaccharides. Coupling at the 6-positions of acceptors proceeded smoothly and gave 67-80% yields. For successful coupling at positions 3 and 4, long reaction times and multiple additions of glycosyl donor were required, and yields ranged from 60% to as low as 30%. 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-(chloroacetamido)-2-deoxy-beta-D- glucopyranose appeared to be the most reactive glycosyl donor in this series. The reaction of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyrano)[2,1- d]-2-oxazoline (derived from 3) with allyl alcohol was catalyzed by ferric chloride, and oxazolines were detected as intermediates in some of the glycosylations of protected sugars.
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