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Saha B, Ganguly A, Home P, Bhattacharya B, Ray S, Ghosh A, Rumi MAK, Marsh C, French VA, Gunewardena S, Paul S. TEAD4 ensures postimplantation development by promoting trophoblast self-renewal: An implication in early human pregnancy loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17864-17875. [PMID: 32669432 PMCID: PMC7395512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002449117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Early pregnancy loss affects ∼15% of all implantation-confirmed human conceptions. However, evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of trophoblast progenitors and their association with early pregnancy loss are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that transcription factor TEAD4 ensures survival of postimplantation mouse and human embryos by controlling self-renewal and stemness of trophoblast progenitors within the placenta primordium. In an early postimplantation mouse embryo, TEAD4 is selectively expressed in trophoblast stem cell-like progenitor cells (TSPCs), and loss of Tead4 in postimplantation mouse TSPCs impairs their self-renewal, leading to embryonic lethality before embryonic day 9.0, a developmental stage equivalent to the first trimester of human gestation. Both TEAD4 and its cofactor, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), are specifically expressed in cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors of a first-trimester human placenta. We also show that a subset of unexplained recurrent pregnancy losses (idiopathic RPLs) is associated with impaired TEAD4 expression in CTB progenitors. Furthermore, by establishing idiopathic RPL patient-specific human trophoblast stem cells (RPL-TSCs), we show that loss of TEAD4 is associated with defective self-renewal in RPL-TSCs and rescue of TEAD4 expression restores their self-renewal ability. Unbiased genomics studies revealed that TEAD4 directly regulates expression of key cell cycle genes in both mouse and human TSCs and establishes a conserved transcriptional program. Our findings show that TEAD4, an effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is essential for the establishment of pregnancy in a postimplantation mammalian embryo and indicate that impairment of the Hippo signaling pathway could be a molecular cause for early human pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswarup Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - M A Karim Rumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Courtney Marsh
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Valerie A French
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160;
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Home P, Kumar RP, Ganguly A, Saha B, Milano-Foster J, Bhattacharya B, Ray S, Gunewardena S, Paul A, Camper SA, Fields PE, Paul S. Genetic redundancy of GATA factors in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage ensures the progression of preimplantation and postimplantation mammalian development. Development 2017; 144:876-888. [PMID: 28232602 PMCID: PMC5374352 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are implicated in establishing cell fate during mammalian development. In early mammalian embryos, GATA3 is selectively expressed in the extraembryonic trophoblast lineage and regulates gene expression to promote trophoblast fate. However, trophoblast-specific GATA3 function is dispensable for early mammalian development. Here, using dual conditional knockout mice, we show that genetic redundancy of Gata3 with paralog Gata2 in trophoblast progenitors ensures the successful progression of both pre- and postimplantation mammalian development. Stage-specific gene deletion in trophoblasts reveals that loss of both GATA genes, but not either alone, leads to embryonic lethality prior to the onset of their expression within the embryo proper. Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses, we define the global targets of GATA2/GATA3 and show that they directly regulate a large number of common genes to orchestrate stem versus differentiated trophoblast fate. In trophoblast progenitors, GATA factors directly regulate BMP4, Nodal and Wnt signaling components that promote embryonic-extraembryonic signaling cross-talk, which is essential for the development of the embryo proper. Our study provides genetic evidence that impairment of trophoblast-specific GATA2/GATA3 function could lead to early pregnancy failure. Summary: During trophoblast development in mice, GATA2 and GATA3 act synergistically by directly regulating a large number of common genes, and together are important to ensure trophoblast lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Ram Parikshan Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Biswarup Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Milano-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Arindam Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick E Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bind SK, Jivrajani M, Anandjiwala S, Nivsarkar M. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-estrogenic, and Anti-implantation Activity of Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S407-13. [PMID: 26929574 PMCID: PMC4745210 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.168973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl (Syn. Bergia odorata Edgew) (Elatinaceae family) is used traditionally to repair bones and is applied as a poultice on sores. It is also used for stomach troubles and as an antidote to scorpion stings. So far, very little scientific work has been reported to validate its ethnomedical uses in the alleviation of pain, bone repair, etc. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-implantation potential of n-hexane extract of B. suffruticosa whole plant in mice along with identification of its chemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS n-Hexane extract of B. suffruticosa whole plant was screened for acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity followed by an anti-estrogenic activity. Eventually, n-hexane extract was tested for anti-implantation activity by exploiting markers of uterine receptivity, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide enzyme activity. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight in each study. RESULTS Thin layer chromatography fingerprint profile of n-hexane extract revealed the presence of lupeol and β-sitosterol. The n-hexane extract reduced the edema by 80% in acute inflammation, whereas it reduced edema to 75% on the 5(th) day in chronic inflammation. The n-hexane extract reduced elevated malonaldehyde level from 6 to 2.5 nmol/g × 10(-5) and increased superoxide dismutase enzyme activity from 0 to 350 units/g in treated animals on the 5(th) day of pregnancy. Moreover, extract decreased uterine weight from 0.33 to 0.2 g in estradiol treated animals. CONCLUSION These results indicate that n-hexane extract of B. suffruticosa is having potent anti-inflammatory, anti-estrogenic, and anti-implantation activity. This is the first report of all the pharmacological activities of B. suffruticosa mentioned above. SUMMARY TLC fingerprint profile of n-hexane extract of Bergia suffruticosa whole plant revealed the presence of lupeol and β-sitosteroln-Hexane extract showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic model of inflammation in ratsn-Hexane extract possess significant anti-estrogenic activityn-Hexane extract altered the levels superoxide anion radical and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity during the blastocyst implantationAnti-implantation activity of n-hexane extract is attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-estrogenic potential. Abbreviations used: TLC: Thin layer chromatography; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; B. suffruticosa: Bergia suffruticosa; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NO: Nitric oxide; IL-1: Interleukin-1; LIF: Leukemia inhibitory factor; CSF-1: Colony-stimulating factor; COX: Cyclooxygenase; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; IAEC: Animal House Ethics Committee; CPCSEA: Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals; HBSS: Hank's balanced salt solution; MDA: Malonaldehyde; and TBA: Thiobarbituric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Bind
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, c/o B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad - 380 054, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Jivrajani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad - 380 054, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Anandjiwala
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, c/o B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad - 380 054, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad - 380 054, Gujarat, India
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Chaen T, Konno T, Egashira M, Bai R, Nomura N, Nomura S, Hirota Y, Sakurai T, Imakawa K. Estrogen-dependent uterine secretion of osteopontin activates blastocyst adhesion competence. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48933. [PMID: 23152823 PMCID: PMC3494704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation is a highly orchestrated process that involves blastocyst-uterine interactions. This process is confined to a defined interval during gestation referred to as the "window of embryo implantation receptivity". In mice this receptive period is controlled by ovarian estrogen and involves a coordination of blastocyst adhesion competence and uterine receptivity. Mechanisms coordinating the acquisition of blastocyst adhesion competence and uterine receptivity are largely unknown. Here, we show that ovarian estrogen indirectly regulates blastocyst adhesion competence. Acquisition of blastocyst adhesion competence was attributed to integrin activation (e.g. formation of adhesion complexes) rather than de novo integrin synthesis. Osteopontin (OPN) was identified as an estrogen-dependent uterine endometrial gland secretory factor responsible for activating blastocyst adhesion competence. Increased adhesion complex assembly in OPN-treated blastocysts was mediated through focal adhesion kinase (FAK)- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathways. These findings define for the first time specific regulatory components of an estrogen-dependent pathway coordinating blastocyst adhesion competence and uterine receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Chaen
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Konno
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mahiro Egashira
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rulan Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Nomura
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nomura
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sakurai
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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BIAZIK JOANNAM, PARKER SCOTTL, MURPHY CHRISTOPHERR, THOMPSON MICHAELB. Uterine Epithelial Morphology and Progesterone Receptors in a Mifepristone-treated Viviparous LizardPseudemoia entrecasteauxii(Squamata: Scincidae) During Gestation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:148-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JOANNA M. BIAZIK
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney; Australia
| | - SCOTT L. PARKER
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney; Australia
| | - CHRISTOPHER R. MURPHY
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology; School of Medical Science and Bosch Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney; Australia
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Enright BP, McIntyre BS, Barat SA, Treinen KA, Kopytek SJ. Effects of SCH 486757, a nociceptin-1 receptor agonist, on fertility and reproductive hormone levels in female CRL:CD®[SD] rats. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2012; 95:12-22. [PMID: 21922640 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCH 486757 is a nociceptin-1 receptor agonist that was in development as an antitussive. Studies were conducted to characterize its effects on female fertility and to examine its potential modes of action. METHODS Female rats were administered up to 20 mg/kg SCH 486757 before/during mating through gestation day (GD) 7; female fertility and embryonic development were assessed on GD 14. In a subsequent study, pregnant rats were dosed up to 50 mg/kg SCH 486757 from GD 0 to 7. Reproductive hormones were assessed on GD 1, 3, 5, and 7, and embryonic development was assessed on GD 14. A subset of dosed dams were allowed to deliver, were subsequently re-mated, and reproductive hormones and fertility were assessed on GD 7 and 14, respectively. To determine the effects of SCH 486757 on nonpregnant rats, doses of up to 50 mg/kg SCH 486757 were administered for 4 days beginning on the day of estrus; reproductive hormones were assessed after the final dose. RESULTS Female rats administered ≥20 mg/kg SCH 486757 exhibited abnormal estrous cycles; decreased fertility, number of corpora lutea, and implantation sites; and increased pre- and postimplantation loss. In general, administration of SCH486757 was associated with lower luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone (P4), and estradiol (E2) levels in pregnant rats. These effects on fertility/embryonic development and reproductive hormones exhibited reversibility post dosing. Nonpregnant rats in the 50-mg/kg group exhibited apparent decreases in P4 and E2 levels, with no apparent effects on LH values. CONCLUSIONS The SCH 486757-related effects on fertility and embryonic development were likely the result of decreases in P4, E2, and/or LH, rather than being due to decreased prolactin levels.
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Liu ZH, Ogejo JA, Pruden A, Knowlton KF. Occurrence, fate and removal of synthetic oral contraceptives (SOCs) in the natural environment: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:5149-61. [PMID: 21975000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oral contraceptives (SOCs) are a group of compounds with progestagenic and/or androgenic activities, with some also possessing estrogenic activities. Recent research has documented that some of these emerging contaminants have adverse effects on aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. To facilitate the evaluation of their latent risks, published works on their occurrence and fate in the environment are reviewed. Androgenic/progestagenic relative potencies or relative binding affinity of these SOCs as well as their physicochemical properties and toxicity are summarized. Appropriate analytical methods are outlined for various environmental sample types, including methods of sample preparation and limit of detection/quantification (LOD/LOQ). Finally results on their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and other environments are critically examined.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/analysis
- Androgens/chemistry
- Androgens/metabolism
- Androgens/toxicity
- Animals
- Aquatic Organisms/chemistry
- Aquatic Organisms/drug effects
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/analysis
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/chemistry
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/metabolism
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/toxicity
- Environmental Monitoring/methods
- Estrogens/analysis
- Estrogens/chemistry
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Estrogens/toxicity
- Humans
- Limit of Detection
- Molecular Structure
- Progestins/analysis
- Progestins/chemistry
- Progestins/metabolism
- Progestins/toxicity
- Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-hua Liu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Potential role of intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 in early embryonic development in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 170:65-71. [PMID: 21640761 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin2 (ADM2), also referred to as Intermedin (IMD) is expressed in trophoblast cells in human placenta and enhances the invasion and migration of first trimester HTR-8/SV-neo cells. Recently we demonstrated that infusion of IMD antagonist in pregnant rats causes feto-placental growth restriction suggesting a role for IMD in maintaining a successful pregnancy. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess if IMD has a functional role in embryo implantation in a rat model. We show that IMD mRNA is expressed in rat implantation sites and its expression is significantly higher on day 15 in placenta compared to days 18-22. Infusion of IMD antagonist IMD₁₇₋₄₇ from day 3 of pregnancy causes a significant decrease in the weights of day 9 implantation sites as well as serum levels of 17β-estradiol, progesterone, nitric oxide and serum MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase activity. Further, expression of MMP2, MMP9, VEGF and PLGF protein levels are significantly downregulated in the implantation sites of IMD antagonist treated rats. This study suggests a potential involvement of IMD in regulating the factors that are critical for implantation and growth of the embryo and thus in establishment of normal rat pregnancy.
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Tsujioka S, Ban Y, Wise LD, Tsuchiya T, Sato T, Matsue K, Ikeda T, Sasaki M, Nishikibe M. Collaborative work on evaluation of ovarian toxicity 3) Effects of 2- or 4- week repeated-dose toxicity and fertility studies with tamoxifen in female rats. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34 Suppl 1:SP43-51. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.s43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiki Ban
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takayuki Tsuchiya
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kenta Matsue
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masaru Nishikibe
- Tsukuba Safety Assessment Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Development of an in vitro test battery for assessing chemical effects on bovine germ cells under the ReProTect umbrella. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:360-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Özalp GR, Çalışkan Ç, Seyrek-İntaş K, Wehrend A. Effects of the Progesterone Receptor Antagonist Aglepristone on Implantation Administered on Days 6 and 7 after Mating in Rabbits. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 45:505-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ortiz ME, Ortiz RE, Garfield R, Zepeda AJ, Croxatto HB. Progesterone, but not luteal estrogen, is required for the establishment of pregnancy in the new world monkey Cebus apella. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:1131-40. [PMID: 17387700 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the requirement of luteal progesterone or luteal estrogen for the establishment of pregnancy in the Cebus monkey and to test in a primate species the synergism between RU 486 and letrozole (LTZ) found in rodents for inhibiting implantation. Exposure of target tissues to either hormone was suppressed during the mid-luteal phase of mating cycles by subcutaneous administration of the antiprogestin (RU 486), the aromatase inhibitor LTZ or the antiestrogen (ICI 182780) on days 4-7 of the luteal phase. Administration of 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg of LTZ on days 5-7 of the luteal phase caused a profound drop in the levels of E(2) in all animals, whereas administration of ICI 182780 0.2 mg/kg on days 4-6 of the luteal phase had the opposite effect. The pregnancy rate in vehicle treated cycles of the same females was (58.3%). Treatment with RU 486, 0.8 mg/kg/day on days 5-7 of the luteal phase-induced endometrial bleeding in 3/5 mated females none of which became pregnant, whereas pregnancy was confirmed in one of the two animals that did not bled. Treatment with RU 486, 0.4 mg/kg/day alone or with LTZ on days 5-7 or ICI 182780 alone, on days 4-6 of the luteal phase failed to induce bleeding, allowing the establishment of pregnancy in 50.0-66.6% of the animals in these groups. We conclude that in Cebus monkeys, progesterone but not luteal estradiol is required for the establishment of pregnancy and that RU 486 and LTZ do not exhibit in this species the synergism found in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ortiz
- Unit of Reproductive Biology and Development, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Salleh N, Baines DL, Naftalin RJ, Milligan SR. The hormonal control of uterine luminal fluid secretion and absorption. J Membr Biol 2006; 206:17-28. [PMID: 16440178 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-005-0770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of uterine luminal fluid initially provides a transport and support medium for spermatozoa and unimplanted embryos, while the absorption of uterine luminal fluid in early pregnancy results in the closure of the lumen and allows blastocysts to establish intimate contact with the uterine epithelium. We have established an in vivo perfusion technique of the lumen to study the hormonal control of the events in the peri-implantation period. Fluorescein-labelled dextran was included in the perfusion medium to monitor fluid movements and the concentrations of Na(+) and CI(-) ions in the effluent were monitored. Using an established regimen of steroid treatment of ovariectomized rats mimicking early pregnancy, oestradiol caused fluid secretion, while progesterone resulted in an amiloride-sensitive fluid absorption. Fluid absorption peaked at about the expected time of implantation. The effect of progesterone could be inhibited by treatment with a high dose of oestradiol, by the anti-progestin RU486, and by the presence of an intra-uterine contraceptive device. Studies of expression of Na(+) and CI(-) channels (ENaC, CFTR) indicated that these channels were subject to tissue-specific regulation within the uterus, but more work is required to determine their role and the factors controlling their abundance and localization in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salleh
- Division of Reproductive Health, Endocrinology & Development, Guy's Campus, King's College, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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Kocić I, Gruchała M, Petrusewicz J. Selective inhibition of pinacidil effects by estrogen in guinea pig heart. Int J Cardiol 2005; 110:22-6. [PMID: 16095733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, gender related differences in heart function have been extensively studied. Some of them, as differences in repolarization between males and females have been explained by direct effect of estrogen on delayed rectifier K+ channels and Ca2+ channels. It seems that estrogen induces overexpression of SUR2A subunits of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. The aim of this paper was to compare heart rate changes in male and female guinea pigs in the presence of different potassium channel openers (PCOs). METHODS We used spontaneously beating right atria from control and estrogen receptor modulator-treated male and female guinea pigs (17-beta-estradiol as a stimulator and tamoxifen as a blocker of estrogen receptor located in heart muscle). RESULTS In control females, rilmakalim and diazoxide, but not pinacidil elicited concentration-dependent decrease of heart rate. On the other hand, all three PCOs induced similar negative chronotropic action in hearts obtained from male control group (Emax was between -40 and -70 bpm, respectively). After two weeks of treatment with 17-beta-estradiol, pinacidil failed to significantly decrease heart rate in males however, tamoxifen-pretreated female group responded by decrease in automatism in the presence of rising concentration of pinacidil (Emax=-45+/-6 bpm, not significantly different from Emax in male control=-40+/-5 bpm, n=7). Interestingly, we observed lower blood concentration of the heart form of lactate dehydrogenase (H-LDH) in female than in male control group. Moreover, H-LDH concentration increased in tamoxifen-pretreated female group and decreased in 17-beta-estradiol-treated male group. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that estrogen downregulates H-LDH production and specifically modulate pinacidil action in guinea pig right atria, probably by changes of binding site for this drug in SUR2A receptor, but not for rilmakalim and diazoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kocić
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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Chen D, Xu X, Cheon YP, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC. Estrogen Induces Expression of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor in Rat Uterus1. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:508-14. [PMID: 15044260 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, the steroid hormone estrogen (E) profoundly influences the early events in the uterus leading to embryo implantation. It is thought that E triggers the expression of a unique set of genes in the endometrium that in turn control implantation. To identify these E-induced genes, we employed a delayed implantation model system in which embryo attachment to rat endometrium is dependent upon E administration. Using a gene expression screen method, we isolated a number of cDNAs representing mRNAs whose expression is either turned on or turned off in response to an implantation-inducing dose of E. We identified one of these cDNAs as that encoding secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an inhibitor of serine proteases. The expression of SLPI mRNA was induced in the uteri of ovariectomized rats in response to E, confirming the hormonal regulation of this molecule. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed a biphasic pattern of expression of SLPI mRNA during early pregnancy. A considerable amount of SLPI mRNA was detected in the uterine epithelium on Day 1 of pregnancy. The level of this mRNA, however, declined sharply on Days 2 and 3 of gestation. Interestingly, on Day 4 of gestation, there was a marked resurgence in SLPI mRNA expression in the uterine epithelium. This second burst of SLPI expression diminished by Day 6 of pregnancy. The transient induction of SLPI mRNA during Days 4 and 5 overlapped with the window of implantation in the rat. Although the precise function of SLPI in the uterus eludes us presently, its known effects as a serine protease inhibitor in other tissues and its hormone-induced expression in the rat uterus immediately preceding implantation lead us to propose that this gene plays an important role in controlling excessive proteolysis and inflammation during a critical phase of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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16
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An BS, Choi KC, Lee GS, Leung PCK, Jeung EB. Complex regulation of Calbindin-D(9k) in the mouse placenta and extra-embryonic membrane during mid- and late pregnancy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004; 214:39-52. [PMID: 15062543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2003.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calbindin-D(9k) (CaBP-9k) is a cytosolic calcium-binding protein mainly expressed in the duodenum, uterus and placenta, however, the role of CaBP-9k in the regulation of fetal growth remains to be elucidated. The present study was performed to investigate the expression pattern and regulation of CaBP-9k by antagonists of steroid hormones related with steroid hormone receptors during mid- and late pregnancy in mouse placenta and extra-embryonic membrane. The expression level of CaBP-9k increased in the placenta, while it decreased in the extra-embryonic membrane during pregnancy. The mRNA expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) appeared to increase in both placenta and extra-embryonic membrane during pregnancy, suggesting that the ER and PR mRNA and protein expressions of placental CaBP-9k are positively correlated, but expressions of extra-embryonic membrane CaBP-9k are reversely correlated with ERalpha and PR mRNA levels. In addition, the present study indicates that the expressions of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein are differentially up- or down-regulated by antagonists of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) in mouse placenta and extra-embryonic membranes, which suggests that E2 and P4 may be dominant factors in the regulation of the CaBP-9k. In particular, RU486, an antagonist of P4, down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of placental CaBP-9k, whereas it up-regulated the protein level of extra-embryonic membrane CaBP-9k. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the CaBP-9k is distinctly regulated in the mouse placenta and extra-embryonic membrane, probably via sex steroid hormones (E2 and P4) and their receptors through a complex pathway. Extended studies are needed to verify relevant factors to regulate CaBP-9k gene and to provide further insight into roles of CaBP-9k gene in these tissues for the control of reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beum-Soo An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763 Republic of Korea
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17
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An BS, Choi KC, Kang SK, Lee GS, Hong EJ, Hwang WS, Jeung EB. Mouse calbindin-D(9k) gene expression in the uterus during late pregnancy and lactation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 205:79-88. [PMID: 12890569 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(03)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calbindin-D(9k) (CaBP-9k) is a cytosolic calcium binding protein mainly expressed in duodenum, placenta and uterus. In order to understand the expression pattern and regulation of uterine CaBP-9k gene, the expression of CaBP-9k mRNA and its regulation by estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were investigated in the mouse uterus during late pregnancy (from day 12 to 18) and lactation. The expression levels of uterine CaBP-9k, estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNAs were measured by Northern blot analysis. The expression levels of mouse uterine CaBP-9k mRNA gradually increased from pregnancy day 16 (P16), peaked at P18 (6.0-fold vs. P12) and declined at birth and during lactation. The expression levels of ERalpha and PR mRNAs indicated a similar fluctuation as CaBP-9k mRNA, suggesting the role of sex steroids/receptors in the regulation of CaBP-9k gene. To investigate effect of steroid hormone on CaBP-9k mRNA expression, three groups of animals were injected (s.c) with steroid hormone antagonists (RU486, tamoxifen, and ICI182780), respectively. RU486, a P4 antagonist, induced a significant decrease in CaBP-9k mRNA expression at 48 (3.2-fold) and 72 h (3.8-fold). However, tamoxifen and ICI182780, E2 antagonists, had no effect on CaBP-9k mRNA expression. Combined treatment with RU486 and ICI182780 did not further decrease the expression level of CaBP-9k mRNA when compared with RU486 treatment at 48 and 72 h. In addition, the treatment with RU40555, a glucocorticoid/progesterone antagonist, resulted in a decrease at 48 and 72 h following treatment. These results indicate that E2 is not likely involved in the regulation of CaBP-9k gene in the mouse uterus during late pregnancy and lactation. In conclusion, the present results suggest that P4, not E2 is a key regulator of CaBP-9k mRNA expression during late pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beum-Soo An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763 Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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18
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Tamada H, Mizuta Y, Kawate N, Inaba T, Sawada T. Delayed implantation induced by fadrozole hydrochloride in rats. Contraception 2003; 68:65-8. [PMID: 12878290 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of aromatase inhibitors on the implantation process is not well known. This study examined the anti-implantation action in rats of a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor of high specific activity, fadrozole hydrochloride (Fad). Continuous subcutaneous infusion of Fad at 300 microg/day from Day 1 (the day of sperm detection) through Day 7 of pregnancy using a mini-osmotic pump was found to delay the initiation of implantation by 1 or 2 days with no negative effects on embryonic viability. The Fad treatment delayed preimplantation embryo development and zona shedding by embryos. The treatment also delayed the period of maximum sensitivity to a decidualizing stimulus (intraluminal infusion of sesame oil) by 2 days. The results show that continuous treatment with Fad has multiple anti-implantation effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamada
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Osaka, Japan.
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19
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Mitchell DC, Ing NH. Estradiol stabilizes estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in sheep endometrium via discrete sequence elements in its 3'-untranslated region. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:562-74. [PMID: 12554762 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The preovulatory surge of estrogen up-regulates estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) gene expression in the uterus during the estrous/menstrual cycles of female mammals. Previously, we demonstrated that the 5-fold increase in ER mRNA levels in endometrium of ovariectomized ewes treated with a physiological dose of estradiol (E2) is entirely due to an increase in ER mRNA stability. Our current work confirms that the E2 effect is specific to ER mRNA. The sequence of ER mRNA, cloned from sheep endometrium, shows a high degree of conservation with those of other species, even in the 5'- and the very long 3'-untranslated regions. In a cell-free assay, ER mRNA demonstrates greater stability with endometrial extracts from E2-treated ewes compared with those from untreated ovariectomized ewes. The E2-enhanced stability of ER mRNA was ablated by prior treatment of the extracts with proteinase K, 70 C heat, and oxidizing and alkylating reagents, indicating that a protein is responsible for stabilization of the message. The 3'-untranslated region of ER mRNA contains discrete sequences required for E2-enhanced stability, four of which were identified by extensive deletion mutant analyses. Transfer of two of the four minimal E2-modulated stability sequences conferred E2-enhanced stability to a heterologous RNA. These minimal E2-modulated stability sequences contain a common 10-base, uridine-rich sequence that is predicted to reside in a loop structure. Throughout our studies, estrogen stabilization of ER mRNA in sheep endometrium resembled that of vitellogenin mRNA in frog liver, indicating conservation of this ancient mechanism for enhancing gene expression in response to estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne C Mitchell
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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20
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Changhai H, Youlun G, Jie Y, Bingshun W, Exiang Z, Ersheng G, Mauck C. A randomized comparative study on mifepristone alone and in combination with tamoxifen for emergency contraception. Contraception 2002; 66:221-4. [PMID: 12413615 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the clinical study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of 10 mg of mifepristone alone (Group 1) and with 20 mg of tamoxifen (Group 2) for emergency contraception, especially as used within 72-120 h after coitus. Four-hundred female volunteers with one act of unprotected intercourse or contraception failure (200 cases in each group) were recruited and completed the study. There were 198 women treated < 72 h after coitus (100 in Group 1 and 98 in Group 2), whereas the remaining 202 patients were treated between 72-120 h (100 in Group 1 and 102 in Group 2). In total, four pregnancies occurred; one treated < 72 h in each group, two between 72-120 h in Group 1. Efficacy for prevention of unwanted pregnancy by Trussell method is 84% for Group 1, and 95% for Group 2, and which is not significantly different between the two groups and even subgroups. The side effects (15.5% for Group 1 and 14.5% for Group 2) and changes in menstruation were infrequent and mild in both groups. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether tamoxifen combined with mifepristone for emergency contraception is more effective as compared with mifepristone alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Changhai
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research (SIPPR), Shanghai, China
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21
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Kaplan-Kraicer R, Shinnar N, Bardin CW, Shalgi R. Anordiol produces pregnancy loss in the rat--via the embryo or via the uterus? Contraception 2000; 61:341-6. [PMID: 10906506 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anordiol, the dihydroxylated metabolite of anordrin, is an antiestrogen with estrogenic activity that is known to inhibit fertility. The following study was conducted to determine the mechanism of this antifertility effect. Anordiol was administered orally to rats, prior to implantation, on Day 2 of pregnancy. Control animals were treated with the vehicle only. The effectiveness of the agent in terminating pregnancy was determined on Day 14 of pregnancy. Anordiol was 100% effective in abolishing pregnancy at a dose of 0.6 mg/Kg. Administration of smaller doses resulted in a decreased number of implanting embryos, in a dose-dependent manner. An additional dose of anordiol on Day 3 of pregnancy yielded similar results. To determine whether pregnancy impairment by anordiol is exerted via the embryo or via the uterus, reciprocal embryo transfers were performed. Day 5 blastocysts were transferred into the uteri of pseudopregnant rats. In one set of experiments, the donor rats were treated with anordiol, and in the second set the recipient rats were treated. The results indicate that the effects of anordiol administration are exerted via the embryo as well as the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaplan-Kraicer
- Department of Embryology, Sackler School of Medicine, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Chen D, Ganapathy P, Zhu LJ, Xu X, Li Q, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Potential regulation of membrane trafficking by estrogen receptor alpha via induction of rab11 in uterine glands during implantation. Mol Endocrinol 1999; 13:993-1004. [PMID: 10379897 DOI: 10.1210/mend.13.6.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone estrogen profoundly influences the early events in the uterus leading to embryo implantation. It is thought that estrogen triggers the expression of a unique set of genes in the preimplantation endometrium that in turn control implantation. To identify these estrogen-induced genes, we used a delayed implantation model system in which embryo attachment to endometrium is dependent on estrogen administration. Using a mRNA differential display (DD) method, we isolated a number of cDNAs representing mRNAs whose expression is either turned on or turned off in response to an implantation-inducing dose of estrogen. We identified one of these cDNAs as that encoding rab11, a p21ras-like GTP-binding protein (G protein), which functions in the targeting of transport vesicles to the plasma membrane. In normal pregnant rats, rab11 mRNA was expressed at low levels on days 1-2 of pregnancy, but its expression was markedly enhanced (approximately 6- to 8-fold) between days 3-5 immediately before implantation. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that rab11 expression in the uterus was predominantly in the glandular epithelium. In ovariectomized rats, the expression of rab11 mRNA was induced in the endometrium in response to estrogen. To determine whether this effect of estrogen was mediated through its nuclear receptors, we examined rab11 expression in a transformed endometrial cell line, Ishikawa. In transient transfection experiments, we observed that overexpression of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta induced endogenous rab11 mRNA in a hormone-dependent manner. ER bound to an antagonist, ICI 182,780, failed to activate this gene expression. These findings, together with the observation that ER alpha but not ER beta is detected in the glands of the preimplantation uterus, indicate that rab11 is one of the proteins that are specifically induced by estrogen-complexed ER alpha in rat endometrium at the onset of implantation. Our results imply that estrogen, which induces the synthesis of many growth factors and their receptors and other secretory proteins that are thought to be critical for implantation, may also facilitate their transport to the membrane and/or secretion by stimulating the expression of rab11, a component of the membrane-trafficking pathway. This study therefore provides novel insights into the diverse cellular mechanisms by which estrogen, acting via its nuclear receptors, may influence blastocyst implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Population Council and The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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23
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Reel JR, Hild-Petito S, Blye RP. Antiovulatory and postcoital antifertility activity of the antiprogestin CDB-2914 when administered as single, multiple, or continuous doses to rats. Contraception 1998; 58:129-36. [PMID: 9773268 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present studies in rats were undertaken to investigate the potential of a new antiprogestin, CDB-2914, for use as an emergency postcoital contraceptive for women. When given orally at noon on the day of proestrus, both CDB-2914 and mifepristone displayed dose-dependent antiovulatory activity; however, CDB-2914 was about eight times more potent than mifepristone. Both antiprogestins were considerably less potent in blocking ovulation when injected subcutaneously. To evaluate antifertility activity during continuous low dose administration, rats were dosed orally with 0.5 mg of either CDB-2914 or mifepristone daily, commencing on the day of estrus and continuing for 24 days. Females were cohabited with proven fertile males on day 8 of treatment and were removed 1-3 days later after confirmed mating. The pregnancy rate was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) only in the CDB-2914-treated females; however, the mean number of normal implantation sites per pregnant rat was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by mifepristone as compared with the vehicle control group. CDB-2914 was also found to prevent pregnancy when administered orally after mating from days 0-3 during tubal egg transport, or from days 4-6 during the pre- and peri-implantation periods. To determine the day of maximal sensitivity to CDB-2914, a single 2-mg dose per rat was given orally on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 postmating. This dose of CDB-2914 was without effect on pregnancy at days 0, 1, 2, or 3 postmating. In contrast, 2 mg CDB-2914 per rat was highly effective in blocking pregnancy when given on either day 4 or 5 postmating. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CDB-2914 is an orally active postcoital antifertility agent that is more potent than mifepristone in the rat. Hence, CDB-2914 may prove to be an effective emergency postcoital contraceptive in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Reel
- BIOQUAL, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852-3336.
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24
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Li XJ, Yu H, Koide SS. Effect of mifepristone and antiestrogens on uterine PGF2 alpha and PGE2 concentrations in ovariectomized and pregnant rats. PROSTAGLANDINS 1997; 53:187-97. [PMID: 9206800 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(97)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Four antiestrogens (anordiol, tamoxifen, RU 39411, ICI 182780) and the antiprogestin, mifepristone (RU 486), were administered to the following three animal models: (1) ovariectomized rats, (2) mated rats treated post-coitally; and (3) pregnant rats treated post-implantation. The antiestrogens were administered alone or in combination with mifepristone at doses effective in preventing and/or terminating pregnancy in rats. The objective of the study was to determine whether these drugs influenced uterine concentrations of prostaglandins (PGF2 alpha and PGE2). Antiestrogens administered alone to ovariectomized rats did not effect uterine PGE2 or PGF2 alpha concentrations; whereas the combination of anordiol/mifepristone increased uterine PGF2 alpha concentration, resulting in an increase in the PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio. Mated rats were treated post-coitally for three consecutive days with anordiol, tamoxifen, estradiol and mifepristone alone and with the combination of anordiol/mifepristone and tamoxifen/mifepristone. An increase in uterine PGF2 alpha concentrations and in the PGF2 alpha/PGF2 ratio occurred only in anordiol/mifepristone treated group. A decrease in uterine PGE2 concentrations occurred in animals treated with anordiol, tamoxifen and estradiol, resulting in an increase in the PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio. Anordiol (5.0 mg/kg/day) and mifepristone (4.0 mg/kg/day) alone and the combination of anordiol/mifepristone (2.5/1.0 mg/kg/day) administered to pregnant rats on day 7, 8 and 9 of pregnancy induced an increase in PGF2 alpha levels without affecting uterine PGE2 concentration. The changes in PGF2 alpha concentrations induced by anordiol and the combination of anordiol/mifepristone resulted in an increase in the PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio. The antiestrogens tested except for ICI 182780 possessed agonist activity when assayed by measuring their capacity to increase the uterine weights in ovariectomized rats. Also, ICI 182789 was the only antiestrogen that did not influence uterine PG concentrations. It can be concluded that ICI 182780 is the only "pure" antiestrogen among those tested. The present results show that antiestrogens and the combination of mifepristone plus anordiol at doses preventing implantation and terminating pregnancy increase uterine PGF2 alpha and/or decrease PGE2 concentrations, resulting in an alteration of PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio. These findings suggest that there exists a critical balance of PGF2 alpha to PGE2 concentrations in the uterus required for the normal passage of fertilized ova through the oviduct, initiating implantation of the blastocysts, development of embryos, and maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing Medical University, China
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25
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Dao B, Vanage G, Li XJ, Bardin CW, Koide SS. Comparative effectiveness of three antiprogestins alone and in combination with anordiol in terminating pregnancy in the rat. Contraception 1997; 55:35-40. [PMID: 9013059 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(96)00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of mifepristone, onapristone, and ORG 31806 alone or in combination with anordiol to terminate pregnancy in the rat was evaluated. ORG 31806 at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day, mifepristone at 4 mg/kg/day, and onapristone at 8 mg/kg/day, terminated pregnancy in all treated animals. Anordiol, an antiestrogen, at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day, terminated pregnancy in all treated animals. Anordiol acted synergistically with all three antiprogestins terminating pregnancy in the rat. The antiprogestins at doses that were either partially effective or non-effective became 100% effective when administered with a non-effective dose of anordiol. Thus, combination of ORG 31806 (1 mg/kg/day) plus anordiol (0.31 mg/kg/ day), mifepristone (1 mg/kg/day) plus anordiol (0.62 mg/ kg/day), and onapristone (2 mg/kg/day) plus anordiol (2.5 mg/kg/day) terminated pregnancy in all treated animals. These combinations of the antiprogestins and anordiol decreased significantly the serum progesterone levels but not serum 17 beta-estradiol levels. The present results indicate that the most potent combination was ORG 31806 plus anordiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dao
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10021, USA
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