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Kale MB, Bhondge HM, Wankhede NL, Shende PV, Thanekaer RP, Aglawe MM, Rahangdale SR, Taksande BG, Pandit SB, Upaganlawar AB, Umekar MJ, Kopalli SR, Koppula S. Navigating the intersection: Diabetes and Alzheimer's intertwined relationship. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102415. [PMID: 39002642 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit comparable pathophysiological pathways. Genetic abnormalities in APP, PS-1, and PS-2 are linked to AD, with diagnostic aid from CSF and blood biomarkers. Insulin dysfunction, termed "type 3 diabetes mellitus" in AD, involves altered insulin signalling and neuronal shrinkage. Insulin influences beta-amyloid metabolism, exacerbating neurotoxicity in AD and amyloid production in DM. Both disorders display impaired glucose transporter expression, hastening cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammation worsen neurodegeneration in both diseases. ApoE4 raises disease risk, especially when coupled with dyslipidemia common in DM. Targeting shared pathways like insulin-degrading enzyme activation and HSP60 holds promise for therapeutic intervention. Recognizing these interconnected mechanisms underscores the imperative for developing tailored treatments addressing the overlapping pathophysiology of AD and DM, offering potential avenues for more effective management of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | | | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Prajwali V Shende
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Rushikesh P Thanekaer
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Manish M Aglawe
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Sandip R Rahangdale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Sunil B Pandit
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do 27478, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Upregulation of endocytic protein expression in the Alzheimer's disease male human brain. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100084. [PMID: 37449017 PMCID: PMC10336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) primarily after APP is internalised by endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence that cholesterol and flotillin affect APP endocytosis. We hypothesised that endocytic protein expression would be altered in the brains of people with AD compared to non-diseased subjects which could be linked to increased Aβ generation. We compared protein expression in frontal cortex samples from men with AD compared to age-matched, non-diseased controls. Soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42, the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, βCTF, BACE1, presenilin-1 and the ratio of phosphorylated:total GSK3β were significantly increased while the insoluble Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was significantly decreased in AD brains. Total and phosphorylated tau were markedly increased in AD brains. Significant increases in clathrin, AP2, PICALM isoform 4, Rab-5 and caveolin-1 and 2 were seen in AD brains but BIN1 was decreased. However, using immunohistochemistry, caveolin-1 and 2 were decreased. The results obtained here suggest an overall increase in endocytosis in the AD brain, explaining, at least in part, the increased production of Aβ during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma J. Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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3
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Hou X, Zhang X, Zou H, Guan M, Fu C, Wang W, Zhang ZR, Geng Y, Chen Y. Differential and substrate-specific inhibition of γ-secretase by the C-terminal region of ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. Neuron 2023; 111:1898-1913.e5. [PMID: 37040764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant low γ-secretase activity is associated with most of the presenilin mutations that underlie familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the role of γ-secretase in the more prevalent sporadic AD (sAD) remains unaddressed. Here, we report that human apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the most important genetic risk factor of sAD, interacts with γ-secretase and inhibits it with substrate specificity in cell-autonomous manners through its conserved C-terminal region (CT). This ApoE CT-mediated inhibitory activity is differentially compromised in different ApoE isoforms, resulting in an ApoE2 > ApoE3 > ApoE4 potency rank order inversely correlating to their associated AD risk. Interestingly, in an AD mouse model, neuronal ApoE CT migrates to amyloid plaques in the subiculum from other regions and alleviates the plaque burden. Together, our data reveal a hidden role of ApoE as a γ-secretase inhibitor with substrate specificity and suggest that this precision γ-inhibition by ApoE may protect against the risk of sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Hou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuexin Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zou
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingfeng Guan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zai-Rong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yelin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd., B13, Pudongxinqu, Shanghai 201210, China.
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4
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Papaliagkas V, Kalinderi K, Vareltzis P, Moraitou D, Papamitsou T, Chatzidimitriou M. CSF Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108976. [PMID: 37240322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a rapidly growing disease that affects millions of people worldwide, therefore there is an urgent need for its early diagnosis and treatment. A huge amount of research studies are performed on possible accurate and reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD. Due to its direct contact with extracellular space of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most useful biological fluid reflecting molecular events in the brain. Proteins and molecules that reflect the pathogenesis of the disease, e.g., neurodegeneration, accumulation of Abeta, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and apoptosis may be used as biomarkers. The aim of the current manuscript is to present the most commonly used CSF biomarkers for AD as well as novel biomarkers. Three CSF biomarkers, namely total tau, phospho-tau and Abeta42, are believed to have the highest diagnostic accuracy for early AD diagnosis and the ability to predict AD development in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Moreover, other biomarkers such as soluble amyloid precursor protein (APP), apoptotic proteins, secretases and inflammatory and oxidation markers are believed to have increased future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papaliagkas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexandrion University Campus, 57400 Sindos, Greece
| | - Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patroklos Vareltzis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzidimitriou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexandrion University Campus, 57400 Sindos, Greece
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Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158670. [PMID: 35955803 PMCID: PMC9368976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased amyloid beta (Aβ) levels and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) in the human brain characterize Alzheimer disease (AD). Folic acid, magnesium and vitamin B6 are essential micro-nutrients that may provide neuroprotection. Bioenergetic parameters and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing products were investigated in vitro in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells, expressing neuronal APP, and in vivo, in the invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans (CL2006 & GMC101) expressing muscular APP. Model organisms were incubated with either folic acid and magnesium-orotate (ID63) or folic acid, magnesium-orotate and vitamin B6 (ID64) in different concentrations. ID63 and ID64 reduced Aβ, soluble alpha APP (sAPPα), and lactate levels in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells. The latter might be explained by enhanced expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA). Micronutrient combinations had no effects on mitochondrial parameters in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells. ID64 showed a significant life-prolonging effect in C. elegans CL2006. Incubation of GMC101 with ID63 significantly lowered Aβ aggregation. Both combinations significantly reduced paralysis and thus improved the phenotype in GMC101. Thus, the combinations of the tested biofactors are effective in pre-clinical models of AD by interfering with Aβ related pathways and glycolysis.
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Pathak N, Vimal SK, Tandon I, Agrawal L, Hongyi C, Bhattacharyya S. Neurodegenerative Disorders of Alzheimer, Parkinsonism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis: An Early Diagnostic Approach for Precision Treatment. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:67-104. [PMID: 34719771 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterised by progressive dysfunction of synapses, neurons, glial cells and their networks. Neurodegenerative diseases can be classified according to primary clinical features (e.g., dementia, parkinsonism, or motor neuron disease), anatomic distribution of neurodegeneration (e.g., frontotemporal degenerations, extrapyramidal disorders, or spinocerebellar degenerations), or principal molecular abnormalities. The most common neurodegenerative disorders are amyloidosis, tauopathies, a-synucleinopathy, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) proteopathy. The protein abnormalities in these disorders have abnormal conformational properties along with altered cellular mechanisms, and they exhibit motor deficit, mitochondrial malfunction, dysfunctions in autophagic-lysosomal pathways, synaptic toxicity, and more emerging mechanisms such as the roles of stress granule pathways and liquid-phase transitions. Finally, for each ND, microglial cells have been reported to be implicated in neurodegeneration, in particular, because the microglial responses can shift from neuroprotective to a deleterious role. Growing experimental evidence suggests that abnormal protein conformers act as seed material for oligomerization, spreading from cell to cell through anatomically connected neuronal pathways, which may in part explain the specific anatomical patterns observed in brain autopsy sample. In this review, we mention the human pathology of select neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on how neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis) represent a great healthcare problem worldwide and are becoming prevalent because of the increasing aged population. Despite many studies have focused on their etiopathology, the exact cause of these diseases is still largely unknown and until now with the only available option of symptomatic treatments. In this review, we aim to report the systematic and clinically correlated potential biomarker candidates. Although future studies are necessary for their use in early detection and progression in humans affected by NDs, the promising results obtained by several groups leads us to this idea that biomarkers could be used to design a potential therapeutic approach and preclinical clinical trials for the treatments of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunil Kumar Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishi Tandon
- Amity University Jaipur, Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Kansei Behavioural and Brain Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Cao Hongyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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McGrowder DA, Miller F, Vaz K, Nwokocha C, Wilson-Clarke C, Anderson-Cross M, Brown J, Anderson-Jackson L, Williams L, Latore L, Thompson R, Alexander-Lindo R. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci 2021; 11:215. [PMID: 33578866 PMCID: PMC7916561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, clinically heterogeneous, and particularly complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by a decline in cognition. Over the last two decades, there has been significant growth in the investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. This review presents current evidence from many clinical neurochemical studies, with findings that attest to the efficacy of existing core CSF biomarkers such as total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid-β (Aβ42), which diagnose Alzheimer's disease in the early and dementia stages of the disorder. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of the late-onset disease warrants the growth of the Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarker toolbox; more biomarkers showing other aspects of the disease mechanism are needed. This review focuses on new biomarkers that track Alzheimer's disease pathology, such as those that assess neuronal injury (VILIP-1 and neurofilament light), neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40, osteopontin, GFAP, progranulin, and MCP-1), synaptic dysfunction (SNAP-25 and GAP-43), vascular dysregulation (hFABP), as well as CSF α-synuclein levels and TDP-43 pathology. Some of these biomarkers are promising candidates as they are specific and predict future rates of cognitive decline. Findings from the combinations of subclasses of new Alzheimer's disease biomarkers that improve their diagnostic efficacy in detecting associated pathological changes are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan A. McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Fabian Miller
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Mico University College, 1A Marescaux Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Kurt Vaz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwokocha
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Cameil Wilson-Clarke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
| | - Melisa Anderson-Cross
- School of Allied Health and Wellness, College of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Jabari Brown
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lennox Anderson-Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Lowen Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| | - Lyndon Latore
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rory Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (K.V.); (J.B.); (L.A.-J.); (L.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ruby Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica; (C.N.); (C.W.-C.); (R.A.-L.)
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Ray B, Maloney B, Sambamurti K, Karnati HK, Nelson PT, Greig NH, Lahiri DK. Rivastigmine modifies the α-secretase pathway and potentially early Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:47. [PMID: 32066688 PMCID: PMC7026402 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rivastigmine (or Exelon) is a cholinesterase inhibitor, currently used as a symptomatic treatment for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) generated from its precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (or BACE1) and γ-secretase endoproteolysis. Alternative APP cleavage by α-secretase (a family of membrane-bound metalloproteases- Adamalysins) precludes the generation of toxic Aβ and yields a neuroprotective and neurotrophic secreted sAPPα fragment. Several signal transduction pathways, including protein kinase C and MAP kinase, stimulate α-secretase. We present data to suggest that rivastigmine, in addition to anticholinesterase activity, directs APP processing away from BACE1 and towards α-secretases. We treated rat neuronal PC12 cells and primary human brain (PHB) cultures with rivastigmine and the α-secretase inhibitor TAPI and assayed for levels of APP processing products and α-secretases. We subsequently treated 3×Tg (transgenic) mice with rivastigmine and harvested hippocampi to assay for levels of APP processing products. We also assayed postmortem human control, AD, and AD brains from subjects treated with rivastigmine for levels of APP metabolites. Rivastigmine dose-dependently promoted α-secretase activity by upregulating levels of ADAM-9, -10, and -17 α-secretases in PHB cultures. Co-treatment with TAPI eliminated rivastigmine-induced sAPPα elevation. Rivastigmine treatment elevated levels of sAPPα in 3×Tg mice. Consistent with these results, we also found elevated sAPPα in postmortem brain samples from AD patients treated with rivastigmine. Rivastigmine can modify the levels of several shedding proteins and directs APP processing toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This novel property of rivastigmine can be therapeutically exploited for disease-modifying intervention that goes beyond symptomatic treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balmiki Ray
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bryan Maloney
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- grid.259828.c0000 0001 2189 3475Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425 SC USA
| | - Hanuma K. Karnati
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- grid.419475.a0000 0000 9372 4913National Institute on Aging, Drug Design and Development Section, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Debomoy K. Lahiri
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Molecular Neurogenetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA ,grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Milà-Alomà M, Suárez-Calvet M, Molinuevo JL. Latest advances in cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419888819. [PMID: 31897088 PMCID: PMC6920596 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419888819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and its diagnosis has classically been based on clinical symptoms. Recently, a biological rather than a syndromic definition of the disease has been proposed that is based on biomarkers that reflect neuropathological changes. In AD, there are two main biomarker categories, namely neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood]. As a complex and multifactorial disease, AD biomarkers are important for an accurate diagnosis and to stage the disease, assess the prognosis, test target engagement, and measure the response to treatment. In addition, biomarkers provide us with information that, even if it does not have a current clinical use, helps us to understand the mechanisms of the disease. In addition to the pathological hallmarks of AD, which include amyloid-β and tau deposition, there are multiple concomitant pathological events that play a key role in the disease. These include, but are not limited to, neurodegeneration, inflammation, vascular dysregulation or synaptic dysfunction. In addition, AD patients often have an accumulation of other proteins including α-synuclein and TDP-43, which may have a pathogenic effect on AD. In combination, there is a need to have biomarkers that reflect different aspects of AD pathogenesis and this will be important in the future to establish what are the most suitable applications for each of these AD-related biomarkers. It is unclear whether sex, gender, or both have an effect on the causes of AD. There may be differences in fluid biomarkers due to sex but this issue has often been neglected and warrants further research. In this review, we summarize the current state of the principal AD fluid biomarkers and discuss the effect of sex on these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC),
Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar,
Barcelona
| | - José Luís Molinuevo
- Scientific Director, Alzheimer’s Prevention
Program, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Wellington 30, Barcelona,
08005, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research
Institute), Barcelona
- CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable,
Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Tackenberg C, Nitsch RM. The secreted APP ectodomain sAPPα, but not sAPPβ, protects neurons against Aβ oligomer-induced dendritic spine loss and increased tau phosphorylation. Mol Brain 2019; 12:27. [PMID: 30922360 PMCID: PMC6440141 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is endoproteolytically processed to generate either the neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) or the secreted ectodomain APP alpha (sAPPα). While neurotrophic properties of sAPPα were suggested in several studies, it is still unclear if and how sAPPα counteracts pathogenic effects of Aβ. Direct comparisons with sAPPβ, produced in the Aβ-generating pathway, are missing in order to determine the role of sAPPα’s carbonyl-terminal end in its possible neuroprotective activity. Methods Mouse neuronal primary cultures and hippocampal slices were treated with oligomeric Aβ42. The effects on tau phosphorylation and dendritic spine densities were assessed by western blot and confocal imaging, respectively. Co-administration of either sAPPα or sAPPβ was used to determine activity on Aβ-induced toxicity. Results/discussion We found that oligomeric Aβ strongly increased AT8 and AT180 phosphorylation of tau and caused a loss of dendritic spines. SAPPα completely abolished Aβ effects whereas sAPPβ had no such rescue activity. Interestingly, sAPPα or sAPPβ alone neither affected tau phosphorylation nor dendritic spine numbers. Together, our data suggest that sAPPα specifically protects neurons against Aβ-dependent toxicity supporting the strategy of activating α-secretase-dependent endoproteolytic APP processing to increase sAPPα shedding from the neuronal plasma membrane as a therapeutic intervention for the protection of dendritic spines and phospho-tau-dependent toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13041-019-0447-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Alexopoulos P, Thierjung N, Grimmer T, Ortner M, Economou P, Assimakopoulos K, Gourzis P, Politis A, Perneczky R. Cerebrospinal Fluid BACE1 Activity and sAβPPβ as Biomarker Candidates of Alzheimer's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 45:152-161. [PMID: 29788013 DOI: 10.1159/000488481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The utility of β-site amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity and soluble AβPP β (sAβPPβ) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still elusive. METHODS BACE1 activity and sAβPPβ concentration were measured in patients with AD dementia (n = 56) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n = 76) with abnormal routine AD CSF markers, in patients with MCI with normal CSF markers (n = 39), and in controls without preclinical AD (n = 48). In a subsample with available 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) data, ordinal regression models were employed to compare the contribution of BACE1 and sAβPPβ to correct diagnostic classification to that of FDG PET. RESULTS BACE1 activity was significantly higher in patients with MCI due to AD compared to both controls and patients with MCI with normal CSF markers. sAβPPβ did not differ between any of the studied groups. Interestingly, BACE1 activity was not found to be inferior to FDG PET as predictive covariate in differentiating between the diagnostic groups. CONCLUSIONS Further studies using biomarker-underpinned diagnoses are warranted to shed more light on the potential diagnostic utility of BACE1 activity as AD biomarker candidate in MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Thierjung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Polychronis Economou
- Department of Civil Engineering (Statistics), University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Philippos Gourzis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Rion, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonios Politis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, John's Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Richter MC, Ludewig S, Winschel A, Abel T, Bold C, Salzburger LR, Klein S, Han K, Weyer SW, Fritz AK, Laube B, Wolfer DP, Buchholz CJ, Korte M, Müller UC. Distinct in vivo roles of secreted APP ectodomain variants APPsα and APPsβ in regulation of spine density, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798335. [PMID: 29661886 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic functions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is key to Alzheimer pathogenesis, may be carried out by its secreted ectodomain (APPs). The specific roles of APPsα and APPsβ fragments, generated by non-amyloidogenic or amyloidogenic APP processing, respectively, remain however unclear. Here, we expressed APPsα or APPsβ in the adult brain of conditional double knockout mice (cDKO) lacking APP and the related APLP2. APPsα efficiently rescued deficits in spine density, synaptic plasticity (LTP and PPF), and spatial reference memory of cDKO mice. In contrast, APPsβ failed to show any detectable effects on synaptic plasticity and spine density. The C-terminal 16 amino acids of APPsα (lacking in APPsβ) proved sufficient to facilitate LTP in a mechanism that depends on functional nicotinic α7-nAChRs. Further, APPsα showed high-affinity, allosteric potentiation of heterologously expressed α7-nAChRs in oocytes. Collectively, we identified α7-nAChRs as a crucial physiological receptor specific for APPsα and show distinct in vivo roles for APPsα versus APPsβ. This implies that reduced levels of APPsα that might occur during Alzheimer pathogenesis cannot be compensated by APPsβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alex Winschel
- Department of Biology, Neurophysiology und Neurosensory Systems, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Abel
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), Langen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bold
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie R Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha W Weyer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristina Fritz
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Movements Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Laube
- Department of Biology, Neurophysiology und Neurosensory Systems, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Movements Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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BACE1 Mediates HIV-Associated and Excitotoxic Neuronal Damage Through an APP-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4288-4300. [PMID: 29632166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1280-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) share common symptoms with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. Plaques are formed by aggregation of Aβ oligomers, which may be the toxic species in AD pathogenesis, and oligomers are generated by cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). BACE1 inhibitors reverse neuronal loss and cognitive decline in animal models of AD. Although studies have also found evidence of altered APP processing in HIV+ patients, it is unknown whether increased BACE1 expression or Aβ oligomer production is a common neuropathological feature of HAND. Moreover, it is unknown whether BACE1 or APP is involved in the excitotoxic, NMDAR-dependent component of HIV-associated neurotoxicity in vitro Herein, we hypothesize that HIV-associated neurotoxicity is mediated by NMDAR-dependent elevation of BACE1 and subsequent altered processing of APP. Supporting this, we observed elevated levels of BACE1 and Aβ oligomers in CNS of male and female HIV+ patients. In a model of HIV-associated neurotoxicity in which rat neurons are treated with supernatants from HIV-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages, we observed NMDAR-dependent elevation of BACE1 protein. NMDA treatment also increased BACE1 and both pharmacological BACE1 inhibition and genetic loss of APP were partially neuroprotective. Moreover, in APP knock-out (APP-/-) mouse neurons, NMDA-induced toxicity was BACE1 independent, indicating that cytotoxicity of BACE1 is dependent upon APP cleavage. Our findings suggest that increased BACE1 and the resultant Aβ oligomer production may contribute to HIV-associated neuropathogenesis and inhibition of BACE1 could have therapeutic potential in HANDs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) represent a range of cognitive impairments affecting ∼50% of HIV+ individuals. The specific causes of HAND are unknown, but evidence suggests that HIV-infected macrophage infiltration into the brain may cause neuronal damage. Herein, we show that neurons treated with conditioned media from HIV-infected macrophages have increased expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Moreover, inhibition of BACE1 prevented neuronal loss after conditioned media exposure, but had no effect on HIV-associated neurotoxicity in neurons lacking its cleavage target amyloid precursor protein. We also observed increased BACE1 expression in HIV+ patient brain tissue, confirming the potential relevance of BACE1 as a therapeutic target in HANDs.
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14
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Lopez-Font I, Boix CP, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Alterations in the Balance of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Species in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:1281-1291. [PMID: 28372336 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that soluble forms of the amyloid-β protein precursor (sAβPP) assemble into multimeric complexes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which contributes to the underestimation of specific sAβPP species when assessed by ELISA. To circumvent this issue, we analyzed by SDS-PAGE large fragments of sAβPP and their variants in the CSF from Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 20) and control (n = 20) subjects, probing with specific antibodies against particular domains. Similar levels of sAβPPα and sAβPPβ protein were found in CSF samples from AD and controls, yet there appeared to be a shift in the balance of the soluble full-length AβPP (sAβPPf) species in AD samples, with a decrease in the proportion of the lower (∼100 kDa) band relative to the upper (∼120 kDa) band. Similar differences were observed in the contribution of the major KPI-immunoreactive AβPP species. CSF samples also displayed differences in the correlations of AβPP species with classical AD biomarkers, particularly with respect to the Aβ42 peptide. The differences reveal alterations that probably reflect pathophysiological changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Claudia P Boix
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Campus, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
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15
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16
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Brinkmalm G, Sjödin S, Simonsen AH, Hasselbalch SG, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm A, Blennow K. A Parallel Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometric Method for Analysis of Potential CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2017; 12. [PMID: 29028155 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (PRM-MS) assay consisting of a panel of potential protein biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirteen proteins were selected based on their association with neurodegenerative diseases and involvement in synaptic function, secretory vesicle function, or innate immune system. CSF samples were digested and two to three peptides per protein were quantified using stable isotope-labeled peptide standards. RESULTS Coefficients of variation were generally below 15%. Clinical evaluation was performed on a cohort of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 15 healthy subjects. Investigated proteins of the granin family exhibited the largest difference between the patient groups. Secretogranin-2 (p<0.005) and neurosecretory protein VGF (p<0.001) concentrations were lowered in AD. For chromogranin A, two of three peptides had significantly lowered AD concentrations (p<0.01). The concentrations of the synaptic proteins neurexin-1 and neuronal pentraxin-1, as well as neurofascin were also significantly lowered in AD (p<0.05). The other investigated proteins, β2-microglobulin, cystatin C, amyloid precursor protein, lysozyme C, neurexin-2, neurexin-3, and neurocan core protein, were not significantly altered. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PRM-MS of protein panels is a valuable tool to evaluate biomarker candidates for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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17
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Araki W, Hattori K, Kanemaru K, Yokoi Y, Omachi Y, Takano H, Sakata M, Yoshida S, Tsukamoto T, Murata M, Saito Y, Kunugi H, Goto YI, Nagaoka U, Nagao M, Komori T, Arima K, Ishii K, Murayama S, Matsuda H, Tachimori H, Araki YM, Mizusawa H. Re-evaluation of soluble APP-α and APP-β in cerebrospinal fluid as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of dementia disorders. Biomark Res 2017; 5:28. [PMID: 29018524 PMCID: PMC5610422 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because soluble (or secreted) amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and -α (sAPPα) possibly reflect pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), they are potential biomarker candidates for dementia disorders, including AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (MCI-AD). However, controversial results have been reported regarding their alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD and MCI-AD patients. In this study, we re-assessed the utility of sAPPα and sAPPβ in CSF as diagnostic biomarkers of dementia disorders. Methods We used a modified and sensitive detection method to analyze sAPPs levels in CSF in four groups of patients: AD (N = 33), MCI-AD (N = 17), non-AD dementia (N = 27), and disease controls (N = 19). Phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau, and Aβ42 were also analyzed using standard methods. Results A strong correlation was observed between sAPPα and sAPPβ, consistent with previous reports. Both sAPPα and sAPPβ were highly correlated with p-tau and total tau, suggesting that sAPPs possibly reflect neuropathological changes in the brain. Levels of sAPPα were significantly higher in MCI-AD cases compared with non-AD and disease control cases, and those of sAPPβ were also significantly higher in MCI-AD and AD cases relative to other cases. A logistic regression analysis indicated that sAPPα and sAPPβ have good discriminative power for the diagnosis of MCI-AD. Conclusions Our findings collectively suggest that both sAPPs are pathologically relevant and potentially useful biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis of dementia disorders. We also suggest that careful measurement is important in assessing the diagnostic utility of CSF sAPPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40364-017-0108-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutomi Kanemaru
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Yokoi
- National Center Hospital, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miho Murata
- National Center Hospital, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- National Center Hospital, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Utako Nagaoka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kenji Ishii
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Department of Mental Health Policy and Evaluation, National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko M Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Transcriptional Effects of ApoE4: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5243-5254. [PMID: 28879423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the lipid binding and transporting carrier protein apolipoprotein E, epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4). One of the unsolved mysteries of AD is how the presence of ApoE4 elicits this age-associated, currently incurable neurodegenerative disease. Recently, we showed that ApoE4 acts as a transcription factor and binds to the promoters of genes involved in a range of processes linked to aging and AD disease pathogenesis. These findings point to novel therapeutic strategies for AD and aging, resulting in an extension of human healthspan, the disease-free and functional period of life. Here, we review the effects and implications of the putative transcriptional role of ApoE4 and propose a model of Alzheimer's disease that focuses on the transcriptional nature of ApoE4 and its downstream effects, with the aim that this knowledge will help to define the role ApoE4 plays as a risk factor for AD, aging, and other processes such as inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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19
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Liu D, Dal Prà I. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Antagonist NPS 2143 Restores Amyloid Precursor Protein Physiological Non-Amyloidogenic Processing in Aβ-Exposed Adult Human Astrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1277. [PMID: 28455519 PMCID: PMC5430644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological non-amyloidogenic processing (NAP) of amyloid precursor holoprotein (hAPP) by α-secretases (e.g., ADAM10) extracellularly sheds neurotrophic/neuroprotective soluble (s)APPα and precludes amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) production via β-secretase amyloidogenic processing (AP). Evidence exists that Aβs interact with calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) in human astrocytes and neurons, driving the overrelease of toxic Aβ42/Aβ42-os (oligomers), which is completely blocked by CaSR antagonist (calcilytic) NPS 2143. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying NPS 2143 beneficial effects in human astrocytes. Moreover, because Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuroinflammation, we examined whether NPS 2143 remained beneficial when both fibrillary (f)Aβ25-35 and a microglial cytokine mixture (CMT) were present. Thus, hAPP NAP prevailed over AP in untreated astrocytes, which extracellularly shed all synthesized sAPPα while secreting basal Aβ40/42 amounts. Conversely, fAβ25-35 alone dramatically reduced sAPPα extracellular shedding while driving Aβ42/Aβ42-os oversecretion that CMT accelerated but not increased, despite a concurring hAPP overexpression. NPS 2143 promoted hAPP and ADAM10 translocation to the plasma membrane, thereby restoring sAPPα extracellular shedding and fully suppressing any Aβ42/Aβ42-os oversecretion, but left hAPP expression unaffected. Therefore, as anti-AD therapeutics calcilytics support neuronal viability by safeguarding astrocytes neurotrophic/neuroprotective sAPPα shedding, suppressing neurons and astrocytes Aβ42/Aβ42-os build-up/secretion, and remaining effective even under AD-typical neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy
| | - Daisong Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology & Embryology Unit, Medical School, University of Verona, Verona, Venetia, Italy.
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20
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Herr UM, Strecker P, Storck SE, Thomas C, Rabiej V, Junker A, Schilling S, Schmidt N, Dowds CM, Eggert S, Pietrzik CU, Kins S. LRP1 Modulates APP Intraneuronal Transport and Processing in Its Monomeric and Dimeric State. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:118. [PMID: 28496400 PMCID: PMC5406469 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1, interacts with APP and affects its processing. This is assumed to be mostly caused by the impact of LRP1 on APP endocytosis. More recently, also an interaction of APP and LRP1 early in the secretory pathway was reported whereat retention of LRP1 in the ER leads to decreased APP cell surface levels and in turn, to reduced Aβ secretion. Here, we extended the biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses by showing via live cell imaging analyses in primary neurons that LRP1 and APP are transported only partly in common (one third) but to a higher degree in distinct fast axonal transport vesicles. Interestingly, co-expression of LRP1 and APP caused a change of APP transport velocities, indicating that LRP1 recruits APP to a specific type of fast axonal transport vesicles. In contrast lowered levels of LRP1 facilitated APP transport. We further show that monomeric and dimeric APP exhibit similar transport characteristics and that both are affected by LRP1 in a similar way, by slowing down APP anterograde transport and increasing its endocytosis rate. In line with this, a knockout of LRP1 in CHO cells and in primary neurons caused an increase of monomeric and dimeric APP surface localization and in turn accelerated shedding by meprin β and ADAM10. Notably, a choroid plexus specific LRP1 knockout caused a much higher secretion of sAPP dimers into the cerebrospinal fluid compared to sAPP monomers. Together, our data show that LRP1 functions as a sorting receptor for APP, regulating its cell surface localization and thereby its processing by ADAM10 and meprin β, with the latter exhibiting a preference for APP in its dimeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta-Mareike Herr
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Paul Strecker
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Carolin Thomas
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Verena Rabiej
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Anne Junker
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Schilling
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - C Marie Dowds
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
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Vanden Dries V, Stygelbout V, Pierrot N, Yilmaz Z, Suain V, De Decker R, Buée L, Octave JN, Brion JP, Leroy K. Amyloid precursor protein reduction enhances the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in a mutant tau transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 55:202-212. [PMID: 28464981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of 2 neuropathological lesions: neurofibrillary tangles, composed of tau proteins which are highly phosphorylated and phosphorylated on uncommon sites, and amyloid plaques, containing the Aß peptides generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Reduction of some APP proteolytic derivatives in Alzheimer's disease such as sAPPα fragment has been reported and sAPPα has been shown to affect tau phosphorylation. To investigate in vivo the effect of absence of APP protein and its fragments on tau phosphorylation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, we have generated mice deleted for APP gene and overexpressing a human mutant tau protein and developing neurofibrillary tangles (APPKOTg30 mice). These APPKOTg30 mice showed more severe motor and cognitive deficits, increased tau phosphorylation, increased load of neurofibrillary tangles, and increased p25/35 ratio in the brain, compared with Tg30 mice. These data suggest that APP and/or its proteolytic derivatives interfere with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in a transgenic mouse model that will be useful for investigating the relationship between APP and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vanden Dries
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Stygelbout
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pierrot
- Institute of Neurosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zehra Yilmaz
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Suain
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert De Decker
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Buée
- Universite de Lille, INSERM, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Institute of Neurosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Thordardottir S, Kinhult Ståhlbom A, Almkvist O, Thonberg H, Eriksdotter M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Graff C. The effects of different familial Alzheimer's disease mutations on APP processing in vivo. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28209190 PMCID: PMC5312523 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is considered to be central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The autosomal dominant form of the disease, familial AD (FAD), may serve as a model for the sporadic form of AD. In FAD the diagnosis of AD is reliable and presymptomatic individuals carrying FAD mutations can give valuable insights into the earliest stages of the disease where therapeutic interventions are thought to be the most effective. METHODS In the current cross-sectional study, products of APP processing (e.g., sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42) were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals carrying one of three FAD mutations, APPswe (p.KM670/671NL), APParc (p.E693G) and PSEN1 (p.H163Y), as well as in non-mutation carriers from the same families. RESULTS We observed pathological APP processing in presymptomatic carriers of FAD mutations, with different profiles of APP and Aβ isoforms in the three mutation carrier groups, APPswe (p.KM670/671NL), APParc (p.E693G) and PSEN1 (p.H163Y), except for the well-established decrease in CSF Aβ42 that was found with all mutations. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the current evidence that AD pathophysiology differs between disease-causing mutations and can be monitored in the presymptomatic disease stage by CSF analyses. This may also be important from a therapeutic standpoint, by opening a window to monitor effects of disease-modifying drugs on AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Thordardottir
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kinhult Ståhlbom
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Almkvist
- Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Håkan Thonberg
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department NVS, Division for Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- UCL Insitute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Disease Research, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Mockett BG, Richter M, Abraham WC, Müller UC. Therapeutic Potential of Secreted Amyloid Precursor Protein APPsα. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:30. [PMID: 28223920 PMCID: PMC5293819 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by α-secretase generates an extracellularly released fragment termed secreted APP-alpha (APPsα). Not only is this process of interest due to the cleavage of APP within the amyloid-beta sequence, but APPsα itself has many physiological properties that suggest its great potential as a therapeutic target. For example, APPsα is neurotrophic, neuroprotective, neurogenic, a stimulator of protein synthesis and gene expression, and enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. While most early studies have been conducted in vitro, effectiveness in animal models is now being confirmed. These studies have revealed that either upregulating α-secretase activity, acutely administering APPsα or chronic delivery of APPsα via a gene therapy approach can effectively treat mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders such as traumatic head injury. Together these findings suggest the need for intensifying research efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of this multifunctional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of OtagoOtago, New Zealand
| | - Max Richter
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Wickliffe C. Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of OtagoOtago, New Zealand
| | - Ulrike C. Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
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24
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Xiong M, Jones OD, Peppercorn K, Ohline SM, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Secreted amyloid precursor protein-alpha can restore novel object location memory and hippocampal LTP in aged rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 138:291-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Cicognola C, Chiasserini D, Eusebi P, Andreasson U, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Parnetti L, Blennow K. No diurnal variation of classical and candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in CSF. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:65. [PMID: 27605218 PMCID: PMC5013624 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have gained increasing importance in the diagnostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The core CSF biomarkers related to AD pathology (Aβ42, t-tau and p-tau) are currently used in CSF diagnostics, while candidate markers of amyloid metabolism (Aβ38, Aβ40, sAPPα, sAPPβ), synaptic loss (neurogranin), neuroinflammation (YKL-40), neuronal damage (VILIP-1) and genetic risk (apolipoprotein E) are undergoing evaluation. Diurnal fluctuation in the concentration of CSF biomarkers has been reported and may represent a preanalytical confounding factor in the laboratory diagnosis of AD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diurnal variability of classical and candidate CSF biomarkers in a cohort of neurosurgical patients carrying a CSF drainage. Method Samples were collected from a cohort of 13 neurosurgical patients from either ventricular (n = 6) or lumbar (n = 7) CSF drainage at six time points during the day, 1–7 days following the neurosurgical intervention. Concentrations of the core biomarkers were determined by immunoassays. Results Although absolute values largely varied among subjects, none of the biomarkers showed significant diurnal variation. Site of drainage (lumbar vs. ventricular) did not influence this result. The different immunoassays used for tau and Aβ markers provided similar results. Conclusion Time of day at CSF collection does not ultimately affect the concentration levels of classical and candidate AD biomarkers. Similar trends were found when using different immunoassays, thus corroborating the consistency of the data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0130-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicognola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU / Mölndal hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Center for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Eusebi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Center for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU / Mölndal hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU / Mölndal hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.,UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Center for Memory Disturbances, University of Perugia, Sant' Andrea delle Fratte, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, House V3, SU / Mölndal hospital, Göteborgsvägen 31, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
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26
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Ruan Q, D'Onofrio G, Sancarlo D, Greco A, Yu Z. Potential fluid biomarkers for pathological brain changes in Alzheimer's disease: Implication for the screening of cognitive frailty. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3184-98. [PMID: 27511317 PMCID: PMC5042792 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive frailty (CF) overlaps with early neuropathological alterations associated with aging-related major neurocognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Fluid biomarkers for these pathological brain alterations allow for early diagnosis in the preclinical stages of AD, and for objective prognostic assessments in clinical intervention trials. These biomarkers may also be helpful in the screening of CF. The present study reviewed the literature and identified systematic reviews of cohort studies and other authoritative reports. The selection criteria for potentially suitable fluid biomarkers included: i) Frequent use in studies of fluid-derived markers and ii) evidence of novel measurement techniques for fluid-derived markers. The present study focused on studies that assessed these biomarkers in AD, mild cognitive impairment and non-AD demented subjects. At present, widely used fluid biomarkers include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), total tau, phosphorylated tau and amyloid-β levels. With the development of novel measurement techniques and improvements in understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying aging-related major neurocognitive disorders, numerous novel biomarkers associated with various aspects of AD neuropathology are being explored. These include specific measurements of Aβ oligomer or monomer forms, tau proteins in the peripheral plasma and CSF, and novel markers of synaptic dysfunction, neuronal damage and apoptosis, neuronal activity alteration, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, oxidative stress, metabolites, mitochondrial function and aberrant lipid metabolism. The proposed panels of fluid biomarkers may be useful in the early diagnosis of AD, prediction of the progression of AD from preclinical stages to the dementia stage, and the differentiation of AD from non-AD dementia. In combination with physical frailty, the present study surmised that these biomarkers may also be used as biomarkers for CF, thus contribute to discovering causes and informing interventions for cognitive impairment in individuals with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Ruan
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniele Sancarlo
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza', San Giovanni Rotondo, I‑71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Zhuowei Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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27
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Lista S, O'Bryant SE, Blennow K, Dubois B, Hugon J, Zetterberg H, Hampel H. Biomarkers in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:291-317. [PMID: 26401553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sporadic (sAD) or inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion, and less than 1% of cases are autosomal-dominant. Forms of sAD do not exhibit familial aggregation and are characterized by complex genetic and environmental interactions. Recently, the expansion of genomic methodologies, in association with substantially larger combined cohorts, has resulted in various genome-wide association studies that have identified several novel genetic associations of AD. Currently, the most effective methods for establishing the diagnosis of AD are defined by multi-modal pathways, starting with clinical and neuropsychological assessment, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and brain-imaging procedures, all of which have significant cost- and access-to-care barriers. Consequently, research efforts have focused on the development and validation of non-invasive and generalizable blood-based biomarkers. Among the modalities conceptualized by the systems biology paradigm and utilized in the "exploratory biomarker discovery arena", proteome analysis has received the most attention. However, metabolomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics have recently become key modalities in the search for AD biomarkers. Interestingly, biomarker changes for familial AD (fAD), in many but not all cases, seem similar to those for sAD. The integration of neurogenetics with systems biology/physiology-based strategies and high-throughput technologies for molecular profiling is expected to help identify the causes, mechanisms, and biomarkers associated with the various forms of AD. Moreover, in order to hypothesize the dynamic trajectories of biomarkers through disease stages and elucidate the mechanisms of biomarker alterations, updated and more sophisticated theoretical models have been proposed for both sAD and fAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile-de-France, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 07, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), Inserm UMR_S 839, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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28
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Hartl D, Gu W, Mayhaus M, Pichler S, Schöpe J, Wagenpfeil S, Riemenschneider M. Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Cleavage Products in Postmortem Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:365-72. [PMID: 26401559 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) are considered etiologic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the roles of other AβPP cleavage products in disease pathology remain elusive. Here, we measured levels of the major secreted AβPP processing products sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and Aβ species in postmortem collected ventricular CSF of 196 AD patients and 74 controls. In AD we identified Aβ₄₂ to decrease continuously with progressing Braak stages, whereas Aβ₄₀ was upregulated in early stages of the disease (Braak stage 4) and down-regulated with progressing pathology. Interestingly, both sAβPPα and sAβPPβ were upregulated in AD as compared to controls (sAβPPα, p = 0.02; sAβPPβ, p = 0.01). Moreover, we observed a strong positive correlation of both alternative AβPP processing products, sAβPPα and sAβPPβ (r²= 0.781; p < 0.0001). Together, our results argue for generally enhanced AβPP processing in AD patients and emphasize the necessity of analyzing the roles of all AβPP processing products in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hartl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute for Human Genetics and Medical Genetics, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Schöpe
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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29
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Kim S, Sato Y, Mohan PS, Peterhoff C, Pensalfini A, Rigoglioso A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Evidence that the rab5 effector APPL1 mediates APP-βCTF-induced dysfunction of endosomes in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:707-16. [PMID: 26194181 PMCID: PMC4721948 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its cleaved products are strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endosomes are highly active APP processing sites, and endosome anomalies associated with upregulated expression of early endosomal regulator, rab5, are the earliest known disease-specific neuronal response in AD. Here, we show that the rab5 effector APPL1 (adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine binding domain and leucine zipper motif) mediates rab5 overactivation in Down syndrome (DS) and AD, which is caused by elevated levels of the β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of APP (βCTF). βCTF recruits APPL1 to rab5 endosomes, where it stabilizes active GTP-rab5, leading to pathologically accelerated endocytosis, endosome swelling and selectively impaired axonal transport of rab5 endosomes. In DS fibroblasts, APPL1 knockdown corrects these endosomal anomalies. βCTF levels are also elevated in AD brain, which is accompanied by abnormally high recruitment of APPL1 to rab5 endosomes as seen in DS fibroblasts. These studies indicate that persistent rab5 overactivation through βCTF-APPL1 interactions constitutes a novel APP-dependent pathogenic pathway in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Sato
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - P S Mohan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Peterhoff
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - A Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - A Rigoglioso
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA. E-mail:
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30
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CSF biomarkers in neurodegenerative and vascular dementias. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 138-140:36-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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van Waalwijk van Doorn LJC, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Haußmann U, Klafki H, Struyfs H, Linning P, Knölker HJ, Twaalfhoven H, Kuiperij HB, Engelborghs S, Scheltens P, Verbeek MM, Vanmechelen E, Wiltfang J, Teunissen CE. Validation of soluble amyloid-β precursor protein assays as diagnostic CSF biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2016; 137:112-21. [PMID: 26748905 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Analytical validation of a biomarker assay is essential before implementation in clinical practice can occur. In this study, we analytically validated the performance of assays detecting soluble amyloid-β precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in CSF in two laboratories according to previously standard operating procedures serving this goal. sAPPα and sAPPβ ELISA assays from two vendors (IBL-international, Meso Scale Diagnostics) were validated. The performance parameters included precision, sensitivity, dilutional linearity, recovery, and parallelism. Inter-laboratory variation, biomarker comparison (sAPPα vs. sAPPβ) and clinical performance was determined in three laboratories using 60 samples of patients with subjective memory complaints, Alzheimer's disease, or frontotemporal dementia. All performance parameters of the assays were similar between labs and within predefined acceptance criteria. The only exceptions were minor out-of-range results for recovery at low concentrations and, despite being within predefined acceptance criteria, non-comparability of the results for evaluation of the dilutional linearity and hook-effect. Based on the inter-laboratory correlation between Lab #1 and Lab #2, the IBL-international assays were more robust (sAPPα: r(2) = 0.92, sAPPβ: r(2) = 0.94) than the Meso Scale Diagnostics (MSD) assay (sAPPα: r(2) = 0.70, sAPPβ: r(2) = 0.80). Specificity of assays was confirmed using assay-specific peptide competitors. Clinical validation showed consistent results across the clinical groups in the different laboratories for all assays. The validated sAPP assays appear to be of sufficient technical quality and perform well. Moreover, the study shows that the newly developed standard operating procedures provide highly useful tools for the validation of new biomarker assays. A recommendation was made for renewed instructions to evaluate the dilutional linearity and hook-effect. We analytically validated the performance of assays detecting soluble amyloid-β precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in CSF according to SOPs in agreement with ISO15189 guidelines. The validated sAPP assays appear to be of sufficient technical quality and perform well. Moreover, this study proofs that the newly developed SOPs, with a minor modification, provide highly useful tools for the validation of new biomarker assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J C van Waalwijk van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen J Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Haußmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philipp Linning
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Harry Twaalfhoven
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Memory Clinic and Department of Neurology, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gentier RJ, van Leeuwen FW. Misframed ubiquitin and impaired protein quality control: an early event in Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:47. [PMID: 26388726 PMCID: PMC4557111 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) plaque formation is a prominent cellular hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, immunization trials in AD patients have not been effective in terms of curing or ameliorating dementia. In addition, γ-secretase inhibitor strategies await clinical improvements in AD. These approaches were based upon the idea that autosomal dominant mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Presenilin 1 (PS1) genes are predictive for treatment of all AD patients. However most AD patients are of the sporadic form which partly explains the failures to treat this multifactorial disease. The major risk factor for developing sporadic AD (SAD) is aging whereas the Apolipoprotein E polymorphism (ε4 variant) is the most prominent genetic risk factor. Other medium-risk factors such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and nine low risk factors from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) were associated with AD. Recently, pooled GWAS studies identified protein ubiquitination as one of the key modulators of AD. In addition, a brain site specific strategy was used to compare the proteomes of AD patients by an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. This strategy revealed numerous proteins that strongly interact with ubiquitin (UBB) signaling, and pointing to a dysfunctional ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) as a causal factor in AD. We reported that DNA-RNA sequence differences in several genes including ubiquitin do occur in AD, the resulting misframed protein of which accumulates in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). This suggests again a functional link between neurodegeneration of the AD type and loss of protein quality control by the UPS. Progress in this field is discussed and modulating the activity of the UPS opens an attractive avenue of research towards slowing down the development of AD and ameliorating its effects by discovering prime targets for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina J. Gentier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Fred W. van Leeuwen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
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Ritter A, Cummings J. Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics. Front Neurol 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26379620 PMCID: PMC4553391 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With the demographic shift of the global population toward longer life expectancy, the number of people living with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has rapidly expanded and is projected to triple by the year 2050. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief but do not affect the underlying pathology of the disease. Therapies that prevent or slow the progression of the disease are urgently needed to avoid this growing public health emergency. Insights gained from decades of research have begun to unlock the pathophysiology of this complex disease and have provided targets for disease-modifying therapies. In the last decade, few therapeutic agents designed to modify the underlying disease process have progressed to clinical trials and none have been brought to market. With the focus on disease modification, biomarkers promise to play an increasingly important role in clinical trials. Six biomarkers have now been included in diagnostic criteria for AD and are regularly incorporated into clinical trials. Three biomarkers are neuroimaging measures – hippocampal atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), amyloid uptake as measured by Pittsburg compound B positron emission tomography (PiB-PET), and decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (18F) uptake as measured by PET (FDG-PET) – and three are sampled from fluid sources – cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid β42 (Aβ42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau. Fluid biomarkers are important because they can provide information regarding the underlying biochemical processes that are occurring in the brain. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature regarding the existing and emerging fluid biomarkers and to examine how fluid biomarkers have been incorporated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health , Las Vegas, NV , USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health , Las Vegas, NV , USA
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Alcolea D, Martínez-Lage P, Sánchez-Juan P, Olazarán J, Antúnez C, Izagirre A, Ecay-Torres M, Estanga A, Clerigué M, Guisasola MC, Sánchez Ruiz D, Marín Muñoz J, Calero M, Blesa R, Clarimón J, Carmona-Iragui M, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Vázquez Higuera JL, Fortea J, Lleó A. Amyloid precursor protein metabolism and inflammation markers in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2015; 85:626-33. [PMID: 26180139 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate CSF markers involved in amyloid precursor protein processing, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) and participants with suspected non-Alzheimer pathology (SNAP). METHODS We collected CSF from 266 cognitively normal volunteers participating in a cross-sectional multicenter study (the SIGNAL study) to investigate markers involved in amyloid precursor protein processing (Aβ42, sAPPβ, β-secretase activity), neuronal damage (total-tau [t-tau], phospho-tau [p-tau]), and neuroinflammation (YKL-40). We analyzed the relationship among biomarkers, clinical variables, and the APOE genotype, and compared biomarker levels across the preclinical stages of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association classification: stage 0, 1, 2, 3, and SNAP. RESULTS The median age in the whole cohort was 58.8 years (range 39.8-81.6). Participants in stages 2-3 and SNAP had higher levels of YKL-40 than those in stages 0 and 1. Participants with SNAP had higher levels of sAPPβ than participants in stage 0 and 1. No differences were found between stages 0, 1, and 2-3 in sAPPβ and β-secretase activity in CSF. Age correlated with t-tau, p-tau, and YKL-40. It also correlated with Aβ42, but only in APOE ε4 carriers. Aβ42 correlated positively with t-tau, sAPPβ, and YKL-40 in participants with normal Aβ42. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that inflammation in the CNS increases in normal aging and is intimately related to markers of neurodegeneration in the preclinical stages of AD and SNAP. sAPPβ and β-secretase activity are not useful diagnostic or staging markers in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alcolea
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Lage
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Javier Olazarán
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Carmen Antúnez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Andrea Izagirre
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Mirian Ecay-Torres
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Ainara Estanga
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Montserrat Clerigué
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Maria Concepción Guisasola
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Domingo Sánchez Ruiz
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Juan Marín Muñoz
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - María Carmona-Iragui
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - José Luis Vázquez Higuera
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- From the Department of Neurology (D.A., R.B., J.C., M.C.-I., E.M.-R., J.F., A.L.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Fundación CITA-Alzhéimer Fundazioa (P.M.-L., A.I., M.E.-T., A.E., M.C.), San Sebastián; Servicio de Neurología (P.S.-J., E.R.-R., J.L.V.H.), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander; Servicio de Neurología (J.O., D.S.R.) and Unidad de Medicina Experimental (M.C.G.), Hospital General Gregorio Marañón, Madrid; Unidad de Demencias (C.A., J.M.M.), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (M.C.), CIBERNED, Madrid; Fundación CIEN (J.O., M.C.), Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED (The SIGNAL Study), Spain.
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Struyfs H, Niemantsverdriet E, Goossens J, Fransen E, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. Cerebrospinal Fluid P-Tau181P: Biomarker for Improved Differential Dementia Diagnosis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:138. [PMID: 26136723 PMCID: PMC4470274 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the value of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181P) in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker panel for differential dementia diagnosis in autopsy confirmed AD and non-AD patients. The study population consisted of 140 autopsy confirmed AD and 77 autopsy confirmed non-AD dementia patients. CSF concentrations of amyloid-β peptide of 42 amino acids (Aβ1–42), total tau protein (T-tau), and P-tau181P were determined with single analyte ELISA-kits (INNOTEST®, Fujirebio, Ghent, Belgium). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to obtain area under the curve (AUC) values and to define optimal cutoff values to discriminate AD from pooled and individual non-AD groups. ROC curve analyses were only performed on biomarkers and ratios that differed significantly between the groups. Pairwise comparison of AUC values was performed by means of DeLong tests. The Aβ1–42/P-tau181P ratio (AUC = 0.770) performed significantly better than Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.677, P = 0.004), T-tau (AUC = 0.592, P < 0.001), and Aβ1–42/T-tau (AUC = 0.678, P = 0.001), while P-tau181P (AUC = 0.720) performed significantly better than T-tau (AUC = 0.592, P < 0.001) to discriminate between AD and the pooled non-AD group. When comparing AD and the individual non-AD diagnoses, Aβ1–42/P-tau181P (AUC = 0.894) discriminated AD from frontotemporal dementia significantly better than Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.776, P = 0.020) and T-tau (AUC = 0.746, P = 0.004), while P-tau181P/T-tau (AUC = 0.958) significantly improved the differentiation between AD and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as compared to Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.688, P = 0.004), T-tau (AUC = 0.874, P = 0.040), and Aβ1–42/P-tau181P (AUC = 0.760, P = 0.003). In conclusion, this study demonstrates P-tau181P is an essential component of the AD CSF biomarker panel, and combined assessment of Aβ1–42, T-tau, and P-tau181P renders, to present date, the highest diagnostic power to discriminate between AD and non-AD dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ellis Niemantsverdriet
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Joery Goossens
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken , Antwerp , Belgium
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Lu H, Zhu XC, Jiang T, Yu JT, Tan L. Body fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:70. [PMID: 25992369 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous and slowly progressive disease with extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is already a hard nut to crack, featured with cognitive decline and memory lapse. Body fluid biomarkers are proved to be useful in exploring further study of AD, might benefit for a full comprehension of the etiopathogenesis, an improved precision of the prognosis and diagnosis, and a positive response of treatments. The cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers Aβ, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau reflect the main pathologic changes of AD. We also review data from several novel biomarkers, such as, β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β, soluble Aβ oligomers and so on, which are associated with the occurrence and deterioration of this disease and couldn't be ignored. The rationale for the clinical use of those biomarkers, the challenges faced with and the properties of the most appropriate biomarkers are also summarized in the paper. We aim to find several ideal biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and optimize the treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teng Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Lopez-Font I, Boix-Amorós A, Brinkmalm G, Blennow K, Molinuevo JL, Sáez-Valero J. Heteromers of amyloid precursor protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:2. [PMID: 25573162 PMCID: PMC4298044 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generated by α- and β-secretases, sAPPα and sAPPβ, have been postulated as promising new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the capacity of these soluble proteins to assemble has not been explored and could be relevant. Our aim is to characterize possible sAPP oligomers that could contribute to the quantification of sAPPα and sAPPβ in CSF by ELISA, as well as to characterize the possible presence of soluble full-length APP (sAPPf). RESULTS We employed co-immunoprecipitation, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients to characterize sAPP oligomers in CSF. We have characterized the presence of sAPPf in CSF from NDC and AD subjects and demonstrated that all forms, including sAPPα and sAPPβ, are capable of assembling into heteromers, which differ from brain APP membrane-dimers. We measured sAPPf, sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA in CSF samples from AD (n = 13) and non-disease subjects (NDC, n = 13) before and after immunoprecipitation with antibodies against the C-terminal APP or against sAPPβ. We demonstrated that these sAPP heteromers participate in the quantification of sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA. Immunoprecipitation with a C-terminal antibody to remove sAPPf reduced by ~30% the determinations of sAPPα and sAPPβ by ELISA, whereas immunoprecipitation with an APPβ antibody reduced by ~80% the determination of sAPPf and sAPPα. CONCLUSIONS The presence of sAPPf and sAPP heteromers should be taken into consideration when exploring the levels of sAPPα and sAPPβ as potential CSF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av, Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Savage MJ, Holder DJ, Wu G, Kaplow J, Siuciak JA, Potter WZ. Soluble BACE-1 Activity and sAβPPβ Concentrations in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Matched Healthy Control Cerebrospinal Fluid from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 Baseline Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:431-40. [PMID: 25790831 PMCID: PMC6287641 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) plays an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), freeing the amyloid-β (Aβ) N-terminus from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), the first step in Aβ formation. Increased BACE1 activity in AD brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been reported. Other studies, however, found either no change or a decrease with AD diagnosis in either BACE1 activity or sAβPPβ, the N-terminal secreted product of BACE1 (sBACE1) activity on AβPP. Here, sBACE1 enzymatic activity and secreted AβPPβ (sAβPPβ) were measured in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (ADNI-1) baseline CSF samples and no statistically significant changes were found in either measure comparing healthy control, mild cognitively impaired, or AD individual samples. While CSF sBACE1 activity and sAβPPβ demonstrated a moderate yet significant degree of correlation with each other, there was no correlation of either analyte to CSF Aβ peptide ending at residue 42. Surprisingly, a stronger correlation was demonstrated between CSF sBACE1 activity and tau, which was comparable to that between CSF Aβ₄₂ and tau. Unlike for these latter two analytes, receiver-operator characteristic curves demonstrate that neither CSF sBACE1 activity nor sAβPPβ concentrations can be used to differentiate between healthy elderly and AD individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck and Company, West Point, PA, USA
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Zetterberg H, Lautner R, Skillbäck T, Rosén C, Shahim P, Mattsson N, Blennow K. CSF in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2014; 65:143-72. [PMID: 25233613 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800141-7.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42-amino acid protein called amyloid beta, and N-terminally truncated fragments thereof, in extracellular senile plaques together with intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Clinical chemistry tests for these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples. Here, we review what these markers have taught us on the disease process in AD and how they can be implemented in routine clinical chemistry. We also provide an update on new marker development and ongoing analytical standardization effort.
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Perneczky R, Alexopoulos P. Cerebrospinal fluid BACE1 activity and markers of amyloid precursor protein metabolism and axonal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S425-S429.e1. [PMID: 24239250 PMCID: PMC4038661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) activity in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to correlate the enzyme activity with protein markers of APP metabolism and axonal degeneration. METHODS BACE1 activity and protein concentrations were measured and analyzed in 342 participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, including 99 normal control, 75 stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 87 progressive MCI, and 79 AD dementia cases. All statistical analyses were Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS No significant differences between controls and any of the three patient groups were detected for BACE1 activity and soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) concentrations in CSF. Significant correlations with BACE1 activity were found for CSF APPβ and total tau in all four groups and for CSF phosphorylated tau181 in all groups but the progressive MCI group. There were no correlations for CSF amyloid β (Aβ)1-42 or for plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40. CONCLUSIONS The consistent correlation between BACE1 activity and sAPPβ supports their role as biomarkers of target engagement in clinical trials on BACE1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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41
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Role of HIV in amyloid metabolism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:483-91. [PMID: 24816714 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection has changed from an acute devastating disease to a more chronic illness due to combination anti-retroviral treatment (cART). In the cART era, the life expectancy of HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals has increased. More HIV + individuals are aging with current projections suggesting that 50% of HIV + individuals will be over 50 years old by 2015. With advancing age, HIV + individuals may be at increased risk of developing other potential neurodegenerative disorders [especially Alzheimer's disease (AD)]. Pathology studies have shown that HIV increases intra and possibly extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ42), a hallmark of AD. We review the synthesis and clearance of Aβ42; the effects of HIV on the amyloid pathway; and contrast the impact of AD and HIV on Aβ42 metabolism. Biomarker studies (cerebrospinal fluid AB and amyloid imaging) in HIV + participants have shown mixed results. CSF Aβ42 has been shown to be either normal or diminished in with HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Amyloid imaging using [(11)C] PiB has also not demonstrated increased extracellular amyloid fibrillar deposits in HAND. We further demonstrate that Aβ42 deposition is not increased in older HIV + participants using [(11)C] PiB amyloid imaging. Together, these results suggest that HIV and aging each independently affect Aβ42 deposition with no significant interaction present. Older HIV + individuals are probably not at increased risk for developing AD. However, future longitudinal studies of older HIV + individuals using multiple modalities (including the combination of CSF markers and amyloid imaging) are necessary for investigating the effects of HIV on Aβ42 metabolism.
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Weyer SW, Zagrebelsky M, Herrmann U, Hick M, Ganss L, Gobbert J, Gruber M, Altmann C, Korte M, Deller T, Müller UC. Comparative analysis of single and combined APP/APLP knockouts reveals reduced spine density in APP-KO mice that is prevented by APPsα expression. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:36. [PMID: 24684730 PMCID: PMC4023627 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and synapse loss are key features of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Previously, we showed an essential function of APP and APLP2 for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Here, we used organotypic hippocampal cultures to investigate the specific role(s) of APP family members and their fragments for dendritic complexity and spine formation of principal neurons within the hippocampus. Whereas CA1 neurons from APLP1-KO or APLP2-KO mice showed normal neuronal morphology and spine density, APP-KO mice revealed a highly reduced dendritic complexity in mid-apical dendrites. Despite unaltered morphology of APLP2-KO neurons, combined APP/APLP2-DKO mutants showed an additional branching defect in proximal apical dendrites, indicating redundancy and a combined function of APP and APLP2 for dendritic architecture. Remarkably, APP-KO neurons showed a pronounced decrease in spine density and reductions in the number of mushroom spines. No further decrease in spine density, however, was detectable in APP/APLP2-DKO mice. Mechanistically, using APPsα-KI mice lacking transmembrane APP and expressing solely the secreted APPsα fragment we demonstrate that APPsα expression alone is sufficient to prevent the defects in spine density observed in APP-KO mice. Collectively, these studies reveal a combined role of APP and APLP2 for dendritic architecture and a unique function of secreted APPs for spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha W Weyer
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular Neurobiology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herrmann
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular Neurobiology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Meike Hick
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Lennard Ganss
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
- Present address: Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Julia Gobbert
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Morna Gruber
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Christine Altmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Cellular Neurobiology, Spielmannstr. 7, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main D-60596, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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Dobrowolska JA, Kasten T, Huang Y, Benzinger TLS, Sigurdson W, Ovod V, Morris JC, Bateman RJ. Diurnal patterns of soluble amyloid precursor protein metabolites in the human central nervous system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89998. [PMID: 24646516 PMCID: PMC3960093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) protein is diurnally regulated in both the cerebrospinal fluid and blood in healthy adults; circadian amplitudes decrease with aging and the presence of cerebral Aβ deposits. The cause of the Aβ diurnal pattern is poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is diurnally regulated, leading to APP product diurnal patterns. APP in the central nervous system is processed either via the β-pathway (amyloidogenic), generating soluble APP-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ, or the α-pathway (non-amyloidogenic), releasing soluble APP-α (sAPPα). To elucidate the potential contributions of APP to the Aβ diurnal pattern and the balance of the α- and β- pathways in APP processing, we measured APP proteolytic products over 36 hours in human cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively normal and Alzheimer's disease participants. We found diurnal patterns in sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ40, and Aβ42, which diminish with increased age, that support the hypothesis that APP is diurnally regulated in the human central nervous system and thus results in Aβ diurnal patterns. We also found that the four APP metabolites were positively correlated in all participants without cerebral Aβ deposits. This positive correlation suggests that the α- and β- APP pathways are non-competitive under normal physiologic conditions where APP availability may be the limiting factor that determines sAPPα and sAPPβ production. However, in participants with cerebral Aβ deposits, there was no correlation of Aβ to sAPP metabolites, suggesting that normal physiologic regulation of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ is impaired in the presence of amyloidosis. Lastly, we found that the ratio of sAPPβ to sAPPα was significantly higher in participants with cerebral Aβ deposits versus those without deposits. Therefore, the sAPPβ to sAPPα ratio may be a useful biomarker for cerebral amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna A. Dobrowolska
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tom Kasten
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tammie L. S. Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vitaliy Ovod
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Reinhardt S, Schuck F, Grösgen S, Riemenschneider M, Hartmann T, Postina R, Grimm M, Endres K. Unfolded protein response signaling by transcription factor XBP-1 regulates ADAM10 and is affected in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2013; 28:978-97. [PMID: 24165480 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), disturbed homeostasis of the proteases competing for amyloid precursor protein processing has been reported: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), the physiological α-secretase, is decreased in favor of the amyloid-β-generating enzyme BACE-1. To identify transcription factors that modulate the expression of either protease, we performed a screening approach: 48 transcription factors significantly interfered with ADAM10/BACE-1-promoter activity. One selective inducer of ADAM10 gene expression is the X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1). This protein regulates the unfolded protein-response pathway. We demonstrate that particularly the spliced XBP-1 variant dose dependently regulates ADAM10 expression, which can be synergistically enhanced by 100 nM insulin. Analysis of 2 different transgenic mouse models (APP/PS1 and 5xFAD) revealed that at early time points in pathology XBP-1 metabolism is induced. This is accompanied by a 2-fold augmented ADAM10 amount as compared with nontransgenic littermates (P=0.011). Along with aging of the mice, the system is counterregulated, and XBP-1 together with ADAM10 expression level decreased to ∼50% as compared with control animals. Analyses of expression levels in human AD brains showed that ADAM10 mRNA correlated with active XBP-1 (r=0.3120), but expression did not reach levels of healthy age-matched controls, suggesting deregulation of XBP-1 signaling. Our results demonstrate that XBP-1 is a driver of ADAM10 gene expression and that disturbance of this pathway might contribute to development or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reinhardt
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Abstract
The canonical pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease links the expression of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (ApoE) to amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ peptide accumulation by a set of mechanisms that is incompletely defined. The development of a simple system that focuses not on a single variable but on multiple factors and pathways would be valuable both for dissecting the underlying mechanisms and for identifying candidate therapeutics. Here we show that, although both ApoE3 and ApoE4 associate with APP with nanomolar affinities, only ApoE4 significantly (i) reduces the ratio of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPα) to Aβ; (ii) reduces Sirtuin T1 (SirT1) expression, resulting in markedly differing ratios of neuroprotective SirT1 to neurotoxic SirT2; (iii) triggers Tau phosphorylation and APP phosphorylation; and (iv) induces programmed cell death. We describe a subset of drug candidates that interferes with the APP-ApoE interaction and returns the parameters noted above to normal. Our data support the hypothesis that neuronal connectivity, as reflected in the ratios of critical mediators such as sAPPα:Aβ, SirT1:SirT2, APP:phosphorylated (p)-APP, and Tau:p-Tau, is programmatically altered by ApoE4 and offer a simple system for the identification of program mediators and therapeutic candidates.
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Marshall AC, Shaltout HA, Pirro NT, Rose JC, Diz DI, Chappell MC. Antenatal betamethasone exposure is associated with lower ANG-(1-7) and increased ACE in the CSF of adult sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R679-88. [PMID: 23948771 PMCID: PMC3798802 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal betamethasone (BM) therapy accelerates lung development in preterm infants but may induce early programming events with long-term cardiovascular consequences. To elucidate these events, we developed a model of programming whereby pregnant ewes are administered BM (2 doses of 0.17 mg/kg) or vehicle at the 80th day of gestation and offspring are delivered at term. BM-exposed (BMX) offspring develop elevated blood pressure; decreased baroreflex sensitivity; and alterations in the circulating, renal, and brain renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) by 6 mo of age. We compared components of the choroid plexus fourth ventricle (ChP4) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) RAS between control and BMX male offspring at 6 mo of age. In the choroid plexus, high-molecular-weight renin protein and ANG I-intact angiotensinogen were unchanged between BMX and control animals. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity was threefold higher than either neprilysin (NEP) or angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) in control and BMX animals. Moreover, all three enzymes were equally enriched by approximately 2.5-fold in ChP4 brush-border membrane preparations. CSF ANG-(1-7) levels were significantly lower in BMX animals (351.8 ± 76.8 vs. 77.5 ± 29.7 fmol/mg; P < 0.05) and ACE activity was significantly higher (6.6 ± 0.5 vs. 8.9 ± 0.5 fmol·min(-1)·ml(-1); P < 0.05), whereas ACE2 and NEP activities were below measurable limits. A thiol-sensitive peptidase contributed to the majority of ANG-(1-7) metabolism in the CSF, with higher activity in BMX animals. We conclude that in utero BM exposure alters CSF but not ChP RAS components, resulting in lower ANG-(1-7) levels in exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson C Marshall
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Herskovits AZ, Locascio JJ, Peskind ER, Li G, Hyman BT. A Luminex assay detects amyloid β oligomers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67898. [PMID: 23844122 PMCID: PMC3699502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Z Herskovits
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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