1
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Khlestkin VK, Peltek SE, Kolchanov NA. Review of direct chemical and biochemical transformations of starch. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:460-476. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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2
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Kajiki T, Yoshinaga K, Komba S, Kitaoka M. Enzymatic Synthesis of 1,5-Anhydro-4- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose Using Cellobiose Phosphorylase and Its Spontaneous Decomposition via β-Elimination. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2017; 64:91-97. [PMID: 34354501 PMCID: PMC8056936 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2017_010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellvibrio gilvus was used to prepare 1,5-anhydro-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose [βGlc(1→4)AF] from 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose and α-D-glucose 1-phosphate. βGlc(1→4)AF decomposed into D-glucose and ascopyrone T via β-elimination. Higher pH and temperature caused faster decomposition. However, decomposition proceeded significantly even under mild conditions. For instance, the half-life of βGlc(1→4)AF was 17 h at 30 °C and pH 7.0. Because βGlc(1→4)AF is a mimic of cellulose, in which the C2 hydroxyl group is oxidized, such decomposition may occur in oxidized cellulose in nature. Here we propose a possible oxidizing pathway by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kajiki
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.,2 Sunus Co., Ltd
| | | | - Shiro Komba
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- 1 Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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3
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Bhaumik A, Das A, Pathak T. Vinyl Selenones Derived fromd-Fructose: A New Platform for Fructochemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Ashrukana Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Tanmaya Pathak
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
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4
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Tang S, Xiong DC, Jiang S, Ye XS. Nitro-polyols via Pyridine Promoted C═C Cleavage of 2-Nitroglycals. Application to the Synthesis of (−)-Hyacinthacine A1. Org Lett 2016; 18:568-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengbiao Tang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shende Jiang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
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5
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Liu H, Liu X, Liu L, Zhang X, Li C. Practical aqueous reactions leading to skeletally diverse carbohydrate-derived ketones. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14457k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions starting from aldosyl hemiacetals and methyl ketones catalyzed by cheap catalysts and mediated by water producing four types of ketones are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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6
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Schu M, Faust A, Stosik B, Kohring GW, Giffhorn F, Scheidig AJ. The structure of substrate-free 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 reveals an open enzyme conformation. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:844-9. [PMID: 23908025 PMCID: PMC3729156 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113019490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-AF) is an interesting building block for enantioselective and stereoselective organic synthesis. Enzymes acting on this compound are potential targets for structure-based protein/enzyme design to extend the repertoire of catalytic modifications of this and related building blocks. Recombinant 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (AFR) from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 was produced in Escherichia coli, purified using a fused 6×His affinity tag and crystallized in complex with the cofactor NADP(H) using the hanging-drop technique. Its structure was determined to 1.93 Å resolution using molecular replacement. The structure displays an empty substrate-binding site and can be interpreted as an open conformation reflecting the enzyme state shortly after the release of product, presumably with bound oxidized cofactor NADP⁺. Docking simulations indicated that amino-acid residues Lys94, His151, Trp162, Arg163, Asp176 and His180 are involved in substrate binding, catalysis or product release. The side chain of Lys94 seems to have the ability to function as a molecular switch. The crystal structure helps to characterize the interface relevant for dimer formation as observed in solution. The crystal structure is compared with the structure of the homologue from S. morelense, which was solved in a closed conformation and for which dimer formation in solution could not be verified but seems to be likely based on the presented studies of S. meliloti AFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schu
- Institute of Zoology – Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Faust
- Institute of Zoology – Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Beata Stosik
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gert-Wieland Kohring
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Friedrich Giffhorn
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Institute of Zoology – Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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7
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Izumi S, Yoshinaga K, Abe JI. Growth Restraint Action of 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose on Gram-positive Bacteria. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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8
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Díaz A, Díaz-Lobo M, Grados E, Guinovart JJ, Fita I, Ferrer JC. Lyase activity of glycogen synthase: Is an elimination/addition mechanism a possible reaction pathway for retaining glycosyltransferases? IUBMB Life 2012; 64:649-58. [PMID: 22648728 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the biological relevance of glycosyltrasferases (GTs) and the many efforts devoted to this subject, the catalytic mechanism through which a subclass of this large family of enzymes, namely those that operate with net retention of the anomeric configuration, has not been fully established. Here, we show that in the absence of an acceptor, an archetypal retaining GT such as Pyrococcus abyssi glycogen synthase (PaGS) reacts with its glucosyl donor substrate, uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDP-Glc), to produce the scission of the covalent bond between the terminal phosphate oxygen of UDP and the sugar ring. X-ray diffraction analysis of the PaGS/UDP-Glc complex shows no electronic density attributable to the UDP moiety, but establishes the presence in the active site of the enzyme of a glucose-like derivative that lacks the exocyclic oxygen attached to the anomeric carbon. Chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the isolated glucose-like species allowed us to identify the molecule found in the catalytic site of PaGS as 1,5-anhydro-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol (AA) or its tautomeric form, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. These findings are consistent with a stepwise S(N) i-like mechanism as the modus operandi of retaining GTs, a mechanism that involves the discrete existence of an oxocarbenium intermediate. Even in the absence of a glucosyl acceptor, glycogen synthase (GS) promotes the formation of the cationic intermediate, which, by eliminating the proton of the adjacent C2 carbon atom, yields AA. Alternatively, these observations could be interpreted assuming that AA is a true intermediate in the reaction pathway of GS and that this enzyme operates through an elimination/addition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Díaz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IRB Barcelona
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9
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Izumi S, Hirota T, Yoshinaga K, Abe JI. Bioconversion of 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose to 1,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol and 1,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2012. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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10
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Kiran GS, Selvin J, Manilal A, Sujith S. Biosurfactants as green stabilizers for the biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 31:354-64. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.539971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Fiskesund R, Thomas LV, Schobert M, Ernberg I, Lundt I, Yu S. Inhibition spectrum studies of microthecin and other anhydrofructose derivatives using selected strains of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and investigation of the cytotoxicity of microthecin to malignant blood cell lines. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 106:624-33. [PMID: 19200326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To prepare 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (AF) derivatives, test their microbial inhibition spectrum, and to further examine the most effective AF derivative against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and malignant blood cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS Microthecin and nine other AF derivatives were synthesized from AF. The 10 compounds were tested in vitro against Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, yeasts and moulds using a well diffusion method and in a Bioscreen growth analyser. Of the test compounds, microthecin exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity at 100-2000 ppm against both GP and GN bacteria, including Ps. aeruginosa. Further tests with three malignant blood cell lines (Mutu, Ramos, Raji) and one normal cell line indicated that microthecin was a cell toxin, with a cell mortality >85% at 50 ppm. The other nine AF derivatives demonstrated low or no antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSIONS Microthecin was active 100-2000 ppm against GP and GN bacteria including Ps. aeruginosa, but was inactive against yeasts and moulds. Microthecin was also a cytotoxin to some mammalian cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Microthecin might have potential for development as a novel drug against Ps. aeruginosa and to target cancer cells. It might also be developed as a food processing aid to control bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fiskesund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Domínguez de María P, van Gemert RW, Straathof AJJ, Hanefeld U. Biosynthesis of ethers: unusual or common natural events? Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:370-92. [PMID: 20179877 DOI: 10.1039/b809416k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ether bonds are found in a wide variety of natural products--mainly secondary metabolites--including lipids, oxiranes, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyketides, and carbohydrate derivatives, to name some representative examples. To furnish such a biodiversity of structures, a large number of different enzymes are involved in several different biosynthetic pathways. Depending on the compound and on the (micro) environment in which the reaction is performed, ethers are produced by very different (enzymatic) reactions, thus providing an impressive display of how Nature has combined evolution and thermodynamics to be able to produce a vast number of compounds. In addition, many of these compounds possess different biological activities of pharmacological interest. Moreover, some of these ethers (i.e., epoxides) have high chemical reactivity, and can be useful starting materials for further synthetic processes. This review aims to provide an overview of the different strategies that are found in Nature for the formation of these "bioethers". Both fundamental and practical insights of the biosynthetic processes will be discussed.
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13
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Lundt I, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose: biocatalytic and chemical synthetic methods for the preparation, transformation and derivatization. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of 4-O-glycosylated 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose and of 1,5-anhydro-d-tagatose from a common intermediate 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-fructose. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1014-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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16
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Brehm M, Göckel VH, Jarglis P, Lichtenthaler FW. Expedient conversion of d-glucose into 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose and into single stereogenic-center dihydropyranones, suitable six-carbon scaffolds for concise syntheses of the soft-coral constituents (−)-bissetone and (−)-palythazine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Dekany G, Lundt I, Niedermair F, Bichler S, Spreitz J, Sprenger FKF, Stütz AE. 1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose from d-fructose. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1249-53. [PMID: 17368437 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydro-D-fructose was efficiently prepared from D-fructose via regiospecific 1,5-anhydro ring formation of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-O-methyl(tolyl)sulfonyl-D-fructopyranose and subsequent deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Dekany
- Glycom ApS, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
Synthetic or natural aza-sugars have shown promise as a therapeutic approach to a variety of disease states by acting as transition state mimics to sugar processing enzymes. Although the synthesis of functionalized bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes has been reported, the procedures are relatively long and low yielding. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of polyhydroxylated 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane that can be selectively functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon D Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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19
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Yu S, Fiskesund R. The anhydrofructose pathway and its possible role in stress response and signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1314-22. [PMID: 16822618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrofructose (AF) pathway describes the catabolism of alpha-1,4-glucans of glycogen, starch and maltosaccharides to various metabolites via the central intermediate AF. The reaction sequence of the pathway consists of more than 10 enzymatic steps. This pathway occurs in certain bacteria, fungi, algae and mammals. In this communication, the AF pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in these organisms are presented and the metabolites of this pathway as antioxidants and antimicrobials in biotic and abiotic stress responses and in carbon starvation signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Dekany G, Lundt I, Steiner AJ, Stütz AE. Synthesis of 1,4-anhydro-d-fructose and 1,4-anhydro-d-tagatose. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1737-42. [PMID: 16603137 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Anhydro-D-fructose and 1,4-anhydro-D-tagatose were prepared from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose via the common intermediate 3,5,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-glucitol. The title compounds may be interesting anti-oxidants and feature activities akin to their natural pyranoid counterpart, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Dekany
- Glycom ApS, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Andreassen M, Lundt I. A new chemical synthesis of Ascopyrone P from 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1692-6. [PMID: 16630602 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring antioxidant Ascopyrone P (1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose, 1) was prepared from the rare sugar 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF, 3) in three steps in an overall yield of 36%. Thus, acetylation of 3 afforded the enolone 3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulopyranose (4), which could be isomerised to 2,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-ene-3-ulose (6). Deacetylation of 6 under mild conditions gave crystalline Ascopyrone P (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Andreassen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Kühn A, Yu S, Giffhorn F. Catabolism of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose in Sinorhizobium morelense S-30.7.5: discovery, characterization, and overexpression of a new 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase and its application in sugar analysis and rare sugar synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1248-57. [PMID: 16461673 PMCID: PMC1392929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1248-1257.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Sinorhizobium morelense S-30.7.5 was isolated by a microbial screening using the sugar 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF) as the sole carbon source. This strain metabolized AF by a novel pathway involving its reduction to 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (AM) and the further conversion of AM to D-mannose by C-1 oxygenation. Growth studies showed that the AF metabolizing capability is not confined to S. morelense S-30.7.5 but is a more common feature among the Rhizobiaceae. The AF reducing enzyme was purified and characterized as a new NADPH-dependent monomeric reductase (AFR, EC 1.1.1.-) of 35.1 kDa. It catalyzed the stereoselective reduction of AF to AM and also the conversion of a number of 2-keto aldoses (osones) to the corresponding manno-configurated aldoses. In contrast, common aldoses and ketoses, as well as nonsugar aldehydes and ketones, were not reduced. A database search using the N-terminal AFR sequence retrieved a putative 35-kDa oxidoreductase encoded by the open reading frame Smc04400 localized on the chromosome of Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Based on sequence information for this locus, the afr gene was cloned from S. morelense S-30.7.5 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to the oxidoreductase of S. meliloti 1021, AFR showed high sequence similarities to putative oxidoreductases of Mesorhizobium loti, Brucella suis, and B. melitensis but not to any oxidoreductase with known functions. AFR could be assigned to the GFO/IDH/MocA family on the basis of highly conserved common structural features. His6-tagged AFR was used to demonstrate the utility of this enzyme for AF analysis and synthesis of AM, as well as related derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kühn
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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23
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Yuan Y, Mo S, Cao R, Westh BC, Yu S. Examination of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose and the enolone ascopyrone P, metabolites of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen and starch degradation, for their possible application in fruits, vegetables, and beverages as antibrowning agents. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:9491-7. [PMID: 16302767 DOI: 10.1021/jf0515274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5AnFru) and its further conversion to the enolone ascopyrone P (APP) via the transit intermediate ascopyrone M. The two products, 1,5AnFru and APP, were examined in this study for their effects in controlling the browning of selected fruits, vegetables, and beverages. The results showed that 1,5AnFru had an antibrowning effect in green tea and was able to slow turbidity development in black currant wine. APP proved to be an antibrowning agent comparable to kojic acid. It showed an antibrowning effect in a range of agricultural products, such as various cultivars of apple, pear, potato, lettuce, and varieties of green tea in an efficacy concentration range from 300 to 500 ppm. Mechanism studies indicated that, like kojic acid, APP showed inhibition toward plant polyphenol oxidase and was able to decolor quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Yuan
- Agricultural Produce Quality and Safety Laboratory, Laiyang Agricultural University, 266109 Qingdao, China
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24
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Mei J, Yu S, Ahrén B. A 90-day toxicological evaluation of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2005; 28:263-72. [PMID: 16051552 DOI: 10.1081/dct-200064458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5-AF) is a novel monosaccharide produced by the action of alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13) on glycogen, starch, or related substrates such as maltose and maltosaccharides. 1,5-AF is of interest as a compound to be used as a food supplement because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. This enforces the safety of 1,5-AF and therefore, in the current study, four groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were provided with 1,5-AF in the drinking water (at 0 or 1.0 g/kg body weight daily) for a period of 90 days (n=10 in each group). All the animals survived, and no clinical signs of toxicity or alterations in hematological or clinical chemistry parameters were observed. Furthermore, organ weight and histopathological examination of brain, heart, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas were normal after 1,5-AF treatment. Moreover, there was no change in food consumption, water intake, or body weight gain in rats receiving 1,5-AF. In conclusion, administration of 1,5-AF did not induce any significant toxicological effects and, therefore, 1,5-AF seems safe to administer in vivo over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Deppe O, Glümer A, Yu S, Buchholz K. Synthesis and co-polymerization of an unsaturated 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose derivative. Carbohydr Res 2005; 339:2077-82. [PMID: 15280052 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An unsaturated derivative, 3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-enopyranos-2-ulose (3), was obtained via regioselective elimination and acetylation of monohydrated 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1) in a single step reaction. High yield (80%) was achieved without any dimeric by-products. Its co-polymerization to saccharide polymers was investigated with different commercial vinyl co-monomers. Co-polymers were obtained and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Deppe
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Department of Carbohydrate Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 5, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Yu S. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1723:63-73. [PMID: 15716041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5AnFru). Enzymes that form 1,5AnFru, ascopyrone P (APP), and ascopyrone M (APM) have been reported from our laboratory earlier. In the present study, APM formed from 1,5AnFru was found to be the intermediate to the antimicrobial microthecin. The microthecin forming enzyme from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium proved to be aldos-2-ulose dehydratase (AUDH, EC 4.2.1.-), which was purified and characterized for its enzymatic and catalytic properties. The purified AUDH showing a molecular mass of 97.4 kDa on SDS-PAGE was partially sequenced. Total 332 amino acid residues in length were obtained, representing some 37% of the AUDH protein. The obtained amino acid sequences showed no homology to known proteins but to an unannotated DNA sequence in Scaffold 62 of the published genome of the fungus. The alignment revealed three introns of the identified AUDH gene (Audh; ph.chr), thus the first gene coding for a neutral sugar dehydratase is identified. AUDH was found to be a bi-functional enzyme, being able to dehydrate 1,5AnFru to APM and further isomerizing the APM formed to microthecin. The optimal pH for the formation of APM and microthecin was pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively. AUDH showed 5 fold higher activity toward 1,5AnFru than toward its analogue glucosone, when tested at concentrations from 0.6 mM to 0.2 M. Based on the characteristic UV absorbance of microthecin (230 nm) and APM (262 nm) assay methods were developed for the microthecin forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, DK 1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Bastian S, Rekowski MJ, Witte K, Heckmann-Pohl DM, Giffhorn F. Engineering of pyranose 2-oxidase from Peniophora gigantea towards improved thermostability and catalytic efficiency. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:654-63. [PMID: 15660220 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the stability and catalytic efficiency of pyranose 2-oxidase (P2Ox) by molecular enzyme evolution, we cloned P2Ox cDNA by RACE-PCR from a cDNA library derived from the basidiomycete Peniophora gigantea. The P2Ox gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), yielding an intracellular and enzymatically active P2OxB with a volumetric yield of 500 units/l. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to construct the P2Ox variant E540K (termed P2OxB1), which exhibited increased thermo- and pH-stability compared with the wild type, concomitantly with increased catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)) for D-xylose and L-sorbose. P2OxB1 was provided with a C-terminal His(6)-tag (termed P2OxB1H) and subjected to directed evolution using error-prone PCR. Screening based on a chromogenic assay yielded the new P2Ox variant K312E (termed P2OxB2H) that showed significant improvements with respect to k(cat)/K(m) for D-glucose (5.3-fold), methyl-beta-D-glucoside (2.0-fold), D-galactose (4.8-fold), D-xylose (59.9-fold), and L-sorbose (69.0-fold), compared with wild-type P2Ox. The improved catalytic performance of P2OxB2H was demonstrated by bioconversions of L-sorbose that initially was a poor substrate for wild-type P2Ox. This is the first report on the improvement of a pyranose 2-oxidase by a dual approach of site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution, and the application of the engineered P2Ox in bioconversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bastian
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 15 11 50, Saarbrücken 66041, Germany
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Yu S, Mei J, Ahrén B. Basic toxicology and metabolism studies of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose using bacteria, cultured mammalian cells, and rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1677-86. [PMID: 15354319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (AF) is a monosaccharide occurring in edible morels, red seaweeds and certain mammalian tissues. It can be formed directly from starch and glycogen in vivo by alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13). In this study, the toxicity, absorption and metabolism of AF using bacteria, mammalian cells, rat and mouse models were examined. In Ames test, AF showed no genotoxicity using five strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, 100, 102, 1535 and 1537. AF caused no mammalian gene mutation as tested with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. AF did not cause toxic symptoms in rats when it was administered as a single oral dose of 5 g/kg and observed over a 14-day period. Furthermore, at necropsy, no signs of abnormality were detected. Daily intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 2 g/kg AF to mice did not induce adverse effects throughout a 28-day period. Radioactive tracing experiments using 14C-labeled AF indicated that AF was efficiently absorbed since the major portion of radioactive material was recovered in urine. Further work using unlabeled AF indicated that the cyclic polyol 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol (AS) increased dramatically in both blood and urine upon AF administration at 1 g/kg ip, suggesting the existence of an efficient reduction mechanism from AF to AS, which was then excreted in urine. In conclusion, these studies indicate that AF had low or no toxicity and showed no mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yoshinaga K, Abe JI, Tanimoto T, Koizumi K, Hizukuri S. Preparation and reactivity of a novel disaccharide, glucosyl 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-anhydro-3-O-alpha-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose). Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2221-5. [PMID: 14553983 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel disaccharide, glucosyl 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-anhydro-3-O-alpha-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose, GAF) was enzymatically prepared from 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-AF) and cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin). Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase transferred various sizes of maltooligosaccharide to 1,5-AF. Glucoamylase digested the maltooligosyl chain of the products to a glucosyl residue giving a final product, GAF. An NMR analysis of GAF elucidated that the glucose residue was linked to C-3 of the 1,5-AF residue with an ether linkage. Reactivity on the aminocarbonyl reaction of GAF with bovine serum albumin was lower than that of 1,5-AF, but was higher than that of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yoshinaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-4, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Yu S, Refdahl C, Lundt I. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation; I. Identification and purification of anhydrofructose dehydratase, ascopyrone tautomerase and alpha-1,4-glucan lyase in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:120-9. [PMID: 15110094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5AnFru). The enzyme catalyzing the first reaction step of this pathway, i.e., alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.1.13), has been purified, cloned and characterized from fungi and red algae in our laboratory earlier. In the present study, two 1,5AnFru metabolizing enzymes were discovered in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma for the formation of ascopyrone P (APP), a fungal secondary metabolite exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidant activity. These are 1,5AnFru dehydratase (AFDH) and ascopyrone tautomerase (APTM). AFDH catalyzed the conversion of 1,5AnFru to ascopyrone M (APM), a compound that has been earlier presumed to occur biologically, while APTM isomerized the APM formed to APP. Both enzymes were purified 400-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, hydrophobic interaction, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified AFDH showed a molecular mass of 98 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 230 kDa by gel filtration. The corresponding values for APTM was 60 and 140 kDa. Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were developed for the assay of these two enzymes. To confirm that A. melaloma possessed all enzymes needed for conversion of glycogen to APP, an alpha-1,4-glucan lyase from this fungus was isolated and partially sequenced. Based on this work, a scheme of the enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway in A. melaloma was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, P.O. Box 17, DK 1001 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Cerný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
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