1
|
Hansen RD, Christensen AF, Olesen J. Family studies to find rare high risk variants in migraine. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28255817 PMCID: PMC5334193 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine has long been known as a common complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. The pathophysiology and the specific genetic susceptibility are poorly understood. Common variants only explain a small part of the heritability of migraine. It is thought that rare genetic variants with bigger effect size may be involved in the disease. Since migraine has a tendency to cluster in families, a family approach might be the way to find these variants. This is also indicated by identification of migraine-associated loci in classical linkage-analyses in migraine families. A single migraine study using a candidate-gene approach was performed in 2010 identifying a rare mutation in the TRESK potassium channel segregating in a large family with migraine with aura, but this finding has later become questioned. The technologies of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now provides an affordable tool to investigate the genetic variation in the entire exome or genome. The family-based study design using NGS is described in this paper. We also review family studies using NGS that have been successful in finding rare variants in other common complex diseases in order to argue the promising application of a family approach to migraine. METHOD PubMed was searched to find studies that looked for rare genetic variants in common complex diseases through a family-based design using NGS, excluding studies looking for de-novo mutations, or using a candidate-gene approach and studies on cancer. All issues from Nature Genetics and PLOS genetics 2014, 2015 and 2016 (UTAI June) were screened for relevant papers. Reference lists from included and other relevant papers were also searched. For the description of the family-based study design using NGS an in-house protocol was used. RESULTS Thirty-two successful studies, which covered 16 different common complex diseases, were included in this paper. We also found a single migraine study. Twenty-three studies found one or a few family specific variants (less than five), while other studies found several possible variants. Not all of them were genome wide significant. Four studies performed follow-up analyses in unrelated cases and controls and calculated odds ratios that supported an association between detected variants and risk of disease. Studies of 11 diseases identified rare variants that segregated fully or to a large degree with the disease in the pedigrees. CONCLUSION It is possible to find rare high risk variants for common complex diseases through a family-based approach. One study using a family approach and NGS to find rare variants in migraine has already been published but with strong limitations. More studies are under way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Dyhr Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Anne Francke Christensen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, DK-2600 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gupta S, Akerman S, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Saxena PR, Goadsby PJ, van den Brink AM. Intravital Microscopy on a Closed Cranial Window in Mice: A Model to Study Trigeminovascular Mechanisms Involved in Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 26:1294-303. [PMID: 17059436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to develop a mouse model to study trigeminovascular mechanisms using intravital microscopy on a closed cranial window. In addition, we studied exogenous and endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated vasodilation in dural arteries. Arteries in C57BL/6Jico mice were constricted with endothelin-1, which reduced the baseline diameter by 65-75%. Subsequently, vasodilation was induced by α-CGRP, capsaicin or transcranial electrical stimulation of perivascular trigeminal nerves in the absence or presence of different concentrations of BIBN4096BS or sumatriptan. Both α-CGRP and capsaicin induced vasodilation in preconstricted arteries. Transcranial electrical stimulation also induced current-dependent relaxation of dural arteries with 100 μA producing maximal dilation in the control group. BIBN4096BS blocked the responses evoked by ä-CGRP and capsaicin, as well as electrical stimulation, whereas sumatriptan attenuated only vasodilation induced by electrical stimulation. This model is likely to prove useful in dissecting elements of the trigeminovascular system and for exploring pathophysiological aspects of migraine, especially in future studies using transgenic mice with mutations relevant to those observed in patients with migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Viana M, Terrazzino S, Genazzani AA, Grieco GS, Cargnin S, Santorelli FM, Pierelli F, Tassorelli C, Nappi G, Di Lorenzo C. Pharmacogenomics of episodic migraine: time has come for a step forward. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:541-9. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is characterized by heterogeneous behavior in response to drugs. Many resources have been invested in attempting to unravel the genetic basis of migraine, while the role of genetics in responses to currently available drugs has received less attention. We performed a systematic literature search identifying original articles pertaining to pharmacogenomics of episodic migraine. Few primary studies on the pharmacogenomics of symptomatic and preventive medication in episodic migraine were found. The number of patients studied in the individual articles ranged from 40 up to 130. There was a strong heterogeneity among these studies. We believe that pharmacogenomics studies, if properly designed, could contribute towards optimizing the treatment and reducing the burden of migraine, in turn helping patients and optimizing resources. Our knowledge on the pharmacogenomics of migraine is growing too slowly, and concerted measures should be undertaken to speed up the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Viana
- Headache Science Centre, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Armando A Genazzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, “A. Avogadro” University, Novara, Italy
| | - Gaetano S Grieco
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sarah Cargnin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, “A. Avogadro” University, Novara, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine & Neurodegenerative Diseases – IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science Centre, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- Brain & Behavior Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nappi
- Headache Science Centre, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yilmaz IA, Ozge A, Erdal ME, Edgünlü TG, Cakmak SE, Yalin OO. Cytokine polymorphism in patients with migraine: some suggestive clues of migraine and inflammation. PAIN MEDICINE 2010; 11:492-7. [PMID: 20113413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are contrasting results obtained in migraineurs concerning the levels and the role of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, the association of the occurrence and clinical characteristics of migraine with the polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) -308 G/A (rs1800629), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) +4845 G/T (rs17561), IL-1beta+3953 C/T (rs1143634) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist variable number tandem repeat (IL-1RA VNTR) genes were studied. We also investigated the genetic linkage between these genes. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS Sixty-seven patients with migraine without aura (MwoA) and 96 unrelated, age- and sex-matched migraine-free, healthy control subjects from the same geographic area were investigated. RESULTS We observed significant differences in the genotypic distribution of the TNF-alpha-308 G/A and IL-1beta+3953 C/T polymorphism for migraineurs compared with controls (P = 0.004). Frequency of the TNF-alpha-308 GG genotype was higher in the control group than MwoA group (82.1% vs 55.2%). Differences in the distribution of the allele frequencies were also observed, being the TNF-alpha-308 G allele overrepresented in control group and TNF-alpha-308 A allele in MwoA group. In addition, there was a significant increase of the IL-1beta+3953 T allele in MwoA cases compared with controls (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the present results indicate the possible contribution of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta gene polymorphisms to migraine headache generation in MwoA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Arda Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
JUHASZ GABRIELLA, ZSOMBOK TEREZIA, LASZIK ANDRAS, GONDA XENIA, SOTONYI PETER, FALUDI GABOR, BAGDY GYORGY. ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF5-HTTLPRVARIANTS, 5-HT2ARECEPTOR GENE102T/CPOLYMORPHISM AND MIGRAINE. J Neurogenet 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/neg.17.2-3.231.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Fang X, Xu N, Ren S. Cloning, sequencing and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms of partial sequence on the porcine CACNA1S gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:317-25. [PMID: 18368309 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CACNA1S gene encodes the alpha1 subunit of the calcium channel. The mutation of CACNA1S gene can cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoKPP) and maliglant hyperthermia synarome (MHS) in human beings. Current research on CACNA1S was mainly in human being and model animal, but rarely in livestock and poultry. In this study, Yorkshire pigs (23), Pietrain pigs (30), Jinhua pigs (115) and the second generation (126) of crossbred of Jinhua and Pietrain were used. Primers were designed according to the sequence of human CACNA1S gene and PCR was carried out using pig genome DNA. PCR products were sequenced and compared with that of human, and then single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated by PCR-SSCP, while PCR-RFLP tests were performed to validate the mutations. Results indicated: (1) the 5211 bp DNA fragments of porcine CACNA1S gene were acquired (GenBank accession number: DQ767693 ) and the identity of the exon region was 82.6% between human and pig; (2) fifty-seven mutations were found within the cloned sequences, among which 24 were in exon region; (3) the results of PCR-RFLP were in accordance with that of PCR-SSCP. According to the EST of porcine CACNA1S gene published in GenBank (Bx914582, Bx666997), 8 of the 11 SNPs identified in the present study were consistent with the base difference between two EST fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoMin Fang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tfelt-Hansen P, Brøsen K. Pharmacogenomics and migraine: possible implications. J Headache Pain 2008; 9:13-8. [PMID: 18217199 PMCID: PMC3476174 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is the science about how inherited factors influence the effects of drugs. Drug response is always a result of mutually interacting genes with important modifications from environmental and constitutional factors. Based on the genetic variability of pharmacokinetic and in some cases pharmacodynamic variability we mention possible implications for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. Pharmacogenomics will most likely in the future be one part of our therapeutic armamentarium and will provide a stronger scientific basis for optimizing drug therapy on the basis of each patient’s genetic constitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup 2600, Denmark,
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations. J Headache Pain 2007; 8:334-9. [PMID: 18058067 PMCID: PMC2779399 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Although family and twin studies show that there is a genetic component in migraine, no genes predisposing to common forms of the disorder, migraine with and without aura, have been identified. Patients with migraine respond differently to a given drug administered. The efficacy of therapy and the occurrence of adverse drug response are a consequence of individual variability. Genetic profiling of predisposition to migraine should facilitate the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The development of International Hap Map project could provide a powerful tool for identification of the candidate genes in this complex disease and pharmacogenomics research could be the promise for individualized treatments and prevention of adverse drug response.
Collapse
|
9
|
Asuni C, Cherchi A, Congiu D, Piccardi MP, Del Zompo M, Stochino ME. Association study between clinical response to rizatriptan and some candidate genes. J Headache Pain 2007; 8:185-9. [PMID: 17563839 PMCID: PMC3476140 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-007-0388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test genetic differences in the clinical response to rizatriptan in patients affected by migraine without aura. These genetic differences could be explained by various genes, the HTR1B, encoding the 5-HT1 receptor subtype, MAOA gene that encodes the monoamino-oxidase, the main metabolic enzyme of this triptan, SLC6A4 (gene encoding the serotonin transporter) and DRD2 (gene encoding the D2 receptor), both involved in the pathogenesis of migraine. Fifty unrelated patients affected by migraine without aura (IHS) were included. Patients were divided into two groups (responders and non-responders) according to clinical response. Thirty-one out of fifty patients responded to rizatriptan. A significant difference among the two groups was observed in both allele (p=0.02) and genotype distribution (p=0.03) of DRD2/NcoI. The significant association with the DRD2/NcoI polymorphism in responders suggested that the DRD2/NcoI C allele may be considered a susceptibility factor heralding a good response to rizatriptan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Asuni
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Neurosciences B.B. Brodie, University of Galiari, P.O. San Giovanni di Dio, Via Ospedale 46, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Samsam M, Coveñas R, Ahangari R, Yajeya J, Narváez J. Role of neuropeptides in migraine: where do they stand in the latest expert recommendations in migraine treatment? Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Arulmani U, Gupta S, VanDenBrink AM, Centurión D, Villalón CM, Saxena PR. Experimental migraine models and their relevance in migraine therapy. Cephalalgia 2006; 26:642-59. [PMID: 16686903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the understanding of migraine pathophysiology is incomplete, it is now well accepted that this neurovascular syndrome is mainly due to a cranial vasodilation with activation of the trigeminal system. Several experimental migraine models, based on vascular and neuronal involvement, have been developed. Obviously, the migraine models do not entail all facets of this clinically heterogeneous disorder, but their contribution at several levels (molecular, in vitro, in vivo) has been crucial in the development of novel antimigraine drugs and in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology. One important vascular in vivo model, based on an assumption that migraine headache involves cranial vasodilation, determines porcine arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow. Other models utilize electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion/nerve to study neurogenic dural inflammation, while the superior sagittal sinus stimulation model takes into account the transmission of trigeminal nociceptive input in the brainstem. More recently, the introduction of integrated models, namely electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or systemic administration of capsaicin, allows studying the activation of the trigeminal system and its effect on the cranial vasculature. Studies using in vitro models have contributed enormously during the preclinical stage to characterizing the receptors in cranial blood vessels and to studying the effects of several putative antimigraine agents. The aforementioned migraine models have advantages as well as some limitations. The present review is devoted to discussing various migraine models and their relevance to antimigraine therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Arulmani
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute COEUR, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Colson NJ, Lea RA, Quinlan S, Griffiths LR. No role for estrogen receptor 1 gene intron 1 Pvu II and exon 4 C325G polymorphisms in migraine susceptibility. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:12. [PMID: 16504171 PMCID: PMC1431511 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background We have previously reported an association between the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene exon 8 G594A polymorphism and migraine susceptibility in two independent Australian cohorts. In this paper we report results of analysis of two further single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ESR1 gene in the same study group, the T/C Pvu II SNP in intron 1 and the C325G SNP in exon 4, as well as results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis on these markers. Methods We investigated these variants by case-control association analysis in a cohort of 240 migraineurs and 240 matched controls. The SNPs were genotyped using specific restriction enzyme assays. Results were analysed using contingency table methods incorporating the chi-squared statistic. LD results are presented as D' statistics with associated P values. Results We found no evidence for association of the Pvu II T/C polymorphism and the C325G polymorphism and migraine susceptibility and no evidence for LD between these two SNPs and the previously implicated exon 8 G594A marker. Conclusion We have found no role for the polymorphisms in intron 1 and exon 4 with migraine susceptibility. To further investigate our previously implicated exon 8 marker, we suggest the need for studies with a high density of polymorphisms be undertaken, with particular focus on markers in LD with the exon 8 marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Colson
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland, 9726, Australia
| | - Rod A Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland, 9726, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Porirua Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sharon Quinlan
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland, 9726, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, PMB 50, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland, 9726, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Curtain R, Sundholm J, Lea R, Ovcaric M, MacMillan J, Griffiths L. Association analysis of a highly polymorphic CAG Repeat in the human potassium channel gene KCNN3 and migraine susceptibility. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 6:32. [PMID: 16162291 PMCID: PMC1236929 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-6-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a polygenic multifactorial disease, possessing environmental and genetic causative factors with multiple involved genes. Mutations in various ion channel genes are responsible for a number of neurological disorders. KCNN3 is a neuronal small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel gene that contains two polyglutamine tracts, encoded by polymorphic CAG repeats in the gene. This gene plays a critical role in determining the firing pattern of neurons and acts to regulate intracellular calcium channels. METHODS The present association study tested whether length variations in the second (more 3') polymorphic CAG repeat in exon 1 of the KCNN3 gene, are involved in susceptibility to migraine with and without aura (MA and MO). In total 423 DNA samples from unrelated individuals, of which 202 consisted of migraine patients and 221 non-migraine controls, were genotyped and analysed using a fluorescence labelled primer set on an ABI310 Genetic Analyzer. Allele frequencies were calculated from observed genotype counts for the KCNN3 polymorphism. Analysis was performed using standard contingency table analysis, incorporating the chi-squared test of independence and CLUMP analysis. RESULTS Overall, there was no convincing evidence that KCNN3 CAG lengths differ between Caucasian migraineurs and controls, with no significant difference in the allelic length distribution of CAG repeats between the population groups (P = 0.090). Also the MA and MO subtypes did not differ significantly between control allelic distributions (P > 0.05). The prevalence of the long CAG repeat (>19 repeats) did not reach statistical significance in migraineurs (P = 0.15), nor was there a significant difference between the MA and MO subgroups observed compared to controls (P = 0.46 and P = 0.09, respectively), or between MA vs MO (P = 0.40). CONCLUSION This association study provides no evidence that length variations of the second polyglutamine array in the N-terminus of the KCNN3 channel exert an effect in the pathogenesis of migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Curtain
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Sundholm
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rod Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mick Ovcaric
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John MacMillan
- Queensland Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Children's Hospital Health Service District, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyn Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arulmozhi DK, Veeranjaneyulu A, Bodhankar SL. Migraine: Current concepts and emerging therapies. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 43:176-87. [PMID: 16099727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a recurrent incapacitating neurovascular disorder characterized by attacks of debilitating pain associated with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. Migraine affects a substantial fraction of world population and is a major cause of disability in the work place. Though the pathophysiology of migraine is still unclear three major theories proposed with regard to the mechanisms of migraine are vascular (due to cerebral vasodilatation), neurological (abnormal neurological firing which causes the spreading depression and migraine) and neurogenic dural inflammation (release of inflammatory neuropeptides). The modern understanding of the pathogenesis of migraine is based on the concept that it is a neurovascular disorder. The drugs used in the treatment of migraine either abolish the acute migraine headache or aim its prevention. The last decade has witnessed the advent of Sumatriptan and the 'triptan' class of 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists which have well established efficacy in treating migraine. Currently prophylactic treatments for migraine include calcium channel blockers, 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, beta adrenoceptor blockers and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) agonists. Unfortunately, many of these treatments are non specific and not always effective. Despite such progress, in view of the complexity of the etiology of migraine, it still remains undiagnosed and available therapies are underused. In this article, the diverse pieces of evidence that have linked the different theories of migraine with its pathophysiology are reviewed. Furthermore, the present therapeutic targets and futuristic approaches for the acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine, with a special emphasis to calcitonin gene-related peptide, are critically evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Arulmozhi
- New Chemical Entity Research, Lupin Research Park, Village Nande, Taluk Mulshi, Pune 411 042, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arulmozhi DK, Veeranjaneyulu A, Bodhankar SL, Arora SK. Effect of Sapindus trifoliatus on hyperalgesic in vivo migraine models. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:469-75. [PMID: 15761628 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapies have offered alternative sources of therapy for migraine and gained much importance in prophylactic treatment. Sapindus trifoliatus is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing wild in south India that belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The pericarp is reported for various medicinal properties. A thick aqueous solution of the pericarp is used for the treatment of hemicrania, hysteria or epilepsy in folklore medicine. We have investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of the lyophilized aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus in animal models predictive of experimental migraine models using morphine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia on the hot-plate test and on 0.3% acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in adult male Swiss albino mice. The extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) increased the licking latency in the hot-plate test when administered i.p. at 10 mg/kg (6.70 +/- 0.39 s in saline control vs 18.76 +/- 0.96 s in S. trifoliatus-treated animals) and significantly (N = 10, P < 0.001) reduced the abdominal constrictions when administered i.p. at 2 and 10 mg/kg (40.20 +/- 1.36 in saline control vs 30.20 +/- 1.33 and 23.00 +/- 0.98 for 2 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). Furthermore, when administered i.p. at 20 and 100 mg/kg, the extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) inhibited the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice (climbing duration 15.75 +/- 5.0 min for saline control vs 11.4 +/- 1.28 and 3.9 +/- 1.71 min for 20 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). In receptor radioligand-binding studies, the extract exhibited affinity towards D2 receptors. The findings suggest that dopamine D2 antagonism could be the mechanism involved in the antihyperalgesic activity of the aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Arulmozhi
- New Chemical Entity Research, Lupin Research Park, Village Nande, Taluk Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Northcott CA, Watts SW. Low [Mg
2+
]
e
Enhances Arterial Spontaneous Tone via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in DOCA-Salt Hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43:125-9. [PMID: 14638620 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000103631.68328.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in low extracellular Mg
2+
concentration ( [Mg
2+
]
e
)–induced aortic contraction, and Mg
2+
deficiency has been associated with hypertension. Moreover, arterial PI3K activity is increased in hypertensive deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt rats. We hypothesized that low [Mg
2+
]
e
activates PI3K, eliciting enhanced vascular contraction, PI3K activity, and norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction. Spontaneous tone was monitored in endothelium-denuded aortic strips from sham and DOCA-salt rats exposed to low Mg
2+
(0.15 mmol/L), high Mg
2+
(4.8 mmol/L), or normal (1.17 mmol/L) physiologic salt solution (PSS) in isolated tissue baths. LY294002 (20 μmol/L), a PI3K inhibitor, or vehicle was added (30 minutes), followed by NE (10
−9
to 3 x10
−-5
mol/L). Low [Mg
2+
]
e
significantly enhanced tone in aortas from DOCA-salt and sham rats compared with normal PSS (DOCA-salt low [Mg
2+
]
e
, +51.5 +7.0 vs DOCA-salt normal PSS, +7.1 +1.4 % of initial phenylephrine [PE] contraction). LY294002 and incubation with high Mg
2+
PSS decreased tone in aortas from DOCA-salt rats (low [Mg
2+
]
e
LY294002, −-87.5 +8.8; normal PSS LY294002, −81.7 +13.7; and high [Mg
2+
]
e
, −31.2 +10.8 % of initial PE contraction). Low [Mg
2+
]
e
leftward-shifted NE-induced aortic contractions in sham and thus matched the shift observed with DOCA (−log EC
50
mol/L: sham PSS, −7.7 +0.1; DOCA-salt PSS, −8.2 +0.1; sham low [Mg
2+
]
e
, −8.2 +0.1; and DOCA-salt low [Mg
2+
]
e
, −8.1 +0.1). Moreover, this shift was inhibited by LY294002. In conclusion, low [Mg
2+
]
e
might activate PI3K, leading to enhanced tone and agonist-induced contraction observed in aortas from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Northcott
- Department of Pharmacology and To-icology, Michigan State University, B445 Life Science Bldg, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. taetscar @msu.edu
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Migraine is a common complex disorder that affects a large portion of the population and thus incurs a substantial economic burden on society. The disorder is characterized by recurrent headaches that are unilateral and usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. The range of clinical characteristics is broad and there is evidence of comorbidity with other neurological diseases, complicating both the diagnosis and management of the disorder. Although the class of drugs known as the triptans (serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) agonists) has been shown to be effective in treating a significant number of patients with migraine, treatment may in the future be further enhanced by identifying drugs that selectively target molecular mechanisms causing susceptibility to the disease.Genetically, migraine is a complex familial disorder in which the severity and susceptibility of individuals is most likely governed by several genes that may be different among families. Identification of the genomic variants involved in genetic predisposition to migraine should facilitate the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Genetic profiling, combined with our knowledge of therapeutic response to drugs, should enable the development of specific, individually-tailored treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Rogers
- Genomics Research Centre, Griffith University Gold Coast, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Southport, Queensland 9726, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adan RA, Vink T. Drug target discovery by pharmacogenetics: mutations in the melanocortin system and eating disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11:483-90. [PMID: 11704425 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the genetic defect underlying the obese phenotype of the viable yellow mouse, ectopic overexpression of the agouti protein which acts as antagonist at the melanocortin-4 receptor, together with the demonstration that the brain melanocortin system was one major downstream effector pathway of leptin signaling has put forward melanocortin receptors as drug targets for obesity. The lack of compounds acting as melanocortin receptor antagonists was the reason why pharmacological studies had not recognized melanocortin receptors as important drug targets earlier. Blockade of brain melanocortin receptors results in increased food intake and body weight, whereas stimulation of the brain melanocortin system results in decreased food intake and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by decreased body weight and food intake accompanied by changes in neuroendocrine systems such as strong activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Since agouti-related protein suppresses the activity of the melanocortin system, the AgRP gene was investigated as candidate gene in anorexia nervosa. One variant of the AgRP gene was associated with anorexia nervosa, thus putting forward melanocortin receptor blockade as putative pharmacotherapy. Investigating variations in candidate genes in disease populations appears to be a fruitful approach towards the identification of drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Adan
- Section Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|