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Kiyokawa Y, Ootaki M, Kambe Y, Tanaka KD, Kimura G, Tanikawa T, Takeuchi Y. Approach/Avoidance Behavior to Novel Objects is Correlated with the Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Systems in the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus). Neuroscience 2024; 549:110-120. [PMID: 38723837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) is known to show three types of behavioral responses to novel objects. Whereas some rats are indifferent to novel objects, neophobic and neophilic rats show avoidance and approach behavior, respectively. Here, we compared the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems immunohistochemically among these rats. Trapped wild rats and laboratory rats were first individually exposed to the novel objects in their home cage. Wild rats were divided into neophobic and indifferent rats depending on their behavioral responses. Similarly, laboratory rats were divided into neophilic and indifferent rats. Consistent with the behavioral differences, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, Fos expression in corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons was higher in the neophobic rats than in the indifferent rats. In the anterior basal amygdala, the neophobic rats showed higher Fos expression than the indifferent rats. In the posterior basal amygdala, the neophobic and neophilic rats showed lower and higher Fos expressions than the indifferent rats, respectively. When we compared the neuromodulatory systems, in the dorsal raphe, the number of serotonergic neurons and Fos expression in serotonergic neurons increased linearly from neophobic to indifferent to neophilic rats. In the ventral tegmental area, Fos expression in dopaminergic neurons was higher in the neophilic rats than in the indifferent rats. These results demonstrate that approach/avoidance behavior to novel objects is correlated with the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brown rat. We propose that the serotonergic system suppresses avoidance behavior while the dopaminergic system enhances approach behavior to novel objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kiyokawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Masato Ootaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kambe
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co. Ltd, 1-12-3 Akanehama, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki D Tanaka
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co. Ltd, 1-12-3 Akanehama, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Goro Kimura
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co. Ltd, 1-12-3 Akanehama, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanikawa
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Shodoku Co. Ltd, 1-12-3 Akanehama, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0024, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Wongsaengchan C, McCafferty DJ, Lennox K, Nager RG, McKeegan DEF. Non-invasive assessment of positive affective state using infra-red thermography in rats. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e66. [PMID: 38510988 PMCID: PMC10951672 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
With recent increased focus on positive welfare in animal welfare science, there is demand for objective positive welfare indicators. It is unclear whether changes in body surface temperature can be used to non-invasively identify and quantify positive states in mammals. We recorded continuous measurements of tail surface temperature using infra-red thermography (IRT) and concurrent behavioural observations in male and female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). If tail surface temperature can differentiate between positive and negative experiences, we expect a qualitatively different response compared to negative experiences. Three groups of rats were presented with increasing magnitudes of food rewards (neutral/none, one and three rewards). The rats were placed in an arena to which they were habituated and filmed for 30 s before and 30 min after exposure to different rewards. Tail temperature initially decreased from the pre-reward baseline and subsequently returned towards baseline temperature. The overall pattern of the change was the same as for rats subjected to negative stimuli in previous studies. Nevertheless, dynamic changes in tail temperature, specifically the rate of recovery and the behavioural response (exploration), differed between neutral and rewarded rats but failed to distinguish reward magnitude. Sex differences were found in both thermal and behavioural responses, unrelated to reward magnitudes. Female rats exhibited a greater initial response with a slower recovery than male rats, emphasising the value of using of both sexes in animal welfare research. This study improves our understanding of the effects of positive emotions induced by food reward on peripheral body temperature and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanakarn Wongsaengchan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Katie Lennox
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ruedi G Nager
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dorothy EF McKeegan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
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Wongsaengchan C, McCafferty DJ, Evans NP, McKeegan DEF, Nager RG. Body surface temperature of rats reveals both magnitude and sex differences in the acute stress response. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114138. [PMID: 36871696 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how biological markers of stress relate to stressor magnitude is much needed and can be used in welfare assessment. Changes in body surface temperature can be measured using infrared thermography (IRT) as a marker of a physiological response to acute stress. While an avian study has shown that changes in body surface temperature can reflect the intensity of acute stress, little is known about surface temperature responses to stressors of different magnitudes and its sex-specificity in mammals, and how they correlate with hormonal and behavioural responses. We used IRT to collect continuous surface temperature measurements of tail and eye of adult male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus), for 30 minutes after exposure to one of three stressors (small cage, encircling handling or rodent restraint cone) for one minute, and cross-validated the thermal response with plasma corticosterone (CORT) and behavioural assessment. To obtain individual baseline temperatures and thermal responses to stress, rats were imaged in a test arena (to which they were habituated) for 30 seconds before and 30 minutes after being exposed to the stressor. In response to the three stressors, tail temperature initially decreased and then recovered to, or overshot the baseline temperature. Tail temperature dynamics differed between stressors; being restrained in the small cage was associated with the smallest drop in temperature, in male rats, and the fastest thermal recovery, in both sexes. Increases in eye temperature only distinguished between stressors early in the response and only in females. The post stressor increase in eye temperature was greater in the right eye of males and the left eye of females. In both sexes encircling may have been associated with the fastest increase in CORT. These results were in line with observed behavioural changes, with greater movement in rats exposed to the small cage and higher immobility after encircling. The female tail and eye temperature, as well as the CORT concentrations did not return to pre-stressor levels in the observation period, in conjunction with the greater occurrence of escape-related behaviours in female rats. These results suggest that female rats are more vulnerable to acute restraint stress compared to male rats and emphasise the importance of using both sexes in future investigations of stressor magnitude. This study demonstrates that acute stress induced changes in mammalian surface temperature measured with IRT relate to the magnitude of restraint stress, indicate sex differences and correlate with hormonal and behavioural responses. Thus, IRT has the potential to become a non-invasive method of continuous welfare assessment in unrestrained mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanakarn Wongsaengchan
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J McCafferty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Rowardennan, G63 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Evans
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Jarrett Building, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Jarrett Building, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ruedi G Nager
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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Corder KM, Hoffman JM, Sogorovic A, Austad SN. Behavioral comparison of the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain and their CB6F1 siblings. Behav Processes 2023; 207:104836. [PMID: 36720324 PMCID: PMC10184519 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of basic biomedical research studies are conducted using genetically defined, inbred mouse strains. The C57BL/6 mouse strain is the most widely used genetic background in current rodent research. The rationale for using inbred strains is that all individuals are genetically identical with minimal phenotypic variation, allowing for more statistically powerful analyses. F1 hybrids between two inbred strains are also genetically identical to one another but are heterozygous at every locus at which the parental strains differ rather than homozygous. Both theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that this heterozygosity in F1 hybrids allow for potentially greater resilience in response to the inevitable stresses of laboratory environments. The purpose of this study was to characterize the differences in commonly used tests of physical performance (forelimb grip strength and rotarod) and anxiety-like behavior between the F1 hybrids created from BALB/c females mated to C57BL/6 males (called CB6F1 mice) and one of its parental strains, C57BL/6. We used a natural cross-fostering breeding scheme to minimize maternal care effects and emphasize the effects of genetic differences. We found significant correlations between anxiety-like behavioral measures and physical performance measures which are not traditionally associated with anxiety-like behavior, and which differ between strains. Findings from this study should be taken into consideration when designing behavioral studies and choosing model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn M Corder
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Samford University, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 800 Lakeshore Dr, Homewood, AL 35229.
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Anamarija Sogorovic
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Steven N Austad
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Lee GH, Kim K, Jo W. Stress Evaluation of Mouse Husbandry Environments for Improving Laboratory Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:249. [PMID: 36670789 PMCID: PMC9854663 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is recognized as essential for the coexistence of humans and animals. Considering the increased demand and interest in animal welfare, many methods for improving animal welfare are being devised, but which method reduces animal stress has not been scientifically verified. Therefore, reducing animal stress by providing a proper breeding environment and environmental enrichment can be the basis for animal study. In this study, stress levels were assessed based on the mouse-breeding environment. We considered that the higher the body weight and the lower the corticosterone concentration, the lower the stress. According to the results, animals in the individual ventilation cages were determined to have lower serum cortisol concentrations, while the body weight of the animals was increased when in individual ventilation cages compared with individual isolated cages and when providing environmental enrichment compared with group breeding or not providing environmental enrichment. The results provide appropriate guidelines for improving laboratory animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Hoon Lee
- Preclinical Research Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - KilSoo Kim
- Preclinical Research Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jo
- Preclinical Research Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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Effects of Music and Preoperative Education on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Patients' Anxiety. J Perianesth Nurs 2022; 37:807-814. [PMID: 35760716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of music and preoperative education on anxiety, physiological responses, length of hospital stay, and quality of life in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) patients. DESIGN This was a non-randomized quasi-experimental study. METHODS For this study, 214 patients were separated into an experimental and control group. A dual intervention using preoperative education and a CD with classical Turkish music was applied to the experimental group. The control group was provided with an uninterrupted rest period at the same time. The primary outcome was the difference in anxiety of the patients. Other outcomes included differences in the physiological responses, length of hospital stay, and quality of life. FINDINGS Anxiety decreased in the preoperative and postoperative periods in both groups (P = .000), and patients' anxiety level in the experimental group was lower than the control group (P = .000). The experimental group patients had a decrease in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate in the preoperative period (P = .000), and all physiological responses in the postoperative period were lower than the control group (P = .000). Furthermore, the experimental group's length of hospital stay was shorter (5.8 ± 1 days), and their quality of life was better (P = .000). CONCLUSIONS The dual integrative nursing intervention (music and preoperative education) was effective in reducing anxiety in CABG patients. The results of the study will contribute to nonpharmacological approaches in the management of anxiety in CABG patients.
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Desbonnet L, Konkoth A, Laighneach A, McKernan D, Holleran L, McDonald C, Morris DW, Donohoe G, Kelly J. Dual hit mouse model to examine the long-term effects of maternal immune activation and post-weaning social isolation on schizophrenia endophenotypes. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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van Hagen BTJ, van Goethem NP, Nelissen E, Paes D, Koymans K, van Hoof S, Schreiber R, Varney M, Newman-Tancredi A, Prickaerts J. Biased 5-HT 1A receptor agonists F13714 and NLX-101 differentially affect pattern separation and neuronal plasticity in rats after acute and chronic treatment. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103719. [PMID: 35283305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern separation is a hippocampal process in which highly similar stimuli are recognized as separate representations, and deficits could lead to memory impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is believed to be involved in these hippocampal pattern separation processes. However, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the 5-HT1AR is expressed as a somatodendritic autoreceptor, negatively regulates serotonergic signaling, and could thereby counteract the effects of hippocampal postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this study aims to identify how pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1AR activity affects pattern separation. Object pattern separation (OPS) performance was measured in male Wistar rats after both acute and chronic treatment (i.p.) with 5-HT1AR biased agonists F13714 (0.0025 mg/kg acutely, 0.02 mg/kg/day chronically) or NLX-101 (0.08 mg/kg acutely, 0.32 mg/kg/day chronically), which preferentially activate autoreceptors or postsynaptic receptors respectively, for 14 days. Body temperature - a functional correlate of hypothalamic 5-HT1AR stimulation - was measured daily. Additionally, 5-HT1AR density (DRN) and plasticity markers (hippocampus) were assessed. Acute treatment with F13714 impaired OPS performance, whereas chronic treatment normalized this, and a drop in body temperature was found from day 4 onwards. NLX-101 enhanced OPS performance acutely and chronically, and caused an acute drop in body temperature. Chronic NLX-101 treatment increased doublecortin positive neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, while chronic treatment with F13714 resulted in a downregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which likely reversed the acute impairment in OPS performance. Chronic treatment with NLX-101 appears to have therapeutic potential to improve brain plasticity and OPS performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt T J van Hagen
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nick P van Goethem
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellis Nelissen
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Koymans
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Scott van Hoof
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudy Schreiber
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Varney
- Neurolixis Inc., Dana Point, California, USA
| | | | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Bicakci AO, Sarkar M, Chang YH, Kahl E, Ragazzi L, Moldes-Anaya A, Fendt M. Anxiolytic-like Effects of the Positive GABAB Receptor Modulator GS39783 Correlate with Mice’s Individual Basal Anxiety and Stress Reactivity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020233. [PMID: 35215345 PMCID: PMC8878184 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor modulators such as GS39783 have showed anxiolytic-like effects in several studies while such effects were absent in other studies. These conflicting findings led us hypothesize that the anxiolytic-like effects of such compounds depend on the individual basal anxiety and/or the anxiogenic properties of the used tests. The present study addresses this hypothesis by testing GS39783 effects on mice’s anxiety-like behavior in a light–dark box. We found that GS39783 had no effects on a whole-group level. However, after grouping the mice for their basal anxiety, GS39783 reduced anxiety-like behavior in the subgroup with highest basal anxiety. Moreover, GS39783 effects correlated with individual basal anxiety. Next, the anxiogenic properties of the light–dark box test were increased by prior stress exposure. Again, GS39783 was not effective on a whole-group level. However, GS39783 had an anxiolytic-like effect in the most stress-responsive subgroup. Moreover, GS39783 effects correlated with individual stress responsiveness. Finally, we show that GS39783 brain levels were within a behaviorally relevant range. Overall, our study demonstrates that GS39783 effects depend on individual basal anxiety and stress responsiveness. This suggests that anxiety tests should generally be designed to capture individual basal anxiety and/or stress responsiveness as well as individual compound effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Oguzhan Bicakci
- Integrative Neuroscience Master Program, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.O.B.); (M.S.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Mousumi Sarkar
- Integrative Neuroscience Master Program, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.O.B.); (M.S.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Yu-Hsin Chang
- Integrative Neuroscience Master Program, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.O.B.); (M.S.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Evelyn Kahl
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Lorenzo Ragazzi
- Neurobiology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Angel Moldes-Anaya
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
- Cyclotron and Radiochemistry Unit, The PET Imaging Center, University Hospital of North Norway, 9038 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-21982
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Laugero KD, Tryon M, Mack C, Caldarone BJ, Hanania T, McGonigle P, Roland BL, Parkes DG. Peripherally administered amylin inhibits stress-like behaviors and enhances cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113668. [PMID: 34863999 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amylin, a 37 amino acid peptide pancreatic hormone co-secreted with insulin, normalizes the altered eating patterns induced by chronic stress in the rat. Because these stress-induced changes are driven, in part, by brain corticotropin-releasing factor and corticosterone, and because alterations in the activity of these molecules and the stress system are commonly associated with neuropsychiatric diseases like anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia, we hypothesized that amylin might mitigate behavioral states associated with stress. Therefore, we tested the effects of rat amylin in rodent-based behavioral assays sensitive to neuropsychiatric drugs, including anxiolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and cognitive enhancing drugs: stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH); marble burying; elevated plus maze (EPM)), forced swim test (FST), pre-pulse inhibition, and phencyclidine-induced locomotion. To assess the neural underpinnings of amylin's anxiolytic-like effects, we examined the effect of amylin on SIH after lesioning the area postrema (AP), which mediates amylin's metabolic effects. Amylin injection (IP, 0.1, 1.0, & 10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased SIH (97% below vehicle) and AP lesions inhibited this effect. Amylin also reduced marble burying (72% below vehicle), but had no effect in the EPM. Together, these effects suggest anxiolytic-like activity or potential. Amylin injection also enhanced cognitive performance in the novel object recognition test. When administered continuously by implanted osmotic pumps, amylin (300 mg/kg/d) blocked SIH when tested at 1 and 4 weeks. Compared to vehicle, amylin infusion (1 and 3 mg/kg/d) reduced the time immobile in the FST (P < 0.05; 30% below vehicle), suggesting antidepressant-like potential. Although further testing is needed, our findings support a potential for peripherally administered amylin to access and benefit pathways that regulate memory, emotion, and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Laugero
- USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis CA 95616 United States; Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis CA 95616 United States.
| | - M Tryon
- MindCraft, Davis CA 95618 United States
| | - C Mack
- Establishment Labs (Motiva USA), New York, NY 10019 United States
| | - B J Caldarone
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115 United States
| | - T Hanania
- PsychoGenics, Inc., Paramus, NJ 07652 United States
| | - P McGonigle
- Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 United States
| | - B L Roland
- DGP Scientific Inc., Del Mar, CA 92014 United States
| | - D G Parkes
- DGP Scientific Inc., Del Mar, CA 92014 United States
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12
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Effect of Music on Stress Parameters in Dogs during a Mock Veterinary Visit. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020187. [PMID: 35049809 PMCID: PMC8772971 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Visits to the vet are stressful for many pet dogs, but less is known about how measures of stress change over the course of a visit. Identifying appropriate measures of canine stress, along with successful interventions which alleviate stress in dogs during a veterinary visit, will be of great benefit to dogs and people. Music therapy has been successfully used to reduce stress and anxiety in people and other animals. Specifically, a process called entrainment, which involves playing music at a particular tempo aimed at synchronizing physiological responses, has been implemented with success in humans. The aim of this study was to examine a range of behavioral and physiological measures in dogs over the duration of a veterinary visit and to establish if bespoke music, which mimicked the tempo of their resting heart rate, could improve wellbeing. The results indicated that certain measures increased over time, indicating that dogs became increasingly stressed. Music was not shown to have a demonstrated effect across measures, suggesting that the stressor may be too extreme for this type of intervention to have a positive effect, or that music therapy requires modification before it can be successful in alleviating stress in dogs during a veterinary visit. Abstract Veterinary visits can be stressful for dogs, but how their wellbeing changes during a visit is not well understood. Music therapy has been successfully used in clinical practice to alleviate stress and anxiety in people. The present study aimed to understand how canine stress changes during a veterinary visit, establish the effect of music, and highlight measures which may be of practical use. In a randomized crossover design, dogs were exposed to no music and a bespoke piece of classical music at a tempo designed to match their resting heart rate during a mock veterinary visit. Dogs were scored as more “afraid” during the physical examination compared to when they were in the hospital kennel (p < 0.001). Salivary cortisol, IgA, and infrared temperature all increased significantly (p < 0.05) from baseline to post-kennel and post-examination, with no effect of music treatment. Core body temperature (p = 0.010) and the odds of ‘relaxed’ lips (p = 0.020) were lower when dogs were exposed to music compared to control visits. Overall, dogs experienced changes in physiology and behavior, indicative of increased stress, over the course of the visit. Additional research is required to further understand the effect that bespoke music may have in alleviating canine stress during veterinary visits.
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Lima PM, Reis TO, Wanner SP, Chianca-Jr DA, Menezes RC. The role of peripheral transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels in stress-induced hyperthermia in rats subjected to an anxiogenic environment. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Stankiewicz A, Kaczorowska K, Bugno R, Kozioł A, Paluchowska MH, Burnat G, Chruścicka B, Chorobik P, Brański P, Wierońska JM, Duszyńska B, Pilc A, Bojarski AJ. New 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with positive mGlu 4 receptor modulation activity and antipsychotic-like properties. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:211-225. [PMID: 34894953 PMCID: PMC8667925 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1998022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the allosteric regulation of mGlu receptors for potential therapeutic applications, we developed a group of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives that displayed mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulatory activity (EC50 = 282–656 nM). Selectivity screening revealed that they were devoid of activity at mGlu1, mGlu2 and mGlu5 receptors, but modulated mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors, thus were classified as group III-preferring mGlu receptor agents. None of the compounds was active towards hERG channels or in the mini-AMES test. The most potent in vitro mGlu4 PAM derivative 52 (N-(3-chloro-4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)picolinamide) was readily absorbed after i.p. administration (male Albino Swiss mice) and reached a maximum brain concentration of 949.76 ng/mL. Five modulators (34, 37, 52, 60 and 62) demonstrated significant anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like properties in the SIH and DOI-induced head twitch test, respectively. Promising data were obtained, especially for N-(4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methylphenyl)picolinamide (62), whose effects in the DOI-induced head twitch test were comparable to those of clozapine and better than those reported for the selective mGlu4 PAM ADX88178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stankiewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczorowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kozioł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria H Paluchowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Burnat
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Chorobik
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Brański
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Duszyńska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Physiological Effects of Azaperone and Midazolam On Netgun-Captured Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus). J Wildl Dis 2021; 58:168-182. [PMID: 34818408 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Netgun capture is a commonly used capture method for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in North America. Mortalities during netgun captures are generally low, and most often caused by direct trauma and occasionally fatal capture myopathy. Capture is a stressful event for a wild animal, and subclinical capture myopathy is difficult to measure. The use of tranquilizers during netgun capture is not widespread. We compared physiologic variables from 250 netgun-captured deer (57 males and 193 females) that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone (mean, 0.14 mg/kg; SD, 0.02 mg/kg; range, 0.08-0.21 mg/kg) at time of capture and before transporting to a processing location, with the goal of evaluating whether drug administration would improve or worsen the physiologic state of the animal. Deer were captured in association with management activities between December 2018 and March 2020, with 132 deer receiving midazolam and azaperone at time of capture. Variables recorded included chase times, time from capture to arrival at the processing location, time from capture to release, serial rectal temperatures, heart rates, respiratory rates, body condition, age, sex, O2 administration, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, packed cell volume, red blood cell concentration, and hemoglobin, as well as serial venous pH, pCO2, HCO3-, and base excess (BE). All animals were collared with GPS tracking devices and monitored after release. There was no difference in survival after capture between deer that did or did not receive midazolam and azaperone. All animals experienced severe metabolic lactic acidosis, which generally worsened with increasing chase time, highlighting the critical importance of limiting chase times during captures. Drug administration did not influence the degree of metabolic acidosis; however, it appeared to have a favorable effect on several stress-related indices, including rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and packed cell volume.
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16
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Tucker LB, McCabe JT. Measuring Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodent Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:682935. [PMID: 34776887 PMCID: PMC8586518 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.682935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a common complaint following acquired traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the measurement of dysfunctional anxiety behavioral states following experimental TBI in rodents is complex. Some studies report increased anxiety after TBI, whereas others find a decreased anxiety-like state, often described as increased risk-taking behavior or impulsivity. These inconsistencies may reflect a lack of standardization of experimental injury models or of behavioral testing techniques. Here, we review the most commonly employed unconditioned tests of anxiety and discuss them in a context of experimental TBI. Special attention is given to the effects of repeated testing, and consideration of potential sensory and motor confounds in injured rodents. The use of multiple tests and alternative data analysis methods are discussed, as well as the potential for the application of common data elements (CDEs) as a means of providing a format for documentation of experimental details and procedures of each published research report. CDEs may improve the rigor, reproducibility, as well as endpoint for better relating findings with clinical TBI phenotypes and the final goal of translation. While this may not resolve all incongruities in findings across laboratories, it is seen as a way forward for standardized and universal data collection for improvement of data quality and sharing, and advance therapies for neuropsychiatric symptoms that often present for decades following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- Preclinical Behavior and Models Core, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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Torres ERS, Stanojlovic M, Zelikowsky M, Bonsberger J, Hean S, Mulligan C, Baldauf L, Fleming S, Masliah E, Chesselet MF, Fanselow MS, Richter F. Alpha-synuclein pathology, microgliosis, and parvalbumin neuron loss in the amygdala associated with enhanced fear in the Thy1-aSyn model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105478. [PMID: 34390837 PMCID: PMC8447919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, non-motor symptoms often precede the development of debilitating motor symptoms and present a severe impact on the quality of life. Lewy bodies containing misfolded α-synuclein progressively develop in neurons throughout the peripheral and central nervous system, which may be correlated with the early development of non-motor symptoms. Among those, increased fear and anxiety is frequent in PD and thought to result from pathology outside the dopaminergic system, which has been the focus of symptomatic treatment to alleviate motor symptoms. Alpha-synuclein accumulation has been reported in the amygdala of PD patients, a brain region critically involved in fear and anxiety. Here we asked whether α-synuclein overexpression alone is sufficient to induce an enhanced fear phenotype in vivo and which pathological mechanisms are involved. Transgenic mice expressing human wild-type α-synuclein (Thy1-aSyn), a well-established model of PD, were subjected to fear conditioning followed by extinction and then tested for extinction memory retention followed by histopathological analysis. Thy1-aSyn mice showed enhanced tone fear across acquisition and extinction compared to wild-type littermates, as well as a trend to less retention of fear extinction. Immunohistochemical analysis of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, a nucleus critically involved in tone fear learning, revealed extensive α-synuclein pathology, with accumulation, phosphorylation, and aggregation of α-synuclein in transgenic mice. This pathology was accompanied by microgliosis and parvalbumin neuron loss in this nucleus, which could explain the enhanced fear phenotype. Importantly, this non-motor phenotype was detected in the pre-clinical phase, prior to dopamine loss in Thy1-aSyn mice, thus replicating observations in patients. Results obtained in this study suggest a possible mechanism by which increased anxiety and maladaptive fear processing may occur in PD, opening a door for therapeutic options and further early biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moriel Zelikowsky
- Department of Psychology, Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Jana Bonsberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sindalana Hean
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caitlin Mulligan
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leonie Baldauf
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sheila Fleming
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany.
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18
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Lubbe C, Harvey BH, Viljoen FP, Meyer L, Wolmarans DW. Forced running-induced rhabdomyolysis in the Sprague-Dawley rat: towards a rodent model of capture myopathy. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:459-465. [PMID: 34570329 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Capture myopathy (CM) is a metabolic disease associated with mortality in mass boma captured (MBC) wildlife. The condition is induced by the forced pursuit, capturing, and restraint of wild animals, although its causal biology remains to be confirmed. A core feature of MBC-CM is rhabdomyolysis, which is associated with myoglobinuria and hyperthermia. Towards developing a translational model of CM-associated rhabdomyolysis, we investigated forced treadmill running to induce physical exhaustion and trigger rhabdomyolysis in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Twenty-four (24) SD rats (12 per sex) were subjected to treadmill habituation in a speed-tiered approach. Forty-eight hours after the last habituation session, one strenuous exercise (SE) session was performed at 75% of the theoretical VO2MAX (30 m/min) until animals reached physical exhaustion. Core and skin surface temperatures were measured before the SE session and after rats reached exhaustion, after which a 1-h-cumulative urine sample was collected, and the myoglobin content assayed. We show that most SE, but not control-exposed (non-exercise) rats presented with myoglobinuria, while core and surface body temperatures in both male and female rats were significantly higher post-exercise. This pre-clinical model framework shows potential for investigating the pathophysiology of MBC-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lubbe
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences and North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences and North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- MRC Unit On Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francois P Viljoen
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences and North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Leith Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Center for Veterinary Wildlife Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences and North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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19
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Verbruggen L, Sprimont L, Bentea E, Janssen P, Gharib A, Deneyer L, De Pauw L, Lara O, Sato H, Nicaise C, Massie A. Chronic Sulfasalazine Treatment in Mice Induces System x c - - Independent Adverse Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625699. [PMID: 34084129 PMCID: PMC8167035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ample evidence for the therapeutic potential of inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− in neurological disorders and in cancer, none of the proposed inhibitors is selective. In this context, a lot of research has been performed using the EMA- and FDA-approved drug sulfasalazine (SAS). Even though this molecule is already on the market for decades as an anti-inflammatory drug, serious side effects due to its use have been reported. Whereas for the treatment of the main indications, SAS needs to be cleaved in the intestine into the anti-inflammatory compound mesalazine, it needs to reach the systemic circulation in its intact form to allow inhibition of system xc−. The higher plasma levels of intact SAS (or its metabolites) might induce adverse effects, independent of its action on system xc−. Some of these effects have however been attributed to system xc− inhibition, calling into question the safety of targeting system xc−. In this study we chronically treated system xc− - deficient mice and their wildtype littermates with two different doses of SAS (160 mg/kg twice daily or 320 mg/kg once daily, i.p.) and studied some of the adverse effects that were previously reported. SAS had a negative impact on the survival rate, the body weight, the thermoregulation and/or stress reaction of mice of both genotypes, and thus independent of its inhibitory action on system xc−. While SAS decreased the total distance travelled in the open-field test the first time the mice encountered the test, it did not influence this parameter on the long-term and it did not induce other behavioral changes such as anxiety- or depressive-like behavior. Finally, no major histological abnormalities were observed in the spinal cord. To conclude, we were unable to identify any undesirable system xc−-dependent effect of chronic administration of SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Sprimont
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Janssen
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Azzedine Gharib
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lauren Deneyer
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura De Pauw
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olaya Lara
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Charles Nicaise
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ann Massie
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Pastorelli G, Serra V, Salvatori G, Redaelli V, Turin L. Evaluation of Boswellia serrata enriched diet on cytokine gene
expression and reactive oxygen metabolites in weaning piglets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/135639/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Learned Immobility Produces Enduring Impairment of the HPA Axis Reactivity in Mice without Replicating the Broad Spectrum of Depressive-Like Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020937. [PMID: 33477830 PMCID: PMC7832836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The forced swim stress test (FST) is widely used for screening pharmacological or non-pharmacological strategies with potential antidepressant activities. Recent data have suggested that repeated FST for five consecutive days (i.e., 5d-RFSS) could be used to generate a robust depressive-like phenotype in mice. However, the face, construct, and predictive validities of 5d-RFSS have been recently challenged. This study took advantage of recent findings showing that mice vulnerability to anxiety is enhanced when animals are stressed during the dark phase, to provide new insight into the relevance of this model. Our results showed a progressive increase in time of immobility in 5d-RFSS mice relative to control non-stressed animals (sham). Three weeks later, we noticed that 5d-RFSS mice injected with the vehicle compound (Veh) still exhibited a high level of immobility in the FST whereas this behavior was reversed by the antidepressant drug amitriptyline (AMI). However, 5d-RFSS/Veh and 5d-RFSS mice/AMI mice showed normal performances in the open field, the novelty suppressed feeding and the tail suspension tests. Despite this lack of generalized behavioral deficits, an impairment of different parameters characterizing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity was evidenced in 5d-RFSS mice/Veh but not in 5d-RFSS mice/AMI. Despite anomalies in the HPA axis, the activity of the central serotonergic system remained unaffected in 5d-RFSS mice relative to controls. From our results, it is suggested that learned immobility does not replicate the broad spectrum of depressive symptoms observed in other chronic models of depression such as the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model, the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model or chronic corticosterone (CORT) exposure but its influence on the HPA axis is remarkable. Further experiments are warranted to makes this model suitable for modelling depression and therefore refine its translational applicability.
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22
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Sweeten BL, Adkins AM, Wellman LL, Sanford LD. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in the basolateral amygdala mediates individual differences in stress-induced changes in rapid eye movement sleep. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110014. [PMID: 32534177 PMCID: PMC7483570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3s) have been implicated in stress and trauma related disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is characterized by flashbacks, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. While many people are exposed to trauma in their lifetime, only a small percentage go on to develop PTSD, indicating individual differences in stress and emotional processing. Wistar strain rats display directionally different rapid-eye movement sleep (REM) responses to footshock stress, with resilient rats having no change or an increase in REM and vulnerable rats having a significant reduction in REM compared to baseline. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is key in regulating individual differences in stress-induced alterations in sleep. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3s) negatively modulate glutamate and are implicated in fear, fear memory, and sleep. The current study evaluated the effect of mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 (LY37) in BLA on stress and fear memory induced changes in sleep, EEG spectra, behavioral fear expression and physiological stress. These data indicate that vulnerable rats treated with LY37 have an attenuation of the REM reductions generally seen in vulnerable rats. Furthermore, LY37 altered EEG spectra in the delta (0.5-4.5 Hz) and theta (5-9.5 Hz) frequency. LY37 did not impact behavioral fear expression or physiological stress. Therefore, mGluR2/3s within BLA are implicated in regulating individual differences in sleep responses to fear- and stress-related memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larry D. Sanford
- Corresponding authors at: Sleep Research Laboratory, Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23507,
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23
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Sheil M, Polkinghorne A. Optimal Methods of Documenting Analgesic Efficacy in Neonatal Piglets Undergoing Castration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1450. [PMID: 32825055 PMCID: PMC7552769 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Analgesic products for piglet castration are critically needed. This requires extensive animal experimentation such as to meet regulatory-required proof of efficacy. At present, there are no validated methods of assessing pain in neonatal piglets. This poses challenges for investigators to optimize trial design and to meet ethical obligations to minimize the number of animals needed. Pain in neonatal piglets may be subtle, transient, and/or variably expressed and, in the absence of validated methods, investigators must rely on using a range of biochemical, physiological and behavioural variables, many of which appear to have very low (or unknown) sensitivity or specificity for documenting pain, or pain-relieving effects. A previous systematic review of this subject was hampered by the high degree of variability in the literature base both in terms of methods used to assess pain and pain mitigation, as well as in outcomes reported. In this setting we provide a narrative review to assist in determining the optimal methods currently available to detect piglet pain during castration and methods to mitigate castration-induced pain. In overview, the optimal outcome variables identified are nociceptive motor and vocal response scores during castration and quantitative sensory-threshold response testing and pain-associated behaviour scores following castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Sheil
- Animal Ethics Pty. Ltd., Yarra Glen, VIC 3775, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Nepean Clinical School, The University of Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
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24
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Monk JE, Lee C, Dickson E, Campbell DLM. Attention Bias Test Measures Negative But Not Positive Affect in Sheep: A Replication Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081314. [PMID: 32751689 PMCID: PMC7460280 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Attention bias tests may provide a practical measure of emotional states in livestock. An attention bias test has been developed as a measure of negative emotional states in sheep. This study aimed to determine whether the test could also be used to assess positive emotional states. Our results indicated that the attention bias test was unable to differentiate control animals from those in drug-induced positive states (p > 0.05). However, our findings further supported the suggestion that the attention bias test may measure negative emotional states in sheep. With further refinement, the attention bias test may be a useful tool to assess and improve livestock welfare. Abstract An attention bias test has been developed as a measure of negative affective states in sheep. The test measures an individual’s allocation of attention between a threatening (previous location of a dog) and positive (conspecific photo) stimulus over a 3 min period. This study replicated a previously inconclusive study, to determine whether the test could assess positive affective states under more controlled conditions and with a younger population of animals. Pharmacological treatments were used to induce anxious, calm, happy, and control affective states prior to entering the attention bias test arena (n = 20/treatment). We hypothesized that sheep in positive and negative affective states could be differentiated using key measures of attention during testing, including vigilance (head at or above shoulder height) and duration looking towards the valenced stimuli. Anxious sheep were more vigilant than control animals during attention bias testing as predicted (linear mixed effects model, p = 0.002), but the positive groups did not differ from controls (p > 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on looking behaviors (p > 0.05). We suggest this attention bias test paradigm can assess negative but not positive affect in sheep and that modifications to the ethogram or stimuli are needed to more clearly characterize the direction of attention during testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Monk
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
| | - Emily Dickson
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Dana L. M. Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; (C.L.); (E.D.); (D.L.M.C.)
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Faraji J, Metz GAS. Infrared Thermography Reveals Sex-Specific Responses to Stress in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:79. [PMID: 32523518 PMCID: PMC7261839 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychogenic hyperthermia is a stress-related condition reported mostly in women. Neuroendocrine responses to stress in females differ from those in males, and these differences cannot be explained solely based on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Here, we used infrared (IR) thermographic imaging to record changes in cutaneous temperature following two types of stressful experiences in female and male mice. Mice were exposed to either single-session restraint stress or vertical exploration (rearing) deprivation and were monitored for exploratory activity and IR surface thermal changes. Females displayed higher rearing activity than males during the dark phase of the light cycle. Both sexes showed similar plasma corticosterone (CORT) responses after a challenge with restraint and rearing deprivation. However, only females responded to rearing deprivation with increased cutaneous temperature in the head and back, and a reduced thermal response in the tail. Circulating CORT levels were not correlated with the thermal variations. These findings, for the first time, provide evidence for sex-specific cutaneous thermal responses to short-term stress in mice following transient vertical-activity deprivation that may mimic clinical psychogenic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Translational Studies in the Complex Role of Neurotransmitter Systems in Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:121-140. [PMID: 32002926 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of innovative anxiolytics is severely hampering. Existing anxiolytics are developed decades ago and are still the therapeutics of choice. Moreover, lack of new drug targets forecasts a severe jeopardy in the future treatment of the huge population of CNS-diseased patients. We simply lack the knowledge on what is wrong in brains of anxious people (normal and diseased). Translational research, based on interacting clinical and preclinical research, is extremely urgent. In this endeavor, genetic and genomic approaches are part of the spectrum of contributing factors. We focus on three druggable targets: serotonin transporter, 5-HT1A, and GABAA receptors. It is still uncertain whether and how these targets are involved in normal and diseased anxiety processes. For serotonergic anxiolytics, the slow onset of action points to indirect effects leading to plasticity changes in brain systems leading to reduced anxiety. For GABAA benzodiazepine drugs, acute anxiolytic effects are found indicating primary mechanisms directly influencing anxiety processes. Close translational collaboration between fundamental academic and discovery research will lead to badly needed breakthroughs in the search for new anxiolytics.
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Monk JE, Lee C, Belson S, Colditz IG, Campbell DLM. The influence of pharmacologically-induced affective states on attention bias in sheep. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7033. [PMID: 31211015 PMCID: PMC6557257 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When an individual attends to certain types of information more than others, the behavior is termed an attention bias. The occurrence of attention biases in humans and animals can depend on their affective states. Based on evidence from the human literature and prior studies in sheep, we hypothesized that an attention bias test could discriminate between pharmacologically-induced positive and negative affective states in sheep. The test measured allocation of attention between a threat and a positive stimulus using key measures of looking time and vigilance. Eighty 7-year-old Merino ewes were allocated to one of four treatment groups; Anxious (m-chlorophenylpiperazine), Calm (diazepam), Happy (morphine) and Control (saline). Drugs were administered 30 min prior to attention bias testing. The test was conducted in a 4 × 4.2 m arena with high opaque walls. An approximately life-size photograph of a sheep was positioned on one wall of the arena (positive stimulus). A small window with a retractable opaque cover was positioned on the opposite wall, behind which a dog was standing quietly (threat). The dog was visible for 3 s after a single sheep entered the arena, then the window was covered and the dog was removed. Sheep then remained in the arena for 3 min while behaviors were recorded. Key behaviors included time looking toward the dog wall or photo wall, duration of vigilance behavior and latency to become non-vigilant. In contrast with our hypothesis, no significant differences were found between treatment groups for duration of vigilance or looking behaviors, although Anxious sheep tended to be more vigilant than Control animals (P < 0.1) and had a longer latency to become non-vigilant (P < 0.001). A total of 24 of 80 animals were vigilant for the entire test duration. This censoring of data may explain why no differences were detected between groups for vigilance duration. Overall, a lack of difference between groups may suggest the test cannot discriminate positive and negative states in sheep. We suggest that the censoring of vigilance duration data, the use of insufficient drug doses, the potential influence of background noise and the age of the sheep may explain a lack of difference between groups. Due to these potential effects, it remains unclear whether the attention bias test can detect positive states in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Monk
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Sheep CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue Belson
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Colditz
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Mattei C, Taly A, Soualah Z, Saulais O, Henrion D, Guérineau NC, Verleye M, Legros C. Involvement of the GABA A receptor α subunit in the mode of action of etifoxine. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104250. [PMID: 31059790 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Etifoxine (EFX) is a non-benzodiazepine psychoactive drug which exhibits anxiolytic effects through a dual mechanism, by directly binding to GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and to the mitochondrial 18-kDa translocator protein, resulting in the potentiation of the GABAergic function. The β subunit subtype plays a key role in the EFX-GABAAR interaction, however this does not explain the anxiolytic effects of this drug. Here, we combined behavioral and electrophysiological experiments to challenge the role of the GABAAR α subunit in the EFX mode of action. After single administrations of anxiolytic doses (25-50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), EFX did not induce any neurological nor locomotor impairments, unlike the benzodiazepine bromazepam (0.5-1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). We established the EFX pharmacological profile on heteropentameric GABAARs constructed with α1 to α6 subunit expressed in Xenopus oocyte. Unlike what is known for benzodiazepines, neither the γ nor δ subunits influenced EFX-mediated potentiation of GABA-evoked currents. EFX acted first as a partial agonist on α2β3γ2S, α3β3γ2S, α6β3γ2S and α6β3δ GABAARs, but not on α1β3γ2S, α4β3γ2S, α4β3δ nor α5β3γ2S GABAARs. Moreover, EFX exhibited much higher positive allosteric modulation towards α2β3γ2S, α3β3γ2S and α6β3γ2S than for α1β3γ2S, α4β3γ2S and α5β3γ2S GABAARs. At 20 μM, corresponding to brain concentration at anxiolytic doses, EFX increased GABA potency to the highest extent for α3β3γ2S GABAARs. We built a docking model of EFX on α3β3γ2S GABAARs, which is consistent with a binding site located between α and β subunits in the extracellular domain. In conclusion, EFX preferentially potentiates α2β3γ2S and α3β3γ2S GABAARs, which might support its advantageous anxiolytic/sedative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Mattei
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France.
| | - Antoine Taly
- Theoretical Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, CNRS UPR9080, University of Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zineb Soualah
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Ophélie Saulais
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Nathalie C Guérineau
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France
| | - Marc Verleye
- Biocodex, Department of Pharmacology, Zac de Mercières, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Christian Legros
- Institut MITOVASC, UMR CNRS 6015 - UMR INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, 3 Rue Roger Amsler 49100 ANGERS, France.
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Maximino C, van der Staay FJ. Behavioral models in psychopathology: epistemic and semantic considerations. Behav Brain Funct 2019; 15:1. [PMID: 30823933 PMCID: PMC6397463 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of animals in neurosciences has a long history. It is considered indispensable in areas in which “translational” research is deemed invaluable, such as behavioral pharmacology and comparative psychology. Animal models are being used in pharmacology and genetics to screen for treatment targets, and in the field of experimental psychopathology to understand the neurobehavioral underpinnings of a disorder and of its putative treatment. The centrality of behavioral models betrays the complexity of the epistemic and semantic considerations which are needed to understand what a model is. In this review, such considerations are made, and the breadth of model building and evaluation approaches is extended to include theoretical considerations on the etiology of mental disorders. This expansion is expected to help improve the validity of behavioral models and to increase their translational value. Moreover, the role of theory in improving construct validity creates the need for behavioral scientists to fully engage this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Grupo de Pesquisas em Neurofarmacologia e Psicopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Unidade III - Av. dos Ipês, S/N, Marabá, Brazil
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Behavior and Welfare Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, University Utrecht, P.O.Box 80.151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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30
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Acoustic signalling of aggressive intent in the agonistic encounters of female Asian particoloured bats. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Chen SF, Chuang CY, Chao CC, Yang YH, Chu CY, Yao CY, Su YC, Huang YH, Liao RM. Task-Dependent Differences in Operant Behaviors of Rats With Acute Exposure to High Ambient Temperature: A Potential Role of Hippocampal Dopamine Reuptake Transporters. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30778291 PMCID: PMC6369190 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral or cognitive functions are known to be influenced by thermal stress from the change in ambient temperature (Ta). However, little is known about how increased Ta (i.e., when the weather becomes warm or hot) may affect operant conditioned behavior and the neural substrates involved. The present study thus investigated the effects of high Ta on operant behaviors maintained on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) and a differential reinforcement for low-rate responding 10 s (DRL 10-s) schedule of reinforcement. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups receiving acute exposure to Ta of 23°C, 28°C, and 35°C, respectively, for evaluating the effects of high Ta exposure on four behavioral tests. Behavioral responses in an elevated T-maze and locomotor activity were not affected by Ta treatment. Regarding operant tests, while the total responses of FR1 behavior were decreased only under 35°C when compared with the control group of 23°C, those of DRL 10-s behavior were significantly reduced in both groups of 28°C and 35°C. Distinct patterns of inter-response time (IRT) distribution of DRL behavior appeared among the three groups; between-group differences of behavioral changes produced by high Ta exposure were confirmed by quantitative analyses of IRT data. Western blot assays of dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor, DA transporter (DAT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were conducted for the sample tissues collected in six brain areas from all the subjects after acute high Ta exposure. Significant Ta-related effects were only revealed in the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP). In which, the DAT levels were increased in a Ta-dependent fashion that was associated with operant behavior changes under high Ta exposure. And, there as an increased level of D1 receptors in the 28°C group. In summary, these data indicate that the performance of operant behavior affected by the present high Ta exposure is task-dependent, and these changes of operant behaviors cannot be attributed to gross motor function or anxiety being affected. The regulation of dHIP DAT may be involved in this operant behavioral change under high Ta exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Yu Chuang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yun Chu
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Yao
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Huei Huang
- Affiliated High School, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Ming Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chronic stress influences attentional and judgement bias and the activity of the HPA axis in sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211363. [PMID: 30699168 PMCID: PMC6353200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental challenges are part of everyday life for most domestic animals. However, very little is known about how animals cope emotionally and physiologically with cumulative challenges. This experiment aimed to determine the impact of long-term exposure to environmental challenges on the affective state and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to a subsequent additional acute shearing challenge. METHODS Sheep were exposed to either a long-term environmental challenge (rest disruption and individual housing) in order to induce chronic stress (chronic stress group) or control conditions (group housing in a field with low stress handling and daily feed rewards, control group). Judgement and attention bias were assessed as measures of the emotional state following several days of the challenge or control treatment (pre-shearing tests). In addition, the responsiveness of the HPA-axis was evaluated using a combined Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin (CRH/AVP) challenge. Finally, all animals were exposed to an acute shearing challenge, then judgement bias (post-shearing test), HPA-axis and internal body temperature responses were determined. RESULTS In the pre-shearing judgement bias test, the chronic stress group slightly increased optimism compared to the control treatment. In the attention bias test, the chronic stress group showed reduced vigilance behaviour towards a predator threat and a quicker approach to the food compared to the control treatment. The chronic stress group also had lower plasma ACTH concentrations in response to the CRH/AVP challenge compared to the control group, no differences in cortisol concentrations were found. In the post-shearing judgement bias test, differences in optimism were no longer evident between the chronic stress and control groups. Plasma ACTH concentrations and body temperatures showed a greater increase in response to shearing in the chronic stress group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that long-term exposure to challenges biased cognitive measures of the affective state towards an increased expectation of a reward and reduced attention towards a threat. The exaggerated ACTH responses in the chronic stress group may be indicative of HPA-axis dysregulation. Despite a period of challenge exposure in the chronic stress group, judgement bias responses to the shearing challenge were similar in the chronic stress and control groups; the reasons for this need further investigation. The altered affective state together with signs of HPA-axis dysregulation may indicate an increased risk of compromised welfare in animals exposed to long-term environmental challenges.
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Radhakrishnan A, Jayakumari N, Kumar VM, Gulia KK. α-Asarone: a hypnotic with a potential for long-term use. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-018-0190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The dorsal hypothalamic area regulates increases in body temperature in response to stress, but precise mechanisms are unclear. A new study suggests that glutamatergic neurons in this brain area regulate this action and, surprisingly, may also be involved in blushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mathis
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Stress affects core body temperature (Tc). Many kinds of stress induce transient, monophasic hyperthermia, which diminishes gradually if the stressor is terminated. Stronger stressors produce a longer-lasting effect. Repeated/chronic stress induces anticipatory hyperthermia, reduces diurnal changes in Tc, or slightly increases Tc throughout the day. Animals that are exposed to chronic stress or a cold environment exhibit an enhanced hyperthermic response to a novel stress. These changes persist for several days after cessation of stress exposure. In contrast, long-lasting inescapable stress sometimes induces hypothermia. In healthy humans, psychologic stress induces slight increases in Tc, which are within the normal range of Tc or just above it. Some individuals, however, develop extremely high Tc (up to 41°C) when they are exposed to emotional events or show persistent low-grade high Tc (37-38°C) during or after chronic stress situations. In addition to the nature of the stressor itself, such stress-induced thermal responses are modulated by sex, age, ambient temperature, cage mates, past stressful experiences and cold exposure, and coping. Stress-induced hyperthermia is driven by mechanisms distinct from infectious fever, which requires inflammatory mediators. However, both stress and infection activate the dorsomedial hypothalamus-rostral medullary raphe region-sympathetic nerve axis to increase Tc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Oka
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi-ken, Japan.
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Bhagya V, Christofer T, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Neuroprotective effect of Celastrus paniculatus on chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:687-693. [PMID: 28066108 PMCID: PMC5155471 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.194853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Several studies report that chronic stress results in impaired spatial learning and working memory and enhanced anxiety-like behavior. However, not many studies have looked into the possible ways of reversing stress-induced deficits. Celastrus paniculatus (CP), a traditional ayurvedic herbal medicine, was used to treat cognitive deficits in mentally retarded children. CP oil has been reported to have neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. However, the effects of CP oil on chronic stress-induced cognitive deficits are unclear. In the present study, we intended to analyze the neuroprotective effects of CP oil on stress-associated cognitive dysfunctions. Materials and Methods: Chronic stress was induced by subjecting rats to restrainers for 6 h a day for 21 days. CP oil (400, 600 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after stress protocol once a day over the next 14 days. Groups used in the present study: normal control, stress, stress + vehicle, stress + CP oil at 2 different doses (400 and 600 mg/kg, i.p.). After the drug treatment, open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to analyze anxiety-like behavior, and partially baited radial arm maze (RAM) and T-maze were used to evaluate spatial learning and memory capabilities. Analysis has been done using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Stressed rats showed enhanced anxiety-like behavior in EPM (P < 0.001) and impaired performance in RAM (P < 0.001) and T-maze tasks (P < 0.001) compared to normal animals. In contrast, CP oil treatment to these rats improved their performance in both RAM (P < 0.001) and T-maze (P < 0.001). In addition, CP oil significantly reduced stress-induced anxiety behavior (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Chronic treatment with CP oil is to improve cognitive abilities in chronically stressed rats. The current study provides a novel perspective on beneficial effect of herbal therapy on stress-induced cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bhagya
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Thomas Christofer
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Carvalho T, Saad C, Alvarenga R, Ferreira W, Assis V, Pereira V, Scalon J, Silva J, Zangeronimo M. Use of collard green stalks as environmental enrichment for cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus ) kept in captivity. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of collard green stalks as environmental enrichment on the behavior of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) maintained in captivity. Sixteen birds were housed individually in cages and fed a commercial diet for parrots and seed mix, with water ad libitum during 12 days in climatic chamber with temperature and relative humidity simulating tropical conditions. The animals (n = 8) were divided into two groups, control and enriched, and the experimental period was divided into two phases (during and after enrichment) of four days each. The collard green stalks were used as enrichment only during the first period of the experiment, daily changed and maintained only during the day. The stalks increased the feed intake and decreased the sleep activities. No effect was observed on the body surface temperature, locomotion, maintenance and other resting activities. Small undesirable activities were detected. It was concluded that collard green stalks can be used as environmental enrichment, becoming part of food preferences of cockatiels. However, its use does not significantly alter the behavior of birds kept in captivity
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Henzi SP, Hetem R, Fuller A, Maloney S, Young C, Mitchell D, Barrett L, McFarland R. Consequences of sex-specific sociability for thermoregulation in male vervet monkeys during winter. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Henzi
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - R. Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - A. Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - S. Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
| | - C. Young
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit; University of South Africa; Florida Gauteng South Africa
| | - D. Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - L. Barrett
- Department of Psychology; University of Lethbridge; Lethbridge AB Canada
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - R. McFarland
- Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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Acute Physical Stress Modulates the Temporal Expression of Self-Reported Contagious Yawning in Humans. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WHIM. Simultaneous Changes in Sleep, qEEG, Physiology, Behaviour and Neurochemistry in Rats Exposed to Repeated Social Defeat Stress. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 73:209-23. [PMID: 27287886 DOI: 10.1159/000446284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by alterations at psychological, behavioural, physiological, neurophysiological, and neurochemical levels. Social stress is a prevalent stress in man, and the repeated social defeat stress model in rats has been proposed as being the rodent equivalent to loss of control, which in subordinate animals produces alterations that resemble several of the cardinal symptoms found in depressed patients. Here, rats followed a resident-intruder protocol for 4 consecutive days during which behavioural, physiological, and electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters were simultaneously monitored in subordinate rats. On day 5, prefrontal dopamine (DA) and hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) as well as corticosterone were measured in submissive rats that had visual, acoustic, and olfactory (but no physical) contact with a dominant, resident conspecific rat. Socially defeated rats demonstrated increases in ultrasonic vocalizations (20-25 KHz), freezing, submissive defensive behaviour, inactivity, and haemodynamic response, while decreases were found in repetitive grooming behaviour and body weight. Additionally, alterations in the sleep-wake architecture were associated with reduced active waking, enhanced light sleep, and increased frequency of transitions from light sleep to quiet wakefulness, indicating sleep instability. Moreover, the attenuation of EEG power over the frequency range of 4.2-30 Hz, associated with a sharp transient increase in delta oscillations, appeared to reflect increased brain activity and metabolism in subordinate animals. These EEG changes were synchronous with a marked increase in body temperature and a decrease in locomotor activity. Furthermore, psychosocial stress consistently increased 5-HT, DA, and corticosterone levels. The increased levels of cortical DA and hippocampal 5-HT during social threat may reflect a coping mechanism to promote alertness and psychological adaptation to provocative and threatening stimuli. These neurophysiological changes are hypothesized to be the consequence of dynamics in monoamine systems, which could be useful markers for disease progression in the aetiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
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Miyamoto T, Funakami Y, Kawashita E, Tomita S, Nomura A, Sugimoto N, Saeki H, Miyazakia T, Tsubota M, Ichida S, Kawabata A. Enhanced Hyperthermic Responses to Lipopolysaccharide in Mice Exposed to Repeated Cold Stress. Pharmacology 2017; 99:172-178. [DOI: 10.1159/000454815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Miyamoto T, Funakami Y, Kawashita E, Nomura A, Sugimoto N, Saeki H, Tsubota M, Ichida S, Kawabata A. Repeated Cold Stress Enhances the Acute Restraint Stress-Induced Hyperthermia in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:11-16. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Miyamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
- Department of Pharmacy, Seichokai Fuchu Hospital
| | | | | | - Ai Nomura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University
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Development of a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to characterize the thermoregulatory effects of serotonergic drugs in mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:492-503. [PMID: 27709018 PMCID: PMC5045556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown recently that concurrent harmaline, a monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor (MAOI), potentiates serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)-induced hyperthermia. The objective of this study was to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to characterize and predict the thermoregulatory effects of such serotonergic drugs in mice. Physiological thermoregulation was described by a mechanism-based indirect-response model with adaptive feedback control. Harmaline-induced hypothermia and 5-MeO-DMT–elicited hyperthermia were attributable to the loss of heat through the activation of 5-HT1A receptor and thermogenesis via the stimulation of 5-HT2A receptor, respectively. Thus serotonergic 5-MeO-DMT–induced hyperthermia was readily distinguished from handling/injection stress-provoked hyperthermic effects. This PK/PD model was able to simultaneously describe all experimental data including the impact of drug-metabolizing enzyme status on 5-MeO-DMT and harmaline PK properties, and drug- and stress-induced simple hypo/hyperthermic and complex biphasic effects. Furthermore, the modeling results revealed a 4-fold decrease of apparent SC50 value (1.88–0.496 µmol/L) for 5-MeO-DMT when harmaline was co-administered, providing a quantitative assessment for the impact of concurrent MAOI harmaline on 5-MeO-DMT–induced hyperthermia. In addition, the hyperpyrexia caused by toxic dose combinations of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT were linked to the increased systemic exposure to harmaline rather than 5-MeO-DMT, although the body temperature profiles were mispredicted by the model. The results indicate that current PK/PD model may be used as a new conceptual framework to define the impact of serotonergic agents and stress factors on thermoregulation.
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Adongo DW, Mante PK, Edem Kukuia KK, Ameyaw EO, Woode E, Azi IH. Anxiolytic-like effect of the leaves of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:533-46. [PMID: 27124674 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudospondias microcarpa is a plant used for managing various diseases including CNS disorders. Previous studies showed sedative and anticonvulsant effects, suggesting possible anxiolytic activity. This study therefore assessed the anxiolytic effects of P. microcarpa hydroethanolic leaf extract (PME) in mice. METHODS In the present study, anxiolytic-like effect of the extract in behavioural paradigms of anxiety - the elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark box (LDB), social interaction test and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) - was evaluated. RESULTS Mice treated with PME (30-300 mg kg-1, p.o.) exhibited anxiolytic-like activity similar to diazepam in all the anxiety models used. The extract increased open arm activity (p<0.05) in the EPM as well as increasing the time spent in the lit area in relation to the time spent in the dark area of the LDB. Sociability and preference for social novelty significantly (p<0.05-0.001) increased in mice treated with PME. In the SIH paradigm in mice, both PME and the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, diazepam, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the stress-induced increase in rectal temperature. The extract did not impair motor coordination and balance in the beam walk test. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate that PME possesses anxiolytic-like effects in mice.
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Djiogue S, Kinyok MJ, Ketcha Wanda GJM, Zemo Gamo F, Seke Etet PF, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Pegnyemb DE, Njamen D. Newtonoate as an active principle of Newtonia griffoniana for anxiolytic activity in Swiss mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2016. [PMID: 26214610 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newtonia griffoniana (Mimosaceae) is a Central African rain forest tree, whose bark extracts are used in Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. METHODS We evaluated the anxiolytic effects of N. griffoniana stem bark methanol extract and its major isolated constituent 2,3,4-trihydroxybutylpentatriacontanoate (newtonoate) on the elevated plus maze. RESULTS Significant increases in the percentage of entries into open arms were induced by both N. griffoniana extract (100 and 150 mg/kg BW; p<0.01) and newtonoate (doses of 3 and 15 mg/kg BW; p<0.05). Conversely, decreases in the percentage of entries into closed arms were observed at the same doses. In addition, N. griffoniana methanol extract (100 mg/kg) and the isolated newtonoate (30 mg/kg) induced significant (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) increases in the time spent in the open arms, while inducing a decrease in the time spent in the closed arms. Newtonoate treatment also decreased head dipping number at doses of 3 and 15 mg/kg, while N. griffoniana methanol extract induced the same effect at 200 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that N. griffoniana bark extract has anxiolytic properties, which justify its use in folk medicine. Such effects are at least partly mediated by newtonoate.
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Reichmann F, Wegerer V, Jain P, Mayerhofer R, Hassan AM, Fröhlich EE, Bock E, Pritz E, Herzog H, Holzer P, Leitinger G. Environmental enrichment induces behavioural disturbances in neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28182. [PMID: 27305846 PMCID: PMC4910086 DOI: 10.1038/srep28182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) refers to the provision of a complex and stimulating housing condition which improves well-being, behaviour and brain function of laboratory animals. The mechanisms behind these beneficial effects of EE are only partially understood. In the current report, we describe a link between EE and neuropeptide Y (NPY), based on findings from NPY knockout (KO) mice exposed to EE. Relative to EE-housed wildtype (WT) animals, NPY KO mice displayed altered behaviour as well as molecular and morphological changes in amygdala and hippocampus. Exposure of WT mice to EE reduced anxiety and decreased central glucocorticoid receptor expression, effects which were absent in NPY KO mice. In addition, NPY deletion altered the preference of EE items, and EE-housed NPY KO mice responded to stress with exaggerated hyperthermia, displayed impaired spatial memory, had higher hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels and altered hippocampal synaptic plasticity, effects which were not seen in WT mice. Accordingly, these findings suggest that NPY contributes to the anxiolytic effect of EE and that NPY deletion reverses the beneficial effects of EE into a negative experience. The NPY system could thus be a target for "enviromimetics", therapeutics which reproduce the beneficial effects of enhanced environmental stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Wegerer
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Piyush Jain
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E. Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Bock
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Tucker LB, Burke JF, Fu AH, McCabe JT. Neuropsychiatric Symptom Modeling in Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:890-905. [PMID: 27149139 PMCID: PMC5314988 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression are frequent and persistent complaints following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Modeling these symptoms in animal models of TBI affords the opportunity to determine mechanisms underlying behavioral pathologies and to test potential therapeutic agents. However, testing these symptoms in animal models of TBI has yielded inconsistent results. The goal of the current study was to employ a battery of tests to measure multiple anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms following TBI in C57BL/6J mice, and to determine if male and female mice are differentially affected by the injury. Following controlled cortical impact (CCI) at a parietal location, neither male nor female mice showed depressive-like symptoms as measured by the Porsolt forced-swim test and sucrose preference test. Conclusions regarding anxiety-like behaviors were dependent upon the assay employed; CCI-induced thigmotaxis in the open field suggested an anxiogenic effect of the injury; however, results from the elevated zero maze, light-dark box, and marble-burying tests indicated that CCI reduced anxiety-like behaviors. Fewer anxiety-like behaviors were also associated with the female sex. Increased levels of activity were also measured in female mice and injured mice in these tests, and conclusions regarding anxiety should be taken with caution when experimental manipulations induce changes in baseline activity. These results underscore the irreconcilability of results from studies attempting to model TBI-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms. Changes in injury models or better attempts to replicate the clinical syndrome may improve the translational applicability of rodent models of TBI-induced anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Tucker
- 1 Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John F Burke
- 1 Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amanda H Fu
- 1 Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph T McCabe
- 1 Pre-Clinical Studies Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F.E. Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
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Peterlik D, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. The Emerging Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Stress-Related Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:514-39. [PMID: 27296643 PMCID: PMC4983752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150515234920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress-related psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse are an enormous public health concern. The etiology of these pathologies is complex, with psychosocial stressors being among the most frequently discussed risk factors. The brain glutamatergic neurotransmitter system has often been found involved in behaviors and pathophysiologies resulting from acute stress and fear. Despite this, relatively little is known about the role of glutamatergic system components in chronic psychosocial stress, neither in rodents nor in humans. Recently, drug discovery efforts at the metabotropic receptor subtypes of the glutamatergic system (mGlu1-8 receptors) led to the identification of pharmacological tools with emerging potential in psychiatric conditions. But again, the contribution of individual mGlu subtypes to the manifestation of physiological, molecular, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stress remains still largely unaddressed. The current review will describe animal models typically used to analyze acute and particularly chronic stress conditions, including models of psychosocial stress, and there we will discuss the emerging roles for mGlu receptor subtypes. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates relevance and potential therapeutic usefulness of mGlu2/3 ligands and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in chronic stress-related disorders. In addition, a role for further mechanisms, e.g. mGlu7-selective compounds, is beginning to emerge. These mechanisms are important to be analyzed in chronic psychosocial stress paradigms, e.g. in the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) model. We summarize the early results and discuss necessary future investigations, especially for mGlu5 and mGlu7 receptor blockers, which might serve to suggest improved therapeutic strategies to treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Animal models have been vital to recent advances in experimental neuroscience, including the modeling of common human brain disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. As mice express robust anxiety-like behaviors when exposed to stressors (e.g., novelty, bright light, or social confrontation), these phenotypes have clear utility in testing the effects of psychotropic drugs. Of specific interest is the extent to which mouse models can be used for the screening of new anxiolytic drugs and verification of their possible applications in humans. To address this problem, the present chapter will review different experimental models of mouse anxiety and discuss their utility for testing anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Detailed protocols will be provided for these paradigms, and possible confounds will be addressed accordingly.
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