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Chebat DR, Schneider FC, Ptito M. Spatial Competence and Brain Plasticity in Congenital Blindness via Sensory Substitution Devices. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:815. [PMID: 32848575 PMCID: PMC7406645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In congenital blindness (CB), tactile, and auditory information can be reinterpreted by the brain to compensate for visual information through mechanisms of brain plasticity triggered by training. Visual deprivation does not cause a cognitive spatial deficit since blind people are able to acquire spatial knowledge about the environment. However, this spatial competence takes longer to achieve but is eventually reached through training-induced plasticity. Congenitally blind individuals can further improve their spatial skills with the extensive use of sensory substitution devices (SSDs), either visual-to-tactile or visual-to-auditory. Using a combination of functional and anatomical neuroimaging techniques, our recent work has demonstrated the impact of spatial training with both visual to tactile and visual to auditory SSDs on brain plasticity, cortical processing, and the achievement of certain forms of spatial competence. The comparison of performances between CB and sighted people using several different sensory substitution devices in perceptual and sensory-motor tasks uncovered the striking ability of the brain to rewire itself during perceptual learning and to interpret novel sensory information even during adulthood. We discuss here the implications of these findings for helping blind people in navigation tasks and to increase their accessibility to both real and virtual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel-Robert Chebat
- Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (VCN Lab), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Navigation and Accessibility Research Center of Ariel University (NARCA), Ariel, Israel
| | - Fabien C. Schneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Neuroradiology Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Maurice Ptito
- BRAIN Lab, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Chaire de Recherche Harland Sanders en Sciences de la Vision, École d’Optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Claessen MH, van der Ham IJ. Classification of navigation impairment: A systematic review of neuropsychological case studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:81-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bohbot VD, Allen JJB, Dagher A, Dumoulin SO, Evans AC, Petrides M, Kalina M, Stepankova K, Nadel L. Role of the parahippocampal cortex in memory for the configuration but not the identity of objects: converging evidence from patients with selective thermal lesions and fMRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:431. [PMID: 26283949 PMCID: PMC4522562 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus are brain structures known to be involved in memory. However, the unique contribution of the parahippocampal cortex remains unclear. The current study investigates memory for object identity and memory of the configuration of objects in patients with small thermo-coagulation lesions to the hippocampus or the parahippocampal cortex. Results showed that in contrast to control participants and patients with damage to the hippocampus leaving the parahippocampal cortex intact, patients with lesions that included the right parahippocampal cortex (RPH) were severely impaired on a task that required learning the spatial configuration of objects on a computer screen; these patients, however, were not impaired at learning the identity of objects. Conversely, we found that patients with lesions to the right hippocampus (RH) or left hippocampus (LH), sparing the parahippocampal cortex, performed just as well as the control participants. Furthermore, they were not impaired on the object identity task. In the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiment, healthy young adults performed the same tasks. Consistent with the findings of the lesion study, the fMRI results showed significant activity in the RPH in the memory for the spatial configuration condition, but not memory for object identity. Furthermore, the pattern of fMRI activity measured in the baseline control conditions decreased specifically in the parahippocampal cortex as a result of the experimental task, providing evidence for task specific repetition suppression. In summary, while our previous studies demonstrated that the hippocampus is critical to the construction of a cognitive map, both the lesion and fMRI studies have shown an involvement of the RPH for learning spatial configurations of objects but not object identity, and that this takes place independent of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique D Bohbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John J B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge O Dumoulin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Miroslav Kalina
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Na Homolce Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stepankova
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Na Homolce Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lynn Nadel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; ARL Division of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Calton JL, Taube JS. Where am I and how will I get there from here? A role for posterior parietal cortex in the integration of spatial information and route planning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 91:186-96. [PMID: 18929674 PMCID: PMC2666283 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to accurately navigate from one place to another requires integration of multiple spatial constructs, including the determination of one's position and direction in space relative to allocentric landmarks, movement velocity, and the perceived location of the goal of the movement. In this review, we propose that while limbic areas are important for the sense of spatial orientation, the posterior parietal cortex is responsible for relating this sense with the location of a navigational goal and in formulating a plan to attain it. Hence, the posterior parietal cortex is important for the computation of the correct trajectory or route to be followed while navigating. Prefrontal and motor areas are subsequently responsible for executing the planned movement. Using this theory, we are able to bridge the gap between the rodent and primate literatures by suggesting that the allocentric role of the rodent PPC is largely analogous to the egocentric role typically emphasized in primates, that is, the integration of spatial orientation with potential goals in the planning of goal-directed movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Calton
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, USA
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Brunsdon R, Nickels L, Coltheart M. Topographical disorientation: Towards an integrated framework for assessment. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2007; 17:34-52. [PMID: 17178604 DOI: 10.1080/09602010500505021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Topographical disorientation, the inability to find one's way in large-scale environments, is a relatively common disorder. However, there are relatively few cognitive neuropsychological studies that investigate the nature of topographical cognition. Theoretical progress has been hindered by a number of factors including: terminological confusion; lack of theoretically driven assessment; the use of broad classifications for the nature of underlying impairments; and an ongoing failure to examine topographical skills in real-life settings. As a result, there is currently no well-established or widely accepted theoretical framework encompassing all aspects of this multifaceted area of cognition. In addition, there is a relative paucity of published case studies that include a comprehensive, theoretically based assessment of topographical disorientation, and treatment of the disorder has received virtually no formal investigation (with the exception of Davis & Coltheart, 1999). Thus, the current paper focuses on the development of a broad framework for understanding topographical cognition that integrates a number of recent theories of topographical orientation and mental imagery (Farah, 1984; Kosslyn, 1980; Riddoch & Humphreys, 1989). The aim of the paper is to present a preliminary framework that can be used as a basis for further refinement and development of theoretical proposals, and be employed by clinicians as a starting point for assessment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Brunsdon
- Rehabilitation Department, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Bohbot VD, Iaria G, Petrides M. Hippocampal Function and Spatial Memory: Evidence From Functional Neuroimaging in Healthy Participants and Performance of Patients With Medial Temporal Lobe Resections. Neuropsychology 2004; 18:418-25. [PMID: 15291720 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies can be used to find a destination in the environment. Using a virtual environment, the authors identified 2 strategies dependent on 2 different memory systems. A spatial strategy involved the use of multiple landmarks available in the environment, and a response strategy involved right and left turns from a given start position. Although a probe trial provided an objective measure of the strategy used, classification that was based on verbal reports was used in small groups to avoid risks of misclassification. The authors first demonstrated that the spatial strategy led to a significant activity of the hippocampus, whereas the response strategy led to a sustained activity in the caudate nucleus. Then, the authors administered the task to 15 patients with lesions to the medial temporal lobe, showing an impaired ability using the spatial strategy. Imaging and neuropsychological results are discussed to shed light on the human navigation system.
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Turriziani P, Carlesimo GA, Perri R, Tomaiuolo F, Caltagirone C. Loss of spatial learning in a patient with topographical disorientation in new environments. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:61-9. [PMID: 12486268 PMCID: PMC1738197 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The case is described of a patient who, following cerebral hypoxia, developed severe difficulty in orienting himself in new environments in the context of a mild global amnesic syndrome. Some episodes he related suggested that his main difficulty was remembering the spatial/directional value of landmarks he recognised. A neuroradiological examination documented severe bilateral atrophy of the hippocampi associated with atrophic changes in the cerebral hemispheres, most marked in the dorsal regions. Neuropsychological and experimental evaluation showed a severe deficit of spatial learning with substantially preserved ability to learn verbal and visual-object information. He was also virtually unable to learn a route in a maze task based exclusively on spatial data, but the availability of visual cues substantially improved his learning. Finally, he performed within normal limits on various tests investigating knowledge acquired premorbidly regarding famous buildings, routes in the town he had been living in since childhood, and geography. Topographical disorientation may be subtended by a specific difficulty in storing the spatial/directional value of visual landmarks in novel environments. The hippocampus appears to be involved in the acquisition of new topographical spatial knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Turriziani
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy Clinica Neurologica, Università Tor Vergata, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Bohbot VD, Allen JJ, Nadel L. Memory deficits characterized by patterns of lesions to the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 911:355-68. [PMID: 10911885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and nonspatial memory tests were given to patients with small thermal lesions administered to the medial temporal lobes in an attempt at alleviating pharmacologically resistant epilepsy. In all three spatial memory experiments presented in this paper, patients with lesions that included the right parahippocampal cortex were seriously impaired. Their impairment, together with the performance of patients with lesions to the right hippocampus (sparing the right parahippocampal cortex), provides the different patterns of deficits that lead to different interpretations of the function of the parahippocampal cortex. The distinction between the effects of functional damage in hippocampus and the effects of a lesion to the hippocampus or to regions surrounding the hippocampus, such as the parahippocampal cortex, is emphasized. We conclude that the right parahippocampal cortex participates in spatial memory beyond serving as a gateway to the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Bohbot
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
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Barrash J, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Tranel D. The neuroanatomical correlates of route learning impairment. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:820-36. [PMID: 10689057 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent functional imaging studies of topographical learning point to the participation of a large network of cortical and subcortical regions. Nevertheless, areas which are crucial remain poorly specified due to the absence of group studies of subjects with focal lesions distributed throughout the brain. We assessed the ability of 127 subjects with stable, focal lesions to learn a complex real-life route, a critical aspect of topographical functioning. Results indicated that impairment in route learning was highly associated with damage to medial occipital and posterior parahippocampal cortices in either hemisphere, the right hippocampus, and the right inferotemporal region. Impairment was seen among 86% of the subjects with damage to any these regions, in contrast to impairment among 31% of subjects with lesions in other regions. The importance of medial occipitotemporal cortices bilaterally and right inferotemporal cortex likely reflects the critical role of the ability to quickly and accurately perceive and learn multiple topographical scenes. The importance of the right (and probably left) posterior parahippocampal gyrus and of the right hippocampus likely reflects their critical, distinctive roles forming an integrated representation of the extended topographical environment (i.e., the appearance of places and spatial relationships between specific places), and consolidating that representation into multifaceted contextual knowledge of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barrash
- Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Farrell MJ, Robertson IH. The automatic updating of egocentric spatial relationships and its impairment due to right posterior cortical lesions. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:585-95. [PMID: 10689036 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-visual updating of body-centred spatial relationships was investigated in an experiment in which blindfolded patients had to point to previously seen targets after a body rotation in the absence of vision. Patients with lesions to the right dorsal (RD) area were impaired at updating their positions relative to non-RD patients and normal subjects: they tended to underestimate systematically the angle through which they had turned. The results are interpreted in terms of impoverished locomotor input and/or systematically biased processing or locomotor proprioception in the RD patients, which prevented accurate tracking of changes in egocentric spatial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Farrell
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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Sato N, Nakamura K, Nakamura A, Sugiura M, Ito K, Fukuda H, Kawashima R. Different time course between scene processing and face processing: a MEG study. Neuroreport 1999; 10:3633-7. [PMID: 10619657 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199911260-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), the neural response to scenes was recorded and compared with that to faces. The prominent MEG signals in response to scenes appeared 200-300 ms after the stimulus presentation while those in response to faces appeared between 150 and 200 ms. Source locations of the signals were estimated in the right parahippocampal and parieto-occipital regions with a latency of 300 ms for the scene response, whereas those were estimated in the lingual or fusiform gyri bilaterally with a latency of 160 ms for the face response. These data suggest that both the temporal and parietal regions process scenes, while the occipito-temporal regions process faces, and that scene processing takes a longer time than face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sato
- Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
This commentary addresses five issues related to the functional role of place cells and the hippocampus. 1. Is the cognitive map located in the hippocampus? Not exclusively. 2. Is the hippocampus required for path integration? Not exclusively. 3. Is the hippocampus involved in selecting the appropriate reference frame? Not exclusively. 4. Are all episodic memories encoded by the hippocampus? No. 5. Does the hippocampus use attractor networks? Not exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Taube
- Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Abstract
Environmental psychology models propose that knowledge of large-scale space is stored as distinct landmark (place appearance) and survey (place position) information. Studies of brain-damaged patients suffering from "topographical disorientation" tentatively support this proposal. In order to determine if the components of psychologically derived models of environmental representation are realized as distinct functional, neuroanatomical regions, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of environmental knowledge was performed. During scanning, subjects made judgments regarding the appearance and position of familiar locations within a virtual reality environment. The fMRI data were analyzed in a manner that has been empirically demonstrated to rigorously control type I error and provide optimum sensitivity, allowing meaningful results in the single subject. A direct comparison of the survey position and landmark appearance conditions revealed a dorsal/ventral dissociation in three of four subjects. These results are discussed in the context of the observed forms of topographical disorientation and are found to be in good agreement with the human lesion studies. This experiment confirms that environmental knowledge is not represented by a unitary system but is instead functionally distributed across the neocortex.
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Davis SJC. Rehabilitation of Topographical Disorientation: An Experimental Single Case Study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/713755586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The case of a 61 year old patient with Pick's disease involving predominantly the left temporal lobe, who has been studied over a 5 year period, is reported. She presented with a grave impairment of both verbal and non-verbal memory functions. Her non-verbal memory deficits included profound impairments on the recognition of unfamiliar faces and the recall of abstract designs. Remarkably, her visual recognition memory performance for unknown buildings, landscapes, and outdoor scenes was preserved. Strikingly, her ability to recall familiar routes and learn new ones through a complex virtual reality town was also entirely normal. This seems to be the first case documenting the selective preservation of topographical memory in the context of severe non-verbal and verbal memory impairments. These findings imply that topographical memory and non-verbal memory are subserved by separable neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Maguire
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Suzuki K, Yamadori A, Hayakawa Y, Fujii T. Pure topographical disorientation related to dysfunction of the viewpoint dependent visual system. Cortex 1998; 34:589-99. [PMID: 9800092 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old woman presented with pure topographical disorientation following haemorrhage in the right medial parietal lobe. She could not navigate in the real world despite good ability to draw maps, describe routes, and identify objects and buildings. Her performance on mental rotation, visual memory, and spatial learning tests also was normal. In contrast, she failed totally in a locomotor map test and in a task in which she was requested to judge viewpoints of buildings. Her highly selective topographical disorientation was probably caused by the inability to identify a viewpoint of a particular building. The lesion may have disconnected the association between the spatial information processed in the lateral parietal lobe and the visual memory mediated by the limbic system, which seems to be important for viewpoint dependent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Section of Neuropsychology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.
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Abstract
Animals require two types of fundamental information for accurate navigation: location and directional heading. Current theories hypothesize that animals maintain a neural representation, or cognitive map, of external space in the brain. Whereas cells in the rat hippocampus and parahippocampal regions encode information about location, a second type of allocentric spatial cell encodes information about the animal's directional heading, independent of the animal's on-going behaviors. These head direction (HD) cells are found in several areas of the classic Papez circuit. This review focuses on experimental studies conducted on HD cells and describes their discharge properties, functional significance, role in path integration, and responses to different environmental manipulations. The anterior dorsal thalamic nucleus appears critical for the generation of the directional signal. Both motor and vestibular cues also play important roles in the signal's processing. The neural network models proposed to account for HD cell firing are compared with known empirical findings. Examples from clinical cases of patients with topographical disorientation are also discussed. It is concluded that studying the neural mechanisms underlying the HD signal provides an excellent opportunity for understanding how the mammalian nervous system processes a high level cognitive signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Taube
- Department of Psychology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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