1
|
Huang X, Deng H, Zhang B, Wang K, Qu Y, Li T, Liu T. The causal relationship between cathepsins and digestive system tumors: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365138. [PMID: 38590662 PMCID: PMC10999587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have confirmed the significant role of cathepsins in the development and progression of digestive system tumors. However, further investigation is needed to determine the causal relationships. Methods We conducted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study using pooled data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to assess the causal associations between nine cathepsins (cathepsin B, E, F, G, H, L2, O, S, and Z) and six types of digestive system tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer (PCa), biliary tract cancer (BTC), colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric carcinoma (GC), and esophageal cancer (EC). We employed the following methods including inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), Cochran's Q, MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger intercept test and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. The STROBE-MR checklist for the reporting of MR studies was used in this study. Results The risk of HCC increased with high levels of cathepsin G (IVW: p = 0.029, odds ratio (OR) = 1.369, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.033-1.814). Similarly, BTC was associated with elevated cathepsin B levels (IVW: p = 0.025, OR = 1.693, 95% CI = 1.070-2.681). Conversely, a reduction in PCa risk was associated with increased cathepsin H levels (IVW: p = 0.027, OR = 0.896, 95% CI = 0.812-0.988). Lastly, high levels of cathepsin L2 were found to lower the risk of CRC (IVW: p = 0.034, OR = 0.814, 95% CI = 0.674-0.985). Conclusion Our findings confirm the causal relationship between cathepsins and digestive system tumors, which can offer valuable insights for the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Huang
- Graduate School, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Houbo Deng
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Graduate School, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Kuisong Wang
- Graduate School, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Graduate School, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- Department of Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gruba N, Stachurski L, Lesner A. Chemical tools to monitor bladder cancer progression. Biomarkers 2022; 27:568-578. [PMID: 35532038 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2076153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundBladder cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer of the urinary system. Due to its high incidence and recurrence, as well as limited progress in the effective treatment, BCa is a challenge for today's medicine.Materials and MethodsWe used a set of chromogenic substrates to differentiate between the stages of bladder cancer progression (G1 (n = 10), G2 (n = 10), G3 (n = 10)). The proteolytic activity in individual the urine samples was determined by absorbance measurements. Then inhibitors of particular classes of enzymes were used to determine which enzymes dominate at a given stage of the neoplastic disease.ResultsThe specific activity of enzymes in the urine of patients with confirmed bladder cancer was determined separately for three (G1, G2, G3) stages of the disease development. What is more, no activity was observed in urine of healthy people (n = 10).DiscussionResearch shows that specific enzymes are associated with the development of specific stages of cancer. We suspect that the differences in the proteolytic activity of urine samples are due to the presence of a different set of enzymes, that are directly related to the particular stage of the disease.ConclusionWe obtained three substrates for monitoring individual stages of bladder cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gruba
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Stachurski
- City Hospital St. Vincent de Paul, Wójta Radtkiego 1 Street, PL 81-348 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Lesner
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63 Street, PL 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sebzda T, Gnus J, Dziadkowiec B, Latka M, Gburek J. Diagnostic usefulness of selected proteases and acute phase factors in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6673-6688. [PMID: 34754160 PMCID: PMC8554409 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled growth and loss of control over basic metabolic functions, leading to invasive proliferation and metastases, are the salient traits of malignant tumors in general and colorectal cancer in particular. Invasion and metastases hinder effective tumor treatment. While surgical techniques and radiotherapy can be used to remove tumor focus, only chemotherapy can eliminate dispersed neoplastic cells. However, the efficacy of the latter method is limited in the advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, recognition of the mechanisms involved in neoplastic cell spreading is indispensable for developing effective therapies.
AIM To use a number of biomarkers involved in cancer progression and identify a panel that could be used for effective early diagnosis.
METHODS We recruited 185 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (98 men, 87 women with median age 63). Thirty-five healthy controls were sex and age-matched. Dukes’ staging was as follows: A = 22, B = 52, C = 72, D = 39. We analyzed patients' blood serum before surgery. We determined: (1) Cathepsin B (CB) with Barrett's method (fluorogenic substrate); (2) Leukocytic elastase (LE) in a complex with alpha 1 trypsin inhibitor (AAT) using the immunoenzymatic MERCK test; (3) Total sialic acid (TSA) with the colorimetric periodate-resorcinol method; (4) Lipid-bound sialic acid (LASA) with the colorimetric Taut's method; and (5) The antitrypsin activity (ATA) employing the colorimetric test.
RESULTS In patients, the values of the five biochemical parameters were as follows: CB = 16.1 ± 8.8 mU/L, LE = 875 ± 598 µg/L, TSA = 99 ± 31 mg%, LASA = 0.68 ± 0.33 mg%, and ATA = 3211 ± 1504 U/mL. Except for LASA, they were significantly greater than those of controls: CB = 11.4 ± 6.5 mU/L, LE = 379 ± 187 µg/L, TSA = 71.4 ± 15.1 mg%, LASA = 0.69 ± 0.28 mg%, and ATA = 2016 ± 690 U/mL. For CB and LASA, the differences between the four Dukes’ stages and controls were not statistically significant. The inter-stage differences for CB and LASA were also absent. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed the potential diagnostic value of CB, TSA, and ATA. The area under ROC, sensitivity, and specificity for these three parameters were: 0.85, 72%, 90%; 0.75, 66%, 77%; and 0.77, 63%, 84%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the three-parameter panel CB-TSA-ATA were equal to 88.2% and 100%, respectively.
CONCLUSION The increased value of CB, TSA, and ATA parameters are associated with tumor biology, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. The presented evidence suggests the potential value of the CB-TSA-ATA biochemical marker panel in early diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Sebzda
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Jan Gnus
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-355, Poland
| | - Barbara Dziadkowiec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Latka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Jakub Gburek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miki Y, Yashiro M, Moyano-Galceran L, Sugimoto A, Ohira M, Lehti K. Crosstalk Between Cancer Associated Fibroblasts and Cancer Cells in Scirrhous Type Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568557. [PMID: 33178597 PMCID: PMC7596590 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause among all cancer deaths globally. Although the treatment outcome of GC has improved, the survival of patients with GC at stages III and IV remains unsatisfactory. Among several types of GC, scirrhous type GC (SGC) shows highly aggressive growth and invasive activity, leading to frequent peritoneal metastasis. SGC is well known to accompany abundant stromal cells that compose the tumor microenvironment (TME) along with the produced extracellular matrix (ECM) and secreted factors. One of the main stromal components is cancer associated fibroblast (CAF). In the SGC microenvironment, CAFs are a source of various secreted factors, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which mediate prominent tumor-stimulating activity. In turn, cancer cells also secrete numerous factors, which can activate and educate CAFs. Current findings suggest that cancer cells and stromal cells communicate interactively via the soluble factors, the ECM, and likely also by exosomes. In this review, we focus on the soluble factors mediating communication between cancer cells and CAFs in SGC, and consider how they are related to the modulation of TME and the high rate of peritoneal metastasis. At last, we discuss the perspectives on targeting these communication pathways for improved future treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lidia Moyano-Galceran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie Y, Chen L, Lv X, Hou G, Wang Y, Jiang C, Zhu H, Xu N, Wu L, Lou X, Liu S. The levels of serine proteases in colon tissue interstitial fluid and serum serve as an indicator of colorectal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:32592-606. [PMID: 27081040 PMCID: PMC5078036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins in tissue interstitial fluids (TIFs) can spread into the blood and have been proposed as an ideal material to find blood biomarkers. The colon TIFs were collected from 8-, 13-, 18-, and 22-week ApcMin/+, a typical mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC), and wild-type mice. iTRAQ-based quantification proteomics was conducted to survey the TIF proteins whose abundance appeared to depend on tumor progression. A total of 46 proteins that exhibited consecutive changes in abundance were identified, including six serine proteases, chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (CELA1), chymotrypsin-like elastase 2A (CEL2A), chymopasin, chymotrypsinogen B (CTRB1), trypsin 2 (TRY2), and trypsin 4 (TRY4). The observed increases in the abundance of serine proteases were supported in another quantitative evaluation of the individual colon TIFs using a multiple reaction monitor (MRM) assay. Importantly, the increases in the abundance of serine proteases were also verified in the corresponding sera. The quantitative verification of the serine proteases was further extended to the clinical sera, revealing significantly higher levels of CELA1, CEL2A, CTRL/chymopasin, and TRY2 in CRC patients. The receiver operating characteristic analysis illustrated that the combination of CELA1 and CTRL reached the best diagnostic performance, with 90.0% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Thus, the quantitative target analysis demonstrated that some serine proteases are indicative of CRC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lechuang Chen
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaolei Lv
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Guixue Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Jiang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, 101318, China.,Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Proteolysis in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040134. [PMID: 28398251 PMCID: PMC5408208 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with the human pathogen and class-I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the development of acute and chronic gastritis, ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system. Disruption and depolarization of the epithelium is a hallmark of H. pylori-associated disorders and requires extensive modulation of epithelial cell surface structures. Hence, the complex network of controlled proteolysis which facilitates tissue homeostasis in healthy individuals is deregulated and crucially contributes to the induction and progression of gastric cancer through processing of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell surface receptors, membrane-bound cytokines, and lateral adhesion molecules. Here, we summarize the recent reports on mechanisms how H. pylori utilizes a variety of extracellular proteases, involving the proteases Hp0169 and high temperature requirement A (HtrA) of bacterial origin, and host matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). H. pylori-regulated proteases represent predictive biomarkers and attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bian B, Mongrain S, Cagnol S, Langlois MJ, Boulanger J, Bernatchez G, Carrier JC, Boudreau F, Rivard N. Cathepsin B promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:671-87. [PMID: 25808857 PMCID: PMC4832390 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a cysteine proteinase that primarily functions as an endopeptidase within endolysosomal compartments in normal cells. However, during tumoral expansion, the regulation of cathepsin B can be altered at multiple levels, thereby resulting in its overexpression and export outside of the cell. This may suggest a possible role of cathepsin B in alterations leading to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of intracellular and extracellular cathepsin B in growth, tumorigenesis, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Results show that mRNA and activated levels of cathepsin B were both increased in human adenomas and in CRCs of all stages. Treatment of CRC cells with the highly selective and non‐permeant cathepsin B inhibitor Ca074 revealed that extracellular cathepsin B actively contributed to the invasiveness of human CRC cells while not essential for their growth in soft agar. Cathepsin B silencing by RNAi in human CRC cells inhibited their growth in soft agar, as well as their invasion capacity, tumoral expansion, and metastatic spread in immunodeficient mice. Higher levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 were observed in cathepsin B‐deficient tumors as well as an increase in cyclin B1. Finally, cathepsin B colocalized with p27Kip1 within the lysosomes and efficiently degraded the inhibitor. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that cathepsin B is a significant factor in colorectal tumor development, invasion, and metastatic spreading and may, therefore, represent a potential pharmacological target for colorectal tumor therapy. © 2015 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Mongrain
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Cagnol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Langlois
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jim Boulanger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gérald Bernatchez
- Gastroenterology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Gastroenterology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Herszényi L, Barabás L, Hritz I, István G, Tulassay Z. Impact of proteolytic enzymes in colorectal cancer development and progression. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13246-13257. [PMID: 25309062 PMCID: PMC4188883 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis is a highly complicated, multi-step phenomenon. In the complex event of tumor progression, tumor cells interact with basement membrane and extracellular matrix components. Proteolytic enzymes (proteinases) are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, but also in cancer invasion and metastasis. The four categories of proteinases (cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, and metalloproteinases) are named and classified according to the essential catalytic component in their active site. We and others have shown that proteolytic enzymes play a major role not only in colorectal cancer (CRC) invasion and metastasis, but also in malignant transformation of precancerous lesions into cancer. Tissue and serum-plasma antigen concentrations of proteinases might be of great value in identifying patients with poor prognosis in CRC. Our results, in concordance with others indicate the potential tumor marker impact of proteinases for the early diagnosis of CRC. In addition, proteinases may also serve as potential target molecules for therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding S, Blue RE, Chen Y, Scull B, Lund PK, Morgan D. Molecular Imaging of Gastric Neoplasia with Near-Infrared Fluorescent Activatable Probes. Mol Imaging 2012. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ding
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Randall Eric Blue
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yijing Chen
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Brooks Scull
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pauline Kay Lund
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Douglas Morgan
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH; and Department of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Herszényi L, Hritz I, Lakatos G, Varga MZ, Tulassay Z. The behavior of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:13240-63. [PMID: 23202950 PMCID: PMC3497324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components crucial for tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. MMPs are controlled by natural inhibitors called tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We and others have demonstrated that MMPs and TIMPs are especially important in the process of tumor invasion, progression and the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been proposed that MMPs and TIMPs might play a part not only in tumor invasion and initiation of metastasis but also in carcinogenesis from colorectal adenomas. Several recent studies demonstrated that high preoperative serum or plasma MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 antigen levels are strong predictive factors for poor prognosis in patients with CRC and their determination might be useful for identification of patients with higher risk for cancer recurrence. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 have significant potential tumor marker impact in CRC. Their diagnostic sensitivity is consistently higher than those of conventional biomarkers. The pharmacological targeting of CRC by the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors of MMPs, that is highly specific for certain MMPs, is a promising and challenging area for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Herszényi
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - István Hritz
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
- First Department of Medicine, Fejér County Szent György Hospital, Székesfehérvár, H-8000, Hungary
| | - Gábor Lakatos
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Oncology, Szent László Hospital, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Mária Zsófia Varga
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- Second Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (I.H.); (G.L.); (M.Z.V.); (Z.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Herszényi L, Lakatos G, Hritz I, Varga MZ, Cierny G, Tulassay Z. The role of inflammation and proteinases in tumor progression. Dig Dis 2012; 30:249-54. [PMID: 22722549 DOI: 10.1159/000336914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an important risk factor for the development of cancers. The link between chronic inflammation and the risk of developing cancer is now well established. At least 20% of all cancers arise in association with infection and chronic inflammation. Inflammation and cancer are linked both along intrinsic (driven by genetic events causing malignancy) and extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions predisposing to tumor) pathways. Proteinases are key contributors to the breakdown and reconstitution of extracellular matrix components in physiological processes and pathological conditions, including destructive diseases and tumor progression. Matrix metalloproteinases are especially essential in the complex process of coregulation between cellular components of the tumor environment, and they are considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in many types and stages of cancer. Although the link between chronic inflammation, proteinases and risk of developing cancer is now well established, several open questions remain. The most exciting challenge is to find the best approach to target cancer-associated inflammation in patients with cancer. With respect to matrix metalloproteinases, the development of a new generation of selective inhibitors is a promising area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Herszényi
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dariusz S, Agnieszka M, Elzbieta R, Danuta ON, Maciej Z, Piotr D, Nowicki M. A potency of plasminogen activation system in long-term prognosis of endometrial cancer: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 163:193-9. [PMID: 22525297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activators released from cancer cells lead to degradation of basement membrane proteins and extracellular matrix, and facilitate cancer cell invasion into surrounding tissues and the blood stream. The aim of this study was to evaluate a complex tissue immunohistochemical expression of the plasminogen activation system--urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1--in endometrial cancer, and to correlate obtained results with disease progression and course. STUDY DESIGN The study group was composed of 100 patients classified in three sub-groups according to the FIGO 2010 tumour stratification (G1=70, G2=19, G3=11). Expression of uPA, tPA, uPAR and PAI-1 was examined by means of immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Immunohistochemical expressions of all the studied markers did not differ between G1 and G2 patients. However, G3 subjects were found to have a significantly lower expression of uPA, PAI-1 and tPA. In addition, the patients who survived were found to be PAI-1 negative, while study participants with an unfavourable disease course were PAI-1 positive. CONCLUSIONS A significantly higher immunohistochemical expression of PAI-1 was found to correlate with shorter relapse-free and overall survival in patients classified as stages IB and II of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samulak Dariusz
- Department of Surgical Gynaecology, University of Medical Sciences in Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gabriel D, Zuluaga MF, Lange N. On the cutting edge: protease-sensitive prodrugs for the delivery of photoactive compounds. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:689-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
14
|
Chan AT, Baba Y, Shima K, Nosho K, Chung DC, Hung KE, Mahmood U, Madden K, Poss K, Ranieri A, Shue D, Kucherlapati R, Fuchs CS, Ogino S. Cathepsin B expression and survival in colon cancer: implications for molecular detection of neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2777-85. [PMID: 20833970 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proteases play a critical role in tumorigenesis and are upregulated in colorectal cancer and neoplastic polyps. In animal models, cathepsin B (CTSB)-activatable imaging agents show high enzyme activity within intestinal tumors. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of 558 men and women with colon cancer with tumors that were accessible for immunohistochemical assessment. We used Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by stage, to compute colon cancer-specific and overall mortality according to tumoral expression of CTSB. RESULTS Among 558 participants, 457 (82%) had tumors that expressed CTSB (CTSB positive) and 101 (18%) had tumors that did not express CTSB (CTSB negative). CTSB expression was not associated with disease stage (P = 0.19). After a median follow-up of 11.6 years, there were 254 total and 155 colon cancer-specific deaths. Compared with participants with CTSB-negative tumors, participants with CTSB-positive tumors experienced a multivariate hazard ratio for colon cancer-specific mortality of 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 1.19-3.34) and overall mortality of 1.71 (95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.50). CTSB expression was independently associated with KRAS (P = 0.01) and BRAF mutation (P = 0.04), but not microsatellite instability status, CpG island methylator phenotype status, PIK3CA mutation, LINE-1 methylation, TP53 expression, or PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2) expression. Among 123 individuals with adenomas, 91% expressed CTSB. CONCLUSIONS As assessed by immunohistochemistry, CTSB is expressed in the vast majority of colon cancers, independent of stage, and is significantly associated with higher risk of colon cancer-specific and overall mortality. IMPACT These results support the potential of CTSB a target for image detection of neoplastic lesions in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yashiro M, Hirakawa K. Cancer-stromal interactions in scirrhous gastric carcinoma. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2010; 3:127-35. [PMID: 21209779 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts play an important role in the progression, growth and spread of gastric cancers. Cancer-stroma interactions have been especially evident in the scirrhous type of gastric carcinoma. Fibroblasts are associated with the cancer progression at the primary and metastatic site. The proliferative and invasive ability of scirrhous gastric cancer cells are closely associated with the growth factors produced by organ-specific fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are therefore a key determinant in the malignant progression of gastric cancer and represent an important target for cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Paduch R, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Expression and activation of proteases in co-cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:79-87. [PMID: 19836935 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerned the expression and activation of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the urokinase plasminogen activator/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPA/uPAR) system in co-cultures of human colon carcinoma cell spheroids (HT29, LS180, SW948) with human normal colon epithelium (CCD 841 CoTr), myofibroblasts (CCD-18Co) and endothelial cells (HUVEC). Additionally, the influence of monensin on the production and function of the proteases was tested. Tumor cells expressed small amounts of MMP-2, MMP-9 and uPA. Normal cells generally produced proportionally higher concentrations of these proteases (especially MMP-2, compared with significantly smaller yields of MMP-9 and significantly lower amounts of uPAR than tumors. In co-cultures of tumor spheroids with normal cell monolayers, the concentration of the proteases was equal to the sum of the enzymes produced in monocultures of both types of cells. The highest activity of uPA, measured as the reduction of the chromogenic substrate (S-2444), was detected in supernatants and lysates of endothelial cells. Interestingly, in normal cells, the higher expression of proteases, mainly uPA, measured as the level of protein concentration, was closely linked with their lower activity and inversely, in tumor cells, the low level of the expression of the enzymes correlated with their high enzymatic activity. In zymography analysis, mainly pro-MMPs were detected both in culture supernatants and cell lysates. The highest amounts of active forms of the MMPs were detected in tumor spheroids co-cultured with endothelial cells. Monensin inhibited MMPs and uPA secretion but significantly increased uPAR release, mainly from normal cells. In conclusion, during direct interactions of tumor cells with normal cells, MMPs and the uPA/uPAR system play an important role in the degradation of ECM and tumor development, but as we found, there is a reverse relationship between the concentration and the enzymatic activity of MMPs and uPA/uPAR in co-culture models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hwang JH, Lee SH, Lee KH, Lee KY, Kim H, Ryu JK, Yoon YB, Kim YT. Cathepsin B is a target of Hedgehog signaling in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:266-72. [PMID: 19004543 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of cathepsin B (CATB), a downstream target of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, in pancreatic cancer. Cyclopamine (Hh signal inhibitor) suppressed expression of Shh, as well as Hh-induced transcription factor Gli1, and induced apoptosis in Shh-positive pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1). Microarray analysis revealed CATB as a gene downregulated by Hh. Cyclopamine reduced CATB protein and mRNA levels. Cyclopamine or CATB inhibitor reduced PANC-1 cell invasiveness (P<0.05). CATB expression in human pancreatic cancer tissues tended to correlate with Shh expression (P=0.053). Conclusively, Hh targets CATB and Hh signaling through CATB might influence pancreatic cancer cell invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yungon-dong Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and cathepsin B in gastric carcinoma is associated with lymph node metastasis, but not with postoperative survival. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2008; 46:57-64. [PMID: 18296264 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation components of basement membrane could be crucial for tumor invasion. A key role in this process has been assigned to cysteine proteases, i.e. cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin B with tumor aggressiveness expressed by lymph node metastases and survival rates in gastric carcinoma patients. Slides of 5 mum-thick serial sections from 91 patients with primary gastric carcinoma were prepared and analyzed for MMP-9 and cathepsin B expression using anti-human monoclonal antibody (NCL-MMP-9 clone; dilution 1:40 and NCL-CATH-B clone; dilution 1:40). The patients were clinically monitored for 84 months. We found no association between the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin B in main mass of tumor and patients' gender, tumor location, Lauren's classification or histological differentiation. Also no correlation was observed between the expression of MMP-9 in main mass of tumor and depth of invasion. A strong statistically significant association was found between the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin B in main mass of tumor and lymph node involvement (p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). However, we observed no correlation between the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin B in main mass of tumor and lymph node involvement or 5-year overall survival. Our results may suggest that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cathepsin B is correlated with lymph node metastasis in advanced gastric carcinoma, but not with patients' postoperative survival.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Li M, Lin W, Wang W, Zhang Z, Rayburn ER, Lu J, Chen D, Yue X, Shen F, Jiang F, He J, Wei W, Zeng X, Zhang R. Extracellular activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase as a biomarker for human cancer detection: distribution characteristics in a normal population and cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:789-95. [PMID: 17416772 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) has been reported in patients with cancer, and PKA inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials as a novel cancer therapy. The present study was designed to characterize the population distribution of extracellular activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (ECPKA) and its potential value as a biomarker for cancer detection and monitoring of cancer therapy. The population distribution of ECPKA activity was determined in serum samples from a Chinese population consisting of a total of 603 subjects (374 normal healthy volunteers and 229 cancer patients). The serum ECPKA was determined by a validated sensitive radioassay, and its diagnostic values (including positive and negative predictive values) were analyzed. The majority of normal subjects (>70%) have undetectable or very low levels of serum ECPKA. In contrast, the majority of cancer patients (>85%) have high levels of ECPKA. The mean ECPKA activity in the sera of cancer patients was 10.98 units/mL, 5-fold higher than that of the healthy controls (2.15 units/mL; P < 0.001). In both normal subjects and cancer patients, gender and age had no significant influence on the serum ECPKA. Among factors considered, logistic analysis revealed that the disease (cancer) is the only factor contributing to the elevation of ECPKA activity in cancer patients. In conclusion, ECPKA may function as a cancer marker for various human cancers and can be used in cancer detection and for monitoring response to therapy with other screening or diagnostic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 113, Box 600, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Irth H. Continuous‐Flow Systems for Ligand Binding and Enzyme Inhibition Assays Based on Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527610907.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
21
|
Perelman LT. Optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for early cancer detection. Expert Rev Med Devices 2007; 3:787-803. [PMID: 17280544 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.3.6.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the application of optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for minimally invasive detection of precancerous and early cancerous changes in a variety of organs. Optical spectroscopic techniques have shown promising results in the diagnosis of diseases at the cellular scale. They do not require tissue removal, can be performed in vivo and allow for real-time diagnosis. While fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy are most effective in revealing the molecular properties of tissue, the novel technique, light scattering spectroscopy, is capable of characterizing the structural properties of tissue at the cellular and subcellular scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lev T Perelman
- Harvard University, Department of ObGyn and Reproductive Biology, Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana 879, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zsebik B, Symonowicz K, Saleh Y, Ziolkowski P, Bronowicz A, Vereb G. Photodynamic therapy combined with a cysteine proteinase inhibitor synergistically decrease VEGF production and promote tumour necrosis in a rat mammary carcinoma. Cell Prolif 2007; 40:38-49. [PMID: 17227294 PMCID: PMC6496468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2007.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and inhibition of cathepsin B proteases by cystatin (cysteine proteinase inhibitor, CPI) are potential new tumour treatment modalities. We have investigated the efficacy of PDT and CPI alone and in combination on a solid mammary carcinoma transplanted into Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intraperitoneally injected single doses of chlorine e6 or HpD as photosensitizers were excited at 630 nm (90 J/cm(2)). CPI (500 micro g per animal) was injected around the tumour daily during the 8-day treatment. Inoculation of tumour was either on day 1 of the protocol, or 8 days before. On day 8, tumour size was measured, tumour necrosis and vascularization were determined based on haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS No differences (two-way anova) were found for treatments started with various time lags. At doses where CPI or PDT alone had no or negligible effect, their combination caused a marked (P < 0.001) decrease in serum VEGF, paralleled by a significant decrease in tumour size and number of capillary vessels, and a significant increase in necrosis (up to 80% of the tumour tissue). CONCLUSIONS The combination of PDT and CPI could be a useful approach in tumour therapy as the two agents appear to be synergistic and probably decrease VEGF production by the tumour tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Zsebik
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scicolone G, Sanchez V, Vauthay L, Fuentes F, Scicolone A, Scicolone L, Rapacioli M, Flores V. Tissue-type plasminogen activator activity in morphologically normal tissues adjacent to gastrointestinal carcinomas is associated with the degree of tumor progression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 132:309-19. [PMID: 16369808 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the level of plasminogen activator (PA) activity assayed in gastrointestinal carcinomas and the "morphologically normal tissues" adjacent to them is associated with the degree of tumor progression. METHODS Tumor and "normal tissues" were obtained from gastrointestinal surgical samples to assess urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activities by radial caseinolytic assay and the expression of PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by ELISA. We compared the PA system between the tumor and "normal tissues" and we investigated the existence of correlations between: (a) PA production in the tumor and "normal tissues", (b) different components of the PA system, and (c) PA system and the degree of tumor progression. RESULTS (1) Total PA activity, u-PA activity and PAI-1 expression are significantly higher in tumor than in "normal tissues", whereas t-PA activity does not differ between them. (2) Total PA activity mainly correlates with u-PA activity in tumor tissues and similarly with u-PA and t-PA activities in "normal tissues". (3) There is a significant association between t-PA activity in tumor and "normal tissues" and the degree of tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS "Morphologically normal tissues" adjacent to carcinomas present abnormal t-PA activity that is associated with the degree of tumor progression. Assaying of this activity could be useful as a predictive parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Scicolone
- School of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Prof E De Robertis, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Krueger S, Kalinski T, Hundertmark T, Wex T, Küster D, Peitz U, Ebert M, Nägler DK, Kellner U, Malfertheiner P, Naumann M, Röcken C, Roessner A. Up-regulation of cathepsin X in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and gastric cancer. J Pathol 2005; 207:32-42. [PMID: 16025436 DOI: 10.1002/path.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified increased cathepsin X expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Here, we describe further up-regulation in gastric cancer and report on the role of inflammatory cytokines required for cathepsin X up-regulation in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, as well as on consequences for cellular invasion. Biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus and cardia of H. pylori-infected and non-infected patients. Gastric cancer samples were obtained from patients undergoing gastric surgery. Cathepsin X was detected in gastric mucosa by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Induction of cathepsin X expression in epithelial and inflammatory cells caused by H. pylori infection was tested in in vitro contact and non-contact co-cultures of AGS cells and monocytic cells. Patients with H. pylori gastritis showed significantly higher cathepsin X mRNA (2.5-fold) and protein (1.6-fold) expression than H. pylori-negative patients. Cathepsin X was also up-regulated in gastric cancer (3-12-fold) compared to non-neoplastic mucosa. Cathepsin X was predominantly expressed by macrophages in the mucosal stroma and in glands of the antral mucosa. In addition, tumour cells stained for cathepsin X in 26 (68%) patients with gastric carcinoma. In general, staining was significantly more common (20 vs. 6 patients) and more intense (3.55 vs. 0.83) in intestinal type gastric cancer than in the diffuse type. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that intercellular signalling between pathogenicity island (PAI)-positive H. pylori-infected epithelial cells and macrophages via soluble factors in the culture medium seems to be responsible for increased expression of cathepsin X in monocytes. Using antisense oligonucleotides, cathepsin X up-regulation was directly associated with higher invasiveness in vitro. Although no correlation of cathepsin X expression and TNM stage was found, our study demonstrates that cathepsin X plays a role not only in the chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa but also in the tumourigenesis of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Krueger
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chin D, Boyle GM, Kane AJ, Theile DR, Hayward NK, Parson PG, Coman WB. Invasion and metastasis markers in cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 58:466-74. [PMID: 15897029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of all adults human cancers are of epithelial origin comprising mainly of skin and aero-digestive tract cancers. A significant proportion of our discipline's workload consists of management of these cancers. This review article is to provide clinicians with a summary of the current research findings in invasion and metastasis of epithelial cancers and the translation of some of this information to clinical use particularly related to skin and head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Although surgical resection of isolated metastases is beneficial for some patients, the overall efficacy of surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy is limited. Clearly, with today's advances in surgery a majority of these primary cancers are resectable and a cure attainable if surgeons could control or inhibit metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Chin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Georgakoudi I, Van Dam J. Characterization of Dysplastic Tissue Morphology and Biochemistry in Barrett’s Esophagus using Diffuse Reflectance and Light Scattering Spectroscopy. TECHNIQUES IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tgie.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
27
|
Georgakoudi I, Feld MS. The combined use of fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004; 14:519-37, ix. [PMID: 15261200 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic fluorescence, diffuse reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy provide complementary information on biochemical and morphologic information extending potentially from the molecular to the tissue level. Model-based spectral analysis in each case yields results about specific tissue parameters in a quantitative manner.Preliminary studies demonstrate that these parameters can be used for the development of algorithms that can detect dysplastic changes in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) with high sensitivity and specificity. Studies validating tri-modal spectroscopy based algorithms and real-time spectroscopic data analysis are under way to provide a more accurate and extensive assessment of the potential of this approach as a clinical noninvasive tool that could improve the management and treatment of BE dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Georgakoudi
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Boer AR, Letzel T, van Elswijk DA, Lingeman H, Niessen WMA, Irth H. On-Line Coupling of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography to a Continuous-Flow Enzyme Assay Based on Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3155-61. [PMID: 15167796 DOI: 10.1021/ac035380w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) was coupled on-line to a continuous-flow enzymatic assay using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as readout for the screening of enzyme inhibitors in complex samples. Inhibitors were detected by changes in the concentration of the enzymatic reaction products, indicating the inhibition of enzymatic activity. The molecular masses of the inhibitors were determined with high certainty by using retention time matching and peak shape comparison. Due to the high matching accuracy, baseline separation of coeluting analytes was not necessary in order to identify the correct masses of the bioactive compounds. The continuous-flow system was successfully applied for the screening of complex samples, such as natural extracts. For a red clover extract, detection limits of 0.3-0.8 micromol/L were obtained. System validation was performed by determining the IC(50) values of four inhibitors in the flow-injection mode. The IC(50) values were in the 0.11-5.6 micromol/L range and correspond closely to data obtained by microtiter plate assays. Detection limits were in the range of 0.018-0.35 micromol/L in the flow-injection mode, and 0.075-0.75 micromol/L in the LC mode. These values are well below the typical compound concentrations (1-10 micromol/L) used in high-throughput screening. Together with an interday precision of 12.6%, these results demonstrate the applicability of the system for bioactivity screening of complex mixtures, generating both chemical and biological information on bioactive compounds in a single run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjen R de Boer
- Section Analytical Chemistry & Applied Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Berdowska I. Cysteine proteases as disease markers. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 342:41-69. [PMID: 15026265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review comprises issues concerning cysteine cathepsins (CCs): human peptidases belonging to papain family (C1) of clan CA of cysteine proteases: cathepsins B, L, H, S, K, F, V, X, W, O and C. The involvement of these enzymes in physiological and pathological processes is described, especially with respect to their application as diagnostic and prognostic markers. They participate in precursor protein activation (including proenzymes and prohormones), MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation, bone remodeling, keratinocytes differentiation, hair follicle cycle, reproduction and apoptosis. Cysteine cathepsins upregulation has been demonstrated in many human tumors, including breast, lung, brain, gastrointestinal, head and neck cancer, and melanoma. Besides cancer diseases, they have been implied to participate in inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory myopathies, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Also, certain hereditary disorders are connected with mutations in CCs genes, what is observed in pycnodysostosis resulted from catK gene mutation and Papillon-Lefevre and Haim-Munk syndrome caused by catC gene defect. The potential application of cysteine cathepsins in diagnosis and/or prognosis is discussed in cancer diseases (breast, lung, head and neck, ovarian, gastrointestinal cancers, melanoma), as well as other disorders (periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Chalubinskiego, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saleh Y, Siewiński M, Kielan W, Ziółkowski P, Gryboś M, Rybka J. Regulation of cathepsin B and L expression in vitro in gastric cancer tissues by egg cystatin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2004; 3:319-24. [PMID: 14678520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-869x.2003.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degradation of the basement membrane and surrounding extracellular matrix is likely to represent a key step in cancer invasion and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gastric cancer tissues demonstrate higher cysteine proteases activities: cathepsins B and L during cancer progression in compression with non-cancerous tissues. METHODS We measured the expression of both cathepsins B and L in 30 patients with gastric cancer tissues and non-cancerous tissues activities by a fluorescence assay and immunohistochemical staining. We attempted to regulate cathepsin B and L expression using egg white cystatin. RESULTS The activities of cathepsins B and L were significantly higher in cancerous than in non-cancerous tissues (P </= 0.0001). Activities of these enzymes decreased 18-fold after treatment of tissue homogenates with 5 nM of purified egg white cystatin. Immunohistochemical staining was significant and positive expression of low molecular weight cystatin was observed on the tumor cell surface in gastric carcinoma. It was found that non-cancerous tissues (control) were not stained with anti-egg white antibody. CONCLUSION Our experiment demonstrated that the cysteine peptidases cathepsins B and L may be useful for the early detection of gastric cancer. The results suggest that addition of egg white cystatin reduces the activities of cathepsins B and L to that of non-cancerous values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Saleh
- 1st Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kitadai Y, Sasaki A, Ito M, Tanaka S, Oue N, Yasui W, Aihara M, Imagawa K, Haruma K, Chayama K. Helicobacter pylori infection influences expression of genes related to angiogenesis and invasion in human gastric carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:809-14. [PMID: 14623253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether H. pylori infection plays a role in progression of gastric carcinoma. We examined the expression of genes encoding angiogenic factors and proteases by human gastric carcinoma cell lines (MKN-1 and TMK-1) co-cultured with or without H. pylori by cDNA microarray analysis. Co-culture with H. pylori increased expression of mRNAs encoding interleukin (IL)-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by gastric carcinoma cells. Up-regulation of these genes at the mRNA and protein levels was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and ELISA. In vitro angiogenic and collagenase activities of conditioned medium from the gastric carcinoma cells were also stimulated by co-culture with H. pylori. These results indicate that H. pylori infection may regulate angiogenesis and invasion of human gastric carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kitadai
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, 734-8551, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chin D, Boyle GM, Williams RM, Ferguson K, Pandeya N, Pedley J, Campbell CM, Theile DR, Parsons PG, Coman WB. Novel markers for poor prognosis in head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:789-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
The early detection of both primary tumors and metastatic disease continue to be significant challenges in the diagnosis and staging of cancer. The growing recognition of the role of proteinases and proteolytic cascades in both the growth and metastasis of tumors has led to the development not only of therapeutic strategies using proteinase inhibitors, but also of methods to detect and image tumors in vivo via tumor-associated proteolytic activities. These imaging strategies derive from the enhanced sensitivity afforded by amplification that can be obtained by enzymatic processing to increase the efficacy of imaging "contrast agents" coupled with the inherent substrate specificity and selectivity of proteinases. This review describes key proteinases important in cancer progression, the strategies that have been devised to detect and image proteolytic activity in vivo, and the potential for this kind of functional imaging to serve as a marker for targeted therapy. The intent is to draw attention to the developing methods of molecular imaging to facilitate not only cancer diagnosis, but also for devising strategies for individualized targeted therapy and non-invasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Oliver McIntyre
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6840, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Georgakoudi I, Van Dam J. Characterization of dysplastic tissue morphology and biochemistry in Barrett's esophagus using diffuse reflectance and light scattering spectroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2003; 13:297-308. [PMID: 12916661 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-5157(03)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
LSS and DRS are techniques that provide diagnostically useful information based on changes in the intensity of backscattered light that has experienced either a single or multiple scattering events. These changes can be detected effectively using statistical and model-based algorithms. In addition to providing a means to detect the presence of dysplasia noninvasively, the latter approach yields potentially significant insights into the processes that are involved in the development of dysplasia in BE. Because DRS and LSS provide complementary information to each other and to other spectroscopic modalities, such as fluorescence, it is possible that a combination of all these techniques will ultimately provide a highly accurate real-time method for detecting BE dysplasia. Extending point spectroscopic measurements to imaging of the esophagus will be challenging, but continuous progess in the development of powerful light sources, sensitive detectors, and micro-optical elements should allow this method to become a reality in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Georgakoudi
- George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Room 6-014, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lecaille F, Kaleta J, Brömme D. Human and parasitic papain-like cysteine proteases: their role in physiology and pathology and recent developments in inhibitor design. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4459-88. [PMID: 12475197 DOI: 10.1021/cr0101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Fifth Avenue at 100th Street, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yousef GM, Scorilas A, Kyriakopoulou LG, Rendl L, Diamandis M, Ponzone R, Biglia N, Giai M, Roagna R, Sismondi P, Diamandis EP. Human Kallikrein Gene 5 (KLK5) Expression by Quantitative PCR: An Independent Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.8.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: KLK5 is a newly discovered human kallikrein gene. Many kallikrein genes have been found to be differentially expressed in various malignancies, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA; encoded by the KLK3 gene) is the best tumor marker for prostate cancer. Like the genes that encode PSA and other kallikreins, the KLK5 gene was found to be regulated by steroid hormones in the BT-474 breast cancer cell line.Methods: We studied KLK5 expression in 179 patients with different stages and grades of epithelial breast carcinoma by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), using LightCycler® technology. An optimal cutoff point equal to the detection limit (65th percentile) was used. KLK5 values were then compared with other established prognostic factors in terms of disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS).Results: High KLK5 expression was found more frequently in pre-/perimenopausal (P = 0.026), node-positive (P = 0.029), and estrogen receptor-negative (P = 0.038) patients. In univariate analysis, KLK5 overexpression was a significant predictor of reduced DFS (P <0.001) and OS (P <0.001). Cox multivariate analysis indicated that KLK5 was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS. KLK5 remained an independent prognostic variable in the subgroups of patients with large tumors (>2 cm) and positive nodes. Hazard ratios derived from Cox analysis and related to DFS and OS were 2.48 (P = 0.005) and 2.37 (P = 0.009), respectively, for the node-positive group and 3.03 (P = 0.002) and 2.94 (P = 0.002), respectively, for patients with tumor sizes >2 cm. KLK5 expression was also associated with statistically significantly shorter DFS (P = 0.006) and OS (P = 0.004) in the subgroup of patients with grade I and II tumors.Conclusions: KLK5 expression as assessed by quantitative RT-PCR is an independent and unfavorable prognostic marker for breast carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5 Canada
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- National Center of Scientific Research Demokritos, IPC, Athens, Greece 15310
| | - Lianna G Kyriakopoulou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5 Canada
| | - Laura Rendl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5 Canada
| | - Maria Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5 Canada
| | - Riccardo Ponzone
- Academic Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC) of Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Biglia
- Academic Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC) of Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizia Giai
- Academic Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC) of Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Roagna
- Academic Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC) of Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Piero Sismondi
- Academic Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto Hospital and Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC) of Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Georgakoudi I, Jacobson BC, Van Dam J, Backman V, Wallace MB, Müller MG, Zhang Q, Badizadegan K, Sun D, Thomas GA, Perelman LT, Feld MS. Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1620-9. [PMID: 11375944 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the potential of 3 spectroscopic techniques (fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy) individually and in combination, for evaluating low- and high-grade dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). METHODS Fluorescence spectra at 11 excitation wavelengths and a reflectance spectrum were acquired in approximately 1 second from each site before biopsy using an optical fiber probe. The measured fluorescence spectra were combined with the reflectance spectra to extract the intrinsic tissue fluorescence. The reflectance spectra provided morphologic information about the bulk tissue, whereas light-scattering spectroscopy was used to determine cell nuclear crowding and enlargement in Barrett's epithelium. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between dysplastic and nondysplastic BE in terms of intrinsic fluorescence, bulk scattering properties, and levels of epithelial cell nuclear crowding and enlargement. The combination of all 3 techniques resulted in superior sensitivity and specificity for separating high-grade from non-high-grade and dysplastic from nondysplastic epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Intrinsic fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopies provide complementary information about biochemical and morphologic changes that occur during the development of dysplasia. The combination of these techniques (Tri-Modal Spectroscopy) can serve as an excellent tool for the evaluation of dysplasia in BE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Georgakoudi
- G.R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 09139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim H, Scorilas A, Katsaros D, Yousef GM, Massobrio M, Fracchioli S, Piccinno R, Gordini G, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5) expression is an indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:643-50. [PMID: 11237385 PMCID: PMC2363783 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein gene 5 (KLK5, also known as KLK-L2), located on chromosome 19q13.4, is one of the newly identified members of the kallikrein gene family, which is a subgroup of the serine protease enzyme family. In normal human tissues, KLK5 is highly expressed in skin, mammary gland and testis. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis has indicated that KLK5 is expressed in a subset of ovarian tumours. We have thus hypothesized that KLK5 may be a new prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer. We have examined the mRNA expression of KLK5 in 142 malignant ovarian tissues. Tumours were pulverized, total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was prepared by reverse transcription. KLK5 was amplified by PCR using gene specific primers, and the identity of the PCR product was verified by sequencing. Ovarian tissues were then classified as KLK5 positive or negative, based on ethidium bromide staining of the PCR product on agarose gels. KLK5 was found to be highly expressed in 58/142 (41%) of ovarian cancer samples while its level of expression was very low in normal ovarian tissues. We found a strong positive relation between KLK5 expression and tumour grade (P = 0.006) and disease stage (P = 0.027). Univariate survival analysis revealed that patients with ovarian tumours positive for KLK5 expression had an increased risk for relapse and death (P = 0.018 and 0.022, respectively). In multivariate analysis, KLK5 expression showed independent prognostic value only in the subset of tumours with lower grade disease (grades I and II). We conclude that KLK5 expression is associated with more aggressive forms of epithelial ovarian carcinoma and has indepdent prognostic value in low grade tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|