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van Weperen VYH, Vos MA, Ajijola OA. Autonomic modulation of ventricular electrical activity: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:659-676. [PMID: 34591191 PMCID: PMC8629778 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to provide a complete overview of the current stance and recent developments in antiarrhythmic neuromodulatory interventions, focusing on lifethreatening vetricular arrhythmias. METHODS Both preclinical studies and clinical studies were assessed to highlight the gaps in knowledge that remain to be answered and the necessary steps required to properly translate these strategies to the clinical setting. RESULTS Cardiac autonomic imbalance, characterized by chronic sympathoexcitation and parasympathetic withdrawal, destabilizes cardiac electrophysiology and promotes ventricular arrhythmogenesis. Therefore, neuromodulatory interventions that target the sympatho-vagal imbalance have emerged as promising antiarrhythmic strategies. These strategies are aimed at different parts of the cardiac neuraxis and directly or indirectly restore cardiac autonomic tone. These interventions include pharmacological blockade of sympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, cardiac sympathetic denervation, thoracic epidural anesthesia, and spinal cord and vagal nerve stimulation. CONCLUSION Neuromodulatory strategies have repeatedly been demonstrated to be highly effective and very promising anti-arrhythmic therapies. Nevertheless, there is still much room to gain in our understanding of neurocardiac physiology, refining the current neuromodulatory strategic options and elucidating the chronic effects of many of these strategic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y H van Weperen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA
| | - Marc A Vos
- Department of Medical Physiology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center, UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, 100 Medical Plaza, Suite 660, Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.
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Ajijola OA, Chatterjee NA, Gonzales MJ, Gornbein J, Liu K, Li D, Paterson DJ, Shivkumar K, Singh JP, Herring N. Coronary Sinus Neuropeptide Y Levels and Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Stable Chronic Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 5:318-325. [PMID: 31876927 PMCID: PMC6990798 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Question Is the adrenergic cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) associated with outcomes in patients with stable heart failure (HF)? Findings In a cohort of patients with stable HF undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation, coronary sinus blood was sampled for NPY levels. A threshold level of NPY was identified, which was associated with death, heart transplant, and ventricular assist device placement; molecular studies on human sympathetic neurons indicated increased release of NPY in HF patients. Meaning Using NPY, hyperadrenergic activation associated with adverse outcomes may be identifiable in patients with stable HF. Importance Chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with increased sympathetic drive and may increase expression of the cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) within sympathetic neurons. Objective To determine whether myocardial NPY levels are associated with outcomes in patients with stable CHF. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective observational cohort study conducted at a single-center, tertiary care hospital. Stable patients with heart failure undergoing elective cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation between 2013 and 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Chronic heart failure hospitalization, death, orthotopic heart transplantation, and ventricular assist device placement. Results Coronary sinus (CS) blood samples were obtained during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation in 105 patients (mean [SD] age 68 [12] years; 82 men [78%]; mean [SD] left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 26% [7%]). Clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were collected prospectively. Stellate ganglia (SG) were collected from patients with CHF and control organ donors for molecular analysis. Mean (SD) CS NPY levels were 85.1 (31) pg/mL. On bivariate analyses, CS NPY levels were associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; rs = −0.36, P < .001); N-terminal–pro hormone brain natriuretic peptide (rs = 0.33; P = .004), and LV diastolic dimension (rs = −0.35; P < .001), but not age, LVEF, functional status, or CRT response. Adjusting for GFR, age, and LVEF, the hazard ratio for event-free (death, cardiac transplant, or left ventricular assist device) survival for CS NPY ≥ 130 pg/mL was 9.5 (95% CI, 2.92-30.5; P < .001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significantly reduced NPY protein (mean [SD], 13.7 [7.6] in the cardiomyopathy group vs 31.4 [3.7] in the control group; P < .001) in SG neurons from patients with CHF while quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated similar mRNA levels compared with control individuals, suggesting increased release from SG neurons in patients with CHF. Conclusions and Relevance The CS levels of NPY may be associated with outcomes in patients with stable CHF undergoing CRT irrespective of CRT response. Increased neuronal traffic and release may be the mechanism for elevated CS NPY levels in patients with CHF. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01949246
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujimi A Ajijola
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Matthew J Gonzales
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jeffrey Gornbein
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kun Liu
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Dan Li
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - David J Paterson
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Neil Herring
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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Pankajakshan D, Jia G, Pipinos I, Tyndall SH, Agrawal DK. Neuropeptide Y receptors in carotid plaques of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: effect of inflammatory cytokines. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 90:280-6. [PMID: 21352822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cytokines released by the immune cells at the site of plaque milieu induce smooth muscle cell apoptosis to promote plaque instability. But, neuropeptide Y (NPY), a pleotropic factor, may modulate the effects of cytokines in atherosclerotic plaques of patients with carotid stenosis. Our aim was to investigate the relative expression of NPY-Y1, NPY-Y2 and NPY-Y5 receptors on carotid plaque vascular smooth muscle cells (pVSMCs) of symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) patients and examine the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the expression of NPY receptors, that may attenuate plaque rupture. METHODS AND RESULTS In healthy carotid artery, there were significantly increased immunopositivity and increased mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5 receptors in thin sections and isolated VSMCs, respectively, compared to S and AS plaques. However, the NPY-Y2 expression was higher in S and AS pVSMCs than controls. Stimulation of the cells with TNF-α, IL-12 or IFN-γ (50 ng/ml) decreased mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5 and increased NPY-Y2 mRNAs in VSMCs of healthy carotid artery. The effect of the cytokines on mRNA transcripts of NPY-Y5 and NPY-Y2 in pVSMCs of S and AS patients was similar to healthy VSMCs, but with variable effect on NPY-Y1. CONCLUSION Increased expression of NPY-Y2 receptors in symptomatic pVSMCs than in healthy and asymptomatic subjects suggests a potential role of NPY-Y2 in plaque instability. This is further supported by the pronounced effect of atheroma-associated cytokines to increase NPY-Y2 mRNA transcripts in pVSMCs of patients with carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pankajakshan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Fang Q, Liu Q, Li N, Jiang TN, Li YL, Yan X, Wang R. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous administered 26RFa, a novel RFamide peptide ligand for GPR103, in anaesthetised rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Y2 receptor gene variants reduce the risk of hypertension in obese children and adolescents. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1590-4. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32830413ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Neuropeptide Y. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Winaver J, Abassi Z. Role of neuropeptide Y in the regulation of kidney function. EXS 2005:123-32. [PMID: 16383002 DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7417-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence in the mammalian kidney of NPY and at least one of its receptor subtypes has been proven by several independent methodologies. Also, numerous studies using physiological and pharmacological approaches indicated that this peptide has the capacity to alter renal function. In particular, these studies suggest that NPY may exert renal vasoconstrictor and tubular actions that are species dependent, and may also influence renin secretion by the kidney. The question whether NPY plays an important role in the physiological regulation of renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion, remains largely unanswered at present. No major impairments in renal function have been reported in genetically models deficient in NPY or its Y1 receptor. Thus, additional studies are required to elucidate the role of NPY in the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Winaver
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, The B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, IIT, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Wultsch T, Painsipp E, Donner S, Sperk G, Herzog H, Peskar BA, Holzer P. Selective increase of dark phase water intake in neuropeptide-Y Y2 and Y4 receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2005; 168:255-60. [PMID: 16364461 PMCID: PMC4370833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 11/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is involved in the regulation of ingestive behaviour and energy homeostasis. Since deletion of the NPY Y2 and Y4 receptor gene increases and decreases food intake, respectively, we examined whether water intake during the light and dark phases is altered in Y2 and Y4 receptor knockout mice. The water consumption of mice staying in their home cages was measured by weighing the water bottles at the beginning and end of the light phase during 4 consecutive days. Control, Y2 and Y4 receptor knockout mice did not differ in their water intake during the light phase. However, during the dark phase Y2 and Y4 receptor knockout mice drank significantly more (46-63%, P<0.05) water than the control mice. The total daily water intake over 24 h was also enhanced. The enhanced water intake during the dark phase was not altered by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol or the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan (each injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg). These data indicate that NPY acting via Y2 and Y4 receptors plays a distinctive role in the regulation of nocturnal water consumption. While beta-adrenoceptors and angiotensin AT1 receptors do not seem to be involved, water intake in Y2 and Y4 receptor knockout mice may be enhanced because presynaptic autoinhibition of NPY release and inhibition of orexin neurons in the central nervous system are prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wultsch
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Evelin Painsipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Donner
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neurobiology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernhard A. Peskar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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Costoli T, Sgoifo A, Stilli D, Flugge G, Adriani W, Laviola G, Fuchs E, Pedrazzini T, Musso E. Behavioural, neural and cardiovascular adaptations in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:113-23. [PMID: 15652259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is primarily synthesised and released by neurones, it is co-localised with noradrenaline and is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In a mouse model lacking NPY Y1 receptor (KO), the ability of NPY to potentiate noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction is abolished during stress but normal in baseline conditions, locomotor activity and metabolic rate are lowered, blood insulin levels and glucose storage activity are increased. The present study was aimed at further characterising NPY Y1 mutants, with special emphasis on: behavioural responses to novelty seeking and open-field with objects tests, heart rate responsiveness during acute social defeat, alpha2-adrenoceptor (alpha2-ARs) function in brain areas involved in cardiovascular regulation, and cardiac structure. As compared to wild-type controls (n=9), NPY Y1 KOs (n=9) showed: reduced somatomotor activation during non-social challenges, lower heart rate in baseline conditions, larger heart rate responsiveness during social defeat, increased number of alpha2-ARs in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (nX) and the locus coeruleus (LC), moderately larger volume fraction of myocardial fibrosis. The remarkable increment of alpha2-adrenoceptor density in the nX and LC allows to view KO mice behavioural and anatomo-physiological peripheral characteristics as 'adaptations' to central adrenergic rearrangement due to NPY Y1 receptor deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Costoli
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Barceló A, Barbé F, Llompart E, de la Peña M, Durán-Cantolla J, Ladaria A, Bosch M, Guerra L, Agustí AGN. Neuropeptide Y and Leptin in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:183-7. [PMID: 15516536 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200405-579oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and leptin are two peptides involved in the regulation of body weight, energy balance, and sympathetic tone. This study investigates the independent role of apneas and obesity on NPY and leptin plasma levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). To this end we compared their values in 23 obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m2) and 24 nonobese (body mass index < 27 kg/m2) patients with OSAS, and in 19 obese and 18 nonobese control subjects without OSAS. Patients who used continuous positive airway pressure for more than 4 hours/night were reexamined 3 and 12 months later. We found that NPY levels were increased (p < 0.01) in patients with OSAS independently of obesity. Leptin levels were also increased in OSAS but this was mostly associated to obesity. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduced NPY levels in all patients and leptin levels only in nonobese patients (p < 0.01). We concluded that NPY and leptin plasma levels are increased in patients with OSAS. Yet, whereas the former appear independent of obesity, the latter are mostly associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Barceló
- Servei de Anàlisis Cliniques and Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Son Dureta, Institut Universitari de Ciencies de la Salut, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Groneberg DA, Folkerts G, Peiser C, Chung KF, Fischer A. Neuropeptide Y (NPY). Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004; 17:173-80. [PMID: 15219262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY) have long been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. NPY is a 36 amino acid neuropeptide which participates in the regulation of a large number of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the cardiorespiratory system, immune system, nervous system and endocrine system. Serum levels of NPY are increased during exacerbations of asthma, whereas the number of NPY-immunoreactive nerves in the airways remains constant in the airways of patients with inflammatory airway diseases such asthma or rhinitis. Next to a role in the regulation of glandular activity, NPY exerts a major influence on humoral and cellular immune functions. In this respect, NPY is known to modulate potent immunological effects such as immune cell distribution, T helper cell differentiation, mediator release, or natural killer cell activation. In addition to these direct effects, NPY also acts as an immunomodulator by influencing the effects of a variety of other neurotransmitters. Whereas the peptide has been focused for therapeutic options in the central nervous system, a potential use in the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory disorders has not been revealed so far due to the complex pulmonary effects of NPY. However, since selective antagonists and agonists and gene-depleted animals for the different receptors are now available, NPY may be of value for future strategies in airway nerve modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Groneberg
- Division of Allergy Research, Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
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Mele P, Oberto A, Serra M, Pisu MG, Floris I, Biggio G, Eva C. Increased expression of the gene for the Y1 receptor of neuropeptide Y in the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus of Y1R/LacZ transgenic mice in response to restraint stress. J Neurochem 2004; 89:1471-8. [PMID: 15189350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sustained increase in the brain concentrations of neuroactive steroids was previously shown to induce Y1 receptor gene expression in the amygdala of Y1R/LacZ transgenic mice which harbour a construct comprising the murine Y1 receptor gene promoter and the lacZ reporter gene. We now investigated the effects of restraint stress on both the cerebrocortical concentrations of neuroactive steroids and Y1 receptor gene expression in the amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of Y1R/LacZ transgenic mice. The cerebrocortical concentrations of allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone were significantly increased immediately after a 1-h exposure to restraint stress and had returned to control values within 30 min. Expression of Y1R/LacZ was increased in the amygdala and PVN 6 h after restraint. The 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride, that prevented the increase in neuroactive steroid concentrations, did not block that in transgene expression induced by 1-h restraint. Daily exposure to restraint for 10 days also increased the cerebrocortical concentrations of neuroactive steroids but failed to affect transgene expression. Acute but not repeated restraint thus increases Y1 receptor gene expression in the amygdala and PVN, suggesting that tolerance develops towards this stressor. The effect of acute restraint is not mediated by the increase in the brain concentrations of neuroactive steroids but may rather reflect a ligand-induced increase in Y1 receptor gene transcription. Data support a role of Y1 receptors in the behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mele
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Farmacologia e Medicina Legale, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 12, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Bonaventure P, Nepomuceno D, Mazur C, Lord B, Rudolph DA, Jablonowski JA, Carruthers NI, Lovenberg TW. Characterization of N-(1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)-3-(3-cyano-phenyl)-N-[1-(2-cyclopentyl-ethyl)-piperidin-4yl]acrylamide (JNJ-5207787), a small molecule antagonist of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:1130-7. [PMID: 14617685 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro pharmacological properties of N-(1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)-3-(3-cyano-phenyl)-N-[1-(2-cyclopentyl-ethyl)-piperidin-4yl]-acrylamide (JNJ-5207787), a novel neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor (Y(2)) antagonist, were evaluated. JNJ-5207787 inhibited the binding of peptide YY (PYY) to human Y(2) receptor in KAN-Ts cells (pIC(50) = 7.00 +/- 0.10) and to rat Y(2) receptors in rat hippocampus (pIC(50) = 7.10 +/- 0.20). The compound was >100-fold selective versus human Y(1),Y(4), and Y(5) receptors as evaluated by radioligand binding. In vitro receptor autoradiography data in rat brain tissue sections confirmed the selectivity of JNJ-5207787. [(125)I]PYY binding sites sensitive to JNJ-5207787 were found in rat brain regions known to express Y(2) receptor (septum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum), whereas insensitive binding sites were observed in regions known to express Y(1) receptor (cortex and thalamus). JNJ-5207787 was demonstrated to be an antagonist via inhibition of PYY-stimulated guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate binding ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) in KAN-Ts cells (pIC(50) corrected = 7.20 +/- 0.12). This was confirmed auto-radiographically in rat brain sections where PYY-stimulated guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate binding was inhibited by JNJ-5207787 (10 microM) in hypothalamus, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. After intraperitoneal administration in rats (30 mg/kg), JNJ-5207787 penetrated into the brain (C(max) = 1351 +/- 153 ng/ml at 30 min) and occupied Y(2) receptor binding sites as revealed by ex vivo receptor autoradiography. Hence, JNJ-5207787 is a potent and selective pharmacological tool available to establish the potential role of central and peripheral Y(2) receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bonaventure
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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15
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Chu DQ, Cox HM, Costa SKP, Herzog H, Brain SD. The ability of neuropeptide Y to mediate responses in the murine cutaneous microvasculature: an analysis of the contribution of Y1 and Y2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:422-30. [PMID: 12970079 PMCID: PMC1574044 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The ability of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to modulate skin blood flow, oedema formation and neutrophil accumulation was investigated. Experiments were designed to examine the possible contribution of the Y2 receptor, in addition to the Y1 receptor, through use of Y2 receptor knockout mice (Y2-/-) and selective receptor antagonists. 2. The development of a 99mTc clearance technique for the measurement of microvascular blood flow changes in mouse dorsal skin revealed a dose-dependent ability of picomole amounts of NPY, and also of the Y1-preferred agonist Pro34NPY and the Y2-preferred agonist PYY(3-36) to decrease blood flow. 3. The Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 blocked responses to the Y1 agonist at the lower doses, but only partially inhibited at the higher doses tested in Y2+/+. In Y2-/- receptor mice, the responses to the Y2 agonist were abolished at the lower doses and partially reduced at the highest dose tested, while those to the Y1 agonist were similar in both Y2+/+ and Y2-/-receptor mice. 4. In Y2+/+ receptor mice, the simultaneous injection of the Y2 antagonist BIIE0246 with BIBO3304 abolished Y2 agonist-induced decreases in blood flow over the dose range used (10-100 pmol). When the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 was given alone, it was not able to significantly affect the PYY(3-36)-induced response, whereas the Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 partially (P<0.001) inhibited the decrease in blood flow evoked by PYY(3-36) at the highest dose. 5. NPY did not mediate either oedema formation, even when investigated in the presence of the vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or neutrophil accumulation in murine skin. 6. We conclude that the major vasoactive activity of NPY in the cutaneous microvasculature is to act in a potent manner to decrease blood flow via Y1 receptors, with evidence for the additional involvement of postjunctional Y2 receptors. Our results do not provide evidence for a potent proinflammatory activity of NPY in the cutaneous microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Quyen Chu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Helen M Cox
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Soraia K P Costa
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neurobiology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Susan D Brain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
- Author for correspondence:
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Chiba S, Yang XP. Neuroeffector mechanisms involved in the regulation of dog splenic arterial tone. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 92:84-92. [PMID: 12832835 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.92.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized that sympathetic neurons release several transmitters but mainly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Recently, we reported that periarterial nerve electrical stimulation (PNS) produced biphasic vasoconstrictions consisting of an initial transient, predominantly P2X-purinoceptor-mediated constriction followed by a prolonged, alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated one in canine isolated splenic arteries. In this article, we tried to analyze the effects of several selective key drugs that influence the PNS-induced responses, and we functionally showed sympathetic transmitter releasing mechanisms by pharmacological analysis using purinergic, adrenergic, and NPYergic agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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von Eggelkraut-Gottanka R, Machova Z, Grouzmann E, Beck-Sickinger AG. Semisynthesis and characterization of the first analogues of pro-neuropeptide y. Chembiochem 2003; 4:425-33. [PMID: 12740814 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200200546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of prohormone neuropeptide Y (proNPY) leads to mature neuropeptide Y (NPY), a widely distributed neuropeptide with multiple functions both peripherally and centrally. A single dibasic pair of amino acids, Lys38-Arg39, represents the recognition motif for a class of hormone-processing enzymes known as prohormone convertases (PCs). Two members of this PC family, PC1/3 and PC2, are involved in proNPY cleavage. The aim of this work was to establish an effective method for the generation of full-length 69-amino acid proNPY analogues for further studies of prohormone convertase interaction. We have chosen two ligation sites in order to perform the semisynthesis of proNPY analogues by expressed protein ligation (EPL). By using the intein-mediated purification system (IMPACT) with improved conditions for intein splicing, we were able to isolate proNPY 1-40 and proNPY 1-54 fragments as Cterminal thioesters. Peptides bearing Nterminal cysteine instead of the naturally occurring Ser41 and Thr55 residues, respectively, were generated by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Moreover, labels (carboxyfluorescein and biotin) were inserted into the peptide sequences. The synthesis of the [C41]proNPY 41-69 fragment, which proved to be a difficult peptide sequence, could be achieved by the incorporation of two pseudo-proline derivatives. Western blot analysis revealed that all five proNPY analogues are recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against NPY as well as against the Cflanking peptide of NPY (CPON).
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Chiba S, Yang XP. Pharmacological analysis of functional neurovascular transmission in canine splenic arteries: role of neuropeptide Y. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 22:187-97. [PMID: 12656944 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1 The effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) upon the isolated vasculature are reviewed. 2 The vasconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation (PNS) and neurotransmission by noradrenaline (NA) and ATP are discussed and illustrated using canine isolated perfused splenic artery. 3 Modulation of the vascular responses to PNS by NPY via pre- and post-junctional NPY Y2 and Y1 receptors is discussed. 4 Evidence is presented for different alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating vasoconstriction to exogenous and endogenously released NA and their different locations in the neurovascular junction and extrajunctional regions. 5 Activation of NPY Y1-receptors potentiates sympathetic nerve activated alpha1-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction. The proposal that the postjunctional alpha1B adrenoceptor may be linked to the NPY Y1-receptor and is responsible for co-operation between sympathetic and NPYergic interactions in the vasculature is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chiba
- Department of Pharmacology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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