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Rangel Pedersen N, Tovborg M, Soleimani Farjam A, Della Pia EA. Multicomponent carbohydrase system from Trichoderma reesei: A toolbox to address complexity of cell walls of plant substrates in animal feed. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251556. [PMID: 34086701 PMCID: PMC8177525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse range of monocot and dicot grains and their by-products are commonly used in the animal feed industry. They all come with complex and variable cell wall structures which in turn contribute significant fiber to the complete feed. The cell wall is a highly interconnected matrix of various polysaccharides, proteins and lignin and, as such, requires a collaborative effort of different enzymes for its degradation. In this regard, we investigated the potential of a commercial multicomponent carbohydrase product from a wild type fermentation of Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei) (RONOZYME® MultiGrain) in degrading cell wall components of wheat, barley, rye, de-oiled rice bran, sunflower, rapeseed and cassava. A total of thirty-one different enzyme proteins were identified in the T. Reesei carbohydrase product using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS including glycosyl hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases. As measured by in vitro incubations and non-starch polysaccharide component analysis, and visualization by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy imaging of immuno-labeled samples with confocal microscopy, the carbohydrase product effectively solubilized cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all the feed ingredients evaluated. The T. reesei fermentation also decreased viscosity of arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, galactomannan and β-glucan substrates. Combination of several debranching enzymes including arabinofuranosidase, xylosidase, α-galactosidase, acetyl xylan esterase, and 4-O-methyl-glucuronoyl methylesterase with both GH10 and GH11 xylanases in the carbohydrase product resulted in effective hydrolyzation of heavily branched glucuronoarabinoxylans. The different β-glucanases (both endo-β-1,3(4)-glucanase and endo-β-1,3-glucanase), cellulases and a β-glucosidase in the T. reesei fermentation effectively reduced polymerization of both β-glucans and cellulose polysaccharides of viscous cereals grains (wheat, barley, rye and oat). Interestingly, the secretome of T. reesei contained significant amounts of an exceptional direct chain-cutting enzyme from the GH74 family (Cel74A, xyloglucan-specific β-1,4-endoglucanase), that strictly cleaves the xyloglucan backbone at the substituted regions. Here, we demonstrated that the balance of enzymes present in the T. reesei secretome is capable of degrading various cell wall components in both monocot and dicot plant raw material used as animal feed.
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Glycoside hydrolases from the tunics of two Antarctic ascidians (Ascidia challengeri and Pyura bouvetensis) and the tropical species Phallusia nigra. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rykov SV, Kornberger P, Herlet J, Tsurin NV, Zorov IN, Zverlov VV, Liebl W, Schwarz WH, Yarotsky SV, Berezina OV. Novel endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase Bgh12A and xyloglucanase Xgh12B from Aspergillus cervinus belong to GH12 subgroup I and II, respectively. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7553-7566. [PMID: 31332485 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of intensive exploitation of aspergilli for the industrial production of carbohydrases, little is known about hydrolytic enzymes of fungi from the section Cervini. Novel glycoside hydrolases Bgh12A and Xgh12B from Aspergillus cervinus represent examples of divergent activities within one enzyme family and belong to the GH12 phylogenetic subgroup I (endo-(1,4)-β-glucanases) and II (endo-xyloglucanases), respectively. The bgh12A and xgh12B genes were identified in the unsequenced genome of A. cervinus using primers designed for conservative regions of the corresponding subgroups and a genome walking approach. The recombinant enzymes were heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. Bgh12A was an endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) hydrolyzing the unbranched soluble β-(1,4)-glucans and mixed linkage β-(1,3;1,4)-D-glucans. Bgh12A exhibited maximum activity on barley β-glucan (BBG), which amounted to 614 ± 30 U/mg of protein. The final products of BBG and lichenan hydrolysis were glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, 4-O-β-laminaribiosyl-glucose, and a range of higher mixed-linkage gluco-oligosaccharides. In contrast, the activity of endo-xyloglucanase Xgh12B (EC 3.2.1.151) was restricted to xyloglucan, with 542 ± 39 U/mg protein. The enzyme cleaved the (1,4)-β-glycosidic bonds of the xyloglucan backbone at the unsubstituted glucose residues finally generating cellotetraose-based hepta-, octa, and nona-oligosaccharides. Bgh12A and Xgh12B had maximal activity at 55 °C, pH 5.0. At these conditions, the half-time of Xgh12B inactivation was 158 min, whereas the half-life of Bgh12A was 5 min. Recombinant P. pastoris strains produced up to 106 U/L of the target enzymes with at least 75% of recombinant protein in the total extracellular proteins. The Bgh12A and Xgh12B sequences show 43% identity. Strict differences in substrate specificity of Bgh12A and Xgh12B were in congruence with the presence of subgroup-specific structural loops and substrate-binding aromatic residues in the catalytic cleft of the enzymes. Individual composition of aromatic residues in the catalytic cleft defined variability in substrate selectivity within GH12 subgroups I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Rykov
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Petra Kornberger
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jonathan Herlet
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Nikita V Tsurin
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Ivan N Zorov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Leninsky prospect, 33, build. 2, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Zverlov
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123182
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sergey V Yarotsky
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545
| | - Oksana V Berezina
- State Research Institute for Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», 1-st Dorozhniy pr. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117545.
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Broxterman SE, Schols HA. Interactions between pectin and cellulose in primary plant cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 192:263-272. [PMID: 29691020 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To understand the architecture of the plant cell wall, it is of importance to understand both structural characteristics of cell wall polysaccharides and interactions between these polysaccharides. Interactions between polysaccharides were studied in the residue after water and chelating agent extraction by sequential extractions with H2O and alkali. The 6 M alkali residue still represented 31%, 11% and 5% of all GalA present in carrot, tomato and strawberry, respectively, and these pectin populations were assumed to strongly interact with cellulose. Digestion of the carrot 6 M alkali residue by glucanases released ∼27% of the 6 M residue, mainly representing pectin. In tomato and strawberry alkali residues, glucanases were not able to release pectin populations. The ability of glucanases to release pectin populations suggests that the carrot cell wall contains unique, covalent interactions between pectin and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Broxterman
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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de Eugenio LI, Méndez-Líter JA, de los Ríos V, Prieto A, Martínez MJ. β-1,4-endoglucanases from Talaromyces amestolkiae: Production of glucooligosaccharides from different β-glucans. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1306741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. de los Ríos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. J. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Thermostable multifunctional GH74 xyloglucanase from Myceliophthora thermophila: high-level expression in Pichia pastoris and characterization of the recombinant protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5653-5666. [PMID: 28477154 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A xyloglucanase of the GH74 family was identified in the thermophilic fungus strain Myceliophthora thermophila VKPM F-244, and its gene sequence was optimized for cloning and expression in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant xyloglucanase MtXgh74 exhibited the highest activity toward tamarind seed xyloglucan with a K M value of 0.51 ± 0.06 mg/mL. The activities on barley β-glucan and carboxymethylcellulose were about 4 and 2%, respectively, compared to xyloglucan. Maximum xyloglucanase activity was observed at 70-75 °C and pH 6.5. After pre-incubation at 50 °C, pH 6.0 for 3 h, the enzyme retained 100% of its activity. The half-life of MtXgh74 at 60 °C, pH 6.0 was 40 min. In P. pastoris, MtXgh74 was produced in glycosylated form. The enzyme production in a 1 L bioreactor resulted in a yield of 118 U/mL or 5.3 g/L after 51 h fermentation. Kinetic studies of the hydrolysis product formation suggest that MtXgh74 has an endo-processive mode of action. The final products were the standard xyloglucan building blocks XXXG, XXLG, XLXG, and XLLG. Additionally, MtXgh74 hydrolyzed various linkages within the xyloglucan building blocks XXXG, XXLG, and XLXG (except XLLG) producing diverse low molecular weight oligosaccharides which may be identified by MALDI-TOF as XG, XX, XXG/GXX/XGX, XXX, LG, LX/XL, XLX/XXL, LLG, GXXXG, GXLLG, XLLGX. The unique combination of different activities within one enzyme along with its high thermostability and specificity toward xyloglucan makes MtXgh74 a promising candidate enzyme for industrial applications.
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Calzado F, Prates ET, Gonçalves TA, Rubio MV, Zubieta MP, Squina FM, Skaf MS, Damásio AR. Molecular basis of substrate recognition and specificity revealed in family 12 glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2577-2586. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Calzado
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Erica T. Prates
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Thiago A. Gonçalves
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Marcelo V. Rubio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Mariane P. Zubieta
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - André R.L. Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE); Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM); Campinas-SP Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas-SP 13083862 Brazil
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Matsuzawa T, Kimura N, Suenaga H, Yaoi K. Screening, identification, and characterization of α-xylosidase from a soil metagenome. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:393-9. [PMID: 27074950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-xylosidase, MeXyl31, was isolated and characterized from a soil metagenomic library. The amino acid sequence of MeXyl31 showed a slight homology with other characterized α-xylosidases. The optimal pH and temperature of recombinant MeXyl31 were pH 5.5 and 45°C, respectively. Recombinant MeXyl31 had a higher α-xylosidase activity toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside than pNP α-d-glucopyranoside, isoprimeverose, and other xyloglucan oligosaccharides. The kcat/Km value toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside was about 750-fold higher than that of isoprimeverose. MeXyl31 activity was strongly inactivated in the presence of zinc and copper ions. MeXyl31 is the first α-xylosidase isolated from the metagenome and, relative to other xyloglucan oligosaccharides, shows higher activity toward pNP α-d-xylopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Matsuzawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nobutada Kimura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hikaru Suenaga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Katsuro Yaoi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Shelomi M, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Ancestral gene duplication enabled the evolution of multifunctional cellulases in stick insects (Phasmatodea). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:1-11. [PMID: 26855199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Phasmatodea (stick insects) have multiple, endogenous, highly expressed copies of glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) genes. The purpose for retaining so many was unknown. We cloned and expressed the enzymes in transfected insect cell lines, and tested the individual proteins against different plant cell wall component poly- and oligosaccharides. Nearly all isolated enzymes were active against carboxymethylcellulose, however most could also degrade glucomannan, and some also either xylan or xyloglucan. The latter two enzyme groups were each monophyletic, suggesting the evolution of these novel substrate specificities in an early ancestor of the order. Such enzymes are highly unusual for Metazoa, for which no xyloglucanases had been reported. Phasmatodea gut extracts could degrade multiple plant cell wall components fully into sugar monomers, suggesting that enzymatic breakdown of plant cell walls by the entire Phasmatodea digestome may contribute to the Phasmatodea nutritional budget. The duplication and neofunctionalization of GH9s in the ancestral Phasmatodea may have enabled them to specialize as folivores and diverge from their omnivorous ancestors. The structural changes enabling these unprecedented activities in the cellulases require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Spier VC, Sierakowski MR, Ibrahim AT, Scholze Baum JC, Silveira JLM, de Freitas RA. Time-dependent viscometry study of endoglucanase action on xyloglucan: A real-time approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:461-6. [PMID: 26297307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of xyloglucan from Tamarindus indica and Hymenaea courbaril seeds with endoglucanase (EGII), which randomly breaks the (1→4)-linked β-glycosidic bonds of the polymer chain, was monitored in real time using time-dependent viscometry analysis (TDV). For both samples there was a decrease in the intrinsic viscosity ([η]), viscosity average molar mass (Mv), radius de gyration (Rg) and persistence length (Lp) immediately after the addition of the enzyme. It was observed the formation of oligosaccharides and oligomers composed of ∼2 units, up to 140min. Galactose-containing side chains two positions away from the non-substituted glucose, modulated the action of EGII, and the complete hydrolysis of the XG oligomers occurred after 24h. The results demonstrate for the first time the real-time degradation of xyloglucan as well the macromolecular and oligosaccharide composition during the EGII hydrolysis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cristina Spier
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Sierakowski
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Amid Tony Ibrahim
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Scholze Baum
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Plant Carbohydrates, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Joana Lea M Silveira
- Laboratory of Plant Carbohydrates, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rilton Alves de Freitas
- BioPol, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Fenger TH, Brumer H. Synthesis and Analysis of Specific Covalent Inhibitors ofendo-Xyloglucanases. Chembiochem 2015; 16:575-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Frommhagen M, Sforza S, Westphal AH, Visser J, Hinz SWA, Koetsier MJ, van Berkel WJH, Gruppen H, Kabel MA. Discovery of the combined oxidative cleavage of plant xylan and cellulose by a new fungal polysaccharide monooxygenase. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:101. [PMID: 26185526 PMCID: PMC4504452 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many agricultural and industrial food by-products are rich in cellulose and xylan. Their enzymatic degradation into monosaccharides is seen as a basis for the production of biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) constitute a group of recently discovered enzymes, classified as the auxiliary activity subgroups AA9, AA10, AA11 and AA13 in the CAZy database. LPMOs cleave cellulose, chitin, starch and β-(1 → 4)-linked substituted and non-substituted glucosyl units of hemicellulose under formation of oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate a new LPMO, obtained from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 (MtLPMO9A). This enzyme cleaves β-(1 → 4)-xylosyl bonds in xylan under formation of oxidized xylo-oligosaccharides, while it simultaneously cleaves β-(1 → 4)-glucosyl bonds in cellulose under formation of oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides. In particular, MtLPMO9A benefits from the strong interaction between low substituted linear xylan and cellulose. MtLPMO9A shows a strong synergistic effect with endoglucanase I (EGI) with a 16-fold higher release of detected oligosaccharides, compared to the oligosaccharides release of MtLPMO9A and EGI alone. CONCLUSION Now, for the first time, we demonstrate the activity of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (MtLPMO9A) that shows oxidative cleavage of xylan in addition to cellulose. The ability of MtLPMO9A to cleave these rigid regions provides a new paradigm in the understanding of the degradation of xylan-coated cellulose. In addition, MtLPMO9A acts in strong synergism with endoglucanase I. The mode of action of MtLPMO9A is considered to be important for loosening the rigid xylan-cellulose polysaccharide matrix in plant biomass, enabling increased accessibility to the matrix for hydrolytic enzymes. This discovery provides new insights into how to boost plant biomass degradation by enzyme cocktails for biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Frommhagen
- />Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Sforza
- />Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 59a, University Campus, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- />Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- />Dyadic Netherlands, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra W A Hinz
- />Dyadic Netherlands, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Koetsier
- />Dyadic Netherlands, Nieuwe Kanaal 7-S, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harry Gruppen
- />Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- />Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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The characterization of the endoglucanase Cel12A from Gloeophyllum trabeum reveals an enzyme highly active on β-glucan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108393. [PMID: 25251390 PMCID: PMC4177221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum causes a typical brown rot and is known to use reactive oxygen species in the degradation of cellulose. The extracellular Cel12A is one of the few endo-1,4-β-glucanase produced by G. trabeum. Here we cloned cel12A and heterologously expressed it in Aspergillus niger. The identity of the resulting recombinant protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry. We used the purified GtCel12A to determine its substrate specificity and basic biochemical properties. The G. trabeum Cel12A showed highest activity on β-glucan, followed by lichenan, carboxymethylcellulose, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and filter paper. The optimal pH and temperature for enzymatic activity were, respectively, 4.5 and 50°C on β-glucan. Under these conditions specific activity was 239.2±9.1 U mg−1 and the half-life of the enzyme was 84.6±3.5 hours. Thermofluor studies revealed that the enzyme was most thermal stable at pH 3. Using β-glucan as a substrate, the Km was 3.2±0.5 mg mL−1 and the Vmax was 0.41±0.02 µmol min−1. Analysis of the effects of GtCel12A on oat spelt and filter paper by scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphological changes taking place during the process.
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Carbohydrate-binding modules of fungal cellulases: occurrence in nature, function, and relevance in industrial biomass conversion. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 88:103-65. [PMID: 24767427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800260-5.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the present knowledge on the occurrence of cellulases, with a special emphasis on the presence of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in various fungal strains, has been summarized. The importance of efficient fungal cellulases is growing due to their potential uses in biorefinery processes where lignocellulosic biomasses are converted to platform sugars and further to biofuels and chemicals. Most secreted cellulases studied in detail have a bimodular structure containing an active core domain attached to a CBM. CBMs are traditionally been considered as essential parts in cellulases, especially in cellobiohydrolases. However, presently available genome data indicate that many cellulases lack the binding domains in cellulose-degrading organisms. Recent data also demonstrate that CBMs are not necessary for the action of cellulases and they solely increase the concentration of enzymes on the substrate surfaces. On the other hand, in practical industrial processes where high substrate concentrations with low amounts of water are employed, the enzymes have been shown to act equally efficiently with and without CBM. Furthermore, available kinetic data show that enzymes without CBMs can desorb more readily from the often lignaceous substrates, that is, they are not stuck on the substrates and are thus available for new actions. In this review, the available data on the natural habitats of different wood-degrading organisms (with emphasis on the amount of water present during wood degradation) and occurrence of cellulose-binding domains in their genome have been assessed in order to identify evolutionary advantages for the development of CBM-less cellulases in nature.
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15
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Key amino acid residues for the endo-processive activity of GH74 xyloglucanase. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1731-8. [PMID: 24657616 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike endo-dissociative-xyloglucanases, Paenibacillus XEG74 is an endo-processive xyloglucanase that contains four unique tryptophan residues in the negative subsites (W61 and W64) and the positive subsites (W318 and W319), as indicated by three-dimensional homology modelling. Selective replacement of the positive subsite residues with alanine mutations reduced the degree of processive activity and resulted in the more endo-dissociative-activity. The results showed that W318 and W319, which are found in the positive subsites, are essential for processive degradation and are responsible for maintaining binding interactions with xyloglucan polysaccharide through a stacking effect.
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16
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Damásio ARL, Rubio MV, Oliveira LC, Segato F, Dias BA, Citadini AP, Paixão DA, Squina FM. Understanding the function of conserved variations in the catalytic loops of fungal glycoside hydrolase family 12. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1494-505. [PMID: 24578305 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that cleave the xyloglucan backbone at unbranched glucose residues have been identified in GH families 5, 7, 12, 16, 44, and 74. Fungi produce enzymes that populate 20 of 22 families that are considered critical for plant biomass deconstruction. We searched for GH12-encoding genes in 27 Eurotiomycetes genomes. After analyzing 50 GH12-related sequences, the conserved variations of the amino acid sequences were examined. Compared to the endoglucanases, the endo-xyloglucanase-associated YSG deletion at the negative subsites of the catalytic cleft with a SST insertion at the reducing end of the substrate-binding crevice is highly conserved. In addition, a highly conserved alanine residue was identified in all xyloglucan-specific enzymes, and this residue is substituted by arginine in more promiscuous glucanases. To understand the basis for the xyloglucan specificity displayed by certain GH12 enzymes, two fungal GH12 endoglucanases were chosen for mutagenesis and functional studies: an endo-xyloglucanase from Aspergillus clavatus (AclaXegA) and an endoglucanase from A. terreus (AtEglD). Comprehensive molecular docking studies and biochemical analyses were performed, revealing that mutations at the entrance of the catalytic cleft in AtEglD result in a wider binding cleft and the alteration of the substrate-cleavage pattern, implying that a trio of residues coordinates the interactions and binding to linear glycans. The loop insertion at the crevice-reducing end of AclaXegA is critical for catalytic efficiency to hydrolyze xyloglucan. The understanding of the structural elements governing endo-xyloglucanase activity on linear and branched glucans will facilitate future enzyme modifications with potential applications in industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R L Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas-SP, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
The ability of β-glucanases to cleave xyloglucans, a family of highly decorated β-glucans ubiquitous in plant biomass, has traditionally been overlooked in functional biochemical studies. An emerging body of data indicates, however, that a spectrum of xyloglucan specificity resides in diverse glycoside hydrolases from a range of carbohydrate-active enzyme families-including classic "cellulase" families. This chapter outlines a series of enzyme kinetic and product analysis methods to establish degrees of xyloglucan specificity and modes of action of glycosidases emerging from enzyme discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Eklöf
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Identification and characterization of a xyloglucan-specific family 74 glycosyl hydrolase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:607-11. [PMID: 22101041 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06482-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sco6545 gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was nominated as a putative cellulase with 863 mature-form amino acids (90.58 kDa). We overexpressed and purified Sco6545 and demonstrated that the protein is not a cellulase but a xyloglucan-specific glycosyl hydrolase which cleaves xyloglucan at unbranched glucose residues.
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19
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Ariza A, Eklöf JM, Spadiut O, Offen WA, Roberts SM, Besenmatter W, Friis EP, Skjøt M, Wilson KS, Brumer H, Davies G. Structure and activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa xyloglucanase from glycoside hydrolase family 44. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33890-900. [PMID: 21795708 PMCID: PMC3190823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides is emerging as one of the key environmental goals of the early 21st century, impacting on many processes in the textile and detergent industries as well as biomass conversion to biofuels. One of the well known problems with the use of nonstarch (nonfood)-based substrates such as the plant cell wall is that the cellulose fibers are embedded in a network of diverse polysaccharides, including xyloglucan, that renders access difficult. There is therefore increasing interest in the "accessory enzymes," including xyloglucanases, that may aid biomass degradation through removal of "hemicellulose" polysaccharides. Here, we report the biochemical characterization of the endo-β-1,4-(xylo)glucan hydrolase from Paenibacillus polymyxa with polymeric, oligomeric, and defined chromogenic aryl-oligosaccharide substrates. The enzyme displays an unusual specificity on defined xyloglucan oligosaccharides, cleaving the XXXG-XXXG repeat into XXX and GXXXG. Kinetic analysis on defined oligosaccharides and on aryl-glycosides suggests that both the -4 and +1 subsites show discrimination against xylose-appended glucosides. The three-dimensional structures of PpXG44 have been solved both in apo-form and as a series of ligand complexes that map the -3 to -1 and +1 to +5 subsites of the extended ligand binding cleft. Complex structures are consistent with partial intolerance of xylosides in the -4' subsites. The atypical specificity of PpXG44 may thus find use in industrial processes involving xyloglucan degradation, such as biomass conversion, or in the emerging exciting applications of defined xyloglucans in food, pharmaceuticals, and cellulose fiber modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ariza
- From the Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jens M. Eklöf
- the Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, and
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- the Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, and
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Wendy A. Offen
- From the Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley M. Roberts
- From the Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Keith S. Wilson
- From the Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Brumer
- the Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, and
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Gideon Davies
- From the Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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20
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Hakamada Y, Arata S, Ohashi S. Purification and Characterization of a Xyloglucan-specific Glycosyl Hydrolase from Aspergillus oryzae RIB40. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2011. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2010_010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Morozova VV, Gusakov AV, Andrianov RM, Pravilnikov AG, Osipov DO, Sinitsyn AP. Cellulases of Penicillium verruculosum. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:871-80. [PMID: 20540109 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nine major cellulolytic enzymes were isolated from a culture broth of a mutant strain of the fungus Penicillium verruculosum: five endo-1, 4-beta-glucanases (EGs) having molecular masses 25, 33, 39, 52, and 70 kDa, and four cellobiohydrolases (CBHs: 50, 55, 60, and 66 kDa). Based on amino acid similarities of short sequenced fragments and peptide mass fingerprinting, the isolated enzymes were preliminary classified into different families of glycoside hydrolases: Cel5A (EG IIa, 39 kDa), Cel5B (EG IIb, 33 kDa), Cel6A (CBH II, two forms: 50 and 60 kDa), Cel7A (CBH I: 55 and 66 kDa), Cel7B (EG I: 52 and 70 kDa). The 25 kDa enzyme was identical to the previously isolated Cel12A (EG III). The family assignment was further confirmed by the studies of the substrate specificity of the purified enzymes. High-molecular-weight forms of the Cel6A, Cel7A, and Cel7B were found to possess a cellulose-binding module (CBM), while the catalytically active low-molecular-weight forms of the enzymes, as well as other cellulases, lacked the CBM. Properties of the isolated enzymes, such as substrate specificity toward different polysaccharides and synthetic glycosides, effect of pH and temperature on the enzyme activity and stability, adsorption on Avicel cellulose and kinetics of its hydrolysis, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Wong DDWS, Chan VJ, McCormack AA, Batt SB. A novel xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase: biochemical properties and inhibition studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:1463-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zhou Q, Baumann MJ, Piispanen PS, Teeri TT, Brumer H. Xyloglucan and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET): Tools forex vivocellulose surface modification. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500538217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Gullfot F, Ibatullin FM, Sundqvist G, Davies GJ, Brumer H. Functional Characterization of Xyloglucan Glycosynthases from GH7, GH12, and GH16 Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1782-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900215p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrika Gullfot
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia, and York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Farid M. Ibatullin
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia, and York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Gustav Sundqvist
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia, and York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia, and York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Brumer
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia, and York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
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25
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Purification and characterization of an endoglucanase from Aspergillus terreus highly active against barley β-glucan and xyloglucan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Benkő Z, Siika-aho M, Viikari L, Réczey K. Evaluation of the role of xyloglucanase in the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Purification, molecular cloning, and enzymatic properties of a family 12 endoglucanase (EG-II) from fomitopsis palustris: role of EG-II in larch holocellulose hydrolysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5857-61. [PMID: 18658283 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00435-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A family 12 endoglucanase with a molecular mass of 23,926 Da (EG-II) from the brown-rot basidiomycete Fomitopsis palustris was purified and characterized. One of the roles of EG-II in wood degradation is thought to be to loosen the polysaccharide network in cell walls by disentangling hemicelluloses that are associated with cellulose.
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28
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Ibatullin FM, Baumann MJ, Greffe L, Brumer H. Kinetic Analyses of Retaining endo-(Xylo)glucanases from Plant and Microbial Sources Using New Chromogenic Xylogluco-Oligosaccharide Aryl Glycosides. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7762-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid M. Ibatullin
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Martin J. Baumann
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Lionel Greffe
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
| | - Harry Brumer
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Molecular and Radiation Biology Division, Russian Academy of Science, Gatchina, St. Petersburg 188300, Russia
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29
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Hekmat O, He S, Warren RAJ, Withers SG. A Mechanism-Based ICAT Strategy for Comparing Relative Expression and Activity Levels of Glycosidases in Biological Systems. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3282-92. [DOI: 10.1021/pr7008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hekmat
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z1, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Shouming He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z1, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - R. Antony J. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z1, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z1, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z3
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30
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Hekmat O, Florizone C, Kim YW, Eltis LD, Warren RAJ, Withers SG. Specificity Fingerprinting of Retaining β-1,4-Glycanases in theCellulomonas fimi Secretome Using Two Fluorescent Mechanism-Based Probes. Chembiochem 2007; 8:2125-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Ishida T, Yaoi K, Hiyoshi A, Igarashi K, Samejima M. Substrate recognition by glycoside hydrolase family 74 xyloglucanase from the basidiomycetePhanerochaete chrysosporium. FEBS J 2007; 274:5727-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Gloster TM, Ibatullin FM, Macauley K, Eklöf JM, Roberts S, Turkenburg JP, Bjørnvad ME, Jørgensen PL, Danielsen S, Johansen KS, Borchert TV, Wilson KS, Brumer H, Davies GJ. Characterization and Three-dimensional Structures of Two Distinct Bacterial Xyloglucanases from Families GH5 and GH12. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19177-89. [PMID: 17376777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700224200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex material in which the cellulose microfibrils are embedded within a mesh of other polysaccharides, some of which are loosely termed "hemicellulose." One such hemicellulose is xyloglucan, which displays a beta-1,4-linked d-glucose backbone substituted with xylose, galactose, and occasionally fucose moieties. Both xyloglucan and the enzymes responsible for its modification and degradation are finding increasing prominence, reflecting both the drive for enzymatic biomass conversion, their role in detergent applications, and the utility of modified xyloglucans for cellulose fiber modification. Here we present the enzymatic characterization and three-dimensional structures in ligand-free and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide complexed forms of two distinct xyloglucanases from glycoside hydrolase families GH5 and GH12. The enzymes, Paenibacillus pabuli XG5 and Bacillus licheniformis XG12, both display open active center grooves grafted upon their respective (beta/alpha)(8) and beta-jelly roll folds, in which the side chain decorations of xyloglucan may be accommodated. For the beta-jelly roll enzyme topology of GH12, binding of xylosyl and pendant galactosyl moieties is tolerated, but the enzyme is similarly competent in the degradation of unbranched glucans. In the case of the (beta/alpha)(8) GH5 enzyme, kinetically productive interactions are made with both xylose and galactose substituents, as reflected in both a high specific activity on xyloglucan and the kinetics of a series of aryl glycosides. The differential strategies for the accommodation of the side chains of xyloglucan presumably facilitate the action of these microbial hydrolases in milieus where diverse and differently substituted substrates may be encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Gloster
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
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33
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Desmet T, Cantaert T, Gualfetti P, Nerinckx W, Gross L, Mitchinson C, Piens K. An investigation of the substrate specificity of the xyloglucanase Cel74A from Hypocrea jecorina. FEBS J 2007; 274:356-63. [PMID: 17229143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The substrate specificity of the xyloglucanase Cel74A from Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) was examined using several polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Our results revealed that xyloglucan chains are hydrolyzed at substituted Glc residues, in contrast to the action of all known xyloglucan endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.151). The building block of xyloglucan, XXXG (where X is a substituted Glc residue, and G is an unsubstituted Glc residue), was rapidly degraded to XX and XG (k(cat) = 7.2 s(-1) and Km = 120 microM at 37 degrees C and pH 5), which has only been observed before with the oligoxyloglucan-reducing-end-specific cellobiohydrolase from Geotrichum (EC 3.2.1.150). However, the cellobiohydrolase can only release XG from XXXGXXXG, whereas Cel74A hydrolyzed this substrate at both chain ends, resulting in XGXX. Differences in the length of a specific loop at subsite + 2 are discussed as being the basis for the divergent specificity of these xyloglucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Desmet
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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34
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Tiné MAS, Silva CO, Lima DUD, Carpita NC, Buckeridge MS. Fine structure of a mixed-oligomer storage xyloglucan from seeds of Hymenaea courbaril. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Henriksson H, Denman SE, Campuzano IDG, Ademark P, Master ER, Teeri TT, Brumer H. N-linked glycosylation of native and recombinant cauliflower xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 16A. Biochem J 2003; 375:61-73. [PMID: 12826015 PMCID: PMC1223658 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2003] [Revised: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a XET (xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) from cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ) florets has been cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated a high degree of similarity to other XET enzymes belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16). In addition to the conserved GH16 catalytic sequence motif EIDFE, there exists one potential N-linked glycosylation site, which is also highly conserved in XET enzymes from this family. Purification of the corresponding protein from extracts of cauliflower florets allowed the fractionation of a single, pure glycoform, which was analysed by MS techniques. Accurate protein mass determination following the enzymic deglycosylation of this glycoform indicated the presence of a high-mannose-type glycan of the general structure GlcNAc2Man6. LC/MS and MS/MS (tandem MS) analysis provided supporting evidence for this structure and confirmed that the glycosylation site (underlined) was situated close to the predicted catalytic residues in the conserved sequence YLSSTNNEHDEIDFEFLGNRTGQPVILQTNVFTGGK. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris produced a range of protein glycoforms, which were, on average, more highly mannosylated than the purified native enzyme. This difference in glycosylation did not influence the apparent enzymic activity of the enzyme significantly. However, the removal of high-mannose glycosylation in recombinant cauliflower XET by endoglycosidase H, quantified by electrospray-ionization MS, caused a 40% decrease in the transglycosylation activity of the enzyme. No hydrolytic activity was detected in native or heterologously expressed BobXET16A, even when almost completely deglycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Henriksson
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Irwin DC, Cheng M, Xiang B, Rose JKC, Wilson DB. Cloning, expression and characterization of a family-74 xyloglucanase from Thermobifida fusca. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3083-91. [PMID: 12846842 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermobifida fusca xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (Xeg)74 and the Xeg74 catalytic domain (CD) were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. This enzyme has a glycohydrolase family-74 CD that is a specific xyloglucanase followed by a family-2 carbohydrate binding module at the C terminus. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximal rate (Vmax) values for hydrolysis of tamarind seed xyloglucan (tamXG) are 2.4 micro m and 966 micro mol xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) min-1. micro mol protein-1. More than 75% of the activity was retained after a 16-h incubation at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. The enzyme was most active at pH 6.0-9.4. NMR analysis showed that its catalytic mechanism is inverting. The oligosaccharide products from hydrolysis of tamXG were determined by MS analysis. Cel9B, an active carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)ase from T. fusca, was also found to have activity on xyloglucan (XG) at 49 micro mol.min-1. micro mol protein-1, but it could not hydrolyze XG units containing galactose. An XG/cellulose composite was prepared by growing Gluconacetobacterxylinus on glucose with tamXG in the medium. Although a mixture of purified cellulases was unable to degrade this material, the composite material was fully hydrolyzed when Xeg74 was added. T. fusca was not able to grow on tamXG, but Xeg74 was found in the culture supernatant at the same level as was found in cultures grown on Solka Floc. The function of this enzyme appears to be to break down the XG surrounding cellulose fibrils found in biomass so that T. fusca can utilize the cellulose as a carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Irwin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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37
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Jia Z, Qin Q, Darvill AG, York WS. Structure of the xyloglucan produced by suspension-cultured tomato cells. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1197-208. [PMID: 12747862 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The xyloglucan secreted by suspension-cultured tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells was structurally characterized by analysis of the oligosaccharides generated by treating the polysaccharide with a xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase (XEG). These oligosaccharide subunits were chemically reduced to form the corresponding oligoglycosyl alditols, which were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thirteen of the oligoglycosyl alditols were structurally characterized by a combination of matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Nine of the oligoglycosyl alditols (GXGGol, XXGGol, GSGGol, XSGGol, LXGGol, XTGGol, LSGGol, LLGGol, and LTGGol, [see, Fry, S.C.; York, W.S., et al., Physiologia Plantarum 1993, 89, 1-3, for this nomenclature]) are derived from oligosaccharide subunits that have a cellotetraose backbone. Very small amounts of oligoglycosyl alditols (XGGol, XGGXXGGol, XXGGXGGol, and XGGXSGGol) derived from oligosaccharide subunits that have a cellotriose or celloheptaose backbone were also purified and characterized. The results demonstrate that the xyloglucan secreted by suspension-cultured tomato cells is very complex and is composed predominantly of 'XXGG-type' subunits with a cellotetraose backbone. The rigorous characterization of the oligoglycosyl alditols and assignment of their 1H and 13C NMR spectra constitute a robust data set that can be used as the basis for rapid and accurate structural profiling of xyloglucans produced by Solanaceous plant species and the characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of these polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Jia
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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38
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Silva Tiné MA, de Lima DU, Buckeridge MS. Galactose branching modulates the action of cellulase on seed storage xyloglucans. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Yaoi K, Mitsuishi Y. Purification, characterization, cloning, and expression of a novel xyloglucan-specific glycosidase, oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific cellobiohydrolase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48276-81. [PMID: 12374797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel oligoxyloglucan-specific glycosidase, oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific cellobiohydrolase (OXG-RCBH), with a molecular mass of 97 kDa and a pI of 6.1, was isolated from the fungus Geotrichum sp. M128. Analysis of substrate specificity using various xyloglucan oligosaccharide structures revealed that OXG-RCBH had exoglucanase activity. It recognized the reducing end of oligoxyloglucan and released two glucosyl residue segments from the main chain. The full-length cDNA encoding OXG-RCBH was cloned and sequenced, and it had a 2436-bp open reading frame encoding an 812amino acid protein. The deduced protein showed approximately 35% identity to members of glycoside hydrolase family 74. The cDNA encoding OXG-RCBH was then expressed in Escherichia coli. Although the recombinant protein was expressed as an inclusion body, renaturation was successful, and enzymatically active recombinant OXG-RCBH was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuro Yaoi
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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40
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Hasper AA, Dekkers E, van Mil M, van de Vondervoort PJI, de Graaff LH. EglC, a new endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger with major activity towards xyloglucan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:1556-60. [PMID: 11916668 PMCID: PMC123852 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.4.1556-1560.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel gene, eglC, encoding an endoglucanase, was cloned from Aspergillus niger. Transcription of eglC is regulated by XlnR, a transcriptional activator that controls the degradation of polysaccharides in plant cell walls. EglC is an 858-amino-acid protein and contains a conserved C-terminal cellulose-binding domain. EglC can be classified in glycoside hydrolase family 74. No homology to any of the endoglucanases from Trichoderma reesei was found. In the plant cell wall xyloglucan is closely linked to cellulose fibrils. We hypothesize that the EglC cellulose-binding domain anchors the enzyme to the cellulose chains while it is cleaving the xyloglucan backbone. By this action it may contribute to the degradation of the plant cell wall structure together with other enzymes, including hemicellulases and cellulases. EglC is most active towards xyloglucan and therefore is functionally different from the other two endoglucanases from A. niger, EglA and EglB, which exhibit the greatest activity towards beta-glucan. Although the mode of action of EglC is not known, this enzyme represents a new enzyme function involved in plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation by A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinda A Hasper
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Section, Wageningen University, NL-6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Yuan S, Wu Y, Cosgrove DJ. A fungal endoglucanase with plant cell wall extension activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:324-33. [PMID: 11553760 PMCID: PMC117988 DOI: 10.1104/pp.127.1.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2001] [Revised: 05/07/2001] [Accepted: 06/01/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a wall hydrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei with potent ability to induce extension of heat-inactivated type I cell walls. It is a small (23-kD) endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (Cel12A) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 12. Extension of heat-inactivated walls from cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv Burpee Pickler) hypocotyls was induced by Cel12A after a distinct lag time and was accompanied by a large increase in wall plasticity and elasticity. Cel12A also increased the rate of stress relaxation of isolated walls at very short times (<200 ms; equivalent to reducing t(0), a parameter that estimates the minimum relaxation time). Similar changes in wall plasticity and elasticity were observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Pennmore Winter) coleoptile (type II) walls, which showed only a negligible extension in response to Cel12A treatment. Thus, Cel12A modifies both type I and II walls, but substantial extension is found only in type I walls. Cel12A has strong endo-glucanase activity against xyloglucan and (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan, but did not exhibit endo-xylanase, endo-mannase, or endo-galactanase activities. In terms of kinetics of action and effects on wall rheology, wall loosening by Cel12A differs qualitatively from the action by expansins, which induce wall extension by a non-hydrolytic polymer creep mechanism. The action by Cel12A mimics some of the changes in wall rheology found after auxin-induced growth. The strategy used here to identify Cel12A could be used to identify analogous plant enzymes that cause auxin-induced changes in cell wall rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yuan
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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42
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Mooney C, Stolle-Smits T, Schols H, de Jong E. Analysis of retted and non retted flax fibres by chemical and enzymatic means. J Biotechnol 2001; 89:205-16. [PMID: 11500214 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flax fibres (Linum usitatissimum L.) were subjected to chemical and enzymatic analysis in order to determine the compositional changes brought about by the retting process and also to determine the accessibility of the fibre polymers to enzymatic treatment. Chemical analysis involved subjecting both retted and non retted fibres to a series of sequential chemical extractions with 1% ammonium oxalate, 0.05 M KOH, 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH. Retting was shown to cause minimal weight loss from the fibres but caused significant changes to the pectic polymers present. Retted fibres were shown to have significantly lower amounts of rhamnogalacturonan as well as arabinan and xylan. In addition the average molecular mass of the pectic extracts was considerably lowered. Enzyme treatment of the 1 M KOH extracts with two different enzymes demonstrated that the non retted extract contained a relatively high molecular weight xylan not found in the retted extract. Treatment of the 1 M KOH extracts and the fibres with Endoglucanase V from Trichoderma viride demonstrated that while this enzyme solubilised cellulose as well as xylan and xyloglucan oligomers from the extract, it had limited access to these polymers on the fibre. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the material solubilised from the extract suggested that the xylan was randomly substituted with 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid moieties. The xyloglucan was shown to be of the XXXG type and was substituted with galactose and fucose units. The enzyme treatments of the fibres demonstrated that the xylan and xyloglucan polymers in the fibres were not accessible to the enzyme but that material which was entrapped by the cellulose could be released by the hydrolysis of this cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mooney
- Department of Fibre and Paper Technology, Agrotechnological Research Institute (ATO), Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Wilhelmi C, Morgan K. The hydrolysis of barley beta-glucan by the cellulase EC 3.2.1.4 under dilute conditions is identical to that of barley solubilase. Carbohydr Res 2001; 330:373-80. [PMID: 11270816 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Barley beta-glucan solubilase is an enzyme that degrades barley beta-glucan in extracts obtained from barley flour. The solubilase preferentially attacks the longer blocks of beta-(1-->4) linkages, i.e., those containing at least nine glucosyl residues. There is strong evidence to suggest that the solubilase derives from fungi associated with the husk of the grain. It was found that cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma sp. shows similar activity under dilute conditions. Since fungi associated with the husk of the grain are known to produce these types of cellulases, there is no need, based on current evidence, to propose the existence of a unique enzyme, i.e., solubilase, for the solubilising behaviour of enzymes in the barley grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wilhelmi
- Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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44
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Oosterveld A, Beldman G, Schols HA, Voragen AG. Characterization of arabinose and ferulic acid rich pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses from sugar beet pulp. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:185-97. [PMID: 11028786 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pectic polysaccharides were extracted from sugar beet pulp to yield fractions representing homogalacturonans, rhamnogalacturonans, arabinans and relatively small amounts of glucomannans and xyloglucans. The homogalacturonans had an apparent molecular weight of 21 kDa and contained relatively high amounts of methyl esters and relatively low amounts of acetyl groups as compared with the ramified 'hairy' regions. Three populations which originated from the ramified 'hairy' regions of pectin were distinguished. Two of these were rhamnogalacturonans with high apparent molecular weights of 1300 and 120 kDa, respectively. These populations had a high Ara and ferulic acid content. Despite the high neutral sugar content, these rhamnogalacturonans strongly bound to a DEAE column. The third population which originated from the ramified 'hairy' regions was a neutral population, which did not interact with the DEAE column and had a low apparent molecular weight and a high Ara and ferulic acid content. The arabinan side-chains of the rhamnogalacturonans were heavily branched in all populations. Enzymatic degradation of the xyloglucans showed similarities with apple xyloglucans with respect to the substitution with Fuc and Gal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oosterveld
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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45
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Huisman M, Weel K, Schols H, Voragen A. Xyloglucan from soybean (Glycine max) meal is composed of XXXG-type building units. Carbohydr Polym 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(99)00154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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van Casteren WH, Kabel MA, Dijkema C, Schols HA, Beldman G, Voragen AG. Endoglucanase V and a phosphatase from Trichoderma viride are able to act on modified exopolysaccharide from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B40. Carbohydr Res 1999; 317:131-44. [PMID: 10466211 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
EPS B40 from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris consists of a repeating unit of-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Rhap-(1 -->2)][alpha-D-Galp-1-PO4-3]-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->. A phosphatase from Trichoderma viride was able to release phosphate, but only after removal of rhamnosyl and galactosyl residues by mild CF3CO2H treatment. Purified endoV from T. viride was able to act on the backbone of the polymer, but only if rhamnosyl substituents and phosphate had been removed. After complete removal of phosphate and partial removal of rhamnosyl residues by HF treatment, incubation with endoV resulted in a homologous series of oligomers. Purification of these oligomers and subsequent characterisation by NMR demonstrated that endoV was able to cleave the beta-(1-->4) linkage between two glucopyranosyl residues when the galactopyranosyl residue towards the nonreducing end is unsubstituted. The mode of action of endoV on HF-treated EPS B40 is discussed on the basis of the subsite model described for endoV [J.-P. Vincken, G. Beldman, A.G.J. Voragen, Carbohydr. Res., 298 (1997) 299-310].
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Affiliation(s)
- W H van Casteren
- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, The Netherlands
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47
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Pauly M, Andersen LN, Kauppinen S, Kofod LV, York WS, Albersheim P, Darvill A. A xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase from Aspergillus aculeatus: expression cloning in yeast, purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Glycobiology 1999; 9:93-100. [PMID: 9884411 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length c-DNA encoding a xyloglucan-specific endo -beta-1, 4-glucanase (XEG) has been isolated from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus aculeatus by expression cloning in yeast. The colonies expressing functional XEG were identified on agar plates containing azurine-dyed cross-linked xyloglucan. The cDNA encoding XEG was isolated, sequenced, cloned into an Aspergillus expression vector, and transformed into Aspergillus oryzae for heterologous expression. The recombinant enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by anion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The recombinant XEG has a molecular mass of 23,600, an isoelectric point of 3.4, and is optimally stable at a pH of 3.4 and temperature below 30 degreesC. The enzyme hydrolyzes structurally diverse xyloglucans from various sources, but hydrolyzes no other cell wall component and can therefore be considered a xyloglucan-specific endo -beta-1, 4-glucanohydrolase. XEG hydrolyzes its substrates with retention of the anomeric configuration. The Kmof the recombinant enzyme is 3.6 mg/ml, and its specific activity is 260 micromol/min per mg protein. The enzyme was tested for its ability to solubilize xyloglucan oligosaccharides from plant cell walls. It was shown that treatment of plant cell walls with XEG yields only xyloglucan oligosaccharides, indicating that this enzyme can be a powerful tool in the structural elucidation of xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pauly
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens,GA 30602-4712, USA
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