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Bartlett MJ, Mabrouk OS, Szabò L, Flores AJ, Parent KL, Bidlack JM, Heien ML, Kennedy RT, Polt R, Sherman SJ, Falk T. The Delta-Specific Opioid Glycopeptide BBI-11008: CNS Penetration and Behavioral Analysis in a Preclinical Model of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010020. [PMID: 33374986 PMCID: PMC7792611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work we evaluated an opioid glycopeptide with mixed μ/δ-opioid receptor agonism that was a congener of leu-enkephalin, MMP-2200. The glycopeptide analogue showed penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration to rats, as well as profound central effects in models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, we tested the glycopeptide BBI-11008 with selective δ-opioid receptor agonism, an analogue of deltorphin, a peptide secreted from the skin of frogs (genus Phyllomedusa). We tested BBI-11008 for BBB-penetration after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and evaluated effects in LID rats. BBI-11008 (10 mg/kg) demonstrated good CNS-penetrance as shown by microdialysis and mass spectrometric analysis, with peak concentration levels of 150 pM in the striatum. While BBI-11008 at both 10 and 20 mg/kg produced no effect on levodopa-induced limb, axial and oral (LAO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), it reduced the levodopa-induced locomotor AIMs by 50% after systemic injection. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 reduced levodopa-induced LAO AIMs, but worsened PD symptoms in this model. Co-administration of MMP-2200 had been shown prior to block the MK-801-induced pro-Parkinsonian activity. Interestingly, BBI-11008 was not able to block the pro-Parkinsonian effect of MK-801 in the LID model, further indicating that a balance of mu- and delta-opioid agonism is required for this modulation. In summary, this study illustrates another example of meaningful BBB-penetration of a glycopeptide analogue of a peptide to achieve a central behavioral effect, providing additional evidence for the glycosylation technique as a method to harness therapeutic potential of peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology
- Glycopeptides/administration & dosage
- Glycopeptides/pharmacokinetics
- Glycopeptides/pharmacology
- Levodopa
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/physiopathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J. Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Omar S. Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (O.S.M.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Andrew J. Flores
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Kate L. Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Jean M. Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (O.S.M.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Scott J. Sherman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-3927
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Receptor Ligands as Helping Hands to L-DOPA in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040142. [PMID: 30970612 PMCID: PMC6523988 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, LD therapy leads to LD-induced dyskinesia (LID), a disabling motor complication that represents a major challenge for the clinical neurologist. Due to the many limitations associated with LD therapeutic use, other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs are being developed to optimize the treatment response. This review focuses on recent investigations about non-dopaminergic central nervous system (CNS) receptor ligands that have been identified to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In a different way, such agents may contribute to extending LD response and/or ameliorate LD-induced side effects.
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3
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Usai EM, Manca I, Pettinau F, Mastino A, Pittau B. Chemical Characterization and in vitro
Metabolism of a Novel Class of Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists, Analogs of SNC-80. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maria Usai
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Francesca Pettinau
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
- Department of Chemical; Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Barbara Pittau
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
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4
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Sgroi S, Tonini R. Opioidergic Modulation of Striatal Circuits, Implications in Parkinson's Disease and Levodopa Induced Dyskinesia. Front Neurol 2018; 9:524. [PMID: 30026724 PMCID: PMC6041411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional organization of the dorsal striatum is complex, due to the diversity of neural inputs that converge in this structure and its subdivision into direct and indirect output pathways, striosomes and matrix compartments. Among the neurotransmitters that regulate the activity of striatal projection neurons (SPNs), opioid neuropeptides (enkephalin and dynorphin) play a neuromodulatory role in synaptic transmission and plasticity and affect striatal-based behaviors in both normal brain function and pathological states, including Parkinson's disease (PD). We review recent findings on the cell-type-specific effects of opioidergic neurotransmission in the dorsal striatum, focusing on the maladaptive synaptic neuroadaptations that occur in PD and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Understanding the plethora of molecular and synaptic mechanisms underpinning the opioid-mediated modulation of striatal circuits is critical for the development of pharmacological treatments that can alleviate motor dysfunctions and hyperkinetic responses to dopaminergic stimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sgroi
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that compromises multiple neurochemical substrates including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate systems. Loss of these transmitter systems initiates a cascade of neurological deficits beginning with motor function and ending with dementia. Current therapies primarily address the motor symptoms of the disease via dopamine replacement therapy. Exogenous dopamine replacement brings about additional challenges since after years of treatment it almost invariably gives rise to dyskinesia as a side effect. Therefore there is a clear unmet clinical need for improved PD therapeutics. Opioid receptors and their respective peptides are expressed throughout the basal ganglia and cortex where monoaminergic denervation strongly contributes to PD pathology. Delta opioid receptors are of particular interest because of their dense localization in basal ganglia and because activating this system is known to enhance locomotor activity under a variety of conditions. This chapter will outline much of the work that has demonstrated the effectiveness of delta opioid receptor activation in models of PD and its neuroprotective properties. It also discusses some of the challenges that must be addressed before moving delta opioid receptor agonists into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Delta opioid receptors (δORs) regulate a number of physiological functions, and agonists for this receptor are being pursued for the treatment of mood disorders, chronic pain, and migraine. A major challenge to the development of these compounds is that, like many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), agonists at the δOR can induce very different signaling and receptor trafficking events. This concept, known as ligand-directed signaling, functional selectivity, or biased agonism, can result in different agonists producing highly distinct behavioral consequences. In this chapter, we highlight the in vitro and in vivo evidence for ligand-directed signaling and trafficking at the δOR. A number of biological implications of agonist-directed signaling at the δOR have been demonstrated. Importantly, ligand-specific effects can impact both acute behavioral effects of delta agonists, as well as the long-term adaptations induced by chronic drug treatment. A better understanding of the specific signaling cascades that regulate these differential behavioral effects would help to guide rational drug design, ultimately resulting in δOR agonists with fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vicente-Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amynah A Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, UIC, 1601 W Taylor St (MC 912), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Approach to Investigate the Analgesic Efficacy and Molecular Targets of Xuangui Dropping Pill for Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7525179. [PMID: 29234428 PMCID: PMC5651156 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7525179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical analgesic efficacy and identify the molecular targets of XGDP for treating primary dysmenorrhea (PD) by a network pharmacology approach. Analysis of pain disappearance rate of XGDP in PD treatment was conducted based on data from phase II and III randomized, double-blind, double-simulation, and positive parallel controlled clinical trials. The bioactive compounds were obtained by the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes with oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) evaluation. Subsequently, target prediction, pathway identification, and network construction were employed to clarify the mechanisms of the analgesic effect of XGDP on PD. The pain disappearance rates in phase II and III clinical trials of XGDP in PD treatment were 62.5% and 55.8%, respectively, yielding a significant difference (P < 0.05) when compared with the control group using Tongjingbao granules (TJBG). Among 331 compounds, 53 compounds in XGDP were identified as the active compounds related to PD through OB, DL, and target prediction. The active compounds and molecular targets of XGDP were identified, and our study showed that XGDP may exert its therapeutic effects on PD through the regulation of the targets related to anti-inflammation analgesia and central analgesia and relieving smooth muscle contraction.
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8
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Loriga G, Lazzari P, Manca I, Ruiu S, Falzoi M, Murineddu G, Bottazzi MEH, Pinna G, Pinna GA. Novel diazabicycloalkane delta opioid agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5527-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Mabrouk OS, Viaro R, Volta M, Ledonne A, Mercuri N, Morari M. Stimulation of δ opioid receptor and blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor synergistically attenuate parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2014; 34:12953-62. [PMID: 25253844 PMCID: PMC6608339 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4677-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
δ opioid peptide (DOP) receptors are considered a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease, although the use of DOP agonists may be limited by side effects, including convulsions. To circumvent this issue, we evaluated whether blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) tone potentiated the antiparkinsonian effects of DOP agonists, thus allowing for reduction of their dosage. Systemic administration of the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) antagonist J-113397 [(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H benzimidazol-2-one] and the DOP receptor agonist SNC-80 [(+)-4-[(αR)-α-(2S,5R)-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxy-benzyl]-N-N-diethylbenzamide] revealed synergistic attenuation of motor deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice. In this model, repeated administration of the combination produced reproducible antiparkinsonian effects and was not associated with rescued striatal dopamine terminals. Microdialysis studies revealed that either systemic administration or local intranigral perfusion of J-113397 and SNC-80 led to the enhancement of nigral GABA, reduction of nigral Glu, and reduction of thalamic GABA levels, consistent with the view that NOP receptor blockade and DOP receptor stimulation caused synergistic overinhibition of nigro-thalamic GABA neurons. Whole-cell recording of GABA neurons in nigral slices confirmed that NOP receptor blockade enhanced the DOP receptor-induced effect on IPSCs via presynaptic mechanisms. Finally, SNC-80 more potently stimulated stepping activity in mice lacking the NOP receptor than wild-type controls, confirming the in vivo occurrence of an NOP-DOP receptor interaction. We conclude that endogenous N/OFQ functionally opposes DOP transmission in substantia nigra reticulata and that NOP receptor antagonists might be used in combination with DOP receptor agonists to reduce their dosage while maintaining their full therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy, Department of Robotics, Brain, and Cognitive Sciences, Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Mattia Volta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience and
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Department of System Medicine, Neurophysiopathology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy, and Foundation S. Lucia, Institute for Inpatient Treatment and Scientific Studies, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, 00143 Rome Italy
| | - Nicola Mercuri
- Department of System Medicine, Neurophysiopathology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy, and Foundation S. Lucia, Institute for Inpatient Treatment and Scientific Studies, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, 00143 Rome Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience and
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10
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Effects of the δ opioid agonist AZD2327 upon operant behaviors and assessment of its potential for abuse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:48-57. [PMID: 24857840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AZD2327 is a brain-penetrant agonist at δ opioid receptors which has antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in a wide array of animal models. As part of the preclinical safety pharmacology assessment, a number of studies were conducted in order to characterize its behavioral effects and its potential for abuse, in order to enable testing in humans. AZD2327 produced only modest effects when tested in a multiple fixed-ratio differential reinforcement of low rate schedule in rats, and did not enhance the rate-suppressing effects of ethanol in the procedure. In a suppressed responding test, AZD2327 only reduced rates of unpunished responding. In drug discrimination studies, AZD2327 produced partial or no generalization from known drugs of abuse. In primates trained to self-administer cocaine, substitution with AZD2327 did not result in appreciable self-administration of AZD2327, indicating that it does not behave as a positive reinforcer under the present conditions. Following termination of repeated administration of AZD2327, no signs of physical dependence (withdrawal) were noted. Overall, the data suggest that AZD2327 does not possess a high potential for abuse, and appears to have only subtle behavioral effects as measured by operant behaviors.
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11
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Acute morphine treatments alleviate tremor in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88404. [PMID: 24520383 PMCID: PMC3919785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with decreased striatal dopamine levels. Morphine has been found to elevate dopamine levels, which indicates a potential therapeutic effect in PD treatment that has not been investigated previously. To evaluate this hypothesis, an investigation of the acute effects of morphine on PD symptoms was carried out in male rhesus PD monkeys that had been induced with MPTP. All MPTP induced monkeys displayed progressive and irreversible PD motor symptoms. The behavioral response of these animals to morphine and L-Dopa were quantified with the Kurlan scale. It was found that L-Dopa alleviated bradykinesia, but did not significantly improve tremor. In contrast, acute morphine alleviated tremor significantly. These results suggested that, compared to L-Dopa, morphine has different therapeutic effects in PD therapy and may act through different biological mechanisms to alleviate PD symptoms.
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Loriga G, Lazzari P, Ruiu S, Marchese G, Manca I, Casu GL, Dessì C, Pinna GA, Asproni B, Murineddu G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel delta (δ) opioid receptor ligands with diazatricyclodecane skeletons. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:413-26. [PMID: 24090913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Considering the interesting pharmacological profile of the delta (δ) selective opioid agonist compound SNC-80, conformationally constrained analogs containing two diazatricyclodecane ring systems in place of dimethylpiperazine core motif were synthesized. The compounds showed subnanomolar or low nanomolar δ opioid receptor binding affinity. Depending upon the substituents on the diazatricyclodecane ring, these compounds displayed varying selectivity for δ opioid receptor over μ and κ receptors. Amongst the novel compounds, 1Aa showed the more interesting biological profile, with higher δ affinity and selectivity compared to SNC-80. The δ receptor agonist profile and antinociceptive activity of 1Aa were confirmed using ex-vivo (isolated mouse vas deferens) and in vivo (tail flick) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Loriga
- C.N.R. Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS Cagliari, Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, CA, Italy.
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Mabrouk OS, Falk T, Sherman SJ, Kennedy RT, Polt R. CNS penetration of the opioid glycopeptide MMP-2200: a microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 531:99-103. [PMID: 23127847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides enkephalin and dynorphin are major co-transmitters of striatofugal pathways of the basal ganglia. They are involved in the genesis of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and in the modulation of direct and indirect striatal output pathways that are disrupted in Parkinson's disease. One pharmacologic approach is to develop synthetic glycopeptides closely resembling endogenous peptides to restore their normal functions. Glycosylation promotes penetration of the blood-brain barrier. We investigated CNS penetration of the opioid glycopeptide MMP-2200, a mixed δ/μ-agonist based on leu-enkephalin, as measured by in vivo microdialysis and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis in awake, freely moving rats. The glycopeptide (10 mg/kg) reaches the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) rapidly after systemic (i.p.) administration and is stably detectable for the duration of the experiment (80 min). The detected level at the end of the experiment (around 250 pM) is about 10-fold higher than the level of the endogenous leu-enkephalin, measured simultaneously. This is one of the first studies to directly prove that glycosylation of an endogenous opioid peptide leads to excellent blood-brain barrier penetration after systemic injection, and explains robust behavioral effects seen in previous studies by measuring how much glycopeptide reaches the target structure, in this case the DLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Yue X, Falk T, Zuniga LA, Szabò L, Porreca F, Polt R, Sherman SJ. Effects of the novel glycopeptide opioid agonist MMP-2200 in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2011; 1413:72-83. [PMID: 21840512 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the consequence of dopaminergic denervation is an imbalance in the activity of the direct and indirect striatofugal pathways, which include potentially important changes in opioid peptide expression and/or activity. The systemic administration of a novel glycosylated opioid peptide MMP-2200 (a.k.a. lactomorphin) was shown to have potent effects in two standard models of PD: 1) amphetamine-induced rotations in the hemi-Parkinsonian 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rat and 2) locomotion in the reserpine-treated rat. MMP-2200, an opioid mu and delta receptor agonist, reduced amphetamine-induced rotations in severely-lesioned hemi-Parkinsonian rats; this effect was fully blocked by naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist. The selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole only partially blocked the effect of MMP-2200. MMP-2200 alone did not induce rotations. This effect was also observed in a mild progressive rat 6-OHDA-lesion model. In animals treated with reserpine, profound akinesia was induced that was reversed with apomorphine. There was a prominent overshoot in animals that received apomorphine compared to non-reserpine treated animals, reflecting the well described phenomenon of dopamine supersensitivity indicating that apomorphine not only reversed akinesia but also induced hyper-kinesia. The opioid peptide MMP-2200 blocked the apomorphine-induced hyper-kinesia. This effect of MMP-2200 was prevented by pre-administration of naloxone. MMP-2200 had no effect in preventing the reserpine-induced akinesia, nor did it affect locomotion in control animals. Taken together, the results from these two models are consistent with the glycopeptide opioid agonist MMP-2200 having a potent effect on movements related to dopaminergic hyper-stimulation following striatal dopamine depletion that are best explained by a reduction in the downstream effects of dopamine agonists in these models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basal Ganglia/drug effects
- Basal Ganglia/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glycopeptides/pharmacology
- Glycopeptides/therapeutic use
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- Parkinson Disease/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yue
- College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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15
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Hudzik TJ, Maciag C, Smith MA, Caccese R, Pietras MR, Bui KH, Coupal M, Adam L, Payza K, Griffin A, Smagin G, Song D, Swedberg MDB, Brown W. Preclinical pharmacology of AZD2327: a highly selective agonist of the δ-opioid receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:195-204. [PMID: 21444630 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, we summarize the preclinical pharmacology of 4-{(R)-(3-aminophenyl)[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-piperazin-1-yl]methyl}-N,N-diethylbenzamide (AZD2327), a highly potent and selective agonist of the δ-opioid receptor. AZD2327 binds with sub-nanomolar affinity to the human opioid receptor (K(i) = 0.49 and 0.75 nM at the C27 and F27 isoforms, respectively) and is highly selective (>1000-fold) over the human μ- and κ-opioid receptor subtypes as well as >130 other receptors and channels. In functional assays, AZD2327 shows full agonism at human δ-opioid receptors ([(35)S]GTPγ EC(50) = 24 and 9.2 nM at C27 and F27 isoforms, respectively) and also at the rat and mouse δ-opioid receptors. AZD2327 is active in a wide range of models predictive of anxiolytic activity, including a modified Geller-Seifter conflict test and social interaction test, as well as in antidepressant models, including learned helplessness. In animals implanted with microdialysis probes and then given an acute stressor by pairing electric shock delivery with a flashing light, there is an increase in norepinephrine release into the prefrontal cortex associated with this acute anxiety state. Both the benzodiazepine anxiolytic standard diazepam and AZD2327 blocked this norepinephrine release equally well, and there was no evidence of tolerance to these effects of AZD2327. Overall, these data support the role of the δ-opioid receptor in the regulation of mood, and data suggest that AZD2327 may possess unique antidepressant and anxiolytic activities that could make a novel contribution to the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hudzik
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
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Bradbury FA, Zelnik JC, Traynor JR. G protein independent phosphorylation and internalization of the delta-opioid receptor. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1526-35. [PMID: 19344370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agonist activation of the delta-opioid receptor leads to internalization via G betagamma recruitment of G protein coupled receptor kinase-2, which phosphorylates the receptor at several sites, including Ser363, allowing beta-arrestin binding and localization to clathrin coated pits. Using human embryonic kidney cells expressing a delta-opioid receptor we tested the hypothesis that prevention of receptor coupling to G protein by treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) will block these processes. PTX treatment did not reduce phosphorylation of delta-opioid receptor Ser363 in response to the agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin, or recruitment of beta-arrestin 2-green fluorescent protein to the membrane and only slowed, but did not prevent, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin-induced internalization. Similarly, PTX treatment only partially prevented the ability of the delta-opioid peptide agonists deltorphin II and [Met5]enkephalin and the non-peptide agonist BW373U86 to induce receptor internalization. No internalization was seen with morphine, oxymorphindole or the putative delta(1)-opioid agonist TAN-67 in the presence or absence of PTX, even though TAN-67 showed a strong activation of G protein, as measured by guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate binding. The ability of an agonist to stimulate phosphorylation at Ser363 was predictive of its capacity to induce internalization. The results suggest a role for G protein in delta-opioid receptor internalization, but show that alternative G protein independent pathways exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye A Bradbury
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5632, USA
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17
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Mabrouk OS, Volta M, Marti M, Morari M. Stimulation of delta opioid receptors located in substantia nigra reticulata but not globus pallidus or striatum restores motor activity in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats: new insights into the role of delta receptors in parkinsonism. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1647-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ryu EK, Wu Z, Chen K, Lazarus LH, Marczak ED, Sasaki Y, Ambo A, Salvadori S, Ren C, Zhao H, Balboni G, Chen X. Synthesis of a potent and selective (18)F-labeled delta-opioid receptor antagonist derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore for positron emission tomography imaging. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1817-23. [PMID: 18311909 DOI: 10.1021/jm7014765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identification and pharmacological characterization of two new selective delta-opioid receptor antagonists, derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore, of potential utility in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are described. On the basis of its high delta selectivity, H-Dmt-Tic--Lys(Z)-OH (reference compound 1) is a useful starting point for the synthesis of (18)F-labeled compounds prepared by the coupling of N-succinimidyl 4-[ (18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]SFB) with Boc-Dmt-Tic--Lys(Z)-OH under slightly basic conditions at 37 degrees C for 15 min, deprotection with TFA, and HPLC purification. The total synthesis time was 120 min, and the decay-corrected radiochemical yield of [(18)F]- 1 was about 25-30% ( n = 5) starting from [(18)F]SFB ( n = 5) with an effective specific activity about 46 GBq/micromol. In vitro autoradiography studies showed prominent uptake of [ (18)F]- 1 in the striatum and cortex with significant blocking by 1 and UFP-501 (selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist), suggesting high specific binding of [(18)F]- 1 to delta-opioid receptors. Noninvasive microPET imaging studies revealed the absence of [(18)F]- 1 in rat brain, since it fails to cross the blood-brain barrier. This study demonstrates the suitability of [ (18)F]- 1 for imaging peripheral delta-opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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19
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Silkis IG. The role of opioid receptor agonists and antagonists in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712407040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Jutkiewicz EM, Baladi MG, Folk JE, Rice KC, Woods JH. The delta-opioid receptor agonist SNC80 [(+)-4-[alpha(R)-alpha-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl]-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide] synergistically enhances the locomotor-activating effects of some psychomotor stimulants, but not direct dopamine agonists, in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:714-24. [PMID: 17986650 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonpeptidic delta-opioid agonist SNC80 [(+)-4-[alpha(R)-alpha-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl]-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide] produces many stimulant-like behavioral effects in rodents and monkeys, such as locomotor stimulation, generalization to cocaine in discrimination procedures, and antiparkinsonian effects. Tolerance to the locomotor-stimulating effects of SNC80 develops after a single administration of SNC80 in rats; it is not known whether cross-tolerance develops to the effects of other stimulant compounds. In the initial studies to determine whether SNC80 produced cross-tolerance to other stimulant compounds, it was discovered that amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity was greatly enhanced in SNC80-pretreated rats. This study evaluated acute cross-tolerance between delta-opioid agonists and other locomotor-stimulating drugs. Locomotor activity was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with radiotransmitters, and activity levels were recorded in the home cage environment. Three-hour SNC80 pretreatment produced tolerance to further delta-opioid receptor stimulation but also augmented greatly amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatments with other delta-opioid agonists, (+)BW373U86 [(+)-4-[alpha(R)-alpha-[(2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl]-3-hydroxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide] and oxymorphindole (17-methyl-6,7-dehydro-4,5-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxy-6,7,2',3'-indolomorphinan), also modified amphetamine-induced activity levels. SNC80 pretreatment enhanced the stimulatory effects of the dopamine/norepinephrine transporter ligands cocaine and nomifensine (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-8-isoquinolinanmine maleate salt), but not the direct dopamine receptor agonists SKF81297 [R-(+)-6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrobromide] and quinpirole [trans-(-)-(4alphaR)-4,4a, 5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-5-propyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g] quinoline monohydrochloride]. In conclusion, SNC80 enhanced the locomotor-stimulating effects of monoamine transporter ligands suggesting that delta-opioid receptor activation might alter the functional activity of monoamine transporters or presynaptic monoamine terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Jutkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Medical Science Research Building III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA.
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21
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Aceto MD, May EL, Harris LS, Bowman ER, Cook CD. Pharmacological studies with a nonpeptidic, delta-opioid (-)-(1R,5R,9R)-5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-6,7-benzomorphan hydrochloride ((-)-NIH 11082). Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 566:88-93. [PMID: 17434480 PMCID: PMC2994320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a selective delta-opioid receptor agonist, (-)-(1R,5R,9R)-5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-6,7-benzomorphan hydrochloride ((-)-NIH 11082) and the (+)-enantiomer were synthesized and tested. (-)-NIH 11082 displayed antinociceptive activity in the paraphenylquinone test (PPQ test) in male ICR mice [ED50=1.9 (0.7-5.3) mg/kg, s.c.] and showed little, if any, activity in the tail-flick and hot-plate assays. The (+)-enantiomer was essentially inactive indicating stereoselectivity. Opioid receptor subtype characterization studies indicated that naltrindole, a delta-opioid receptor antagonist, was potent versus the ED80 of (-)-NIH 11082 in the PPQ test [AD50=0.75 (0.26-2.20) mg/kg, s.c]. beta-Funaltrexamine and nor-binaltorphimine, selective mu- and kappa-receptor antagonists, respectively, were inactive versus the ED80 of (-)-NIH 11082. In rats with inflammation-induced pain, (-)-NIH 11082 produced antihyperalgesic effects that were attenuated by naltrindole. In morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys of both sexes, (-)-NIH 11082 neither substituted for morphine nor exacerbated withdrawal signs in the dose range of 4.0 to 32.0 mg/kg, s.c. Neither convulsions nor other overt behavioral signs were observed in any of the species tested. The results indicate that (-)-NIH 11082 has delta-opioid receptor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D Aceto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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22
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Bourdier T, Poisnel G, Dhilly M, Delamare J, Henry J, Debruyne D, Barré L. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Substituted Quinolinimides, as Potential Ligands for in Vivo Imaging Studies of δ-Opioid Receptors. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:538-48. [PMID: 17341107 DOI: 10.1021/bc0602836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here the syntheses of N-substituted quinolinimide derivatives displaying sufficient affinity and high selectivity for delta-opioid receptors. Among 9-subsituted derivatives, one showed much higher selectivity for the delta receptor in binding assays than the delta antagonist methylnaltrindole (6: Ki = 42 nM; micro/delta and kappa/delta > 238 on rat brain membranes) and antagonist properties. This compound was labeled with carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) as a potential radioligand for the noninvasive assessment of delta opioid receptors in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). A high yielding radiosynthesis of [11C]-6, based on the [11C]methyl introduction on the pyridine moiety by a Stille reaction, was described (radiochemical yield = 60 +/- 10%, specific activities = 0.8 to 1.5 Ci/micromol). The in vivo pharmacological profile in rats indicated that the radiotracer crossed the blood-brain barrier but was not stable and underwent rapid degradation in both plasma and brain. No specific binding was consequently revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bourdier
- Groupe de Développements Méthodologiques en Tomographie par Emission de Positons, DSV/DRM UMR CEA 2E, Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Centre Cyceron, 15 Boulevard Henri Becquerel, Caen, France
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23
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Hallett PJ, Brotchie JM. Striatal delta opioid receptor binding in experimental models of Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2007; 22:28-40. [PMID: 17089424 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced delta opioid receptor transmission may represent an endogenous compensatory mechanism in parkinsonism to reduce the activity of the indirect striatopallidal pathway following dopamine depletion. Furthermore, increased delta opioid receptor transmission may be causative in the production of dyskinesia following repeated dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease. The present study employed radioligand receptor autoradiography, using [3H]naltrindole, a ligand selective for the delta opioid receptor, to assess delta opioid receptor binding sites in forebrain regions of reserpine-treated rats, and in parkinsonian nondyskinetic, and dyskinetic MPTP-lesioned macaques. In reserpine-treated animals, specific delta opioid binding was increased in premotor cortex (+30%), sensorimotor striatum (+20%), and associative striatum (+17%) rostrally, but was not changed in caudal forebrain. In contrast, delta opioid receptor binding was not significantly altered at any region analyzed, in either nondyskinetic or dyskinetic, MPTP-lesioned macaques, compared to normal. These results suggest that transient changes in delta opioid receptor binding may occur in motor circuits following acute dopamine depletion. However, in the more chronic MPTP-lesioned macaque model, simple changes in delta opioid receptor number or affinity are unlikely to contribute to mechanisms for abnormal opioid transmission in Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hopital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02478, USA.
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24
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Rawls SM, Hewson JM, Inan S, Cowan A. Brain delta2 opioid receptors mediate SNC-80-evoked hypothermia in rats. Brain Res 2005; 1049:61-9. [PMID: 15936000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite insights into an increasingly significant role for delta opioid receptors in thermoregulation, it is unclear whether delta receptors located in the brain or periphery play the more critical role in body temperature regulation. Moreover, it is not entirely clear which delta receptor phenotype, delta1 or delta2, mediates the hypothermic actions of delta agonists. Because SNC-80 distributes into central and peripheral compartments and produces rapid hypothermia following systemic injection, the nonpeptide delta agonist is particularly useful in discriminating the site of action of delta receptor-mediated hypothermia. To determine the locus and phenotype of delta receptor which mediates SNC-80-induced hypothermia, we injected SNC-80 and phenotype selective delta antagonists to male Sprague-Dawley rats. SNC-80 (10-50 mg/kg, im) evoked hypothermia that peaked 30 min post-injection. Naltrexone (5 mg/kg, sc), an opioid antagonist, or naltrindole (5 mg/kg, sc), a delta antagonist, blocked the hypothermic response to SNC-80 (35 mg/kg, im). The hypothermia caused by SNC-80 (35 mg/kg, im) was blocked by a delta2 antagonist, naltriben (2.5 mg/kg, sc), but was not affected by BNTX (5 and 10 mg/kg, sc), a delta1 antagonist. The administration of naltriben (10 microg/rat, icv) 30 min before SNC-80 (35 mg/kg, im) prevented SNC-80-evoked hypothermia. In contrast, methylnaltrexone (5 mg/kg, sc), a peripherally restricted opioid antagonist, did not affect the hypothermia caused by SNC-80. The present data demonstrate that selective activation of brain delta2 receptors is a major mechanism of SNC-80-evoked hypothermia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Manning Rawls
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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25
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Pradhan AAA, Clarke PBS. Comparison between delta-opioid receptor functional response and autoradiographic labeling in rat brain and spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2005; 481:416-26. [PMID: 15593339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of delta-opioid receptors (DORs) in the rat central nervous system has been previously characterized by radioligand binding and immunohistochemistry. However, the functional neuroanatomy of DORs has not been mapped in any detail; this is potentially important, because these receptors appear to be primarily cytosolic. Opioid receptors can couple to G(i/o) G proteins, a process that is detected by agonist-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the distribution of functional DORs, as assessed by [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiographic labeling in response to the DOR agonist deltorphin II. For comparison, adjacent sections were labeled with [125I]deltorphin II or the DOR antagonist [125I]AR-M100613. In all three assays, mu-opioid receptors were blocked pharmacologically. The distributions of [125I]deltorphin II and [125I]AR-M100613 were highly correlated but not identical. Deltorphin II increased [35S]GTPgammaS binding in a concentration-dependent and naltrindole-sensitive manner. The regional [35S]GTPgammaS response to deltorphin II was only moderately predicted by agonist or antagonist radioligand binding (r = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively). [35S]GTPgammaS responses to deltorphin II were strongest in the extended striatum (caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle) and cerebral cortex. In contrast, some areas reported to mediate DOR analgesia (brainstem, spinal cord) possessed a much lower [35S]GTPgammaS response. These findings demonstrate the existence of a partial mismatch between DOR radioligand binding and [35S]GTPgammaS response. This divergence possibly reflects regional heterogeneity in G-protein receptor coupling, or in the subcellular localization of DOR.
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26
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Billet F, Dourmap N, Costentin J. Involvement of corticostriatal glutamatergic terminals in striatal dopamine release elicited by stimulation of delta-opioid receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2629-38. [PMID: 15548206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that striatal dopamine release induced locally by a delta-opioid receptor agonist was totally inhibited by a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, indicating the involvement of glutamatergic receptors in this effect. The aim of the present study was to specify this mechanism. Firstly, we investigated the effect of [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-enkephalin (DPDPE) on glutamate release in rats by intrastriatal microdialysis. The infusion of DPDPE (10 microm) enhanced the glutamate content in dialysate by approximately 34%, an effect which did not appear to result from inhibition of glutamate uptake. We then considered the consequences of a unilateral thermocoagulation of the frontal cortex on either glutamate or dopamine release induced by stimulation of delta-opioid receptors 2 days later. This lesion, which decreased the glutamate content in ipsilateral striatum by approximately 30%, totally prevented the increase in dialysate levels of glutamate induced by DPDPE. Moreover, whereas DPDPE (10 microm) was found to increase the striatal dopamine release in intact animals by approximately 59%, this effect was also completely suppressed by the cortical lesion. Finally, we studied the effect of the lesion on the [3H]-DPDPE binding to striatal membranes prepared from the whole striatum. In the ipsilateral striatum a significant decrease in this [3H]-DPDPE binding (by approximately 18%) was found 2 days after the lesion. Our results indicate that the increase in striatal dopamine release induced by DPDPE probably depends on glutamate release from corticostriatal glutamatergic afferents in response to the stimulation of delta-opioid receptors located on terminals of these neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/injuries
- Cerebral Cortex/physiology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Dicarboxylic Acids/pharmacology
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Electrocoagulation/methods
- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-/pharmacology
- Glutamates/metabolism
- Male
- Microdialysis/methods
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Staining and Labeling/methods
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Billet
- Unité de Neuropsychopharmacologie Expérimentale, UMR 6036 CNRS, IFRMP no. 23, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rouen, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cédex 01, France
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27
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Carson JR, Coats SJ, Codd EE, Dax SL, Lee J, Martinez RP, McKown LA, Anne Neilson L, Pitis PM, Wu WN, Zhang SP. N -Alkyl-4-[(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides, μ and δ opioid agonists: a μ address. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2113-6. [PMID: 15080990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The tertiary amide delta opioid agonist 2 is a potent antinociceptive agent. Compound 2 was metabolized in vitro and in vivo to secondary amide 3, a potent and selective micro opioid agonist. The SAR of a series of N-alkyl-4-[(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-oct-3-ylidene)phenylmethyl]benzamides was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Carson
- Drug Discovery, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO 776, Spring House, PA 19477-0776, USA.
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Okano H, Masuda H, Ohkubo C. Effects of 25 mT static magnetic field on blood pressure in reserpine-induced hypotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 26:36-48. [PMID: 15605399 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interrelated antihypotensive effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) and plasma catecholamine levels in reserpine-induced hypotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Seven-week-old male rats were exposed to two different ranges of SMF intensities, 3.0-10 mT (Bmax) or 7.5-25 mT (Bmax) for 12 weeks. Six experimental groups of 10 animals each were examined: (1) no exposure with intraperitoneal (ip) saline injection (sham exposed control); (2) 10 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (10 mT); (3) 25 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (25 mT); (4) no exposure with ip reserpine injection (RES); (5) 10 mT SMF exposure with ip reserpine injection (10 mT + RES); (6) 25 mT SMF exposure with ip reserpine injection (25 mT + RES). Reserpine (5 mg/kg) was administered three times a week for 12 weeks, and 18 h after each injection, arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate, skin blood flow, plasma nitric oxide metabolites, plasma catecholamine levels, and behavioral parameters of a functional observational battery (FOB) were monitored. The action of reserpine significantly decreased BP, reduced plasma norepinephrine (NE), increased the FOB hunched posture score and decreased the number of rearing events in the RES group, compared with the respective age-matched control group. Exposure to 25 mT, but not 10 mT, for 2-12 weeks significantly prevented the reserpine-induced decrease of BP in the 25 mT + RES group compared with the respective RES group. Moreover, exposure to 25 mT for 5 weeks partially suppressed the reserpine-induced NE reduction, but did not bring about a complete reversal of reserpine effects. NE levels for the 25 mT + RES group for 5 weeks were significantly higher compared with the RES group, but still lower compared with the control group. In addition, the FOB hunched posture score for the 25 mT + RES group was significantly lower and the number of rearing events was higher compared with the RES group, but these behavioral parameters did not revert to control levels. There were no significant differences in any of the physiological or behavioral parameters measured between the 10 mT + RES and RES groups, nor between the two different SMF groups and the control group. These results indicate that 25 mT SMF with spatial gradients significantly suppressed the reserpine-induced hypotension and bradykinesia. The antihypotensive effects of SMF on the reserpine-treated group might be at least partially related to the inhibition of NE depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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29
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Hille CJ, Fox SH, Maneuf YP, Crossman AR, Brotchie JM. Antiparkinsonian action of a delta opioid agonist in rodent and primate models of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2001; 172:189-98. [PMID: 11681851 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The opioid peptides localized in striatal projection neurons are of great relevance to Parkinson's disease, not only as a consequence of their distribution, but also due to the pronounced changes in expression seen in Parkinson's disease. It has long been suspected that increased expression of enkephalin may represent one of the many mechanisms that compensate for dopamine (DA) depletion in Parkinson's disease. Here we demonstrate that a systemically delivered, selective delta opioid agonist (SNC80) has potent antiparkinsonian actions in both rat and primate models of Parkinson's disease. In rats treated with either the D2-preferring DA antagonist haloperidol (1 mg/kg) or the selective D1 antagonist SCH23390 (1 mg/kg), but not a combination of D1 and D2 antagonists, SNC80 (10 mg/kg) completely reversed the catalepsy induced by DA antagonists. In rats rendered immobile by treatment with reserpine, SNC80 dose-dependently reversed akinesia (EC(50) 7.49 mg/kg). These effects were dose-dependently inhibited (IC(50) 1.05 mg/kg) by a selective delta opioid antagonist (naltrindole) and by SCH23390 (1 mg/kg), but not by haloperidol (1 mg/kg). SNC80 also reversed parkinsonian symptoms in the MPTP-treated marmoset. At 10 mg/kg (ip), scores measuring bradykinesia and posture were significantly reduced and motor activity increased to levels comparable with pre-MPTP-treatment scores. Any treatment that serves to increase delta opioid receptor activation may be a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, either in the early stages or as an adjunct to dopamine replacement therapy. Furthermore, enhanced enkephalin expression observed in Parkinson's disease may serve to potentiate dopamine acting preferentially at D1 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzamides/therapeutic use
- Callithrix
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Posture
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reserpine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hille
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
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