1
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Zhao X, Zhu R, Anikovskiy M, Wu Q, Ding Z. Profiling H 2O 2 from single COS-7 cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115123. [PMID: 36812793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We report quantitative determination of extracellular H2O2 released from single COS-7 cells with high spatial resolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Our strategy of depth scan imaging in vertical x-z plane was conveniently utilized to a single cell for obtaining probe approach curves (PACs) to any positions on the membrane of a live cell by simply drawing a vertical line on one depth SECM image. This SECM mode provides an efficient way to record a batch of PACs, and visualize cell topography simultaneously. The H2O2 concentration at the membrane surface in the center of an intact COS-7 cell was deconvoluted from apparent O2, and determined to be 0.020 mM by overlapping the experimental PAC with the simulated one having a known H2O2 release value. The H2O2 profile determined in this way gives insight into physiological activity of single live cells. In addition, intracellular H2O2 profile was demonstrated using confocal microscopy by labelling the cells with a luminomphore, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The two methodologies have illustrated complementary experimental results of H2O2 detection, indicating that H2O2 generation is centered at endoplasmic reticula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Renkang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Max Anikovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Qingxi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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2
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Ning X, Wu T, Xiong Q, Zhang F, He PG. Identification of Cell Status via Simultaneous Multitarget Imaging Using Programmable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12111-12115. [PMID: 32799521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A programmable multitarget-response electrochemical imaging technique was presented using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with a self-designed waveform. The potential waveform applied to the tip decreased the charging current caused by the potential switch, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. This programmable SECM (P-SECM) method was used to scan a metal strip for verifying its feasibility in feedback mode. Since it could achieve simultaneous multitarget imaging during one single imaging process, PC12 cells status was imaged and identified through three different molecules (FcMeOH, Ru(NH3)63+, and oxygen). The FcMeOH image eliminated the error from cell height, and the Ru(NH3)63+ image verified the change of membrane permeability. Moreover, the oxygen image demonstrated the bioactivity of the cell via its intensity of respiration. Combining information from these three molecules, the cell status could be determined accurately and also the error caused by time consumption with multiple scans in traditional SECM was eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ning
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Pin-Gang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, No. 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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3
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Grajauskas LA, Frizzell T, Song X, D'Arcy RCN. White Matter fMRI Activation Cannot Be Treated as a Nuisance Regressor: Overcoming a Historical Blind Spot. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1024. [PMID: 31636527 PMCID: PMC6787144 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite past controversies, increasing evidence has led to acceptance that white matter activity is detectable using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In spite of this, advanced analytic methods continue to be published that reinforce a historic bias against white matter activation by using it as a nuisance regressor. It is important that contemporary analyses overcome this blind spot in whole brain functional imaging, both to ensure that newly developed noise regression techniques are accurate, and to ensure that white matter, a vital and understudied part of the brain, is not ignored in functional neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas A Grajauskas
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,ImageTech Lab, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Tory Frizzell
- ImageTech Lab, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,ImageTech Lab, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan C N D'Arcy
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,ImageTech Lab, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Welle TM, Alanis K, Colombo ML, Sweedler JV, Shen M. A high spatiotemporal study of somatic exocytosis with scanning electrochemical microscopy and nanoITIES electrodes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4937-4941. [PMID: 29938020 PMCID: PMC5994989 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01131a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-synaptic exocytosis is an essential component of cellular communication. A knowledge gap exists in the exocytosis of the non-redox active transmitter acetylcholine. Using the nano-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), a high resolution spatiotemporal study of acetylcholine exocytosis is shown from an individual neuronal soma. The nanoelectrode was positioned ∼140 nm away from the release sites on the soma using an SECM. The quantitative study enables the obtaining of key information related to cellular communication, including extracellular concentration of the neurotransmitter, cellular permeability, Ca2+ dependence on somatic release, vesicle density, number of molecules released and the release dynamics. Measurements were achieved with a high signal to noise ratio of 6-19. The released neurotransmitter with a concentration of 2.7 (±1.0) μM was detected at the nanoelectrodes with radii of 750 nm to 860 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Welle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Kristen Alanis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Michelle L Colombo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
| | - Mei Shen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Matthews Avenue , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA . ; Tel: +1-217-265-6290
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5
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Kanno Y, Ino K, Abe H, Sakamoto C, Onodera T, Inoue KY, Suda A, Kunikata R, Matsudaira M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Electrochemicolor Imaging Using an LSI-Based Device for Multiplexed Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12778-12786. [PMID: 29090905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed bioimaging systems have triggered the development of effective assays, contributing new biological information. Although electrochemical imaging is beneficial for quantitative analysis in real time, monitoring multiple cell functions is difficult. We have developed a novel electrochemical imaging system, herein, using a large-scale integration (LSI)-based amperometric device for detecting multiple biomolecules simultaneously. This system is designated as an electrochemicolor imaging system in which the current signals from two different types of biomolecules are depicted as a multicolor electrochemical image. The mode-selectable function of the 400-electrode device enables the imaging system and two different potentials can be independently applied to the selected electrodes. The imaging system is successfully applied for detecting multiple cell functions of the embryonic stem (ES) cell and the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell aggregates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a real-time electrochemical mapping technique for multiple electroactive species, simultaneously, has been reported. The imaging system is a promising bioanalytical method for exploring complex biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kanno
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chika Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takehiro Onodera
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kumi Y Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suda
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Ryota Kunikata
- Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd. , 1-1 Musashino 3-chome, Akishima-shi, Tokyo 196-8555, Japan
| | - Masahki Matsudaira
- Micro System Integration Center, Tohoku University , 519-1176 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University , 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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6
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Polcari D, Hernández-Castro JA, Li K, Geissler M, Mauzeroll J. Determination of the Relationship between Expression and Functional Activity of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1 using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8988-8994. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A
0B8, Canada
| | | | - Kebin Li
- Life Sciences
Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences
Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A
0B8, Canada
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7
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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8
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Electrochemical evidence for asialoglycoprotein receptor – mediated hepatocyte adhesion and proliferation in three dimensional tissue engineering scaffolds. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 890:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Ahadian S, Banan Sadeghian R, Yaginuma S, Ramón-Azcón J, Nashimoto Y, Liang X, Bae H, Nakajima K, Shiku H, Matsue T, Nakayama KS, Khademhosseini A. Hydrogels containing metallic glass sub-micron wires for regulating skeletal muscle cell behaviour. Biomater Sci 2015; 3:1449-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid Pd-based metallic glass sub-micron wires-hydrogel scaffolds are efficient in regulating behaviours of skeletal muscle cells.
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10
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Kim J, Connell JL, Whiteley M, Bard AJ. Development of a versatile in vitro platform for studying biological systems using micro-3D printing and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12327-33. [PMID: 25402952 DOI: 10.1021/ac5036204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel strategy for studying a broad range of cellular behaviors in real time by combining two powerful analytical techniques, micro-3D printing and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). This allows one, in microbiological studies, to isolate a known number of cells in a micrometer-sized chamber with a roof and walls that are permeable to small molecules and observe metabolic products. In such studies, the size and spatial organization of a population play a crucial role in cellular group behaviors, such as intercellular interactions and communication. Micro-3D printing, a photolithographic method for constructing cross-linked protein microstructures, permits one to compartmentalize a small population of microbes by forming a porous roof and walls around cells in situ. Since the roof and walls defining the microchamber are porous, any small molecules can freely diffuse from the chamber to be detected and quantified using SECM. The size of the chamber and the roof permeability can be obtained by SECM using a small probe molecule, ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH). The chamber permeability to FcMeOH can be tuned by varying printing parameters that influence the cross-linking density of the proteinaceous material. These analyses establish a versatile strategy as a sensitive platform to quantitatively monitor small molecules produced by microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Bergner S, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Recent advances in high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:1-13. [PMID: 23601970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses advances in the field of high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy (HR-SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to study living cells. Relevant references from the advent of this technique in the late 1980s to most recent contributions in 2012 are presented with special discussion on high resolution images. A clear progress especially within the last 5 years can be seen in the field of HR-SECM. Furthermore, we also concentrate on the intrinsic properties of SECM imaging techniques e.g. different modes of image acquisition, their advantages and disadvantages in imaging living cells and strategies for further enhancement of image resolution, etc. Some of the recent advances of SECM in nanoimaging have also been discussed which may have potential applications in high resolution imaging of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Koch JA, Baur MB, Woodall EL, Baur JE. Alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy with simultaneous fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9537-43. [PMID: 23025238 DOI: 10.1021/ac302402p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is combined with alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM) for simultaneous measurements of impedance and faradaic current. Scan rates of 10-1000 V s(-1) were used for voltammetry, while a high-frequency (100 kHz), low-amplitude (10 mV rms) sine wave was added to the voltammetric waveform for the ac measurement. Both a lock-in amplifier and an analog circuit were used to measure the amplitude of the resultant ac signal. The effect of the added sine wave on the voltammetry at a carbon fiber electrode was investigated and found to have negligible effect. The combined FSCV and ac measurements were used to provide simultaneous chemical and topographical information about a substrate using a single carbon fiber probe. The technique is demonstrated in living cell culture, where cellular respiration and topography were simultaneously imaged without the addition of a redox mediator. This approach promises to be useful for the topographical and multidimensional chemical imaging of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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13
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Trinh D, Keddam M, Novoa XR, Vivier V. Alternating Current Measurements in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Part 2: Detection of Adsorbates. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2177-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Zhao X, Diakowski PM, Ding Z. Deconvoluting Topography and Spatial Physiological Activity of Live Macrophage Cells by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Constant-Distance Mode. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8371-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101524v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Piotr M. Diakowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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15
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Zhao X, Zhang M, Long Y, Ding Z. Redox reactions of reactive oxygen species in aqueous solutions as the probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy of single live T24 cells. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The redox reactions of two main components of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, along with oxygen in aqueous solutions were investigated using a conventional electrochemical technique, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Superoxide undergoes oxidation at a Pt working electrode biased at 0.055 V versus Ag/AgCl, while hydrogen peroxide can be oxidized and reduced at 0.817 and –0.745 V, respectively. Oxygen in the solutions is reduced at the electrode with an applied potential of –0.455 V. Based on these results, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide released from live cells can be successfully monitored, identified, and mapped using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) at different potentials. Single human bladder (T24) cells were imaged using a 5 μm diameter SECM probe biased at –0.400, –0.600, and –0.800 V. Oxygen reduction that seems an interference can be discriminated from that of hydrogen peroxide by means of SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yitao Long
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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16
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Cassano S, Agnese S, D'Amato V, Papale M, Garbi C, Castagnola P, Ruocco MR, Castellano I, De Vendittis E, Santillo M, Amente S, Porcellini A, Avvedimento EV. Reactive oxygen species, Ki-Ras, and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase cooperate in nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24141-53. [PMID: 20495008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.098525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces terminal differentiation in PC12, a pheochromocytoma-derived cell line. NGF binds a specific receptor on the membrane and triggers the ERK1/2 cascade, which stimulates the transcription of neural genes. We report that NGF significantly affects mitochondrial metabolism by reducing mitochondrial-produced reactive oxygen species and stabilizing the electrochemical gradient. This is accomplished by stimulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally via Ki-Ras and ERK1/2. Activation of MnSOD is essential for completion of neuronal differentiation because 1) expression of MnSOD induces the transcription of a neuronal specific promoter and neurite outgrowth, 2) silencing of endogenous MnSOD by small interfering RNA significantly reduces transcription induced by NGF, and 3) a Ki-Ras mutant in the polylysine stretch at the COOH terminus, unable to stimulate MnSOD, fails to induce complete differentiation. Overexpression of MnSOD restores differentiation in cells expressing this mutant. ERK1/2 is also downstream of MnSOD, as a SOD mimetic drug stimulates ERK1/2 with the same kinetics of NGF and silencing of MnSOD reduces NGF-induced late ERK1/2. Long term activation of ERK1/2 by NGF requires SOD activation, low levels of hydrogen peroxide, and the integrity of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Confocal immunofluorescence shows that NGF stimulates the formation of a complex containing membrane-bound Ki-Ras, microtubules, and mitochondria. We propose that active NGF receptor induces association of mitochondria with plasma membrane. Local activation of ERK1/2 by Ki-Ras stimulates mitochondrial SOD, which reduces reactive oxygen species and produces H(2)O(2). Low and spatially restricted levels of H(2)O(2) induce and maintain long term ERK1/2 activity and ultimately differentiation of PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Cassano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Molecolare e Cellulare, Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
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17
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Schulte A, Nebel M, Schuhmann W. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in neuroscience. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:299-318. [PMID: 20636044 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent work involving the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to the study of individual cultured living cells, with an emphasis on topographical and functional imaging of neuronal and secretory cells of the nervous and endocrine system. The basic principles of biological SECM and associated negative amperometric-feedback and generator/collector-mode SECM imaging are discussed, and successful use of the methodology for screening soft and fragile membranous objects is outlined. The drawbacks of the constant-height mode of probe movement and the benefits of the constant-distance mode of SECM operation are described. Finally, representative examples of constant-height and constant-distance mode SECM on a variety of live cells are highlighted to demonstrate the current status of single-cell SECM in general and of SECM in neuroscience in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Schulte
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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18
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Li X, Bard AJ. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of HeLa cells – Effects of ferrocene methanol and silver ion. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Monitoring of vesicular exocytosis from single cells using micrometer and nanometer-sized electrochemical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:17-32. [PMID: 19274456 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cells by release of specific chemical messengers via exocytosis plays crucial roles in biological process. Electrochemical detection based on ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) has become one of the most powerful techniques in real-time monitoring of an extremely small number of released molecules during very short time scales, owing to its intrinsic advantages such as fast response, excellent sensitivity, and high spatiotemporal resolution. Great successes have been achieved in the use of UME methods to obtain quantitative and kinetic information about released chemical messengers and to reveal the molecular mechanism in vesicular exocytosis. In this paper, we review recent developments in monitoring exocytosis by use of UMEs-electrochemical-based techniques including electrochemical detection using micrometer and nanometer-sized sensors, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and UMEs implemented in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) microsystems. These advances are of great significance in obtaining a better understanding of vesicular exocytosis and chemical communications between cells, and will facilitate developments in many fields, including analytical chemistry, biological science, and medicine. Furthermore, future developments in electrochemical probing of exocytosis are also proposed.
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Ciobanu M, Taylor DE, Wilburn JP, Cliffel DE. Glucose and lactate biosensors for scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of single live cells. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2717-27. [PMID: 18345647 PMCID: PMC2836715 DOI: 10.1021/ac7021184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed glucose and lactate ultramicroelectrode (UME) biosensors based on glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase (with enzymes immobilized onto Pt UMEs by either electropolymerization or casting) for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and have determined their sensitivity to glucose and lactate, respectively. The results of our evaluations reveal different advantages for sensors constructed by each method: improved sensitivity and shorter manufacturing time for hand-casting, and increased reproducibility for electropolymerization. We have acquired amperometric approach curves (ACs) for each type of manufactured biosensor UME, and these ACs can be used as a means of positioning the UME above a substrate at a known distance. We have used the glucose biosensor UMEs to record profiles of glucose uptake above individual fibroblasts. Likewise, we have employed the lactate biosensor UMEs for recording the lactate production above single cancer cells with the SECM. We also show that oxygen respiration profiles for single cancer cells do not mimic cell topography, but are rather more convoluted, with a higher respiration activity observed at the points where the cell touches the Petri dish. These UME biosensors, along with the application of others already described in the literature, could prove to be powerful tools for mapping metabolic analytes, such as glucose, lactate, and oxygen, in single cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Ciobanu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Dale E. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996
| | | | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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Kranz C, Kueng A, Mizaikoff B. Scanning Micro‐ and Nanoprobes for Electrochemical Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527616701.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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NISHIZAWA M, KITAZUME T, KAJI H. Conducting Polymer-Based Electrodes for Controlling Cellular Functions. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.76.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Fabrication of Prussian Blue modified ultramicroelectrode for GOD imaging using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 72:102-6. [PMID: 18203668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Prussian Blue (PB) film modified disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) was fabricated by electrochemical deposition technique on a Pt-disk UME. The electrocatalytical reductions of hydrogen peroxide derived from glucose oxidase (GOD) on this modified UME were investigated. The enzymatic biochemical reactivity was imaged by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) utilizing the PB film modified UME. It is evident that sensitivity and spatial resolution for hydrogen peroxide measurement were improved obviously. SECM images obtained clearly revealed the concentration profile of the reaction products around the enzymes. The PB film modified microelectrode is in the nature of simple preparation, high catalytic activity on hydrogen peroxide and substrate selectivity for SECM etc.
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Roberts WS, Lonsdale DJ, Griffiths J, Higson SPJ. Advances in the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to bioanalytical systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:301-18. [PMID: 17869090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful surface characterisation technique that allows for the electrochemical profiling of surfaces with sub micrometer resolution. While SECM has been most widely used to electrochemically study and profile non-biological surfaces and processes, the technique has in recent years, been increasingly used for the study of biological systems - and this is the focus of this review. An overview of SECM and how the technique may be applied to the study of biological systems will first be given. SECM and its application to the study of cells, enzymes and DNA will each be considered in detail. The review will conclude with a discussion of future directions and scope for further developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Roberts
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
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Schrock DS, Baur JE. Chemical Imaging with Combined Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry−Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7053-61. [PMID: 17705555 DOI: 10.1021/ac071155t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is applied to the tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) for imaging the distribution of chemical species near a substrate. This approach was used to image the diffusion layer of both a large substrate electrode (3-mm-diameter glassy carbon) and a microelectrode substrate (10-microm-diameter Pt). Additionally, oxygen depletion near living cells was measured and correlated to respiratory activity. Finally, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide were simultaneously detected during the oxidative burst of a zymosan-stimulated macrophage cell. These results demonstrate the utility of FSCV-SECM for chemical imaging when conditions are chosen such that feedback interactions with the substrate are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Schrock
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Zhao X, Petersen NO, Ding Z. Comparison study of live cells by atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. CAN J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/v07-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this report, three kinds of scanning probe microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal microscopy (CM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), were used to study live cells in the physiological environment. Two model cell lines, CV-1 and COS-7, were studied. Time-lapse images were obtained with both contact and tapping mode AFM techniques. Cells were more easily scratched or moved by contact mode AFM than by tapping mode AFM. Detailed surface structures such as filamentous structures on the cell membrane can be obtained and easily discerned with tapping mode AFM. The toxicity of ferrocenemethanol (Fc) on live cells was studied by CM in reflection mode by recording the time-lapse images of controlled live cells and live cells with different Fc concentrations. No significant change in the morphology of cells was caused by Fc. Cells were imaged by SECM with Fc as the mediator at a biased potential of 0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl with a saturated KCl solution). Cells did not change visibly within 1 h, which indicated that SECM was a noninvasive technique and thus has a unique advantage for the study of soft cells, since the electrode scanned above the cells instead of in contact with them. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the cells were detected and images based on these chemical species were obtained. It is demonstrated that SECM can provide not only the topographical images but also the images related to the chemical or biochemical species released by the live cells.Key words: live cells, atomic force microscopy, confocal microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy.
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29
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Detection of proteins on membranes and in microchannels using copper staining combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sun P, Laforge FO, Mirkin MV. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:802-23. [PMID: 17287874 DOI: 10.1039/b612259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of and recent advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are described. The focus is on applications of this method to studies of systems and processes of active current interest ranging from nanoelectrochemistry to electron transfer reactions and electrocatalysis to biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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31
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Gao N, Wang X, Li L, Zhang X, Jin W. Scanning electrochemical microscopy coupled with intracellular standard addition method for quantification of enzyme activity in single intact cells. Analyst 2007; 132:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b707532d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Takahashi Y, Hirano Y, Yasukawa T, Shiku H, Yamada H, Matsue T. Topographic, electrochemical, and optical images captured using standing approach mode scanning electrochemical/optical microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10299-306. [PMID: 17128996 DOI: 10.1021/la0611763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-resolution scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) for the characterization of various biological materials. Electrode probes were fabricated by Ti/Pt sputtering followed by parylene C-vapor deposition polymerization on the pulled optical fiber or glass capillary. The effective electrode radius estimated from the cyclic voltammogram of ferrocyanide was found to be 35 nm. The optical aperture size was less than 170 nm, which was confirmed from the cross section of the near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) image of the quantum dot (QD) particles with diameters in the range of 10-15 nm. The feedback mechanism controlling the probe-sample distance was improved by vertically moving the probe by 0.1-3 microm to reduce the damage to the samples. This feedback mode, defined as "standing approach (STA) mode" (Yamada, H.; Fukumoto, H.; Yokoyama, T.; Koike, T. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 1785-1790), has allowed the simultaneous electrochemical and topographic imaging of the axons and cell body of a single PC12 cell under physiological conditions for the first time. STA-mode feedback imaging functions better than tip-sample regulation by the conventionally available AFM. For example, polystyrene beads (diameter approximately 6 microm) was imaged using the STA-mode SECM, whereas imaging was not possible using a conventional AFM instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai
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33
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Edwards MA, Martin S, Whitworth AL, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: principles and applications to biophysical systems. Physiol Meas 2006; 27:R63-108. [PMID: 17135697 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/12/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights numerous and wide ranging biophysical and biochemical applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). SECM instrumentation and theoretical modelling, necessary for experimental interpretation, are outlined, followed by a detailed discussion of the diverse applications of this technique. These include the measurement of flow through membranes, the determination of kinetic parameters of reactions, the investigation of the permeability of small molecules in tissues and monitoring biological processes, such as the production of oxygen or nitric oxide by cells. The significant impact of micro-electrochemical techniques on our understanding of basic physicochemical processes at biologically relevant interfaces is also considered. Studies reviewed include transport across and within bilayers and monolayers. Recent advances in SECM include the combination of SECM with other techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy. These developments are highlighted, along with prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Amemiya S, Guo J, Xiong H, Gross DA. Biological applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy: chemical imaging of single living cells and beyond. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:458-71. [PMID: 16855816 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to studies of single biological cells are reviewed. This scanning probe microscopic technique allows the imaging of an individual cell on the basis of not only its surface topography but also such cellular activities as photosynthesis, respiration, electron transfer, single vesicular exocytosis and membrane transport. The operational principles of SECM are also introduced in the context of these biological applications. Recent progress in techniques for high-resolution SECM imaging are also reviewed. Future directions, such as single-channel detection by SECM, high-resolution imaging with nanometer-sized probes, and combined SECM techniques for multidimensional imaging are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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35
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Effect of the mediator in feedback mode-based SECM interrogation of indium tin-oxide and boron-doped diamond electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-006-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Wilburn JP, Wright DW, Cliffel DE. Imaging of voltage-gated alamethicin pores in a reconstituted bilayer lipid membrane via scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2006; 131:311-6. [PMID: 16440098 DOI: 10.1039/b510649d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated biological ion channels were simulated by insertion of the peptaibol antibiotic alamethicin into reconstituted phosphatidylcholine bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs). Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was utilized to probe initial BLM resistivity, the insertion of alamethicin pores, and mass transport across the membrane. Acquired SECM images show the spatial location of inserted pore bundles, the verification of voltage control over the pore conformational state (open/closed), and variations in passive mass transport corresponding to different topographical areas of the BLM. SECM images were also used to evaluate overall BLM integrity prior to insertion as well as transport (flux in open state) and leakage (flux in closed state) currents following insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Wilburn
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA
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38
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Kato D, Kunitake M, Nishizawa M, Matsue T, Mizutani F. Electrochemical nitric oxide microsensors based on two-dimensional cross-linked polymeric LB films of oligo(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Zhu R, Ding Z. Enhancing image quality of scanning electrochemical microscopy by improved probe fabrication and displacement. CAN J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/v05-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful tool for its wide applications in determining charge transfer kinetics, imaging chemical reactions and topography, as well as fabricating microstructures at various interfaces and (or) surfaces. Imaging applications, in particular, rely on the natures of SECM probes and the scanning systems to move them in the vicinity of interfaces. While progress has been made in new approaches to tip fabrication, there are few reports on the improvement of the tip positioning system to enhance SECM image quality. We have recently built an advanced SECM setup using a closed-loop scanning system and improved probe fabrication and characterization procedures. Here we will describe this development, as well as the application of these techniques to greatly improve the quality of SECM images. Video micrograph, cyclic voltammograms, and SECM approach curves (current vs. tipsubstrate distance) were chosen to characterize probe quality and to determine the ratio of electrode diameter to glass sheath diameter. The SECM setup has a resolution and repeatability of 20 nm in three dimensions (x, y, and z) and can locate and relocate areas of interest precisely after a coarse image. Interdigitated electrode arrays of platinum and gold were first imaged. Image resolution revealed by sharpness of Pt band edges was enhanced by using a 2 µm diameter electrode. Pt or Au band height was found to be around 80200 nm by fitting the approach curves to the theoretical ones. Imaging conditions such as delay time for a large step size between two succeeding data points were optimized. To test its thermal and temporal stability, the system was then used to image letters, which were printed on a transparency with font bold Courier New and font size 2. Minor drifts were found during the image process up to the experimental length of 8 h and 45 min. Letter thickness was found to be 1.01.2 µm. A silicon substrate with an array of square pits spaced apart on 10 µm centers was finally imaged. Good quality images were obtained at various tipsubstrate distances even though the squares were just as small, if not smaller, than the tip. The samples were also imaged by AFM for comparison.Key words: scanning electrochemical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, microelectrode fabrication, closed-loop imaging, probe approach curve.
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Kurulugama RT, Wipf DO, Takacs SA, Pongmayteegul S, Garris PA, Baur JE. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Model Neurons: Constant Distance Imaging. Anal Chem 2005; 77:1111-7. [PMID: 15858993 DOI: 10.1021/ac048571n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells were imaged with the constant-distance mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) using carbon ring and carbon fiber tips. Two types of feedback signals were used for distance control: the electrolysis current of a mediator (constant-current mode) and the impedance measured by the SECM tip (constant-impedance mode). The highest resolution was achieved using carbon ring electrodes with the constant-current mode. However, the constant-impedance mode has the important advantages that topography and faradaic current can be measured simultaneously, and because no mediator is required, the imaging can take place directly in the cell growth media. It was found that vesicular release events do not measurably alter the impedance, but the depolarizing solution, 105 mM K+, produces a dramatic impedance change such that constant-distance imaging cannot be performed during application of the stimulus. However, by operating the tip in the constant-height mode, cell morphology (via a change in impedance) and vesicular release could be detected simultaneously while moving the tip across the cell. This work represents a significant improvement over previous SECM imaging of model neurons, and it demonstrates that the combination of amperometry and constant-impedance SECM has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating the spatial distribution of neurotransmitter release in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwan T Kurulugama
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790, USA
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Mauzeroll J, Bard AJ, Owhadian O, Monks TJ. Menadione metabolism to thiodione in hepatoblastoma by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:17582-7. [PMID: 15601769 PMCID: PMC539751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407613101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of menadione on hepatocytes was studied by using the substrate generation/tip collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy by exposing the cells to menadione and detecting the menadione-S-glutathione conjugate (thiodione) that is formed during the cellular detoxication process and is exported from the cell by an ATP-dependent pump. This efflux was electrochemically detected and allowed scanning electrochemical microscopy monitoring and imaging of single cells and groups of highly confluent live cells. Based on a constant flux model, approximately 6 x 10(6) molecules of thiodione per cell per second are exported from monolayer cultures of Hep G2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Rotenberg SA, Mirkin MV. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: detection of human breast cancer cells by redox environment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9:375-82. [PMID: 15838606 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-004-1407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) can be used to measure the redox activity of individual human breast cells. A chemical mediator (e.g. quinone) that rapidly crosses the membrane participates in intracellular redox reactions that are recorded on a microsecond timescale by an ultramicroelectrode positioned close to the membrane. Measurements of redox reactivity yield rate constants that are different for cancerous and non-transformed human breast cells. With non-transformed or metastatic cells, rate constants are modulated by altered expression or activity of protein kinase Calpha, an enzyme involved in the mechanism of cell metastasis. When used in two-dimensional scanning, SECM produces a spatially resolved redox map of an individual cell or field of cells and can detect individual breast cancer cells in a field of non-transformed cells. These studies identify a new technology for cancer detection and establish a framework for future analysis of malignant cells in human breast tissues and biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Rotenberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA.
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Takoh K, Takahashi A, Matsue T, Nishizawa M. A porous membrane-based microelectroanalytical technique for evaluating locally stimulated culture cells. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Mauzeroll J, Bard AJ. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of menadione-glutathione conjugate export from yeast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7862-7. [PMID: 15148374 PMCID: PMC419522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402556101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), which is toxic to yeast cells, and its expulsion as a glutathione complex were studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy. The progression of the in vitro reaction between menadione and glutathione was monitored electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry and correlated with the spectroscopic (UV-visible) behavior. By observing the scanning electrochemical microscope tip current of yeast cells suspended in a menadione-containing solution, the export of the conjugate from the cells with time could be measured. Similar experiments were performed on immobilized yeast cell aggregates stressed by a menadione solution. From the export of the menadione-glutathione conjugate detected at a 1-microm-diameter electrode situated 10 microm from the cells, a flux of about 30,000 thiodione molecules per second per cell was extracted. Numerical simulations based on an explicit finite difference method further revealed that the observation of a constant efflux of thiodione from the cells suggested the rate was limited by the uptake of menadione and that the efflux through the glutathione-conjugate pump was at least an order of magnitude faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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45
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TORISAWA YS, SHIKU H, YASUKAWA T, MATSUE T. Bioassay using living cells integrated on a chip. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoshi SHIKU
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
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TAKII Y, KAJI H, MATSUE T, NISHIZAWA M. Microstamp-Based Micromachining for Modulation of Growth of Cultured Neuronal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1299/jsmec.47.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki TAKII
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Hirokazu KAJI
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Tomokazu MATSUE
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | - Matsuhiko NISHIZAWA
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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