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Vlachovsky SG, Azurmendi PJ, Oddo EM, Rodríguez RS, Di Ciano LA, Goette NP, Paz LA, Silberstein C, Ibarra FR. High sodium, rather than high blood pressure, induces immune cell activation and renal infiltration in ovariectomized adult Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 722:150147. [PMID: 38788356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We used an animal model of salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) in which ovariectomized (oVx) rats developed hypertension with high salt (HS) intake. Hypertension is accompanied by changes in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes, immune CD45+ cell infiltration into renal tissue, and changes in Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA) expression in both renal tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To determine whether the observed changes resulted from HS intake, high blood pressure, or both, hydralazine (HDZ) was used to lower blood pressure. The oVx HS rats received two HDZ schedules either to prevent or to treat hypertension. NKA was overexpressed in the kidneys of all oVx groups and in PBMCs of oVx HS rats. This pattern was not altered with HDZ treatment. Changes in CD4+ T lymphocytes and renal infiltration of CD45+ cells were not reversed either. High salt, but not high blood pressure, induces immune cell activation and renal infiltration. Overexpressed NKA is the primary event, and HS is the perturbation to the system in this model of SSH, which resembles the postmenopausal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Vlachovsky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Pablo J Azurmendi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Elisabet M Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Romina S Rodríguez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Luis A Di Ciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Nora P Goette
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio Hematología Investigación, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo A Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina.
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Laboratorio de Nefrología Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150, Buenos Aires, 1427, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica B. Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Laboratorio de Fisiología Renal, Paraguay 2155, piso 4, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Chang TT, Chiang CH, Chen C, Lin SC, Lee HJ, Chen JW. Antioxidation and Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 activation contribute to renal protective effects of hydralazine in diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113139. [PMID: 35623171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hydralazine is an antihypertensive agent and may act as a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor to reduce uric acid levels in a mouse renal injury model. This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of hydralazine in experimental DN. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were fed a high-fat diet to generate DN. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells were used in vitro. Nitrendipine and allopurinol which can reduce blood pressure or XO activity levels, were used as two positive controls. Hydralazine downregulated NF-κB/p38 signaling pathways and reduced TNF-α/IL-6 expressions in high glucose-stimulated renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Hydralazine reduced in vitro ROS production via XO inhibition and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 activation. Furthermore, hydralazine reduced high glucose-induced apoptosis by downregulating PARP/caspase-3 signaling. Hydralazine and allopurinol but not nitrendipine reduced serum uric acid levels and systemic inflammation. Hydralazine and allopurinol treatment improved renal function with decreased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and fibrosis in the kidney of DN mice. While both hydralazine and allopurinol downregulated XO and NADPH oxidase expression, only hydralazine upregulated Nrf2/HO-1 renal expression, suggesting the additional effects of hydralazine independent of XO/ NADPH oxidase inhibition. In conclusion, hydralazine protected renal proximal tubular epithelial cells against the insults of high glucose and prevented renal damage via XO/NADPH oxidase inhibition and Nrf-2/HO-1 activation, suggesting the comprehensive antioxidation and anti-inflammation mechanisms for the management of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Chiang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan/Su-Ao Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chu Lin
- Department of Urology/Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Yuan-Shan/Su-Ao Branch, Yi-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jou Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Pal S, Rahman J, Mu S, Rusch NJ, Stolarz AJ. Drug-Related Lymphedema: Mysteries, Mechanisms, and Potential Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850586. [PMID: 35308247 PMCID: PMC8930849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic circulation is an important component of the circulatory system in humans, playing a critical role in the transport of lymph fluid containing proteins, white blood cells, and lipids from the interstitial space to the central venous circulation. The efficient transport of lymph fluid critically relies on the rhythmic contractions of collecting lymph vessels, which function to “pump” fluid in the distal to proximal direction through the lymphatic circulation with backflow prevented by the presence of valves. When rhythmic contractions are disrupted or valves are incompetent, the loss of lymph flow results in fluid accumulation in the interstitial space and the development of lymphedema. There is growing recognition that many pharmacological agents modify the activity of ion channels and other protein structures in lymph muscle cells to disrupt the cyclic contraction and relaxation of lymph vessels, thereby compromising lymph flow and predisposing to the development of lymphedema. The effects of different medications on lymph flow can be understood by appreciating the intricate intracellular calcium signaling that underlies the contraction and relaxation cycle of collecting lymph vessels. For example, voltage-sensitive calcium influx through long-lasting (“L-type”) calcium channels mediates the rise in cytosolic calcium concentration that triggers lymph vessel contraction. Accordingly, calcium channel antagonists that are mainstay cardiovascular medications, attenuate the cyclic influx of calcium through L-type calcium channels in lymph muscle cells, thereby disrupting rhythmic contractions and compromising lymph flow. Many other classes of medications also may contribute to the formation of lymphedema by impairing lymph flow as an off-target effect. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence regarding potential mechanisms of drug-related lymphedema with an emphasis on common medications administered to treat cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Additionally, although current pharmacological approaches used to alleviate lymphedema are largely ineffective, efforts are mounting to arrive at a deeper understanding of mechanisms that regulate lymph flow as a strategy to identify novel anti-lymphedema medications. Accordingly, this review also will provide information on studies that have explored possible anti-lymphedema therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumiya Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Jenat Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Nancy J. Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Amanda J. Stolarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Amanda J. Stolarz,
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Kalkhoran SB, Kriston-Vizi J, Hernandez-Resendiz S, Crespo-Avilan GE, Rosdah AA, Lees JG, Costa JRSD, Ling NXY, Holien JK, Samangouei P, Chinda K, Yap EP, Riquelme JA, Ketteler R, Yellon DM, Lim SY, Hausenloy DJ. Hydralazine protects the heart against acute ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:282-294. [PMID: 33386841 PMCID: PMC8752357 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial fission induced by acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size. The clinically used anti-hypertensive and heart failure medication, hydralazine, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Here, we investigated whether hydralazine confers acute cardioprotection by inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. METHODS AND RESULTS Pre-treatment with hydralazine was shown to inhibit both mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation induced by oxidative stress in HeLa cells. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), pre-treatment with hydralazine attenuated mitochondrial fission and cell death induced by oxidative stress, but this effect was absent in MEFs deficient in the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance studies demonstrated binding of hydralazine to the GTPase domain of the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1 (KD 8.6±1.0 µM), and inhibition of Drp1 GTPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. In isolated adult murine cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated IRI, hydralazine inhibited mitochondrial fission, preserved mitochondrial fusion events, and reduced cardiomyocyte death (hydralazine 24.7±2.5% vs. control 34.1±1.5%, P=0.0012). In ex vivo perfused murine hearts subjected to acute IRI, pre-treatment with hydralazine reduced myocardial infarct size (as % left ventricle: hydralazine 29.6±6.5% vs. vehicle control 54.1±4.9%, P=0.0083), and in the murine heart subjected to in vivo IRI, the administration of hydralazine at reperfusion, decreased myocardial infarct size (as % area-at-risk: hydralazine 28.9±3.0% vs. vehicle control 58.2±3.8%, P<0.001). CONCLUSION We show that, in addition to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, hydralazine, confers acute cardioprotection by inhibiting IRI-induced mitochondrial fission, raising the possibility of repurposing hydralazine as a novel cardioprotective therapy for improving post-infarction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College, Gower St, Kings Cross, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Sauri Hernandez-Resendiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Gustavo E Crespo-Avilan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig-University, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ayeshah A Rosdah
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Bukit Lama, Kec. Ilir Bar. I, Kota Palembang, 30139 Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Medical Building, Cnr Grattan Street & Royal Parade, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Jarmon G Lees
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Medical Building, Cnr Grattan Street & Royal Parade, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica K Holien
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Medical Building, Cnr Grattan Street & Royal Parade, 3010 Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Tha Pho, Mueang Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - En Ping Yap
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
| | - Jaime A Riquelme
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
- Advanced Center for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College, Gower St, Kings Cross, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Medical Building, Cnr Grattan Street & Royal Parade, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College, 67 Chenies Mews, WC1E 6HX London, UK
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, 5 Hospital Drive, 169609, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, 41354 Taichung, Taiwan
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Vlachovsky SG, Di Ciano LA, Oddo EM, Azurmendi PJ, Goette NP, Arrizurieta EE, Silberstein C, Ibarra FR. Ovariectomy and high salt increase blood pressure and alter sodium transport proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult Wistar rats. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2107-2123. [PMID: 34320266 DOI: 10.1113/ep089553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In a model of salt-sensitive hypertension in ovariectomized (oVx) adult Wistar rats, what is the expression of proteins related to sodium transport in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and how does the response of proteins to high sodium intake compare with changes in blood pressure in intact female rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Sodium transport proteins in PBMCs react to high sodium and blood pressure markedly differently in oVx versus intact female rats. Protein expression shows sodium and pressure sensitivity. Renal immune cells increase in oVx under high salt. ABSTRACT Hypertension is a worldwide public health problem. High sodium consumption is associated with hypertension, and hypertensive mechanisms involve immunity cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are endowed with proteins related to sodium transport. We studied their abundance in PBMCs from intact (IF) or ovariectomized (oVx) adult Wistar rats under normal (NS) or high (HS) salt intake. Ovariectomy was performed at 60 days of life. At 145 days, one group of IF and oVx rats received NS or HS intake for 5 days. Another group of IF HS and oVx HS rats received hydralazine (HDZ) to reduce blood pressure (BP). Sodium balance and BP were recorded. Expression of Na+ ,K+ -ATPase (NKA), Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), dopamine D1 like receptor (D1DR), CD4+ and CD8+ were determined in PBMCs and CD45+ leukocytes in renal tissue. IF HS rats showed increased natriuresis and normal BP. NKA and CD4+ expression diminished in IF HS. Instead, oVx HS rats had sodium retention and high BP and increased the expression of NKA, NKCC1, D1DR, CD4+ and CD8+ in PBMCs. Renal CD45+ leukocytes increased in oVx HS rats. HDZ decreased BP in all rats. Upon HDZ treatment, NKA did not change, NKCC1 decreased in oVx HS rats, while SGK1 increased in both IF HS and oVx HS rats. Hormonal background determines BP response and the expression of proteins related to sodium transport in PBMCs and renal immune cells at HS intake. The analysis of NKA, NKCC1 and SGK1 expression in PBMCs differentiated salt-sensitivity from BP variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Vlachovsky
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Di Ciano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabet M Oddo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo J Azurmendi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Goette
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio Hematología Investigación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elvira E Arrizurieta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Silberstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando R Ibarra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio de Riñón Experimental y Bioquímica Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Leible S, Canals A, Walton R, Mitelman G, Castiglione A, Biron M, Faundez R, Sepulveda W. First-trimester miscarriage rate decreases with hydralazine therapy in pregnancies with early uterine vascular insufficiency: a cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:6988-6997. [PMID: 34074216 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1932809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miscarriage is the most frequent cause of pregnancy loss, affecting 15-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Early uterine vascular insufficiency (EUVI), defined as abnormal uterine artery (UA) Doppler impedance indices in early pregnancy, is present in two-thirds of pregnancies ending in miscarriage after embryonic cardiac activity has been detected. There is currently no available therapy for reducing the risk of miscarriage in these cases. OBJECTIVE To determine whether vasodilator therapy with hydralazine can reduce abnormally high UA impedance indices and miscarriage rates in pregnancies with EUVI when administered from before 9 weeks' gestation until completing 13 weeks' gestation. METHODS A total of 253 consecutive singleton pregnancies with a live embryo and scanned before 9 weeks' gestation were included in the study. Ninety-two pregnancies (36.3%) were classified as having EUVI. Hydralazine was administered in daily doses of 50 mg, starting 24-36 h after the initial diagnosis of EUVI and continuing throughout the first trimester. The miscarriage rate in the hydralazine-treated EUVI group was compared with the one observed in our previously reported untreated cohort and the pregnancies with EUVI that declined treatment with hydralazine. RESULTS The miscarriage rate among the hydralazine-treated EUVI group was significantly lower than the previously reported untreated cohort (7.8% versus 26.2%, p = .003; odds ratio (OR) = 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-11.9). In 15 untreated pregnancies with EUVI, the miscarriage rate was similar to that of the previously reported untreated cohort (26.7% versus 26.2%; p = .603) and higher than the hydralazine-treated group (26.7% versus 7.8%, p = .05; OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.1-18.2). CONCLUSIONS Hydralazine therapy in pregnancies with EUVI was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of miscarriage. We suggest a sequence of events leading to a higher risk of miscarriage in pregnancies with EUVI and propose a potential mechanism through which hydralazine may reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Canals
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Waldo Sepulveda
- FETALMED - Maternal-Fetal Diagnostic Center, Santiago, Chile
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Shi L, Lin Y, Jiao Y, Herr SA, Tang J, Rogers E, Chen Z, Shi R. Acrolein scavenger dimercaprol offers neuroprotection in an animal model of Parkinson's disease: implication of acrolein and TRPA1. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:13. [PMID: 33910636 PMCID: PMC8080346 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying lesions of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, an essential pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD), are largely unknown, although oxidative stress is recognized as a key factor. We have previously shown that the pro-oxidative aldehyde acrolein is a critical factor in PD pathology, and that acrolein scavenger hydralazine can reduce the elevated acrolein, mitigate DA neuron death, and alleviate motor deficits in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model. As such, we hypothesize that a structurally distinct acrolein scavenger, dimercaprol (DP), can also offer neuroprotection and behavioral benefits. METHODS DP was used to lower the elevated levels of acrolein in the basal ganglia of 6-OHDA rats. The acrolein levels and related pathologies were measured by immunohistochemistry. Locomotor and behavioral effects of 6-OHDA injections and DP treatment were examined using the open field test and rotarod test. Pain was assessed using mechanical allodynia, cold hypersensitivity, and plantar tests. Finally, the effects of DP were assessed in vitro on SK-N-SH dopaminergic cells exposed to acrolein. RESULTS DP reduced acrolein and reversed the upregulation of pain-sensing transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels in the substantia nigra, striatum, and cortex. DP also mitigated both motor and sensory deficits typical of PD. In addition, DP lowered acrolein and protected DA-like cells in vitro. Acrolein's ability to upregulate TRPA1 was also verified in vitro using cell lines. CONCLUSIONS These results further elucidated the acrolein-mediated pathogenesis and reinforced the critical role of acrolein in PD while providing strong arguments for anti-acrolein treatments as a novel and feasible strategy to combat neurodegeneration in PD. Considering the extensive involvement of acrolein in various nervous system illnesses and beyond, anti-acrolein strategies may have wide applications and broad impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqin Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 625014, China
| | - Yazhou Lin
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yucheng Jiao
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Seth A Herr
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Edmond Rogers
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 625014, China.
| | - Riyi Shi
- Center for Paralysis Research & Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Lyhne MD, Kline JA, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, Andersen A. Pulmonary vasodilation in acute pulmonary embolism - a systematic review. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894019899775. [PMID: 32180938 PMCID: PMC7057411 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019899775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism is the third most common cause of cardiovascular death. Pulmonary embolism increases right ventricular afterload, which causes right ventricular failure, circulatory collapse and death. Most treatments focus on removal of the mechanical obstruction caused by the embolism, but pulmonary vasoconstriction is a significant contributor to the increased right ventricular afterload and is often left untreated. Pulmonary thromboembolism causes mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature coupled with a complex interaction between humoral factors from the activated platelets, endothelial effects, reflexes and hypoxia to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction that worsens right ventricular afterload. Vasoconstrictors include serotonin, thromboxane, prostaglandins and endothelins, counterbalanced by vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclins. Exogenous administration of pulmonary vasodilators in acute pulmonary embolism seems attractive but all come with a risk of systemic vasodilation or worsening of pulmonary ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In animal models of acute pulmonary embolism, modulators of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G pathway, endothelin pathway and prostaglandin pathway have been investigated. But only a small number of clinical case reports and prospective clinical trials exist. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the causes of pulmonary embolism-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and of experimental and human investigations of pulmonary vasodilation in acute pulmonary embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Dam Lyhne
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey Allen Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Asger Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Abstract
Many cardiac therapeutics lack significant evidence of benefit in the horse, and in many cases their use is based on extrapolation of evidence from other species. In recent years there has been a push to develop a better understanding of both the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Recent data have described the use of antiarrhythmic agents including sotalol, flecainide, and amiodarone. Data about the use of ACE inhibitors in the management of congestive heart failure are encouraging and support their use in certain cases, wheras evidence for other medicines, such as pimobendan, remain speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Redpath
- Oakham Veterinary Hospital, University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Mark Bowen
- Oakham Veterinary Hospital, University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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10
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Potus F, Ruffenach G, Dahou A, Thebault C, Breuils-Bonnet S, Tremblay È, Nadeau V, Paradis R, Graydon C, Wong R, Johnson I, Paulin R, Lajoie AC, Perron J, Charbonneau E, Joubert P, Pibarot P, Michelakis ED, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Downregulation of MicroRNA-126 Contributes to the Failing Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2015; 132:932-43. [PMID: 26162916 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) failure is the most important factor of both morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the underlying mechanisms resulting in the failed RV in PAH remain unknown. There is growing evidence that angiogenesis and microRNAs are involved in PAH-associated RV failure. We hypothesized that microRNA-126 (miR-126) downregulation decreases microvessel density and promotes the transition from a compensated to a decompensated RV in PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied RV free wall tissues from humans with normal RV (n=17), those with compensated RV hypertrophy (n=8), and patients with PAH with decompensated RV failure (n=14). Compared with RV tissues from patients with compensated RV hypertrophy, patients with decompensated RV failure had decreased miR-126 expression (quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; P<0.01) and capillary density (CD31(+) immunofluorescence; P<0.001), whereas left ventricular tissues were not affected. miR-126 downregulation was associated with increased Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (SPRED-1), leading to decreased activation of RAF (phosphorylated RAF/RAF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); (phosphorylated MAPK/MAPK), thus inhibiting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. In vitro, Matrigel assay showed that miR-126 upregulation increased angiogenesis of primary cultured endothelial cells from patients with decompensated RV failure. Furthermore, in vivo miR-126 upregulation (mimic intravenous injection) improved cardiac vascular density and function of monocrotaline-induced PAH animals. CONCLUSIONS RV failure in PAH is associated with a specific molecular signature within the RV, contributing to a decrease in RV vascular density and promoting the progression to RV failure. More importantly, miR-126 upregulation in the RV improves microvessel density and RV function in experimental PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Potus
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Grégoire Ruffenach
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Abdellaziz Dahou
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Christophe Thebault
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ève Tremblay
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Valérie Nadeau
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Renée Paradis
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Colin Graydon
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ryan Wong
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Ian Johnson
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Roxane Paulin
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Annie C Lajoie
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Jean Perron
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Eric Charbonneau
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Philippe Joubert
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Evangelos D Michelakis
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.)
| | - Steeve Provencher
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.).
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- From Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada (F.P., G.R., A.D., C.T., S.B.-B., E.T., V.N., R. Paradis, C.G., R.W., I.J., A.C.L., J.P., E.C., P.J., P.P., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (R. Paulin, E.D.M.).
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11
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Burgazli KM, Foerster N, Meriçliler M, Chasan R, Parahuleva M, Erdogan A. Effects of parathyroid hormone-related peptide on the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel and calcium homeostasis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:76-85. [PMID: 24685970 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.03.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the impact of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) on the large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and its dependence on calcium. MATERIALS AND METHODS VSMC were isolated from rat aorta and further subcultured. Four experiments were conducted in calcium-release measurements and each of them consisted of a control group, PTHrP, chemical substance, and PTHrP + chemical substance. Chemical substances used were: iberiotoxin, xestospongin C, xestospongin D, and thapsigargin, respectively. Fura-2 imaging was used to determine changes in calcium release of VSMC. In membrane-potential experiments, groups were designed similarly to the Fura-2 imaging experiments: iberiotoxin, BAPTA, and xestospongin D were added, in respective order. Changes in the membrane potential were examined using the fluorescence dye (DiBAC). RESULTS Given in a dose between 0.01 and 1.0 μmol/L, PTHrP caused a concentration-dependent decrease in fluorescence intensity, with a maximum effect at 0.5 μmol/L. The decrease, therefore, demonstrated a PTHrP-induced hyperpolarization of the VSMC. The effect was blocked by use of iberiotoxin (100 nmol/L), a highly selective inhibitor of BKCa. Furthermore, when the calcium chelator BAPTA (10 μmol/L) was added, there was a significant reduction in PTHrP-induced hyperpolarization. Use of PTHrP (0.5 μmol/L) also decreased the fluorescence intensity of the indicator for intracellular calcium, Fura-2AM (a membrane-permeable derivative of Fura 2). This effect was re-blocked by use of iberiotoxin. Xestospongin C (3 μmol/L) and xestospongin D (6 μmol/L), both inhibitors of the inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate-triggered calcium release, inhibited the effects of PTHrP. Additionally, thapsigargin (1 μmol/L), a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, inhibited the effect of PTHrP. CONCLUSION The results of our study show that PTHrP induces hyperpolarization and activates BKCa in VSMC. The activation of BKCa channels is calcium dependent; activation is linked to the inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate-triggered calcium release and is also dependent on the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Mehmet Burgazli
- Wuppertal Department of Internal Medicine and Angiology, Wuppertal Research and Medical Center, Wuppertal, Germany.
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12
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Khalil NA, Ahmed EM, Elshihawy HA, Zaitone SA. Novel 4-substituted-2(1H)-phthalazinone derivatives: synthesis, molecular modeling study and their effects on α-receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:671-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Hypertensive crisis is a relatively rare event and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in adults and pediatric patients alike. Rapid, safe, and effective treatment is imperative to alleviate immediate presenting clinical symptoms, prevent devastating morbidity, preserve long-term quality of life, and prevent mortality. Many medications in the hypertensive crisis arsenal have been used for nearly half a century. Nearly all treatment options have been utilized in children for decades, yet reliable data and sound clinical literature remain elusive. Every agent considered to be a first-line, second-line, or adjunctive option has yet to be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in pediatric patients. With a paucity of clinical data to form evidence-based decisions, the clinician must rely entirely on the extrapolation from adult data and small retrospective studies, case series, and case reports of medication use in pediatric patients. Although more research in the treatment of pediatric hypertensive crisis is desperately needed, current practice demands a sharp knowledge of the pediatric clinical literature and pharmacology in this area as an essential tool to consistently improve patient outcomes with respect to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children - Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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14
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Shi R, Rickett T, Sun W. Acrolein-mediated injury in nervous system trauma and diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1320-31. [PMID: 21823221 PMCID: PMC3517031 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein, an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous pollutant that is also produced endogenously through lipid peroxidation. This compound is hundreds of times more reactive than other aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal, is produced at much higher concentrations, and persists in solution for much longer than better known free radicals. It has been implicated in disease states known to involve chronic oxidative stress, particularly spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. Acrolein may overwhelm the anti-oxidative systems of any cell by depleting glutathione reserves, preventing glutathione regeneration, and inactivating protective enzymes. On the cellular level, acrolein exposure can cause membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and myelin disruption. Such pathologies can be exacerbated by increased concentrations or duration of exposure, and can occur in normal tissue incubated with injured spinal cord, showing that acrolein can act as a diffusive agent, spreading secondary injury. Several chemical species are capable of binding and inactivating acrolein. Hydralazine in particular can reduce acrolein concentrations and inhibit acrolein-mediated pathologies in vivo. Acrolein scavenging appears to be a novel effective treatment, which is primed for rapid translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1244, USA.
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15
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Marvar PJ, Thabet SR, Guzik TJ, Lob HE, McCann LA, Weyand C, Gordon FJ, Harrison DG. Central and peripheral mechanisms of T-lymphocyte activation and vascular inflammation produced by angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:263-70. [PMID: 20558826 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.217299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have previously found that T lymphocytes are essential for development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension; however, the mechanisms responsible for T-cell activation in hypertension remain undefined. OBJECTIVE We sought to study the roles of the CNS and pressure elevation in T-cell activation and vascular inflammation caused by angiotensin II. METHODS AND RESULTS To prevent the central actions of angiotensin II, we created anteroventral third cerebral ventricle (AV3V) lesions in mice. The elevation in blood pressure in response to angiotensin II was virtually eliminated by AV3V lesions, as was activation of circulating T cells and the vascular infiltration of leukocytes. In contrast, AV3V lesioning did not prevent the hypertension and T-cell activation caused by the peripheral acting agonist norepinephrine. To determine whether T-cell activation and vascular inflammation are attributable to central influences or are mediated by blood pressure elevation, we administered hydralazine (250 mg/L) in the drinking water. Hydralazine prevented the hypertension and abrogated the increase in circulating activated T cells and vascular infiltration of leukocytes caused by angiotensin II. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the central and pressor effects of angiotensin II are critical for T-cell activation and development of vascular inflammation. These findings also support a feed-forward mechanism in which modest degrees of blood pressure elevation lead to T-cell activation, which in turn promotes inflammation and further raises blood pressure, leading to severe hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Marvar
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Different Mechanisms in Formation and Prevention of Indomethacin-induced Gastric Ulcers. Inflammation 2010; 33:224-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lunkes DS, Lunkes GI, Ahmed M, Morsch AL, Zanin RF, Maldonado PA, Corrêa M, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Effect of different vasodilators on NTPDase activity in healthy and hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 2009; 124:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Félétou M. Calcium-activated potassium channels and endothelial dysfunction: therapeutic options? Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:545-62. [PMID: 19187341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The three subtypes of calcium-activated potassium channels (K(Ca)) of large, intermediate and small conductance (BK(Ca), IK(Ca) and SK(Ca)) are present in the vascular wall. In healthy arteries, BK(Ca) channels are preferentially expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, while IK(Ca) and SK(Ca) are preferentially located in endothelial cells. The activation of endothelial IK(Ca) and SK(Ca) contributes to nitric oxide (NO) generation and is required to elicit endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations. In the latter responses, the hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells is evoked either via electrical coupling through myo-endothelial gap junctions or by potassium ions, which by accumulating in the intercellular space activate the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 and/or the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Additionally, endothelium-derived factors such as cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and under some circumstances NO, prostacyclin, lipoxygenase products and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) hyperpolarize and relax the underlying smooth muscle cells by activating BK(Ca). In contrast, cytochrome P450-derived 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various endothelium-derived contracting factors inhibit BK(Ca). Aging and cardiovascular diseases are associated with endothelial dysfunctions that can involve a decrease in NO bioavailability, alterations of EDHF-mediated responses and/or enhanced production of endothelium-derived contracting factors. Because potassium channels are involved in these endothelium-dependent responses, activation of endothelial and/or smooth muscle K(Ca) could prevent the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, direct activators of these potassium channels or compounds that regulate their activity or their expression may be of some therapeutic interest. Conversely, blockers of IK(Ca) may prevent restenosis and that of BK(Ca) channels sepsis-dependent hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Félétou
- Department of Angiology, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France.
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19
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Liu C, Balanos GM, Fatemian M, Smith TG, Dorrington KL, Robbins PA. Effects of hydralazine on the pulmonary vasculature and respiratory control in humans. Exp Physiol 2007; 93:104-14. [PMID: 17911356 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study sought: (1) to clarify the effects of hydralazine on both the pulmonary vasculature and respiratory control in euoxia and hypoxia in healthy humans; and (2) to determine whether hydralazine alters the expression of genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Ten volunteers participated in two 2 day protocols. Hydralazine (25 mg) or placebo was administered at 1 pm and 11 pm on the first day, and at 1 pm on the second day. In the mornings and afternoons of both days, we measured plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations (both HIF-1-regulated gene products), systemic arterial blood pressure, and changes in heart rate, cardiac output, maximal systolic pressure difference across the tricuspid valve (delta Pmax) and ventilation in response to 20 min of isocapnic hypoxia. Recent hydralazine: (1) decreased diastolic blood pressure; (2) increased heart rate and cardiac output in euoxia and hypoxia whilst having no effect on delta Pmax; and (3) increased the ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia. Hydralazine had no effect on plasma EPO or VEGF concentration. We conclude that hydralazine increases the sensitivity of the ventilatory response to hypoxia, but lacks any effect on the pulmonary vasculature at the dose studied. It did not affect the expression of HIF-1-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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20
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Arce C, Segura-Pacheco B, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Candelaria M, Dueñnas-Gonzalez A. Hydralazine target: from blood vessels to the epigenome. J Transl Med 2006; 4:10. [PMID: 16507100 PMCID: PMC1413557 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydralazine was one of the first orally active antihypertensive drugs developed. Currently, it is used principally to treat pregnancy-associated hypertension. Hydralazine causes two types of side effects. The first type is an extension of the pharmacologic effect of the drug and includes headache, nausea, flushing, hypotension, palpitation, tachycardia, dizziness, and salt retention. The second type of side effects is caused by immunologic reactions, of which the drug-induced lupus-like syndrome is the most common, and provides clues to underscoring hydralazine's DNA demethylating property in connection with studies demonstrating the participation of DNA methylation disorders in immune diseases. Abnormalities in DNA methylation have long been associated with cancer. Despite the fact that malignant tumors show global DNA hypomethylation, regional hypermethylation as a means to silence tumor suppressor gene expression has attracted the greatest attention. Reversibility of methylation-induced gene silencing by pharmacologic means, which in turns leads to antitumor effects in experimental and clinical scenarios, has directed efforts toward developing clinically useful demethylating agents. Among these, the most widely used comprise the nucleosides 5-azacytidine and 2'deoxy-5-azacytidine; however, these agents, like current cytotoxic chemotherapy, causes myelosuppression among other side effects that could limit exploitation of their demethylating properties. Among non-nucleoside DNA demethylating drugs currently under development, the oral drug hydralazine possess the ability to reactivate tumor suppressor gene expression, which is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in vitro and in vivo. Decades of extensive hydralazine use for hypertensive disorders that demonstrated hydralazine's clinical safety and tolerability supported its testing in a phase I trial in patients with cancer, confirming its DNA demethylating activity. Hydralazine is currently being evaluated, along with histone deacetylase inhibitors either alone or as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation, for hematologic and solid tumors in phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arce
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Segura-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB)/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB)/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB)/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myrna Candelaria
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñnas-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB)/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Garry A, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Merzeau S, Dumont O, Saumet JL, Fromy B. Cellular mechanisms underlying cutaneous pressure-induced vasodilation: in vivo involvement of potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H174-80. [PMID: 15734881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01020.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the skin of humans and rodents, local pressure induces localized cutaneous vasodilation, which may be protective against pressure-induced microvascular dysfunction and lesion formation. Once activated by the local pressure application, capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers release neuropeptides that act on the endothelium to synthesize and release nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins, leading to the development of the cutaneous pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV). The present study was undertaken to test in vivo the hypothesis that PIV is mediated or modulated by differential activation of K+ channels in anesthetized rats using pharmacological methods. Local pressure was applied at 11.1 Pa/s. Endothelium-independent and -dependent vasodilation were tested using iontophoretic delivery of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and acetylcholine (ACh), respectively, and was correlated with PIV response. PIV was reduced after systemic administration of tetraethylammonium (a nonspecific K+ channel blocker), iberiotoxin [a specific large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel blocker], and glibenclamide [a specific ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel blocker], whereas PIV was unchanged by apamin (a specific small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker) and 4-aminopyridine (a specific voltage-sensitive K+ channel blocker). The responses to SNP and ACh were reduced by iberiotoxin but were unchanged by glibenclamide. We conclude that the cellular mechanism of PIV in skin involves BKCa and KATP channels. We suggest that the opening of BKCa and KATP channels contributes to the hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle cells to produce PIV development mainly via the NO and prostaglandin pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Garry
- Laboratory of Physiology, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6188, School of Medicine, F-49045 Angers Cedex, France
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22
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Abstract
The vasodilator hydralazine, used clinically in cardiovascular therapy, relaxes arterial smooth muscle by inhibiting accumulation of intracellular free Ca2+ via an unidentified primary target. Collagen prolyl hydroxylase is a known target of hydralazine. We therefore investigated whether inhibition of other members of this enzyme family, namely the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-regulating O2-dependent prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes, could represent a novel mechanism of action. Hydralazine induced rapid and transient expression of HIF-1alpha and downstream targets of HIF (endothelin-1, adrenomedullin, haem oxygenase 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) in endothelial and smooth muscle cells and induced endothelial cell-specific proliferation. Hydralazine dose-dependently inhibited PHD activity and induced nonhydroxylated HIF-1alpha, evidence for HIF stabilization specifically by inhibition of PHD enzyme activity. In vivo, hydralazine induced HIF-1alpha and VEGF protein in tissue extracts and elevated plasma VEGF levels. In sponge angiogenesis assays, hydralazine increased stromal cell infiltration and blood vessel density versus control animals. Thus, hydralazine activates the HIF pathway through inhibition of PHD activity and initiates a pro-angiogenic phenotype. This represents a novel mechanism of action for hydralazine and presents HIF as a potential target for treatment of ischemic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenomedullin
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/biosynthesis
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1
- Humans
- Hydralazine/pharmacology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Implants, Experimental
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/physiology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Knowles
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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23
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Burcham PC, Fontaine FR, Kaminskas LM, Petersen DR, Pyke SM. Protein Adduct-Trapping by Hydrazinophthalazine Drugs: Mechanisms of Cytoprotection Against Acrolein-Mediated Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:655-64. [PMID: 14978244 DOI: 10.1124/mol.65.3.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly toxic aldehyde involved in a number of diseases as well as drug-induced toxicities. Its pronounced toxicity reflects the readiness with which it forms adducts in proteins and DNA. As a bifunctional electrophile, initial reactions between acrolein and protein generate adducts containing an electrophilic center that can participate in secondary deleterious reactions (e.g., cross-linking). We hypothesize that inactivation of these reactive protein adducts with nucleophilic drugs may counteract acrolein toxicity. Because we previously observed that 1-hydrazinophthalazine (hydralazine) strongly diminishes the toxicity of the acrolein precursor allyl alcohol, we explored the possibility that hydralazine targets reactive acrolein adducts in proteins. We report that hydralazine abolished the immunoreactivity of an acrolein-modified model protein (bovine serum albumin), but only if the drug was added to the protein within 30 min of commencing modification by acrolein. The ability of a range of carbonyl-trapping drugs to interfere with "early" events in protein modification strongly correlated with their protective potencies against allyl alcohol toxicity in hepatocytes. In mass spectrometry studies using a model lysine-containing peptide, hydralazine rapidly formed hydrazones with Michael adducts generated by acrolein. Using an antibody raised against such ternary drug-acrolein-protein complexes in Western blotting experiments, clear adduct-trapping was evident in acrolein-preloaded hepatocytes exposed to cytoprotective concentrations of hydralazine ranging from 2 to 50 microM. These novel findings begin to reveal the molecular mechanisms whereby hydralazine functions as an efficient "protein adduct-trapping" drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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24
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Udosen IT, Jiang H, Hercule HC, Oyekan AO. Nitric oxide-epoxygenase interactions and arachidonate-induced dilation of rat renal microvessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 285:H2054-63. [PMID: 12881223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00075.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitor of hemoproteins including cytochrome P-450 enzymes. This study tested the hypothesis that NO inhibits cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase-dependent vascular responses in kidneys. In rat renal pressurized microvessels, arachidonic acid (AA, 0.03-1 microM) or bradykinin (BK, 0.1-3 microM) elicited NO- and prostanoid-independent vasodilation. Miconazole (1.5 microM) or 6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanoic acid (30 microM), both of which are inhibitors of epoxygenase enzymes, or the fixing of epoxide levels with 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET; 1 and 3 microM) inhibited these responses. Apamin (1 microM), which is a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel inhibitor, or 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (30 microM), which is an inhibitor of myoendothelial gap junctional electromechanical coupling, also inhibited these responses. NO donors spermine NONOate (1 and 3 microM) or sodium nitroprusside (0.3 and 3 microM) but not 8-bromo-cGMP (100 microM), which is an analog of cGMP (the second messenger of NO), blunted the dilation produced by AA or BK in a reversible manner without affecting that produced by hydralazine. However, the non-NO donor hydralazine did not affect the dilatory effect of AA or BK. Spermine NONOate did not affect the dilation produced by 11,12-EET, NS-1619 (a BKCa channel opener), or cromakalim (an ATP-sensitive K+ channel opener). AA and BK stimulated EET production, whereas hydralazine had no effect. On the other hand, spermine NONOate (3 microM) attenuated basal (19 +/- 7%; P < 0.05) and AA stimulation (1 microM, 29 +/- 9%; P < 0.05) of renal preglomerular vascular production of all regioisomeric EETs: 5,6-; 8,9-; 11,12-; and 14,15-EET. These results suggest that NO directly and reversibly inhibits epoxygenase-dependent dilation of rat renal microvessels without affecting the actions of epoxides on K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Udosen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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25
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Vidrio H, Medina M, González-Romo P, Lorenzana-Jiménez M, Díaz-Arista P, Baeza A. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase substrates potentiate hydralazine hypotension: possible role of hydrogen peroxide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:497-504. [PMID: 12970383 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.055350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between inhibition of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and vasodilation by hydralazine (HYD) was evaluated in chloralose/urethane-anesthetized rats pretreated with various substrates of the enzyme and subsequently administered a threshold hypotensive dose of the vasodilator. The SSAO substrates benzylamine, phenethylamine, and methylamine potentiate the hypotensive response to HYD. Methylamine, which was studied in greater detail because of its status as a possible endogenous SSAO substrate, does not influence the response to the reference vasodilator pinacidil; it does enhance HYD relaxation in aortic rings obtained from pretreated rats. Experiments designed to identify the product of SSAO activity responsible for potentiation by methylamine suggest involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as evidenced by the findings that such potentiation is abolished by additional pretreatment with the H2O2-metabolizing enzyme catalase, and that the plasma concentration of H2O2 is increased by methylamine and decreased by HYD. These results are interpreted as a substantiation of the relation between the known SSAO inhibitory effect of HYD and its vasodilator activity. Pretreatment with the SSAO substrates would increase production of H2O2 in vascular smooth muscle and thus magnify the influence of this vasoconstrictor agent on vascular tone. In these conditions, the decrease in H2O2 production and hence in vascular tone caused by SSAO inhibition by HYD would also be magnified. It is speculated that inhibition of vascular SSAO could represent a novel mechanism of vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Vidrio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70297, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
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26
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Vidrio H. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase: role in the vasculature and vasodilation after in situ inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 23:275-83. [PMID: 15255812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The characteristics of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) are reviewed and the unknown physiological or pathological role of this enzyme emphasized. 2. The various mechanisms of action proposed for the vasodilator drug hydralazine are considered. In particular, the inhibitory action on various enzymes, related or not to cardiovascular function, are discussed. 3. Studies linking inhibition of SSAO to hydralazine hypotension are reviewed and a general hypothesis relating both actions is presented. The hypothesis postulates that (a). vascular SSAO is involved in the regulation of vascular tone, and (b). hydralazine vasodilation is the consequence of vascular SSAO inhibition. 4. Evidence supporting these postulates is presented and vascular SSAO inhibition is proposed as a novel mechanism of vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vidrio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70297, 04510 México, D F, México
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27
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Burcham PC, Kaminskas LM, Fontaine FR, Petersen DR, Pyke SM. Aldehyde-sequestering drugs: tools for studying protein damage by lipid peroxidation products. Toxicology 2002; 181-182:229-36. [PMID: 12505316 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (e.g. malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal and acrolein) in the affected tissues of various degenerative conditions suggest these substances are active propagators of the disease process. One experimental approach to attenuating damage by these intermediates employs 'aldehyde-sequestering drugs' as sacrificial nucleophiles, thereby sparing cell macromolecules and perhaps slowing disease progression. Drugs with demonstrated trapping activity toward lipid-derived aldehydes include various amine compounds such as aminoguanidine, carnosine and pyridoxamine. We have focused on identifying scavengers of acrolein, perhaps the most toxic aldehyde formed during lipid peroxidation cascades. Various phthalazine compounds (hydralazine and dihydralazine) were found to trap acrolein readily, forming hydrazone derivatives in a rapid Schiff-type reaction. These compounds strongly protect against acrolein-mediated toxicity in isolated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Burcham
- Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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28
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Gruhn N, Boesgaard S, Eiberg J, Bang L, Thiis J, Schroeder TV, Aldershvile J. Effects of large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels on nitroglycerin-mediated vasorelaxation in humans. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 446:145-50. [PMID: 12098596 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-induced vasorelaxation and the regulation of endothelial superoxide anion levels is partly mediated by vascular large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK(Ca)) channels. Nitroglycerin acts through the release of NO and its effect is modulated by changes in endothelial superoxide levels. This study examines the effect of BK(Ca) channel blockade on nitroglycerin-induced vasorelaxation in human arterial and venous vascular segments and whether responses to BK(Ca) channel blockade are influenced by the development of venous nitroglycerin tolerance. Dose-relaxation curves to nitroglycerin (10(-10)-10(-4) M) were obtained in segments of the saphenous vein and the left mammary artery. Studies were performed with and without pre-incubation with the BK(Ca) channel blocker iberiotoxin (10(-7) M) and venous tolerance to nitroglycerin were induced by a 24-h i.v. infusion (0.5 microg/kg/min). Iberiotoxin reduced the vasorelaxant effect of nitroglycerin (E(max)) by 60% in endothelium-intact arteries and 13% in endothelium-denuded arteries (P<0.05). Development of nitroglycerin tolerance did not affect the response to iberiotoxin in the venous vascular segments (P>0.05) and (compared to arterial segments) veins were less sensitive to BK(Ca) channel blockade (30% reduction in E(max)) or endothelial removal. The results suggest that primarily arterial effects of nitroglycerin are significantly inhibited by changes in the activity of the endothelial BK(Ca) channels. Although endothelial BK(Ca) are likely regulators of mechanisms underlying arterial tolerance development to nitroglycerin, they do not appear to play a role in human venous nitroglycerin tolerance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Gruhn
- Medical Department B 2142, Division of Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Sabbatini M, Leonardi A, Testa R, Tomassoni D, Vitaioli L, Amenta F. Effects of dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ antagonists on the renal arterial tree in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 39:39-48. [PMID: 11743226 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200201000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hypertension and of treatment with dihydropyridine-type Ca2+ antagonists and the vasodilator hydralazine on renal arterial tree were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with quantitative microanatomical techniques. Pharmacological treatment decreased to a similar extent systolic blood pressure values in SHR. Increased thickness of the tunica media of intrarenal arteries accompanied and luminal narrowing were observed in control SHR. Lercanidipine, manidipine, and nicardipine significantly countered wall thickening and luminal narrowing. Hydralazine countered luminal narrowing only. Dihydropyridines exerted renal vasocilatory activity primarily on resistance arteries, being lercanidipine the only compound active on small sized arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Sabbatini
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Medicina, Università of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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30
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Ellershaw DC, Gurney AM. Mechanisms of hydralazine induced vasodilation in rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:621-31. [PMID: 11588117 PMCID: PMC1572994 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The directly acting vasodilator hydralazine has been proposed to act at an intracellular site in vascular smooth muscle to inhibit Ca(2+) release. 2. This study investigated the mechanism of action of hydralazine on rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery by comparing its effects on the tension generated by intact and beta-escin permeabilized vessels and on the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration, membrane potential and K(+) currents of isolated vascular smooth muscle cells. 3. Hydralazine relaxed pulmonary artery and aorta with similar potency. It was equally effective at inhibiting phasic and tonic contractions evoked by phenylephrine in intact vessels and contractions evoked by inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP(3)) in permeabilized vessels. 4. Hydralazine inhibited the contraction of permeabilized vessels and the increase in smooth muscle cell Ca(2+) concentration evoked by caffeine with similar concentration dependence, but with lower potency than its effect on IP(3) contractions. 5. Hydralazine had no effect on the relationship between Ca(2+) concentration and force generation in permeabilized vessels, but it slowed the rate at which maximal force was developed before, but not after, destroying sarcoplasmic reticulum function with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. 6. Hydralazine had no effect on membrane potential or the amplitudes of K(+) currents recorded from isolated smooth muscle cells over the concentration range causing relaxation of intact vessels. 7. The results suggest that the main action of hydralazine is to inhibit the IP(3)-induced release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ellershaw
- Department of Pharmacology, UMDS, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH
| | - A M Gurney
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 ONR
- Author for correspondence:
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31
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Richards GR, Weston AH, Burnham MP, Félétou M, Vanhoutte PM, Edwards G. Suppression of K(+)-induced hyperpolarization by phenylephrine in rat mesenteric artery: relevance to studies of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1-5. [PMID: 11522590 PMCID: PMC1572938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In intact mesenteric arteries, increasing [K(+)]o by 5 mM hyperpolarized both endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Subsequent exposure to 10 microM phenylephrine depolarized both cell types which were then repolarized by a 5 mM increase in [K(+)]o. In endothelium-denuded vessels, increasing [K(+)]o by 5 mM hyperpolarized the smooth muscle but K(+) had no effect after depolarization by 10 microM phenylephrine. On subsequent exposure to iberiotoxin plus 4-aminopyridine, the repolarizing action of 5 mM K(+) was restored. In endothelium-intact vessels exposed to phenylephrine, pretreatment with a gap junction inhibitor (gap 27) reduced K(+)-mediated smooth muscle repolarization without affecting the endothelial cell response. It is concluded that phenylephrine-induced efflux of K(+) via smooth muscle K(+) channels produces a local increase in [K(+)]o which impairs repolarization to added K(+). Thus, studies involving vessels precontracted with agonists which increase [K(+)]o maximize the role of gap junctions and minimize any contribution to the EDHF pathway from endothelium-derived K(+).
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MESH Headings
- 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Connexins/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/cytology
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Gruhn N, Aldershvile J, Boesgaard S. Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in nitroglycerin-tolerant rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 416:245-9. [PMID: 11290375 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to nitroglycerin is caused by a nitroglycerin-mediated increase in vascular superoxide anion production. Administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (co-factor for endogenous nitric oxide (NO) formation) may potentially influence nitroglycerin tolerance in at least two different ways. Firstly, tetrahydrobiopterin may act as a scavenger of the nitroglycerin-mediated production of superoxide anions. Secondly, tetrahydrobiopterin may protect endothelial NO synthesis from the deleterious effects of increased oxidative stress. This study investigates whether in vivo nitroglycerin tolerance is affected by tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation and assesses the in vivo role of tetrahydrobiopterin in endogenous NO-mediated vasodilation in normal and nitroglycerin-tolerant rats. The results show that tetrahydrobiopterin does not affect nitroglycerin-derived, NO-mediated vasodilation, but reduces baseline mean arterial blood pressure (by 8 mm Hg, P<0.05) and normalizes endothelium-dependent responses to N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (from 7+/-1 to 22+/-4 mm Hg, P<0.05) in nitroglycerin-tolerant rats. It is concluded that altered bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin is involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction seen in nitroglycerin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gruhn
- Medical Department B2142, Division of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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