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Zhu K, Zhang Z, Li G, Sun J, Gu T, Ain NU, Zhang X, Li D. Extraction, structure, pharmacological activities and applications of polysaccharides and proteins isolated from snail mucus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128878. [PMID: 38141709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Snail mucus had medical applications for wound healing as early as ancient Greece and the late Han Dynasty (China). A literature search found 165 modern research papers discussing the extraction methods, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, and applications of snail mucus. Thus, this review summarized the research progress on the extraction, structure, pharmacological activities, and applications of polysaccharides and proteins isolated from snail mucus. The extraction methods of snail mucus include natural secretion and stimulation with blunt force, spray, electricity, un-shelling, ultrasonic-assisted, and ozone-assisted. As a natural product, snail mucus mainly comprises two polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycan, dextran), seven glycoproteins (mucin, lectin), various antibacterial peptides, allantoin, glycolic acid, etc. It has pharmacological activities that encourage cell migration and proliferation, and promote angiogenesis and have antibacterial, anti-oxidative and anticancer properties. The mechanism of snail mucus' chemicals performing antibacterial and wound-healing was proposed. Snail mucus is a promising bioactive product with multiple medical applications and has great potential in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Therefore, this review provides a valuable reference for researching and developing snail mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Guanqiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jiangcen Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Xicheng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
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Nualnisachol P, Chumnanpuen P, E-Kobon T. Understanding Snail Mucus Biosynthesis and Shell Biomineralisation through Genomic Data Mining of the Reconstructed Carbohydrate and Glycan Metabolic Pathways of the Giant African Snail ( Achatina fulica). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:836. [PMID: 37372121 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The giant African snail (Order Stylommatophora: Family Achatinidae), Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), is the most significant and invasive land snail pest. The ecological adaptability of this snail involves high growth rate, reproductive capacity, and shell and mucus production, driven by several biochemical processes and metabolism. The available genomic information for A. fulica provides excellent opportunities to hinder the underlying processes of adaptation, mainly carbohydrate and glycan metabolic pathways toward the shell and mucus formation. The authors analysed the 1.78 Gb draft genomic contigs of A. fulica to identify enzyme-coding genes and reconstruct biochemical pathways related to the carbohydrate and glycan metabolism using a designed bioinformatic workflow. Three hundred and seventy-seven enzymes involved in the carbohydrate and glycan metabolic pathways were identified based on the KEGG pathway reference in combination with protein sequence comparison, structural analysis, and manual curation. Fourteen complete pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and seven complete pathways of glycan metabolism supported the nutrient acquisition and production of the mucus proteoglycans. Increased copy numbers of amylases, cellulases, and chitinases highlighted the snail advantage in food consumption and fast growth rate. The ascorbate biosynthesis pathway identified from the carbohydrate metabolic pathways of A. fulica was involved in the shell biomineralisation process in association with the collagen protein network, carbonic anhydrases, tyrosinases, and several ion transporters. Thus, our bioinformatic workflow was able to reconstruct carbohydrate metabolism, mucus biosynthesis, and shell biomineralisation pathways from the A. fulica genome and transcriptome data. These findings could reveal several evolutionary advantages of the A. fulica snail, and will benefit the discovery of valuable enzymes for industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpavee Nualnisachol
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teerasak E-Kobon
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Alves ÂVF, Melo CR, Chagas-Neto JL, Amaral RG, Ambrósio SR, Moreira MR, Veneziani RCS, Cardoso JC, Severino P, Gondak RO, Souto EB, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC. Ent-kaurenoic acid-enriched Mikania glomerata leaves-complexed β-cyclodextrin: Pharmaceutical development and in vivo antitumor activity in a sarcoma 180 mouse model. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122497. [PMID: 36529360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The extract obtained from Mikania glomerata leaves rich in ent-kaurenoic acid (ERKA) shows cytotoxic activity in vitro, but its hydrophobic nature and thermosensitivity are issues to be solved prior to in vivo antitumor studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of inclusion complexes formed between ERKA and β-cyclodextrin (ERKA:β-CD) in rodents. ERKA:β-CD complexes obtained by malaxation (MX) and co-evaporation (CE) methods were firstly characterized regarding their physical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and cytotoxicity againts L929 cells. The antitumor activity study was then performed in mice with sarcoma 180 treated with saline, 5-fluouracil (5FU) and ERKA:β-CD at 30, 100 and 300 µg/kg. The weight, volume, percentage of inhibition growth, gross and pathological features and positivity for TUNEL, ki67, NFκB and NRF2 in the tumors were assessed. Serum lactate-dehydrogenase activity (LDH), white blood cells count (WBC) and both gross and pathological features of the liver, kidneys and spleen were also evaluated. The formation of the inclusion complexes was confirmed by thermal analysis and FTIR, and they were non-toxic for L929 cells. The MX provided a better complexation efficiency. ERKA:β-CD300 promoted significant tumor growth inhibition, and attenuated the tumor mitotic activity and necrosis content, comparable to 5-fluorouracil. ERKA:β-CD300 also increased TUNEL-detected cell death, reduced Ki67 and NF-kB immunoexpression, and partially inhibited the serum LDH activity. No side effect was observed in ERKA:β-CD300-treated animals. The ERKA:β-CD inclusion complexes at 300 µg/kg displays antitumour activity in mice with low systemic toxicity, likely due to inhibition on the NF-kB signaling pathway and LDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela V F Alves
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Bairro Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Carlisson R Melo
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Bairro Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - José L Chagas-Neto
- School of Dentistry, University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Bairro Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sérgio R Ambrósio
- Research Group in Exact and Technological, University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando de Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique R Moreira
- Research Group in Exact and Technological, University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando de Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C S Veneziani
- Research Group in Exact and Technological, University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando de Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Cardoso
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Bairro Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Bairro Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rogério O Gondak
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Delfino Conti, S/N, 88040-370 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo L C de Albuquerque-Júnior
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Delfino Conti, S/N, 88040-370 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Rosanto YB, Hasan CY, Rahardjo R, Pangestiningsih TW. Effect of snail mucus on angiogenesis during wound healing. F1000Res 2021; 10:181. [PMID: 38912381 PMCID: PMC11190653 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51297.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from existing ones. This process plays an important role in supplying the oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism and eliminating cell debris during wound healing. Snail mucus can bind to several factors that stimulate angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor. The aim of this study is to observe changes in angiogenesis during the healing of wounds topically applied with snail mucus. Methods: Punch biopsy was performed on the back of male Wistar rats to obtain four wounds, and different concentrations of snail mucus were applied to each of these wounds. The animals were sacrificed on days 2, 4, and 7 to observe the extent of angiogenesis during wound healing by microscopy. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed differences in number of blood vessels formed (p = 0.00) and day of observation (p = 0.00) between groups. Post hoc Tukey's HSD test showed that 24% snail mucus treatment does not significantly affect wound healing (p = 0.488); by contrast, treatment with 48% and 96% snail mucus demonstrated significant effects on angiogenesis (p = 0.01). Spearman's test showed interactive effects between snail mucus concentration and day of observation on the extent of angiogenesis (p = 0.001, R = 0.946). Conclusion: Topical application of snail mucus gel can increase angiogenesis during wound healing in Wistar rat skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosaphat Bayu Rosanto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Cahya Yustisia Hasan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rahardjo Rahardjo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih
- Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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Nivedita PS, Joy HH, Torvi AI, Shettar AK. Applications of Polysaccharides in Cancer Treatment. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Non-Anticoagulant Heparins as Heparanase Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:493-522. [PMID: 32274724 PMCID: PMC7142274 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chapter will review early and more recent seminal contributions to the discovery and characterization of heparanase and non-anticoagulant heparins inhibiting its peculiar enzymatic activity. Indeed, heparanase displays a unique versatility in degrading heparan sulfate chains of several proteoglycans expressed in all mammalian cells. This endo-β-D-glucuronidase is overexpressed in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, atherosclerosis, nephropathies and other pathologies. Starting from known low- or non-anticoagulant heparins, the search for heparanase inhibitors evolved focusing on structure-activity relationship studies and taking advantage of new chemical-physical analytical methods which have allowed characterization and sequencing of polysaccharide chains. New methods to screen heparanase inhibitors and to evaluate their mechanism of action and in vivo activity in experimental models prompted their development. New non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives endowed with anti-heparanase activity are reported. Some leads are under clinical evaluation in the oncology field (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, pancreatic carcinoma) and in other pathological conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease, malaria, labor arrest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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He Z, Zhou L, Lin L, Yin R, Zhao J. Structure and heparanase inhibitory activity of a new glycosaminoglycan from the slug Limacus flavus. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 220:176-184. [PMID: 31196538 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new glycosaminoglycan (LF-GAG) was purified from the slug Limacus flavus. Its unique chemical structure and heparanase inhibitory activity were studied in this work. The native LF-GAG was composed of L-iduronic acid (L-IdoA) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (D-GlcNAc), with a Mw of 22,700 Da. To elucidate the precise structure and structure-activity relationship, its deacetylation-deaminative depolymerized product (dLF-GAG) was prepared, and from which four oligosaccharides were purified. Combining the NMR spectral analysis of LF-GAG and its derived oligosaccharides, the structure of LF-GAG was deduced to be -4)-L-IdoA2R-(α1,4)-D-GlcNAc-(α1-, in which R was -OH (˜80%) or -OSO3- (˜20%). Bioactivity assays showed that LF-GAG could potently inhibit human heparanase (IC50, 0.10 μM). dLF-GAG and LF-3 were less potent but also active for heparanase inhibition. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the chain length and sulfate substitution of LF-GAG are essential for its heparanase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Diamantopoulou Z, Gilles ME, Sader M, Cossutta M, Vallée B, Houppe C, Habert D, Brissault B, Leroy E, Maione F, Giraudo E, Destouches D, Penelle J, Courty J, Cascone I. Multivalent cationic pseudopeptide polyplexes as a tool for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90108-90122. [PMID: 29163814 PMCID: PMC5685735 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel anticancer reagent based on polyplexes nanoparticles was developed. These nanoparticles are obtained by mixing negatively charged polyelectrolytes with the antitumour cationically-charged pseudopeptide N6L. Using two in vivo experimental tumor pancreatic models based upon PANC-1 and mPDAC cells, we found that the antitumour activity of N6L is significantly raised via its incorporation in polyplexed nanoparticles. Study of the mechanism of action using affinity isolation and si-RNA experiments indicated that N6L-polyplexes are internalized through their interaction with nucleolin. In addition, using a very aggressive model of pancreatic cancer in which gemcitabine, a standard of care for this type of cancer, has a weak effect on tumour growth, we observed that N6L-polyplexes administration has a stronger efficacy than gemcitabine. Biodistribution studies carried out in tumour-bearing mice indicated that N6L-polyplexes localises in tumour tissue, in agreement with its antitumour effect. These results support the idea that N6L nanoparticles could develop into a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, especially hard-to-treat pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Diamantopoulou
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Maud-Emmanuelle Gilles
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Maha Sader
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Mélissande Cossutta
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Benoit Vallée
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Claire Houppe
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Damien Habert
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Blandine Brissault
- East Paris Institute of Chemistry and Materials Science, CNRS & University Paris-Est, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- East Paris Institute of Chemistry and Materials Science, CNRS & University Paris-Est, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Federica Maione
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, I-10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Laboratory of Transgenic Mouse Models, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, I-10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Damien Destouches
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Penelle
- East Paris Institute of Chemistry and Materials Science, CNRS & University Paris-Est, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - José Courty
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Ilaria Cascone
- Laboratory of Growth, Reparation and Tissue Regeneration (CRRET), University of Paris Est, ERL-CNRS 9215, 94010 Créteil, France
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NMR structural determination of unique invertebrate glycosaminoglycans endowed with medical properties. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Pomin VH. A Dilemma in the Glycosaminoglycan-Based Therapy: Synthetic or Naturally Unique Molecules? Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1195-219. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H. Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-913 Brazil
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Mochizuki H, Yamagishi K, Suzuki K, Kim YS, Kimata K. Heparosan-glucuronate 5-epimerase: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel enzyme. Glycobiology 2015; 25:735-44. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Bahrom NA, Sirajudeen KNS, Yip GW, Latiff AA, Ghazali FC. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans from crown-of-thorns Acanthaster planci - extraction and quantification analysis. Food Sci Nutr 2013; 1:83-9. [PMID: 24804017 PMCID: PMC3951571 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, the novel inventive steps for the extraction and quantification of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from Acanthaster planci starfish, generally known as crown-of-thorns (COT), are reported. Starfish have been implicated with collagenous distributions within their body anatomy, thus making it a prima facie fact searching for the possibility that GAGs can be isolated from COT. In this study, total-, N-, and O-sulfated GAGs were extracted from three anatomical regions of the COT (integument, internal tissue, and coelomic fluid) and comparison was made. The result showed that body region of COT seemed to contain higher amount of sulfated GAGs as opposed to the arm region (55.79 ± 0.65 μg/mg was the highest amount in the body extracted from its coelomic fluid and 32.28 ± 3.14 μg/mg was the highest amount in the arm extracted from its internal tissue). COT's integument and coelomic fluid from its body region possessed the highest total of sulfated GAGs content with no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two. All GAGs from COT comprised a higher percentage of N-sulfated GAGs than its counterpart, the O-sulfated GAGs. When compared with a similar previous study that used sea cucumbers as the sulfated GAGs source, COT possessed more total sulfated GAGs content per milligram as compared with the sea cucumber generally. This result seems to unveil this marine species' advantage per se pertaining to GAGs extraction biomass applicability. Thus, COT could now be the better alternative source for production technology of total-, N-, and O-sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afiqah Bahrom
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaKubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - KNS Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaKubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - George W Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Aishah A Latiff
- Doping Control Centre, Universiti Sains MalaysiaPenang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Farid Che Ghazali
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaKubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
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Abstract
This review focuses on biologically active entities from invertebrate sources, especially snails. The reader will encounter several categories of compounds from snails including glycosaminoglycans, peptides, proteins (glycoproteins), and enzymes which possess diverse biological activities. Among glycosaminoglycans, acharan sulfate which was isolated from a giant African snail Acahtina fulica is reviewed extensively. Conotoxins which are also called conopeptides are unique peptide mixtures from marine cone snail. Conotoxins are secreted to capture its prey, and currently have the potential to be highly effective drug candidates. One of the conotoxins is now in the market as a pain killer. Proteins as well as glycoproteins in the snail are known to be involved in the host defense process from an attack of diverse pathogens. Carbohydrate-degrading enzymes characterized and purified in snails are introduced to give an insight into the applicability in glycobiology research such as synthesis and structure characterization of glycoconjugates. It seems that simple snails produce very complicated biological compounds which could be an invaluable source in future therapeutics as well as research areas in natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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15
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Ogata FT, Farias EHC, Cavalheiro RP, de Lima MA, Cunha GLA, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Toma L, Nader HB. A novel approach for the characterisation of proteoglycans and biosynthetic enzymes in a snail model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1862-9. [PMID: 21854878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans encompass a heterogeneous group of glycoconjugates where proteins are substituted with linear, highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans are ubiquitous to the animal kingdom of the Eukarya domain. Information on the distribution and characterisation of proteoglycans in invertebrate tissues is limited and restricted to a few species. By the use of multidimensional protein identification technology and immunohistochemistry, this study shows for the first time the presence and tissue localisation of different proteoglycans, such as perlecan, aggrecan, and heparan sulphate proteoglycan, amongst others, in organs of the gastropoda Achatina fulica. Through a proteomic analysis of Golgi proteins and immunohistochemistry of tissue sections, we detected the machinery involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, related to polymer formation (polymerases), as well as secondary modifications (sulphation and uronic acid epimerization). Therefore, this work not only identifies both the proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes in invertebrates but also provides a novel method for the study of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Joo EJ, Yang H, Park Y, Park NY, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Induction of nucleolin translocation by acharan sulfate in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1272-8. [PMID: 20564223 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, is a novel glycosaminoglycan, consisting primarily of the repeating disaccharide structure alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1 --> 4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. AS shows anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Despite this activity, AS is only weakly cytotoxic towards cancer cells. We examine the interactions between AS and cell-surface proteins in an effort to explain this anti-tumor activity. Using flow cytometry and affinity column chromatography, we confirm that AS has strong affinity to specific cell-surface proteins including nucleolin (NL) in A549 human lung adenocarcinomas. Surprisingly, we found the translocation of NL from nucleus to cytoplasm under the stimulation of AS (100 microg/ml) in vitro. Also, as NL exits the nucleus, the levels of growth factors such as bFGF and signaling cascade proteins, such as p38, p53, and pERK, are altered. These results suggest that the communication between AS and NL plays a critical role on signal transduction in tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Joo
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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17
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Hyun YJ, Lee KS, Kim DH. Cloning, expression and characterization of acharan sulfate-degrading heparin lyase II from Bacteroides stercoris HJ-15. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:226-35. [PMID: 19566715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study focused on the cloning, expression and characterization of recombinant heparinase II (rHepII) from Bacteroides stercoris HJ-15. METHODS AND RESULTS The heparinase II gene from Bact. stercoris HJ-15 was identified by Southern blotting and the sequence was deposited in GenBank. The gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and rHepII was purified using two simple ion-exchange column chromatography steps. Enzymatic properties and substrate specificities of rHepII were assessed and its kinetic constants were calculated. Heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (HLGAGs) were digested with rHepII under optimal reaction conditions, and the products were analysed by SAX-HPLC. CONCLUSIONS The heparinase II gene is 2322-bp long and consists of 773 amino acids. rHepII is most active in 50 mmol l(-1) sodium phosphate buffer with 75 mmol l(-1) NaCl (pH 7.4) at 32 degrees C, and the activity is stable at 4 degrees C for 15 days on storage. Acharan sulfate is the best substrate for rHepII, followed by heparan sulfate and heparin. The major degradation products were verified as highly sulfated disaccharides through SAX-HPLC analysis. It means that rHepII prefers iduronic acid over glucuronic acid on the HLGAG structure. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides easy and certain means for obtaining large amounts of pure rHepII and also provides important information regarding the tendencies of this enzyme and its digested products. rHepII digests HLGAGs in a different manner than heparinases from Flavobacterium heparinum; therefore, we anticipate that rHepII will be a powerful tool for studies of GAGs and GAGs lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Hyun
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Gao Y, Gao H, Chan E, Tang W, Xu A, Yang H, Huang M, Lan J, Li X, Duan W, Xu C, Zhou S. Antitumor Activity and Underlying Mechanisms of Ganopoly, The Refined Polysaccharides Extracted fromGanoderma Lucidum, in Mice. Immunol Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/imm-55813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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A novel and one-step purification of human ceruloplasmin by acharan sulfate affinity chromatography. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:693-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Park Y, Zhang Z, Laremore TN, Li B, Sim JS, Im AR, Ahn MY, Kim YS, Linhardt RJ. Variation of acharan sulfate and monosaccharide composition and analysis of neutral N-glycans in African giant snail (Achatina fulica). Glycoconj J 2008; 25:863-77. [PMID: 18670878 PMCID: PMC2630192 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate content from African giant snail (Achatina fulica) was compared in eggs and snails of different ages. Acharan sulfate was not found in egg. Acharan sulfate disaccharide -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc (1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->, analyzed by SAX (strong-anion exchange)-HPLC was observed soon after hatching and increases as the snails grow. Monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that mole % of glucosamine, a major monosaccharide of acharan sulfate, increased with age while mole % of galactose decreased with age. These results suggest that galactans represent a major energy source during development, while acharan sulfate appearing immediately after hatching, is essential for the snail growth. The structures of neutral N-glycans released from eggs by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), were next elucidated using ESI-MS/MS, MALDI-MS/MS, enzyme digestion, and monosaccharide composition analysis. Three types of neutral N-glycan structures were observed, truncated (Hex(2-4)-HexNAc(2)), high mannose (Hex(5-9)-HexNAc(2)), and complex (Hex(3)-HexNAc(2-10)) types. None showed core fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyangzi Li
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Im
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
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Dias PF, Siqueira JM, Maraschin M, Ferreira AG, Gagliardi AR, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM. A polysaccharide isolated from the brown seaweed Sargassum stenophyllum exerts antivasculogenic effects evidenced by modified morphogenesis. Microvasc Res 2008; 75:34-44. [PMID: 17585952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A polysaccharide (Sarg) extracted from the brown marine alga Sargassum stenophyllum was studied for its antivasculogenic effects in both in vivo and in vitro assays, as well as for its capacity to modify embryonic morphogenetic processes endogenously regulated by bFGF, a well-known angiogenic stimulator. The antivasculogenic activity of Sarg (6-1500 microg/implant) was evaluated in a chick yolk sac membrane assay and the embryonic morphogenesis was measured as the percentage cephalic length. Sarg alone (96-1500 microg/implant) and co-administered with hydrocortisone (HC; 156 microg/implant) decreased the vitelline vessel number by 23-100% and 54-100% respectively. The polysaccharide potentiated the antivasculogenic effect of HC (42% inhibition). Basic fibroblast growth factor-stimulated vasculogenesis (141% of vessels as compared to control) was partially reversed by Sarg. The treatment with Sarg also decreased the percentage cephalic length of 3.5- and 4-day chick embryos (as cultured in vivo and in vitro, respectively), uncoupled from any impairment in the body shape or embryotoxic effect. Due to polyanionic characteristics of Sarg, which are similar to those seen in the heparin molecule, we suggest that this polysaccharide should modulate the activity of heparin-binding vascular growth factors (such as bFGF, which also acts as a morphogen) mimetically interfering with heparan sulfate proteoglycans during microvessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernando Dias
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center (CCB), Block D, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), University Campus-Trindade, Florianópolis, 88.049-900, SC, Brazil.
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22
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Kim JO, Jung SS, Kim SY, Kim TY, Shin DW, Lee JH, Lee YH. Inhibition of Lewis lung carcinoma growth by Toxoplasma gondii through induction of Th1 immune responses and inhibition of angiogenesis. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22 Suppl:S38-46. [PMID: 17923753 PMCID: PMC2694397 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.s.s38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that induces antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little information is available regarding the immunologic mechanisms that regulate these effects. For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice were administered either the T. gondii Me49 strain orally or Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells intramuscularly. Survival rates, tumor size, histopathology, and immune responses were determined for each group, and angiogenesis was evaluated by in vivo Matrigel plug assay. Toxoplasma-infected (TG-injected) mice survived the entire experimental period, whereas cancer cell-bearing (LLC-injected) mice died within six weeks. Mice injected with both T. gondii and cancer cells (TG/LLC-injected group) showed significantly increased survival rates, CD8+ T-cell percentages, IFN-gamma mRNA expression levels, serum IgG2a titers, and CTL responses as compared to the LLC-injected mice. In addition, angiogenesis in the TG/LLC-injected mice was notably inhibited. These effects in TG/LCC-injected mice were similar or were increased by the addition of an adjuvant, Quil-A. However, TG/LLC-injected mice showed decreased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IFN-gamma mRNA expression levels, and serum IgG1 and IgG2a titers as compared to TG-injected mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that T. gondii infection inhibits tumor growth in the Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model through the induction of Th1 immune responses and antiangiogenic activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunotherapy/methods
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Toxoplasma/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ock Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae Yun Kim
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Whan Shin
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Kim HS, Lee YH, Lee YR, Im SA, Lee JK, Kim YS, Sim JS, Choi HS, Lee CK. Activation of professional antigen presenting cells by acharan sulfate isolated from giant african snail, achatina fulica. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:866-70. [PMID: 17703739 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate isolated from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, has been reported to have antitumor activity in vivo. In an effort to determine the mechanisms of its antitumor activity, we examined the effects of acharan sulfate on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Acharan sulfate increased the phagocytic activity, the production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and the release of nitric oxide on a macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, acharan sulfate induced phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells (DCs). Immature DCs cultured with acharan sulfate expressed higher levels of class II MHC molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2, and CD40. Functional maturation of immature DCs cultured in the presence of acharan sulfate was confirmed by the increased allostimulatory capacity and IL-12 production. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of acharan sulfate is partly due to the activation of professional antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Nie X, Shi B, Ding Y, Tao W. Preparation of a chemically sulfated polysaccharide derived from Grifola frondosa and its potential biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:228-33. [PMID: 16822541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the preparation, characterization and potential biological activities of a chemically sulfated polysaccharide (S-GAP-P), which was derived from water-insoluble polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa mycelia. S-GAP-P was determined to be a glucan sulfate with the average molecular weight of 28 kDa and the sulfur content of 16.4%. The antitumor and immunomodulating activities of the sulfated derivative were estimated in vitro and in vivo. S-GAP-P inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells and induced apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. And the results from in vivo experiments demonstrated that S-GAP-P significantly inhibited the tumor growth and enhanced the peritoneal macrophages phagocytosis in S180-bearing mice. It is noteworthy that S-GAP-P could accelerate the antitumor activity of CTX and improve the immunocompetence damaged by CTX, suggesting the combination might increase cytotoxic efficacy and decrease toxicity of some chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Nie
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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25
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Zhao QT, Yue SQ, Cui Z, Wang Q, Cui X, Zhai HH, Zhang LH, Dou KF. Potential involvement of the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma-associated angiogenesis. Life Sci 2006; 80:484-92. [PMID: 17097688 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumor development and growth. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential involvement of the cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) pathway in the regulation of angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We inhibited Cox-2 expression in HCC cell line HuH-7 by selective Cox-2 inhibitor (SC-58635) or Cox-2 siRNA. Conditioned media (CMs) from HuH-7 cells were used in angiogenic assays in vitro and in vivo. Compared with CMs from untreated and negative siRNA treated HuH-7 cells, CMs from SC-58635 and Cox-2 siRNA treated HuH-7 dramatically suppressed the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and neovascularization in vivo. These inhibitory effects could be partially reversed by the addition of exogenous PGE2 to CMs. Furthermore, Cox-2 inhibition by SC-58635 resulted in PGE2 reduction accompanied by the down-regulation of four PGE2 receptor (EP receptor) subtypes. Treatment with SC-58635 led to the down-expression of proangiogenic factors such as VEGF, HGF, FGF2, ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 in HCC. An approximately 78% reduction of VEGF level has been found in the CM from SC-58635 treated HuH-7. Our results suggest an involvement of Cox-2 in the control of HCC-associated angiogenesis. PGE2 as a vital angiogenic factor may act directly on endothelial cells to promote HuH-7-stimulated angiogenic process. Moreover, Cox-2/PGE2/EP/VEGF pathway possibly also contributes to tumor angiogenesis in HCC. This study provides the rationale for clinical studies of Cox-2 inhibitors on the treatment or chemoprevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Tao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Sugery, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is an integral component of wound healing, responses to inflammation and other physiologic processes. It is also an essential part of tumor growth; in the absence of new vessel formation, tumors cannot expand beyond a small volume. Although much is known about angiogenesis and its regulation, there is no overall theory that describes or explains this process. It is here suggested that the intracrine hypothesis, which ascribes to certain extracellular signaling peptides (whether hormones, growth factors, DNA-binding proteins or enzymes) a role in both intracellular biology and extracellular signaling, can contribute to a more general understanding of angiogenesis. Intracrine factors participate in angiogenesis in the following ways: (1) they can act within the cells that synthesized them (type I intracrine action), (2) they can be secreted and then taken up by their cell of synthesis to act intracellularly (type II intracrine action ), or (3) they can be secreted and internalized by a distant target cell (type III intracrine action). The parallels between the intracrine growth factor mechanisms cancer cells employ in stimulating their own growth and the mechanisms operative in endothelial cell proliferation during angiogenesis ("intracrine reciprocity") are discussed. Collectively, these explorations lead to testable hypotheses regarding the regulation of normal and pathological angiogenesis, and point to similarities between tumor-induced angiogenesis and tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Re
- Research Division, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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Zhang C, Yang F, Zhang XW, Wang SC, Li MH, Lin LP, Ding J. Grateloupia longifolia polysaccharide inhibits angiogenesis by downregulating tissue factor expression in HMEC-1 endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:741-51. [PMID: 16715123 PMCID: PMC1617078 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The antiangiogenic and antitumor properties of Grateloupia longifolia polysaccharide (GLP), a new type of polysaccharide isolated from the marine alga, were investigated with several in vitro and in vivo models. Possible mechanisms underlying its antiangiogenic activity were also assessed. 2. GLP dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), with IC50 values of 0.86 and 0.64 mg ml(-1), respectively. In tube formation and cell migration assays using HMEC-1 cells, noncytotoxic doses of GLP significantly inhibited formation of intact tube networks and reduced the number of migratory cells. Inhibition by GLP was VEGF-independent. 3. In the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, GLP (2.5 microg egg(-1)) reduced new vessel formation compared with the vehicle control. GLP (0.1 mg plug(-1)) also reduced the vessel density in Matrigel plugs implanted in mice. 4. The levels of pan and phosphorylated receptors for VEGF, VEGFR-1 (flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR) were not significantly altered by 5 mg ml(-1) GLP treatment of HMEC-1, although tissue factor (TF) showed significant decreases at both mRNA and protein levels following GLP treatment. 5. In mice bearing sarcoma-180 cells, intravenous administration of GLP (200 mg kg(-1)) decreased tumor weight by 52% without obvious toxicity. Vascular density in sections of the tumor was reduced by 64% after GLP treatment. 6. Collectively, these results indicate that GLP has antitumor properties, associated at least, in part, with the antiangiogenesis induced by downregulation of TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Wen Zhang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Shun-Chun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Hong Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Lin
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Author for correspondence:
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Chi L, Munoz EM, Choi HS, Ha YW, Kim YS, Toida T, Linhardt RJ. Preparation and structural determination of large oligosaccharides derived from acharan sulfate. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:864-9. [PMID: 16530176 PMCID: PMC4140629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structures of a series of large oligosaccharides derived from acharan sulfate were characterized. Acharan sulfate is an unusual glycosaminoglycan isolated from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. Oligosaccharides from decasaccharide to hexadecasaccharide were enzymatically prepared using heparin lyase II and purified. Capillary electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis confirmed the purity of these oligosaccharides. Their structures, determined by ESI-MS and NMR, were consistent with the major repeating sequence in acharan sulfate, -->4)-alpha-d-GlcN(p)Ac-(1-->4)-alpha-l-IdoA(p)2S-(1-->, terminated by 4-linked alpha-d-GlcN(p)Ac residue at the reducing end and by 4,5-unsaturated pyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate at the non-reducing end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianli Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Eva M. Munoz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hyung Seok Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Dias PF, Siqueira JM, Vendruscolo LF, de Jesus Neiva T, Gagliardi AR, Maraschin M, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM. Antiangiogenic and antitumoral properties of a polysaccharide isolated from the seaweed Sargassum stenophyllum. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:436-46. [PMID: 15902462 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential antiangiogenic and antitumoral properties of SargA, a polysaccharide extracted from the brown marine alga Sargassum stenophyllum, were studied in assays carried out in chick embryos and mice. Gelfoam plugs containing SargA (2-1500 microg/plug) implanted in vivo into fertilized 6-day-old chicken eggs induced dose-related antiangiogenic activity in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). By day 8, the highest dose of SargA alone decreased the vessel number in the CAM by 64%, but coadministered with hydrocortisone (156 microg/plug, which alone caused 30% inhibition) failed to potentiate its antiangiogenic effect. Combined with basic fibroblast growth factor (50 ng/plug), SargA (1500 microg/plug) abolished angiogenesis stimulated by this factor in both chick embryo CAM and in subcutaneous (s.c.) Gelfoam plugs implanted in the dorsal skin of Swiss mice (measured as plug hemoglobin content). Repeated s.c. injections of SargA (1.5 or 150 microg per animal per day for 3 days) close to B16F10 melanoma cell tumors in the dorsal skin of mice markedly decreased tumor growth in a dose-related fashion (by 40% and 80% at 2 weeks after the first injection, respectively), without evident signs of toxicity. SargA caused graded inhibitions of migration and viability of cultured B16F10 cells and also displayed antithrombotic activity in human plasma (5 mg/ml increased thrombin time 2.5-fold relative to saline). Thus, SargA exhibits pronounced antiangiogenic as well as antitumoral properties. Although the latter action of SargA might be related to the inhibition of angiogenesis, the polysaccharide also exerts cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Because of its chemical characteristics and polyanionic constituents, we postulate that the polysaccharide SargA might modulate the activity of heparin-binding angiogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernando Dias
- Departament of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Center Block D, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus - Trindade, Florianópolis, CEP 88.049-900, SC, Brazil
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Joo EJ, ten Dam GB, van Kuppevelt TH, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Nucleolin: acharan sulfate-binding protein on the surface of cancer cells. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1-9. [PMID: 15329357 PMCID: PMC1237021 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides that participate in the regulation of physiological processes through the interactions with a wide variety of proteins. Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, primarily consists of the repeating disaccharide structure alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1-->4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. Exogenous AS was injected subcutaneously near the tumor tissue in C57BL/6 mice that had been implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs). The location of AS in the tumor was assessed by staining of sectioned tissues with alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent. In vitro assays indicated binding of cells to 50 microg/ml AS (or heparin) after a 5-h incubation. Immunofluorescence assays, using anti-AS antibody, detected AS at the cell surface. The outer-surface of LLCs were next biotinylated to identify the AS-binding proteins. Biotinylated cells were lysed, and the lysates were fractionated on the AS affinity column using a stepwise salt gradient (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M). The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining and western blotting. We focused on the proteins with high affinity for AS (eluting at 1 M NaCl) and detected only two bands by western blotting. ESI Q-TOF MS analysis of one of these bands, molecular weight approximately 110 kDa, showed it to be nucleolin. A phosphorylated form of nucleolin on the surface of cells acts as a cell surface receptor for a variety of ligands, including growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and chemokines (i.e., midkine). These results show that nucleolin is one of several AS-binding proteins and suggest that AS might demonstrate its tumor growth inhibitory activity by binding the nucleolin receptor protein on the surface of cancer cells.
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Key Words
- as-binding protein
- biotinylation
- lewis lung carcinoma
- nucleolin
- as, acharan sulfate
- bsa, bovine serum albumin
- caps, 3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
- d-pbs, dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline
- edta, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- esi q-tof ms, electrospray ionization quadrupole timeof- flight mass spectrometry
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- llc, lewis lung carcinoma
- ms/ms, tandem mass spectrometry
- mtt, methylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- pas, periodic acid-schiff
- pvdf, polyvinylidene difluoride
- sds-page, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- vsv, vesicular stromatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Joo
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea
| | - Gerdy B. ten Dam
- Department of Biochemistry, NCMLS, UMC Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; and
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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Li DW, Lee IS, Sim JS, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Long duration of anticoagulant activity and protective effects of acharan sulfate in vivo. Thromb Res 2004; 113:67-73. [PMID: 15081567 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that a new glycosaminoglycan, acharan sulfate (AS) from the African giant snail Achatina fulica showed anticoagulant activity in vitro, but was much less active when compared to heparin. In the present study, the anticoagulant activity of AS was investigated in vivo. METHODS AS and heparin were administered to mice and rats in various doses and the anticoagulant activities were measured by aPTT assay. Both were also compared in a thrombin-induced lethality animal model. As one of the possible mechanisms, AS-thrombin interaction was studied by using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Intravenous administration of AS to mice prolonged the clotting time (aPTT) in a time and dose-dependent manner. Although the anticoagulant activity was low in rats, it steadily increased over 5 h after administration of AS (30 mg/kg). In contrast, the increase in aPTT induced by 5 mg/kg of heparin was restored to a normal level after 3 h. In a thrombin-induced lethality model in mice, AS (20 mg/kg) protected against lethality by 80%, while heparin (20 mg/kg) did not show any protective activity beyond 3.5 h post-administration. AS could be also detected in plasma even 5 h after i.v. administration to rats. The binding constant (K(D)) of AS to thrombin was 7.27 x 10(-6) M, corresponding to moderate binding affinity. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the longer duration of AS in blood could prolong the clotting time determined by aPTT and offering protection against thrombin-induced lethality. One possible mechanism may result from AS-thrombin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Li
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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ten Dam GB, van de Westerlo EMA, Smetsers TFCM, Willemse M, van Muijen GNP, Merry CLR, Gallagher JT, Kim YS, van Kuppevelt TH. Detection of 2-O-sulfated iduronate and N-acetylglucosamine units in heparan sulfate by an antibody selected against acharan sulfate (IdoA2S-GlcNAc)n. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38346-52. [PMID: 15247295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The snail glycosaminoglycan acharan sulfate (AS) is structurally related to heparan sulfates (HS) and has a repeating disaccharide structure of alpha-d-N-acetylglucosaminyl-2-O-sulfo-alpha-l-iduronic acid (GlcNAc-IdoA2S) residues. Using the phage display technology, a unique antibody (MW3G3) was selected against AS with a V(H)3, DP 47, and a CDR3 amino acid sequence of QKKRPRF. Antibody MW3G3 did not react with desulfated, N-deacetylated or N-sulfated AS, indicating that reactivity depends on N-acetyl and 2-O-sulfate groups. Antibody MW3G3 also had a high preference for (modified) heparin oligosaccharides containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues. In tissues, antibody MW3G3 identified a HS oligosaccharide epitope containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues as enzymatic N-deacetylation of HS in situ prevented staining, and 2-O-sulfotransferase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells were not reactive. An immunohistochemical survey using various rat organs revealed a distinct distribution of the MW3G3 epitope, which was primarily present in the basal laminae of most (but not all) blood vessels and of some epithelia, including human skin. No staining was observed in the glycosaminoglycan-rich tumor matrix of metastatic melanoma. In conclusion, we have selected an antibody that identifies HS oligosaccharides containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues. This antibody may be instrumental in identifying structural alterations in HS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdy B ten Dam
- Department of Biochemistry and Pathology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Vieira TCRG, Costa-Filho A, Salgado NC, Allodi S, Valente AP, Nasciutti LE, Silva LCF. Acharan sulfate, the new glycosaminoglycan from Achatina fulica Bowdich 1822. Structural heterogeneity, metabolic labeling and localization in the body, mucus and the organic shell matrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:845-54. [PMID: 14764101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.03989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate, a recently discovered glycosaminoglycan isolated from Achatina fulica, has a major disaccharide repeating unit of -->4)-2-acetyl,2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranose(1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-l-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->, making it structurally related to both heparin and heparan sulfate. It has been suggested that this glycosaminoglycan is polydisperse, with an average molecular mass of 29 kDa and known minor disaccharide sequence variants containing unsulfated iduronic acid. Acharan sulfate was found to be located in the body of this species using alcian blue staining and it was suggested to be the main constituent of the mucus. In the present work, we provide further information on the structure and compartmental distribution of acharan sulfate in the snail body. Different populations of acharan sulfate presenting charge and/or molecular mass heterogeneities were isolated from the whole body, as well as from mucus and from the organic shell matrix. A minor glycosaminoglycan fraction susceptible to degradation by nitrous acid was also purified from the snail body, suggesting the presence of N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan molecules. In addition, we demonstrate the in vivo metabolic labeling of acharan sulfate in the snail body after a meal supplemented with [35S]free sulfate. This simple approach might be applied to the study of acharan sulfate biosynthesis. Finally, we developed histochemical assays to localize acharan sulfate in the snail body by metachromatic staining and by histoautoradiography following metabolic radiolabeling with [35S]sulfate. Our results show that acharan sulfate is widely distributed among several organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane C R G Vieira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Brazil
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