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Luo Y, Deng D, Lin L, Zhou Y, Wang L, Zou X, Wang X. FGF2 isoforms play distinct roles in tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113355. [PMID: 36115414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of different isoforms of Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in diabetic nephropathy remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the role of FGF2 isoforms in the pathogenesis of EMT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to assess the expression of FGF2 isoforms in db/db mice and high glucose-stimulated HK2 cells. The effects of specific FGF2 isoforms on EMT were explored via overexpression or knockdown of the corresponding isoform in HK2 cells cultivated in high glucose. RESULTS Expression of low molecular weight (LMW) FGF2 was up-regulated while high molecular weight (HMW) FGF2 was down-regulated in the kidney of db/db mice and HK2 cells cultured in high glucose that underwent EMT. Overexpression of the LMW FGF2 enhanced EMT changes, while overexpression of the HMW FGF2 attenuated EMT. Knockdown of HMW FGF2 in HK2 cells promoted the EMT process. CONCLUSIONS The expression and function of LMW and HMW FGF2 differed in the process of EMT in tubular cells. LMW FGF2 contributed to EMT, while HMW FGF2 played a protective role in the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Danfang Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lamei Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yikun Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinrong Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Wuhan, 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Millington G, Joseph J, Xiao L, Vijaykumar A, Mina M, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 High Molecular Weight Isoforms in Dentoalveolar Mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:93-103. [PMID: 34245331 PMCID: PMC8738103 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing human high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor 2 (HMWFGF2) isoforms in osteoblast and odontoblast lineages (HMWTg) exhibit decreased dentin and alveolar bone mineralization, enlarged pulp chamber, and increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). We examined if the alveolar bone and dentin mineralization defects in HMWTg mice resulted from increased FGF23 expression and whether an FGF23 neutralizing antibody could rescue the hypomineralization phenotype. HMWTg and VectorTg control mice were given subcutaneous injections of FGF23 neutralizing antibody twice/week starting at postnatal day 21 for 6 weeks. Since Calcitriol (1,25D) have direct effects in promoting bone mineralization, we also determined if 1,25D protects against the defective dentin and alveolar bone mineralization. Therefore, HMWTg mice were given subcutaneous injections of 1,25D daily or concomitantly with FGF23 neutralizing antibody for 6 weeks. Our results showed that HMWTg mice displayed thickened predentin, alveolar bone hypomineralization, and enlarged pulp chambers. FGF23 neutralizing antibody and 1,25D monotherapy partially rescued the dentin mineralization defects and the enlarged pulp chamber phenotype in HMWTg mice. 1,25D alone was not sufficient to rescue the alveolar bone hypomineralization. Interestingly, HMWTg mice treated with both FGF23 neutralizing antibody and 1.25D further rescued the enlarged pulp chamber size, and dentin and alveolar bone mineralization defects. We conclude that the dentin and alveolar bone mineralization defects in HMWTg mice might result from increased FGF23 expression. Our results show a novel role of HMWFGF2 on dentoalveolar mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grethel Millington
- University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Johnny Joseph
- NYU Langone Health, Postdoctoral Pediatric Dentistry Program, Brooklyn, NY, 11220, USA
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-052, USA
| | - Anushree Vijaykumar
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mina Mina
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-052, USA.
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3
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Complement-mediated release of fibroblast growth factor 2 from human RPE cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108471. [PMID: 33516764 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement activation is associated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and membrane attack complex (MAC) are present in eyes of patients with CNV. Herein, we investigated the effect of complement activation on FGF2 release in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Cultured human RPE cells were primed with an anti-RPE antibody and then treated with C1q-depleted human serum in the presence or absence of Tec kinases inhibitor (LFM-A13). 38 cytokines/chemokines levels were measured by Luminex technology. Secretion of FGF2 and interleukin (IL)-6 was assessed by ELISA. Tec protein was measured by Western blot. mRNA expression of FGF2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), and family members of Tec kinases was evaluated by qPCR. Cell viability and MAC deposition were determined by WST-1 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Complement activation caused increased FGF2 and IL-6 release. FGF2 was released when C6-depleted human serum was reconstituted with C6. Anti-C5 antibody significantly attenuated complement-mediated FGF2 release, but not IL-6. FGF2 mRNA levels were not affected, while CXCL-1 mRNA levels were increased by complement activation. FGF2-containing extracellular vesicles were detected in response to complement challenge. Tec mRNA and protein were expressed in RPE cells. In the presence of LFM-A13, secretion of FGF2, but not IL-6, and MAC deposition were significantly decreased and cell viability was significantly increased in complement-treated cells when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Complement plays an important role to release FGF2 from RPE cells. Tec kinase is involved in MAC formation and complement-mediated FGF2 release. This information suggests a role for complement activation to mediate neovascularization in conditions such as AMD, and may elucidate potential therapeutic targets.
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4
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Reyes Valenzuela A, Bao G, Vikstrom A, Kost KM, Prakash S, Mongeau L. Polymeric Microspheres Containing Human Vocal Fold Fibroblasts for Vocal Fold Regeneration. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:1828-1834. [PMID: 33068297 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most acellular injectable biomaterials for vocal fold (VF) wound treatment have limited regenerative potential due to their fast enzymatic degradation and limited recruitment of native cells postinjection. The injection of cells as therapeutic treatment often results in apoptosis due to stresses within the needle and the immune response of the host. Degradable microspheres may improve treatment effectiveness by increasing cell residence time, shielding cells during injection, and offering early protection against the immune system response. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of human VF fibroblasts encapsulated in polymeric microspheres as an injectable therapeutic treatment in vitro. METHODS Alginate, alginate-poly-L-lysine, and alginate-chitosan microspheres were fabricated using electrospraying and characterized in terms of biocompatibility, swelling, and mechanical properties as well as cytokine production. RESULTS Alginate microspheres were found to have the most desirable properties for VF regeneration. They were resistant to mechanical challenges. They were found to have a stiffness similar to that reported for native VF-lamina propria. They were found to be biocompatible and increased the proliferation of fibroblasts. Human VF fibroblasts encapsulated in alginate microspheres induced the production of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-4 at 24 hours. CONCLUSION The alginate microspheres fabricated in this study were found to offer potential advantages, as cell delivery tool. This study highlights the importance of combining biomaterials and cells to expedite the wound-healing process through cytokine production. Future work is aimed to further analysis of the wound-healing properties the microspheres. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:1828-1834, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes Valenzuela
- Biomedical and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyu Bao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abigail Vikstrom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen M Kost
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University Voice and Dysphagia Laboratory, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Ozawa Y, Gojoubori T, Ota H, Takemoto T, Suguro H, Nishida T, Satou S, Asano M. Bone regeneration is enhanced by the combined use of acid-electrolyzed functional water with hydroxyapatite/collagen composite. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1679-1686. [PMID: 31820853 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite/collagen (HAP/Col) composite has a nanostructure and composition similar to that of natural bone. Herein, we have evaluated the beneficial effects of acid-electrolyzed functional water (FW) in combination with HAP/Col composite as an irrigation material in a rat calvarium defect model. The rats were divided into four groups: control, PBS irrigation; FW, FW irrigation; HAP/Col, filled with HAP/Col; FW + HAP/Col, FW irrigation prior to HAP/Col filling. Bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the newly formed bone were analyzed by microcomputed tomography. The results indicated that the combined use of FW and HAP/Col significantly augmented both BV (12.25 ± 1.93 mm3 , control: 3.22 ± 0.55 mm3 , 6 weeks) and BMD (120.09 ± 14.76 cm3 /mg vs. control: 54.67 ± 7.20 cm3 /mg, 6 weeks) in a time-dependent manner, which might be attributed to the soluble factor-inducing ability of FW. Based on this assumption, bFGF concentration in peripheral blood was measured. bFGF concentration was significantly increased in the FW + HAP/Col group (68.25 ± 9.2 pg/ml vs. control: 21.70 ± 8.18 pg/ml, 6 hr). Real-time PCR demonstrated significant augmentation of MCSF (2.82 ± 0.59-fold), RANKL (2.51 ± 0.33-fold) and BMP7 (1.66 ± 0.25-fold) (bone regeneration-related genes) and PDGF (1.31 ± 0.15-fold), VEGF (3.27 ± 0.42-ld) and IL-8 (6.77 ± 2.02-fold) (angiogenic genes) mRNAs in the FW + HAP/Col group. Taken together, these results suggest that the combined use of FW and HAP/Col induces bone regeneration, presumably by inducing the factors contributing to bone regeneration and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ozawa
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Gojoubori
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ota
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takemoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Suguro
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Satou
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen F, Qi S, Zhang X, Wu J, Yang X, Wang R. miR-23a-3p suppresses cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinomas by targeting FGF2 and correlates with a better prognosis: miR-23a-3p inhibits OSCC growth by targeting FGF2. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:660-667. [PMID: 30606659 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are one of the most ubiquitous malignancies the world over, and are accompanied by a high mortality. microRNAs (miRNAs) have increasingly garnered attention with regards to the roles they play in initiation and progression of various kinds of cancers, including OSCC. It has been reported, that miR-23a-3p promotes the development of tumors for prostate cancer, gastric cancer and gliomas. The functions of miR-23a-3p in OSCC however, remain unclear. In this study, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is revealed as a direct target of miR-23a-3p, based on luciferase assays and immunoblotting. The expression of miR-23a-3p and FGF2 were found to be significantly downregulated and upregulated in OSCC tissues respectively. This indicates a reverse correlation between miR-23a-3p and FGF2 levels. Using in vitro approaches we ascertained that miR-23a-3p might contribute to the inhibition of growth and inhibition through increasing apoptosis in OSCC cells; while an inhibitor of miR-23a-3p could reverse this effect. Examination of a clinical cohort of OSCC patients suggested that reduced expression of miR-23a-3p is correlated with more advanced cancerous stage and poorer differentiation of OSCC cell. Additionally, a survival analysis and the Cox-hazard regression model showed that higher levels of miR-23a-3p can be used reliably for prognosis of OSCC patients. This study indicates that miR-23a-3p might suppress tumor proliferation, invasion and promote apoptosis of OSCC by targeting FGF2. miR-23a-3p has the potential to be used as prognostic indicator, and could be exploited as a therapeutic reagent for OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jinjin Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral & MaxillofacialeHead & Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, China.
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Hong X, Yu Z, Chen Z, Jiang H, Niu Y, Huang Z. High molecular weight fibroblast growth factor 2 induces apoptosis by interacting with complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8807-8817. [PMID: 30159917 PMCID: PMC6220755 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a multifunctional cell growth factor that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. FGF2 has multiple isoforms, including an 18-kDa low molecular weight isoform (lo-FGF2) and 22-, 23-, 24-, and 34-kDa high molecular weight isoforms (hi-FGF2). Hi-FGF2 overexpression induces chromatin compaction, which requires the mitochondria and leads to apoptosis. Complement component 1 Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1QBP) plays an important role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by regulating the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. However, the interaction between C1QBP and hi-FGF2 and its role in hi-FGF2-mediated apoptosis remain unclear. Here, we found that hi-FGF2 overexpression induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and a considerable increase in C1QBP messenger RNA and protein expression. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation results showed that the mitochondrial protein, C1QBP, interacts with hi-FGF2. C1QBP knockdown using small interfering RNA significantly decreased the localization of hi-FGF2 to the mitochondria and increased the rate of apoptosis. Our results highlight a novel mechanism underlying hi-FGF2-induced, mitochondria-driven cell death involving the direct interaction between hi-FGF2 and C1QBP and the upregulation of C1QBP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Hong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zelin Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Hongyan Jiang
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yongdong Niu
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Zhanqin Huang
- Department of PharmacologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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8
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Nishiwaki K, Aoki S, Kinoshita M, Kiyosawa T, Suematsu Y, Takeoka S, Fujie T. In situ transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells organized on porous polymer nanosheets for murine skin defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1363-1371. [PMID: 30265776 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is expected to be an effective early-phase treatment for deep burn injuries and intractable ulcers. Localizing and proliferating stem cells on the lesion utilizing engineered scaffolds is important for this treatment. In this study, we demonstrated in situ transplantation of adipose-tissue derived stem cells (ASCs) organized on free-standing porous polymer ultrathin films (referred to as "porous nanosheets") to a skin defect model in diabetic mice. Porous nanosheets were prepared by a combination of micro-gravure coating with macrophase separation of poly(d,l-lactic acid) and polystyrene under a roll-to-roll process and solvent etching process with cyclohexane. The permeable structure of porous nanosheets (thickness of 150 nm, average pore diameter of 4 μm) allowed for proliferation of ASCs and also provided sufficient nutrient inflow into multilayered ASC constructs. Then, transplantation of a trilayered ASC-laden porous nanosheet achieved homogeneous transference of ASCs onto the skin lesion. Transplanted ASCs contributed to wound healing in a dorsal skin defect model in diabetic mice. Thus, cell transplantation using porous nanosheets will be a new method for promoting wound healing in diabetic and other kinds of refractory ulcers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1363-1371, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishiwaki
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shimpo Aoki
- Department of Plastic surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kiyosawa
- Department of Plastic surgery, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Suematsu
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeoka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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9
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Mariz BALA, Soares CD, Morais TML, Fonseca F, Carvalho MGF, Jorge J. Expression of FGF‐2/FGFR‐1 in normal mucosa, salivary gland, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:816-822. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. L. A. Mariz
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Ciro D. Soares
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | - Thayná M. L. Morais
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
| | | | | | - Jacks Jorge
- Department of Oral Diagnosis Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil
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10
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Xiao L, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. FGF23 Neutralizing Antibody Partially Improves Bone Mineralization Defect of HMWFGF2 Isoforms in Transgenic Female Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1347-1361. [PMID: 29502359 PMCID: PMC11034775 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mice overexpressing high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms (HMWTg) in osteoblast lineage phenocopy human X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and a Hyp murine model of XLH demonstrating increased FGF23/FGF receptor signaling and hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Because HMWFGF2 was upregulated in bones of Hyp mice and abnormal FGF23 signaling is important in XLH, HMWTg mice were used to examine the effect of the FGF23 neutralizing antibody (FGF23Ab). Eight-week-old female Vector control mice and HMWTg mice were treated with FGF23Ab or control IgG. A single injection of FGF23Ab rescued abnormal hypophosphatemia in HMWTg. The decreased type II sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter (Npt2a) was rescued by FGF23Ab treatment. Inappropriately low serum 1,25(OH)2 D in HMWTg mice was normalized by FGF23Ab treatment, which is accompanied by increased anabolic vitamin D hydroxylase Cyp27b1 and decreased catabolic vitamin D hydroxylase Cyp24 mRNA in kidney. Long-term treatment with FGF23Ab normalized femur length and significantly increased vertebrae BMD and BMC, and femur BMC in HMWTg mice compared to IgG-treated HMWTg mice. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) revealed increased cortical porosity and decreased cortical apparent density in the HMWTg-IgG group compared with the Vector-IgG group; however, FGF23Ab treatment rescued defective cortical mineralization, decreased porosity, and increased apparent density in HMWTg mice. Bone histomorphometry analysis showed FGF23Ab treatment decreased osteoid volume, increased intra-label thickness, mineralization apposition rate, and bone formation rate in HMWTg mice. FGF23Ab improved disorganized double labeling in femurs from HMWTg mice. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of tibia shafts showed FGF23Ab treatment normalized the osteocalcin (Ocn) mRNA expression in HMWTg mice, but further increased expression of SIBLING protein-related and pyrophosphate-related genes that are important in matrix mineralization, suggesting that HMWFGF2 modulates these genes independent of FGF23. We conclude that FGF23Ab partially rescued hypophosphatemic osteomalacia in HMWTg. However, long-term treatment with FGF23Ab further increased SIBLING protein-related genes and pyrophosphate-related genes in bone that could contribute to incomplete rescue of the mineralization defect. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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11
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Motozawa K, Motoyoshi M, Saiki A, Sasaki H, Shimizu N, Asano M. Functional comparison of high and low molecular weight basic fibroblast growth factors. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7818-7826. [PMID: 29923210 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acid-electrolyzed functional water (FW) is obtained through the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. Stimulation of the human fibroblastic cell line HeLa by FW led to the augmented secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis revealed that both high and low molecular weight isoforms of bFGF were secreted in response to FW treatment. To explore intracellular bFGF localization, a cell fractionation assay was performed. Despite the presence of nuclear localization signals within the N-terminal portion of these proteins, the high molecular weight isoforms (34, 24, 22.5, and 21 kDa) were localized in the cytoplasm. FW stimulation drastically reduced the amount of intracytoplasmically localized isoforms, and the 34-kDa isoform was found to localize in a DNase-sensitive fraction, suggesting a weak nuclear attachment. By contrast, the 24-kDa isoform remained in the nucleus even after FW stimulation. Functional differences between the 34- and 18-kDa isoforms were examined further. Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with expression plasmids for each isoform. By treating each transfectant with FW, both isoforms were secreted successfully into the culture supernatants. Stimulation of HeLa cells with these supernatants resulted in the augmented secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). To further confirm the functionality of these isoforms, an in vitro transcription/translation reaction was performed; both of the isoforms induced VEGF secretion from HeLa cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the high molecular weight 34-kDa isoform and low molecular weight 18-kDa mature bFGF isoform have identical roles in VEGF induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Motozawa
- Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Motoyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Saiki
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Coffin JD, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Its Receptors in Bone Biology and Disease. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:657-671. [PMID: 29942929 PMCID: PMC6009610 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulatory axis is phylogenetically ancient, evolving into a large mammalian/human gene family of 22 ligands that bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases for a complex physiologic system controlling cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The tissue targets for the primary FGF function are mainly in cartilage and in bone for morphogenesis, mineralization, and metabolism. A multitude of complexities in the FGF ligand-receptor signaling pathways have made translation into therapies for FGF-related bone disorders such as osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis difficult but not impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marja Marie Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health, Farmington, Connecticut
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13
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Mozafari R, Kyrylenko S, Castro MV, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, Oliveira ALR. Combination of heterologous fibrin sealant and bioengineered human embryonic stem cells to improve regeneration following autogenous sciatic nerve grafting repair. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:11. [PMID: 29681920 PMCID: PMC5897995 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical problem, and the preferred surgical method for treating it is the end-to-end neurorrhaphy. When it is not possible due to a large nerve gap, autologous nerve grafting is used. However, these surgical techniques result in nerve regeneration at highly variable degrees. It is thus very important to seek complementary techniques to improve motor and sensory recovery. One promising approach could be cell therapy. Transplantation therapy with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is appealing because these cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into specialized cell types and have self-renewal ability. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find conditions under which functional recovery is improved after sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy. We assumed that hESC, either alone or in combination with heterologous fibrin sealant scaffold, could be used to support regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury and repair via autografting with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Methods Five millimeters of the sciatic nerve of C57BL/6 J mice were transected off and rotated 180 degrees to simulate an injury, and then stumps were sutured. Next, we applied heterologous fibrin sealant and/or human embryonic stem cells genetically altered to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) at the site of the injury. The study was designed to include six experimental groups comprising neurorrhaphy (N), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant (N + F), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + doxycycline (N + F + D), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + wild-type hESC (N + F + W), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC off (N + F + T), and neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC on via doxycycline (N + F + D + T). We evaluated the recovery rate using Catwalk and von Frey functional recovery tests, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis. Results The experiments indicated that sensory function improved when transgenic hESCs were used. The regeneration of sensory fibers indeed led to increased reflexes, upon stimulation of the paw ipsilateral to the lesion, as seen by von-Frey evaluation, which was supported by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions Overall, the present data demonstrated that transgenic embryonic stem cells, engineered to overexpress FGF-2 in an inducible fashion, could be employed to support regeneration aiming at the recovery of both motor and sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mozafari
- 1Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- 2Department of Public Health, Medical Institute of Sumy State University, Sumy, 40007 Ukraine
| | - Mateus Vidigal Castro
- 1Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- 3Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- 3Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues Oliveira
- 1Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Campinas, SP CEP 13083-970 Brazil
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14
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Xiao L, Du E, Homer-Bouthiette C, Hurley MM. Inhibition of FGFR Signaling Partially Rescues Hypophosphatemic Rickets in HMWFGF2 Tg Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3629-3646. [PMID: 28938491 PMCID: PMC5659690 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice harboring high molecular weight fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 isoforms (HMWTg) in osteoblast lineage cells phenocopy human X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and Hyp murine model of XLH demonstrating increased FGF23/FGF receptor signaling and hypophosphatemic rickets. Because HMWFGF2 was upregulated in bones of Hyp mice and abnormal FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling is important in XLH, HMWTg mice were used to examine the effect of the FGFR inhibitor NVP-BGJ398, now in clinical trials for cancer therapy, on hypophosphatemic rickets. Short-term treatment with NVP-BGJ398 rescued abnormal FGFR signaling and hypophosphatemia in HMWTg. Long-term treatment with NVP-BGJ398 normalized tail, tibia, and femur length. Four weeks NVP-BGJ398 treatment significantly increased total body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in HMWTg mice; however, at 8 weeks, total body BMD and BMC was indistinguishable among groups. Micro-computed tomography revealed decreased vertebral bone volume, trabecular number, and increased trabecular spacing, whereas femur trabecular tissue density was increased; however, NVP-BGJ398 rescued defective cortical bone mineralization, increased thickness, reduced porosity, and increased endosteal perimeter and cortical tissue density in HMWTg. NVP-BGJ398 improved femur cancellous bone, cortical bone structure, growth plate, and double labeling in cortical bone and also increased femur trabeculae double labeled surface, mineral apposition rate, bone formation rate, and osteoclast number and surface in HMWTg. The decreased NPT2a protein that is important for renal phosphate excretion was rescued by NVP-BGJ398 treatment. We conclude that NVP-BGJ398 partially rescued hypophosphatemic rickets in HMWTg. However, long-term treatment with NVP-BGJ398 further increased serum FGF23 that could exacerbate the mineralization defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030-052
| | - Erxia Du
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030-052
| | - Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030-052
| | - Marja M. Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, 06030-052
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15
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 as an Antifibrotic: Antagonism of Myofibroblast Differentiation and Suppression of Pro-Fibrotic Gene Expression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 38:49-58. [PMID: 28967471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological condition that is characterized by the replacement of dead or damaged tissue with a nonfunctional, mechanically aberrant scar, and fibrotic pathologies account for nearly half of all deaths worldwide. The causes of fibrosis differ somewhat from tissue to tissue and pathology to pathology, but in general some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain constant regardless of the specific pathology in question. One of the common mechanisms underlying fibroses is the paradigm of the activated fibroblast, termed the "myofibroblast," a differentiated mesenchymal cell with demonstrated contractile activity and a high rate of collagen deposition. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), one of the members of the mammalian fibroblast growth factor family, is a cytokine with demonstrated antifibrotic activity in non-human animal, human, and in vitro models. FGF2 is highly pleiotropic and its receptors are present on many different cell types throughout the body, lending a great deal of variety to the potential mechanisms of FGF2 effects on fibrosis. However, recent reports demonstrate that a substantial contribution to the antifibrotic effects of FGF2 comes from the inhibitory effects of FGF2 on connective tissue fibroblasts, activated myofibroblasts, and myofibroblast progenitors. FGF2 demonstrates effects antagonistic towards fibroblast activation and towards mesenchymal transition of potential myofibroblast-forming cells, as well as promotes a gene expression paradigm more reminiscent of regenerative healing, such as that which occurs in the fetal wound healing response, than fibrotic resolution. With a better understanding of the mechanisms by which FGF2 alters the wound healing cascade and results in a shift away from scar formation and towards functional tissue regeneration, we may be able to further address the critical need of therapy for varied fibrotic pathologies across myriad tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology,100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States
| | - Sara A Larson
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology,100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology,100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, United States.
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16
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Alibardi L. Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis suggest that the soluble forms of FGF1-2 and FGFR1-2 sustain tail regeneration in the lizard. Ann Anat 2017; 214:67-74. [PMID: 28823877 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factors 1-2 (FGF1-2) stimulate tail regeneration in lizards and therefore the distribution of their receptors, FGFR1-2, in the regenerating tail of the lizard. Podarcis muralis has been studied using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Immunoreactive protein bands at 15-16kDa for FGF1-2 in addition to those at 50-65kDa are detected in the regenerating epidermis, but weak bands at 35, 45 and 50kDa appear from the regenerating connective tissues. Strongly immunolabeled bands for FGFR1 at 32, 60, and 80kDa and less intense for FGFR2 only appear in the regenerating tail. In normal tail epidermis and dermis, higher MW forms are present at 80 and 115-140kDa, respectively, but they disappear in the regenerating epidermis and dermis where low MW forms of FGFR1-2 are found at 50-70kDa. Immunolocalization confirms that most FGFR1-2 are present in the wound epidermis, Apical Epidermal Peg, ependymal tube while immunolabeling lowers in regenerating muscles, blastema cells, cartilage and connectives tissues. The likely release of FGFs from the Apical Epidermal Peg and ependyma and the presence of their receptors in these tissues may determine the autocrine stimulation of proliferation and a paracrine stimulation of the blastema cells through their FGF Receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology of the University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Saiki A, Motoyoshi M, Motozawa K, Okamura T, Ueki K, Shimizu N, Asano M. EMMPRIN Inhibits bFGF-Induced IL-6 Secretion in an Osteoblastic Cell Line, MC3T3-E1. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1173-1180. [PMID: 29104472 PMCID: PMC5666549 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electrolytically-generated acid functional water (FW) is obtained by electrolyzing low concentrations of saline. Although it has been widely used in clinical practice with various purposes, the underlying mechanisms of action involved have not been fully elucidated so far. We used the human cervical cancer-derived fibroblastic cell line (HeLa), to examine the cytokine secretion profile following FW treatment in the present study. Results: FW stimulation significantly induced the secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN). The effect of both factors on osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells was further examined by stimulating the cells with the conditioned medium of FW-stimulated HeLa cells. However, the conditioned medium failed to induce IL-6 secretion. The MC3T3-E1 cells were further stimulated with recombinant bFGF or EMMPRIN or a combination of both factors. Intriguingly, bFGF-stimulated IL-6 induction was totally inhibited by EMMPRIN. Pretreatment with the specific inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) drastically inhibited IL-6 secretion indicating that bFGF-induced IL-6 expression was dependent on NF-κB activation. The phosphorylation status of NF-κB p65 subunit was further examined. The results indicated that EMMPRIN inhibited bFGF-induced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that bFGF can induce IL-6 secretion in MC3T3-E1 cells through NF-κB activation. As EMMPRIN inhibited bFGF-induced IL-6 secretion by reducing the p65 subunit phosphorylation, it might be concluded that bFGF and EMMPRIN crosstalk in their respective signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Saiki
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Motoyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Keiko Motozawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Teinosuke Okamura
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kousuke Ueki
- Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Oral Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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18
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Grigoryan EN, Markitantova YV. Cellular and Molecular Preconditions for Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Natural Reprogramming during Retinal Regeneration in Urodela. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E28. [PMID: 28536395 PMCID: PMC5344269 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many regeneration processes in animals are based on the phenomenon of cell reprogramming followed by proliferation and differentiation in a different specialization direction. An insight into what makes natural (in vivo) cell reprogramming possible can help to solve a number of biomedical problems. In particular, the first problem is to reveal the intrinsic properties of the cells that are necessary and sufficient for reprogramming; the second, to evaluate these properties and, on this basis, to reveal potential endogenous sources for cell substitution in damaged tissues; and the third, to use the acquired data for developing approaches to in vitro cell reprogramming in order to obtain a cell reserve for damaged tissue repair. Normal cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in newts (Urodela) can change their specialization and transform into retinal neurons and ganglion cells (i.e., actualize their retinogenic potential). Therefore, they can serve as a model that provides the possibility to identify factors of the initial competence of vertebrate cells for reprogramming in vivo. This review deals mainly with the endogenous properties of native newt RPE cells themselves and, to a lesser extent, with exogenous mechanisms regulating the process of reprogramming, which are actively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora N Grigoryan
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Yuliya V Markitantova
- Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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19
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Meo Burt P, Xiao L, Dealy C, Fisher MC, Hurley MM. FGF2 High Molecular Weight Isoforms Contribute to Osteoarthropathy in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4602-4614. [PMID: 27732085 PMCID: PMC5133359 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Humans with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and Hyp mice, the murine homolog of the disease, develop severe osteoarthropathy and the precise factors that contribute to this joint degeneration remain largely unknown. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulatory growth factor in osteoarthritis. Although there are multiple FGF2 isoforms the potential involvement of specific FGF2 isoforms in joint degradation has not been investigated. Mice that overexpress the high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms in bone (HMWTg mice) phenocopy Hyp mice and XLH subjects and Hyp mice overexpress the HMWFGF2 isoforms in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Given that Hyp mice and XLH subjects develop osteoarthropathies we examined whether HMWTg mice also develop knee joint degeneration at 2, 8, and 18 mo compared with VectorTg (control) mice. HMWTg mice developed spontaneous osteoarthropathy as early as age 2 mo with thinning of subchondral bone, osteophyte formation, decreased articular cartilage thickness, abnormal mineralization within the joint, increased cartilage degradative enzymes, hypertrophic markers, and angiogenesis. FGF receptors 1 and 3 and fibroblast growth factor 23 were significantly altered compared with VectorTg mice. In addition, gene expression of growth factors and cytokines including bone morphogenetic proteins, Insulin like growth factor 1, Interleukin 1 beta, as well as transcription factors Sex determining region Y box 9, hypoxia inducible factor 1, and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 were differentially modulated in HMWTg compared with VectorTg. This study demonstrates that overexpression of the HMW isoforms of FGF2 in bone results in catabolic activity in joint cartilage and bone that leads to osteoarthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Meo Burt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Caroline Dealy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Melanie C Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine (P.M.B., L.X., M.M.H.), and Department of Reconstructive Sciences Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine (C.D.), UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030-3023
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20
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Park GC, Song JS, Park HY, Shin SC, Jang JY, Lee JC, Wang SG, Lee BJ, Jung JS. Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-5 on the Proliferation of Human Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1149-60. [PMID: 27224250 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising tool for therapeutic applications in cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine, and MSCs from the human palatine tonsils have recently been used as a new tissue source. However, the understanding of the proliferation and differentiation capacity of tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) is limited. In this study, we compared the proliferative potential of T-MSCs with those of bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (A-MSCs). Additionally, we investigated the underlying mechanism of T-MSC function. We showed that T-MSCs proliferated faster than A-MSCs and BM-MSCs in methylthiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assays, cell count assays, and cell cycle distribution analyses. DNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed that the expression of fibroblast growth factor-5 (FGF5) was significantly elevated in T-MSCs compared with those in A-MSCs and BM-MSCs. Cell growth curves showed a difference in cell growth between untreated cells and siFGF5-treated T-MSCs. The administration of recombinant human FGF5 (rhFGF5) to the cells transfected with siFGF5 led to a significant increase in the proliferation rates. The administration of rhFGF5 to T-MSCs led to an increase in the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2. However, treatment with siFGF5 resulted in an overall decrease in the level of phosphorylated ERK1/2. The osteogenic differentiation of T-MSCs was reduced following siFGF5 transfection, and it recovered to near-normal levels when rhFGF5 was added. These findings indicate that T-MSCs show significantly higher proliferative potential compared with those of BM-MSCs and A-MSCs. FGF5 facilitates cell proliferation through ERK1/2 activation, and it influences the osteogenic differentiation of T-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Cheol Park
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Changwon, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Song
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Park
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Chan Shin
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Jeon Yeob Jang
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Choon Lee
- 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Soo-Geun Wang
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-Sup Jung
- 4 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan, Korea
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21
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Immunolocalization of FGF8/10 in the Apical Epidermal Peg and Blastema of the regenerating tail in lizard marks this apical growing area. Ann Anat 2016; 206:14-20. [PMID: 27113329 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast Growth Factors are present in the regenerating tail tissues of lizards where they may stimulate the process of regeneration. The present study is focused on the immunolocalization of FGF8 and FGF10 in the regenerating lizard tail, two signaling proteins of the apical epidermal cup/ridge and mesenchymal blastema sustaining tail and limb regeneration in amphibians and the development of the tail and limbs in vertebrate embryos. Main immunoreactive protein bands at 15-18kDa for FGF8/10 are detected in the regenerating epidermis and only a band at 30 or 35kDa in the underlying connective tissues. FGF8 appears particularly localized in cells and nuclei of the apical epidermal peg and of the ependymal ampulla present at the tip of the regenerating tail. FGF10 is also immuno-localized in the apical epidermis but is particularly intensely localized in the mesenchyme of the apical blastema. In accordance with previous studies, the present observations supports the hypothesis that the apical epidermal peg and the ependymal tube with the few regenerated neurons present within it, release FGF8/10 that may contribute to maintenance of cell proliferation in the apical front of the mesenchyme for the growth of the regenerating tail.
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Han X, Xiao Z, Quarles LD. Membrane and integrative nuclear fibroblastic growth factor receptor (FGFR) regulation of FGF-23. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10447-59. [PMID: 25752607 PMCID: PMC4400353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.609230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling pathways are implicated in the regulation of FGF-23 gene transcription, but the molecular pathways remain poorly defined. We used low molecular weight (LMW, 18 kDa) FGF-2 and high molecular weight (HMW) FGF-2 isoforms, which, respectively, activate cell surface FGF receptors and intranuclear FGFR1, to determine the roles of membrane FGFRs and integrative nuclear FGFR1 signaling (INFS) in the regulation of FGF-23 gene transcription in osteoblasts. We found that LMW-FGF-2 induced NFAT and Ets1 binding to conserved cis-elements in the proximal FGF-23 promoter and stimulated FGF-23 promoter activity through PLCγ/calcineurin/NFAT and MAPK pathways in SaOS-2 and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. In contrast, HMW-FGF-2 stimulated FGF-23 promoter activity in osteoblasts through a cAMP-dependent binding of FGFR1 and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) to a conserved cAMP response element (CRE) contiguous with the NFAT binding site in the FGF-23 promoter. Mutagenesis of the NFAT and CRE binding sites, respectively, inhibited the effects of LMW-FGF-2 and HMW-FGF-23 to stimulate FGF-23 promoter activity. FGF-2 activation of both membrane FGFRs and INFS-dependent FGFR1 pathways may provide a means to integrate systemic and local regulation of FGF-23 transcription under diverse physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Han
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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Takei Y, Minamizaki T, Yoshiko Y. Functional diversity of fibroblast growth factors in bone formation. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:729352. [PMID: 25873956 PMCID: PMC4383271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/729352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional significance of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in bone formation has been demonstrated through genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches. FGFs, comprising 22 family members, are classified into three subfamilies: canonical, hormone-like, and intracellular. The former two subfamilies activate their signaling pathways through FGF receptors (FGFRs). Currently, intracellular FGFs appear to be primarily involved in the nervous system. Canonical FGFs such as FGF2 play significant roles in bone formation, and precise spatiotemporal control of FGFs and FGFRs at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels may allow for the functional diversity of FGFs during bone formation. Recently, several research groups, including ours, have shown that FGF23, a member of the hormone-like FGF subfamily, is primarily expressed in osteocytes/osteoblasts. This polypeptide decreases serum phosphate levels by inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D3 activation, resulting in mineralization defects in the bone. Thus, FGFs are involved in the positive and negative regulation of bone formation. In this review, we focus on the reciprocal roles of FGFs in bone formation in relation to their local versus systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Takei
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- *Yuji Yoshiko:
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Homer-Bouthiette C, Doetschman T, Xiao L, Hurley MM. Knockout of nuclear high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms in mice modulates bone and phosphate homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36303-14. [PMID: 25389287 PMCID: PMC4276890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that targeted overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in osteoblastic lineage cells in mice resulted in phenotypic changes, including dwarfism, rickets, osteomalacia, hypophosphatemia, increased serum parathyroid hormone, and increased levels of the phosphatonin FGF23 in serum and bone. This study examined the effects of genetically knocking out the FGF2HMW isoforms (HMWKO) on bone and phosphate homeostasis. HMWKO mice were not dwarfed and had significantly increased bone mineral density and bone mineral content in femurs and lumbar vertebrae when compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates. Micro-computed tomography analysis of femurs revealed increased trabecular bone volume, thickness, number, and connective tissue density with decreased trabecular spacing compared with WT. In addition, there was significantly decreased cortical porosity and increased cortical thickness and sub-periosteal area in femurs of HMWKO. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated increased osteoblast activity and diminished osteoclast activity in the HMWKO. In vitro bone marrow stromal cell cultures showed there was a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase-positive colony number at 1 week in HMWKO. At 3 weeks of culture, the mineralized area was also significantly increased. There was increased expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and reduced expression of genes associated with impaired mineralization, including a significant reduction in Fgf23 and Sost mRNA. Normal serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone were observed in HMWKO mice. This study demonstrates a significant negative impact of HMWFGF2 on biological functions in bone and phosphate homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
| | - Thomas Doetschman
- the B105 Institute and Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217
| | - Liping Xiao
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
| | - Marja M Hurley
- From the Department of Medicine, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
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Santiago JJ, McNaughton LJ, Koleini N, Ma X, Bestvater B, Nickel BE, Fandrich RR, Wigle JT, Freed DH, Arora RC, Kardami E. High molecular weight fibroblast growth factor-2 in the human heart is a potential target for prevention of cardiac remodeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97281. [PMID: 24827991 PMCID: PMC4020823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional protein synthesized as high (Hi-) and low (Lo-) molecular weight isoforms. Studies using rodent models showed that Hi- and Lo-FGF-2 exert distinct biological activities: after myocardial infarction, rat Lo-FGF-2, but not Hi-FGF-2, promoted sustained cardioprotection and angiogenesis, while Hi-FGF-2, but not Lo-FGF-2, promoted myocardial hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Because there is no information regarding Hi-FGF-2 in human myocardium, we undertook to investigate expression, regulation, secretion and potential tissue remodeling-associated activities of human cardiac (atrial) Hi-FGF-2. Human patient-derived atrial tissue extracts, as well as pericardial fluid, contained Hi-FGF-2 isoforms, comprising, respectively, 53%(±20 SD) and 68% (±25 SD) of total FGF-2, assessed by western blotting. Human atrial tissue-derived primary myofibroblasts (hMFs) expressed and secreted predominantly Hi-FGF-2, at about 80% of total. Angiotensin II (Ang II) up-regulated Hi-FGF-2 in hMFs, via activation of both type 1 and type 2 Ang II receptors; the ERK pathway; and matrix metalloprotease-2. Treatment of hMFs with neutralizing antibodies selective for human Hi-FGF-2 (neu-AbHi-FGF-2) reduced accumulation of proteins associated with fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and fibrosis, including α-smooth muscle actin, extra-domain A fibronectin, and procollagen. Stimulation of hMFs with recombinant human Hi-FGF-2 was significantly more potent than Lo-FGF-2 in upregulating inflammation-associated proteins such as pro-interleukin-1β and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1. Culture media conditioned by hMFs promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, an effect that was prevented by neu-AbHi-FGF-2 in vitro. In conclusion, we have documented that Hi-FGF-2 represents a substantial fraction of FGF-2 in human cardiac (atrial) tissue and in pericardial fluid, and have shown that human Hi-FGF-2, unlike Lo-FGF-2, promotes deleterious (pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-hypertrophic) responses in vitro. Selective targeting of Hi-FGF-2 production may, therefore, reduce pathological remodelling in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Jon Santiago
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leslie J. McNaughton
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xin Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Bestvater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Barbara E. Nickel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert R. Fandrich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren H. Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rakesh C. Arora
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Xiao L, Ueno D, Catros S, Homer-Bouthiette C, Charles L, Kuhn L, Hurley MM. Fibroblast growth factor-2 isoform (low molecular weight/18 kDa) overexpression in preosteoblast cells promotes bone regeneration in critical size calvarial defects in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:965-74. [PMID: 24424065 PMCID: PMC3929728 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Repair of bone defects remains a significant clinical problem. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is US Food and Drug Administration-approved for fracture healing but is expensive and has associated morbidity. Studies have shown that targeted overexpression of the 18-kDa low-molecular-weight fibroblast growth factor 2 isoform (LMW) by the osteoblastic lineage of transgenic mice increased bone mass. This study tested the hypotheses that overexpression of LMW would directly enhance healing of a critical size calvarial bone defect in mice and that this overexpression would have a synergistic effect with low-dose administration of BMP2 on critical size calvarial bone defect healing. Bilateral calvarial defects were created in LMW transgenic male mice and control/vector transgenic (Vector) male mice and scaffold with or without BMP2 was placed into the defects. New bone formation was assessed by VIVA-computed tomography of live animals over a 27-week period. Radiographic and computed tomography analysis revealed that at all time points, healing of the defect was enhanced in LMW mice compared with that in Vector mice. Although the very low concentration of BMP2 did not heal the defect in Vector mice, it resulted in complete healing of the defect in LMW mice. Histomorphometric and gene analysis revealed that targeted overexpression of LMW in osteoblast precursors resulted in enhanced calvarial defect healing due to increased osteoblast activity and increased canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine (L.X., C.H.-B., M.M.H.) and Department of Reconstructive Sciences (L.C., L.K.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030; Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (D.U.), Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230, Japan; and Inserm U1026 (S.C.), University of Bordeaux Segalen, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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Alibardi L. Histochemical, Biochemical and Cell Biological aspects of tail regeneration in lizard, an amniote model for studies on tissue regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:143-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Woodbury ME, Ikezu T. Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:92-101. [PMID: 24057103 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), also known as basic FGF, is a multi-functional growth factor. One of the 22-member FGF family, it signals through receptor tyrosine kinases encoding FGFR1-4. FGF2 activates FGFRs in cooperation with heparin or heparin sulfate proteoglycan to induce its pleiotropic effects in different tissues and organs, which include potent angiogenic effects and important roles in the differentiation and function of the central nervous system (CNS). FGF2 is crucial to development of the CNS, which explains its importance in adult neurogenesis. During development, high levels of FGF2 are detected from neurulation onwards. Moreover, developmental expression of FGF2 and its receptors is temporally and spatially regulated, concurring with development of specific brain regions including the hippocampus and substantia nigra pars compacta. In adult neurogenesis, FGF2 has been implicated based on its expression and regulation of neural stem and progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. FGFR1 signaling also modulates inflammatory signaling through the surface glycoprotein CD200, which regulates microglial activation. Because of its importance in adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation, manipulation of FGF2/FGFR1 signaling has been a focus of therapeutic development for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury. Novel strategies include intranasal administration of FGF2, administration of an NCAM-derived FGFR1 agonist, and chitosan-based nanoparticles for the delivery of FGF2 in pre-clinical animal models. In this review, we highlight current research towards therapeutic interventions targeting FGF2/FGFR1 in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya E Woodbury
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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Baguma-Nibasheka M, Macfarlane LA, Murphy PR. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 expression and cell cycle progression by an endogenous antisense RNA. Genes (Basel) 2012; 3:505-20. [PMID: 24704982 PMCID: PMC3899992 DOI: 10.3390/genes3030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is a potent wide-spectrum mitogen whose overexpression is associated with immortalization and unregulated cell proliferation in many tumors. The FGF2 gene locus is bi-directionally transcribed to produce FGF2 mRNA from the “sense” strand and a cis-antisense RNA (NUDT6) from the NUDT6 gene on the “antisense” strand. The NUDT6 gene encodes a nudix motif protein of unknown function, while its mRNA has been implicated in the post-transcriptional regulation of FGF2 expression. FGF2 and NUDT6 are co-expressed in rat C6 glioma cells, and ectopic overexpression of NUDT6 suppresses cellular FGF2 accumulation and cell cycle progression. However, the role of the endogenous antisense RNA in regulation of FGF2 is unclear. In the present study, we employed siRNA-mediated gene knockdown to examine the role of the endogenous NUDT6 RNA in regulation of FGF2 expression and cell cycle progression. Knockdown of either FGF2 or NUDT6 mRNA was accompanied by a significant (>3 fold) increase in the complementary partner RNA. Similar reciprocal effects were observed at the protein level, indicating that these two transcripts are mutually regulatory. Remarkably, knockdown of either FGF2 or NUDT6 significantly reduced cell proliferation and inhibited S-phase re-entry following serum deprivation, implicating both FGF2 and NUDT6 in the regulation of cell transformation and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Baguma-Nibasheka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Leigh Ann Macfarlane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Paul R Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Marie M, Hafner S, Moratille S, Vaigot P, Mine S, Rigaud O, Martin MT. FGF2 mediates DNA repair in epidermoid carcinoma cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:688-93. [PMID: 22732006 PMCID: PMC3477890 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.706358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a well-known survival factor. However, its role in DNA repair is poorly documented. The present study was designed to investigate in epidermoid carcinoma cells the potential role of FGF2 in DNA repair. Materials and methods The side population (SP) with cancer stem cell-like properties and the main population (MP) were isolated from human A431 squamous carcinoma cells. Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair were assessed using the alkaline comet assay. FGF2 expression was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results SP cells exhibited rapid repair of radiation induced DNA damage and a high constitutive level of nuclear FGF2. Blocking FGF2 signaling abrogated the rapid DNA repair. In contrast, in MP cells, a slower repair of damage was associated with low basal expression of FGF2. Moreover, the addition of exogenous FGF2 accelerated DNA repair in MP cells. When irradiated, SP cells secreted FGF2, whereas MP cells did not. Conclusions FGF2 was found to mediate DNA repair in epidermoid carcinoma cells. We postulate that carcinoma stem cells would be intrinsically primed to rapidly repair DNA damage by a high constitutive level of nuclear FGF2. In contrast, the main population with a low FGF2 content exhibits a lower repair rate which can be increased by exogenous FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Marie
- CEA, iRCM, Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Evry, France
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Suzuki A, Harada H, Nakamura H. Nuclear translocation of FGF8 and its implication to induce Sprouty2. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:463-73. [PMID: 22404534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) functions as a local organizing signal for the tectum and cerebellum. FGF8 activates Ras-ERK signaling pathway to induce cerebellar development. We paid attention to the difference in the expression pattern of the molecules that are induced by FGF8 in the mid-hind brain region during normal development and after FGF8 misexpression; some are expressed in the area corresponding to the ERK activation domain but the others are expressed corresponding to the Fgf8 expression domain. Since some of the FGF family members are localized in the nucleus, we wondered if FGF8 could localize in the nuclei and function in the nucleus. We first show that in cultured NIH3T3 cells transfected FGF8b could localize in the nucleus. Transfected FGF8b could also localize in the nucleus of the cells in the chick neural tube. In mouse embryonic neural tube, we detected endogenous FGF8 in the nuclei. Implantation of an FGF8b-soaked bead showed that exogenous FGF8b could be translocated to the nuclei in the isthmus. Furthermore, signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b mainly localized in the nuclei, and induced Sprouty2 without activating ERK in the mesencephalon. Signal-peptide-deletion mutant of FGF8b could not induce Pax2 expression. Taken together, we concluded that FGF8b could be translocated to the nuclei, and that the nuclear FGF8 could function as transcriptional regulator to induce Sprouty2 in the isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 4-1, Aoba-ku, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan
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Cook JL, Re RN. Lessons from in vitro studies and a related intracellular angiotensin II transgenic mouse model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R482-93. [PMID: 22170617 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00493.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the classical renin-angiotensin system, circulating ANG II mediates growth stimulatory and hemodynamic effects through the plasma membrane ANG II type I receptor, AT1. ANG II also exists in the intracellular space in some native cells, and tissues and can be upregulated in diseases, including hypertension and diabetes. Moreover, intracellular AT1 receptors can be found associated with endosomes, nuclei, and mitochondria. Intracellular ANG II can function in a canonical fashion through the native receptor and also in a noncanonical fashion through interaction with alternative proteins. Likewise, the receptor and proteolytic fragments of the receptor can function independently of ANG II. Participation of the receptor and ligand in alternative intracellular pathways may serve to amplify events that are initiated at the plasma membrane. We review historical and current literature relevant to ANG II, compared with other intracrines, in tissue culture and transgenic models. In particular, we describe a new transgenic mouse model, which demonstrates that intracellular ANG II is linked to high blood pressure. Appreciation of the diverse, pleiotropic intracellular effects of components of the renin-angiotensin system should lead to alternative disease treatment targets and new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Cook
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Research, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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Lee WY, Kim J, Gil CH, Lee JH, Song H, Kim JH, Chung HM. Maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells using 4SP-hFGF2-secreting STO cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:210-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Park Y, Choi IY, Lee SJ, Lee SR, Sung HJ, Kim JH, Yoo YD, Geum DH, Kim SH, Kim BS. Undifferentiated propagation of the human embryonic stem cell lines, H1 and HSF6, on human placenta-derived feeder cells without basic fibroblast growth factor supplementation. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1713-22. [PMID: 20201681 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to be cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) feeder cells, continuous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation is required. However, the role of bFGF in a culture system using human-derived feeder cells has not been evaluated until now. In this study, we propagated the widely used hESC lines, H1 and HSF6, on human placenta-derived feeder cells (HPCs) without exogenous bFGF supplementation, and were able to propagate hESCs on HPC feeders up to 50 passages. The absence of bFGF in culture media did not interrupt the undifferentiated propagation and the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers ALP, SSEA-4, TRA-60, Oct-4, Nanog, and Rex-1, as well as the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and their differentiation potential. In contrast, hESCs cocultured with MEF feeders could not propagate and form EBs without exogenous bFGF supplementation. Expression of bFGF and the activation of the ERK1/2-c-Fos/c-Jun pathway, which is known as the signaling pathway of bFGF, were identifiable not only in hESCs cultured in bFGF-containing media regardless of feeder cell type, but also in hESCs cocultured with HPC feeder cells in media without bFGF. These findings may support the hypothesis that HPC feeder cells enhance endogenous bFGF production and activation of the ERK1/2-c-Fos/c-Jun pathway, which suggests that HPCs have an additional advantage in their hESC propagation compared with MEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Park
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Jiang ZS, Wen GB, Tang ZH, Srisakuldee W, Fandrich RR, Kardami E. High molecular weight FGF-2 promotes postconditioning-like cardioprotection linked to activation of protein kinase C isoforms, as well as Akt and p70 S6 kinases. [corrected]. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:798-804. [PMID: 19898562 DOI: 10.1139/y09-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a multifunctional protein translated as high and low molecular weight isoforms (hi- and lo-FGF-2, respectively). Although the postconditioning cardioprotective effect of lo-FGF-2 (18 kDa) has been documented, hi-FGF-2 is less well studied. We used an isolated perfused rat heart model of ischemia-reperfusion to study the effects of postischemic (during reperfusion) administration of hi-FGF-2 on recovery of contractile function and tissue salvage, as indicated by decreased cytosolic cytochrome c levels. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, hi-FGF-2-treated hearts had significantly improved recovery of systolic pressure, developed pressure, rates of contraction and relaxation, and coronary flow, as well as decreased relative levels of cytosolic cytochrome c. The effects of hi-FGF-2 on functional recovery and cytosolic cytochrome c were indistinguishable from those induced by lo-FGF-2. Both hi- and lo-FGF-2 upregulated relative levels of phosphorylated (activated) Akt and p70 S6 kinase, and they both promoted translocation of alpha, epsilon, and zeta isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) to the particulate fraction of reperfused hearts. The magnitude of the effect on PKCzeta and p70 S6 kinases, however, was significantly more potent in the hi-FGF-2 than in the lo-FGF-2 group. We conclude that acute postischemic cardioprotection by hi- or lo-FGF-2 is isoform nonspecific and likely to be mediated by PKC and Akt. Nevertheless, isoform-specific functions are suggested by the augmented sensitivity of p70 S6 and PKCzeta to hi-FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang City, Hunan 421001, PR China
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Since its discovery in 1997, the antiapoptotic factor AAC-11 has rapidly gained attention due to its potential use in cancer therapy. Indeed, most cancer cells express elevated levels of AAC-11, which is now known to be involved in both tumor cells growth as well as sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, we examine the most recent evidence about the role of AAC-11 in cancer biology and the therapeutic perspectives associated with its specific targeting. For that purpose, literature dealing with AAC-11 in the PubMed database was reviewed from 1997 up to date. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AAC-11 is an antiapoptotic gene that has the potential to be a target for anti-cancer therapy, and warrants further investigation. As its expression seems to predict unfavorable prognosis, at least in some cancers, it also may become a potent prognostic marker. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Blocking AAC-11 function in cancer for therapeutic purposes might be of great interest. The recent report of efficient AAC-11 inhibiting peptides that sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has raise the exciting notion that AAC-11 might be a druggable target and fueled the search for new therapeutic agents that could block AAC-11 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Faye
- INSERM UMRS 940, Equipe Avenir, Université Paris 7, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 75010 Paris, France
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Furuse C, Miguita L, Rosa ACG, Soares AB, Martinez EF, Altemani A, de Araújo VC. Study of growth factors and receptors in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:540-7. [PMID: 20149060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is a rare malignant salivary gland tumor derived from a pre-existing pleomorphic adenoma. It is a good model to study the evolution of carcinogenesis, starting with in situ areas to frankly invasive carcinoma. Growth factors are associated with several biological and neoplastic processes by transmembrane receptors. In order to investigate, by immunohistochemistry, the expression of some growth factors and its receptors [EGF receptor, fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, hepatocyte growth factor, c-Met, transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1, TGFbetaR-II and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1] in the progression of CXPA, we have used ten cases of CXPA in several degrees of invasion- intracapsular, minimally and frankly invasive carcinoma- with only epithelial component. Slides were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively evaluated according to the percentage of stained tumor cells from 0 to 3 (0 = less than 10%; 1 = 10-25%; 2 = 25-50%; 3 = more than 50% of cells). Malignant epithelial cells starting with in situ areas showed stronger expression than luminal cells of pleomorphic adenoma for all antibodies. Most of the intracapsular, minimally and frankly invasive CXPA presented score 3. However, score 2 was more evident in the frankly invasive one. In small nests of invasive carcinoma, negative cells were observed probably indicating that the proliferative process is replaced by the invasive mechanism. Altogether this data infers that these factors may contribute to cell proliferation during initial phases of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Furuse
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liao S, Bodmer JR, Azhar M, Newman G, Coffin JD, Doetschman T, Schultz JEJ. The influence of FGF2 high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in the development of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 48:1245-54. [PMID: 20116383 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low [LMW] and high molecular weight [HMW]), which are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. We previously showed that the LMW isoform is important in protecting the heart from myocardial dysfunction associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the roles of the HMW isoforms remain unknown. To elucidate the role of HMW isoforms in I/R and cardioprotection, hearts from novel mouse models, in which the murine FGF2 HMWs are knocked out (HMWKO) or the human FGF2 24 kDa HMW isoform is overexpressed (HMW Tg) and their wildtype (Wt) or non-transgenic (NTg) cohorts were subjected to an ex vivo work-performing heart model of I/R. There was a significant improvement in post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in HMWKO hearts (76+/-5%, p<0.05) compared to Wt hearts (55+/-5%), with a corresponding decrease in HMW Tg function (line 20: 38+/-6% and line 28: 33+/-4%, p<0.05) compared to non-transgenic hearts (68+/-9%). FGF2 LMW isoform was secreted from Wt and HMWKO hearts during I/R, and a FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, PD173074 caused a decrease in cardiac function when administered in I/R in Wt and FGF2 HMWKO hearts (p<0.05), indicating that FGFR is involved in FGF2 LMW isoform's biological effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, overexpression of HMW isoform reduced FGFR1 phosphorylation/activation with no further decrease in the phosphorylation state in the presence of the FGFR inhibitor. Overall, our data indicate that HMW isoforms have a detrimental role in the development of post-ischemic myocardial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0575, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Xiao L, Naganawa T, Lorenzo J, Carpenter TO, Coffin JD, Hurley MM. Nuclear isoforms of fibroblast growth factor 2 are novel inducers of hypophosphatemia via modulation of FGF23 and KLOTHO. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:2834-46. [PMID: 19933269 PMCID: PMC2807337 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF2 transgenic mice were developed in which type I collagen regulatory sequences drive the nuclear high molecular weight FGF2 isoforms in osteoblasts (TgHMW). The phenotype of TgHMW mice included dwarfism, decreased bone mineral density (BMD), osteomalacia, and decreased serum phosphate (P(i)). When TgHMW mice were fed a high P(i) diet, BMD was increased, and dwarfism was partially reversed. The TgHMW phenotype was similar to mice overexpressing FGF23. Serum FGF23 was increased in TgHMW mice. Fgf23 mRNA in bones and fibroblast growth factor receptors 1c and 3c and Klotho mRNAs in kidneys were increased in TgHMW mice, whereas the renal Na(+)/P(i) co-transporter Npt2a mRNA was decreased. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses of TgHMW kidneys showed increased KLOTHO and decreased NPT2a protein. The results suggest that overexpression of HMW FGF2 increases FGF23/FGFR/KLOTHO signaling to down-regulate NPT2a, causing P(i) wasting, osteomalacia, and decreased BMD. We assessed whether HMW FGF2 expression was altered in the Hyp mouse, a mouse homolog of the human disease X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia. Fgf2 mRNA was increased in bones, and Western blots showed increased FGF2 protein in nuclear fractions from osteoblasts of Hyp mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-localization of FGF23 and HMW FGF2 protein in osteoblasts and osteocytes from Hyp mice. This study reveals a novel mechanism of regulation of the FGF23-P(i) homeostatic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xiao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Takahiro Naganawa
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Joseph Lorenzo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Thomas O. Carpenter
- the Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - J. Douglas Coffin
- the Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812
| | - Marja M. Hurley
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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MIGUITA L, MARTINEZ EF, de ARAÚJO NS, de ARAÚJO VC. FGF-2, TGFbeta-1, PDGF-A and respective receptors expression in pleomorphic adenoma myoepithelial cells: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Appl Oral Sci 2010; 18:83-91. [PMID: 20379686 PMCID: PMC5349040 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myoepithelial cells have an important role in salivary gland tumor development, contributing to a low grade of aggressiveness of these tumors. Normal myoepithelial cells are known by their suppressor function presenting increased expression of extracellular matrix genes and protease inhibitors. The importance of stromal cells and growth factors during tumor initiation and progression has been highlighted by recent literature. Many tumors result from the alteration of paracrine growth factors pathways. Growth factors mediate a wide variety of biological processes such as development, tissue repair and tumorigenesis, and also contribute to cellular proliferation and transformation in neoplastic cells. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) and their respective receptors (FGFR-1, FGFR-2, TGFbetaR-II and PDGFR-alpha) in myoepithelial cells from pleomorphic adenomas (PA) by in vivo and in vitro experiments. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serial sections were obtained from paraffin-embedded PA samples obtained from the school's files. Myoepithelial cells were obtained from explants of PA tumors provided by surgery from different donors. Immunohistochemistry, cell culture and immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate growth factor expression. RESULTS The present findings demonstrated that myoepithelial cells from PA were mainly positive to FGF-2 and FGFR-1 by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. PDGF-A and PDGFR-alpha had moderate expression by immunohistochemistry and presented punctated deposits throughout cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells. FGFR-2, TGFbeta-1 and TGFbetaR-II were negative in all samples. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that FGF-2 compared to the other studied growth factors has an important role in PA benign myoepithelial cells, probably contributing to proliferation of these cells through the FGFR-1.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/pathology
- Adult
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/ultrastructure
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/analysis
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratin-7/analysis
- Lip Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/analysis
- Muscle Cells/pathology
- Muscle Proteins/analysis
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Palatal Neoplasms/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/analysis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/analysis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/analysis
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/analysis
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/analysis
- Vimentin/analysis
- Young Adult
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyene MIGUITA
- DDS, MSc, Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic
Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira MARTINEZ
- DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic
Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ney Soares de ARAÚJO
- DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic
Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Cavalcanti de ARAÚJO
- DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic
Institute and Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Huang KT, Walker AM. Long term increased expression of the short form 1b prolactin receptor in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells decreases cell growth and migration, and causes multiple changes in gene expression consistent with reduced invasive capacity. Prostate 2010; 70:37-47. [PMID: 19739126 PMCID: PMC2787886 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that treatment of human prostate cancer cells with the selective prolactin (PRL) receptor modulator, S179D PRL, inhibits growth in vitro, and the initiation and growth of xenografts in vivo. S179D PRL treatment also upregulates expression of the short form 1b (SF1b) PRL receptor, activation of which upregulates expression of the cell cycle-regulating protein, p21. METHODS We examined the consequences of long term increased expression and activation of SF1b, at levels comparable to those resulting from treatment with S179D PRL, by creating PC-3-derived stable cell lines expressing a constitutively active form of SF1b, DeltaS2 SF1b. RESULTS Increased expression of DeltaS2 SF1b decreased growth and migration of the cells. This was accompanied by an increase in cell-matrix interactions, and cell-cell aggregation when cells were plated on basement membrane components. Real-time PCR evaluated the expression of genes related to invasive capacity. Of particular interest was decreased expression of the protease, urokinase-type plaminogen activator, and its receptor, uPAR, and increased expression of its inhibitors, PAI-1 and 2. Also decreased in cells with increased expression of DeltaS2 SF1b was expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION We conclude that at least part of the beneficial effects of S179D PRL is the result of increased expression of SF1b, and that the effects of increased expression and activation of SF1b continue to be of potential benefit in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-tzu Huang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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43
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Torres R, Ramirez JC. A chemokine targets the nucleus: Cxcl12-gamma isoform localizes to the nucleolus in adult mouse heart. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7570. [PMID: 19859557 PMCID: PMC2762742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are extracellular mediators of complex regulatory circuits involved principally in cell-to-cell communication. Most studies to date of the essential chemokine Cxcl12 (Sdf-1) have focused on the ubiquitously expressed secreted isoforms α and β. Here we show that, unlike these isoforms and all other known chemokines, the alternatively transcribed γ isoform is an intracellular protein that localizes to the nucleolus in differentiated mouse Cardiac tissue. Our results demonstrate that nucleolar transportation is encoded by a nucleolar-localization signal in the unique carboxy-terminal region of Sdf-1γ, and is competent both in vivo and in vitro. The molecular mechanism underlying these unusual chemokine properties involves cardiac-specific transcription of an mRNA containing a unique short-leader sequence lacking the signal peptide and translation from a non-canonical CUG codon. Our results provide an example of genome economy even for essential and highly conserved genes such as Cxcl12, and suggest that chemokines can exert tissue specific functions unrelated to cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Torres
- Viral Vector Facility, Technical Unit of Gene Targeting, Fundacion CNIC National Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain
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Wang J, Yang J, Yuan D, Wang J, Zhao J, Wang L. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on angiogenin expression and cell proliferation in H7402 human hepatoma cells. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:399-407. [PMID: 19631914 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which is highly expressed in developing tissues and malignant cells, regulates cell growth, differentiation, and migration. Its expression is essential for the progression and metastasis of HCC. This study aims to investigate the effects of bFGF on the expression of angiogenin, another growth factor, which plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis, and on cell proliferation in H7402 human hepatoma cells. The bFGF sense cDNA or antisense cDNA was stably transfected into H7402 cells. Genomic DNA PCR analysis demonstrated that human bFGF sense cDNA or antisense cDNA was inserted into the genome. Furthermore, the expression of bFGF and angiogenin was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot assays. MTT and colony formation assays were employed to determine cell proliferation. Stable bFGF over-expressing and under-expressing transfectants were successfully established. Expression of angiogenin was decreased in the over-expressing bFGF cells (sense transfectants) and was increased in the under-expressing bFGF cells (antisense transfectants). Cell proliferation increased in the bFGF sense transfectants and decreased in the bFGF antisense transfectants. These results demonstrated that the endogenous bFGF may not only negatively regulate the angiogenin expression but also contribute to the overall cell proliferation in H7402 human hepatoma cells. This study may be helpful in finding a potential therapeutic approach to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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45
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Dexamethasone inhibits basic fibroblast growth factor-stimulated gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:841-9. [PMID: 18692028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Quarto N, Longaker MT. Differential expression of specific FGF ligands and receptor isoforms during osteogenic differentiation of mouse Adipose-derived Stem Cells (mASCs) recapitulates the in vivo osteogenic pattern. Gene 2008; 424:130-40. [PMID: 18718860 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs) to differentiate into various tissues in vitro and in vivo, a function known as "stem cell plasticity", makes them an appealing cell source for tissue engineering. Our laboratory is particularly focused on the potential role of adipose tissue as a readily available postnatal source of osteoprogenitor. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors (FGFR) are important regulators of osteogenesis. The goal of this study was to elucidate how changes in temporal expression patterns of individual components of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling axis correlate with osteogenic differentiation of mASCs. Our results indicate that FGF ligand genes, such as Fgf-2, -4, -8, and -18, displayed a differential and dynamic profile during mouse ASC (mASC) osteogenesis. Fgf-2 transcript was down-regulated, while Fgf-18 transcript level was strongly up-regulated. Interestingly, a drift in the ratio of different FGF-2 protein forms, with translation favoring the HMWFGF-2 forms, occurred during osteogenic differentiation, whereas, the expression of LMWFGF-2 form was down-regulated. This finding shares similarity with a previous study suggesting that preferential expression of the HMWFGF-2 forms is associated with a more osteogenic differentiated state of calvarial osteoblast. Moreover, a differential expression of Fgf Receptor 1 and 2 resembling that previously found in in vivo osteogenic study was observed. Thus, mASCs undergoing osteogenesis recapitulate the in vivo osteogenic differentiation expression pattern of FGF ligands and receptors of calvarial mesenchymal cells during their own osteogenic differentiation. Indeed, this observation further validates ASCs as a suitable resource for skeletal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalina Quarto
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Bachis A, Mallei A, Cruz MI, Wellstein A, Mocchetti I. Chronic antidepressant treatments increase basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-binding protein in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:1114-20. [PMID: 18682257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the mechanisms proposed for antidepressant drugs is the enhancement of synaptic connections and plasticity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a growth factor essential for the proper formation of synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex, maturation and survival of catecholamine neurons, and neurogenesis. In this report, we attempted to establish a correlation between antidepressant treatments and FGF2 expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, two brain areas relevant for depression. Desipramine (DMI, 10mg/kg) or fluoxetine (FLU, 5mg/kg) was injected acutely (single injection) or chronically (daily injection for two weeks) in adult rats. Chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatments increase FGF2 immunoreactivity in neurons of the cerebral cortex and in both astrocytes and neurons of the hippocampus. FGF2 immunoreactivity in the cortex was increased mainly in the cytoplasm of neurons of layer V. Western blot analyses of nuclear and cytosolic extracts from the cortex revealed that both antidepressants increase FGF2 isoforms in the cytosolic extracts and decrease accumulation of FGF2 immunoreactivity in the nucleus. To characterize the anatomical and cellular specificity of antidepressants, we examined FGF-binding protein (FBP), a secreted protein that acts as an extracellular chaperone for FGF2 and enhances its activity. DMI and FLU increased FBP immunoreactivity in both cortical and hippocampal neurons. Our data suggest that FGF2 and FBP may participate in the plastic responses underlying the clinical efficacy of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bachis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP04, New Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Beranek M, Kolar P, Tschoplova S, Kankova K, Vasku A. Genetic variation and plasma level of the basic fibroblast growth factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 79:362-7. [PMID: 17997184 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is considered to be one of the candidate genes in the processes of tumour growth and angiogenesis. The aim of the present investigation was to find possible association of new polymorphisms in bFGF with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and determine the plasma level in PDR. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were determined in the association study comprising three groups of Caucasian subjects (n=488) (diabetics with/ PDR/ and without retinopathy/ non-PDR/ and non-diabetics/ non-DM/) in order to identify genetic marker for PDR. The plasma level of the bFGF protein was analysed by ELISA method. Significantly higher frequencies of 754C allele of the new 754C/G polymorphisms was found between PDR and non-DM group (p=0.05, OR=1.38). The comparison of plasma level of the bFGF showed statistically significant difference among studied groups (p=0.001). The bFGF plasma level in PDR group was significantly higher than in the groups of non-PDR and non-DM (p=0.017, p=0.001, respectively) and was significantly higher for CC and GC genotypes of 754C/G polymorphism in PDR group (p=0.006). Increased plasma level of the bFGF confirmed the importance of this candidate gene in the formation of PDR. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the bFGF level need further examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Beranek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic.
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49
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Ma X, Dang X, Claus P, Hirst C, Fandrich RR, Jin Y, Grothe C, Kirshenbaum LA, Cattini PA, Kardami E. Chromatin compaction and cell death by high molecular weight FGF-2 depend on its nuclear localization, intracrine ERK activation, and engagement of mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:690-8. [PMID: 17503459 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is produced as CUG-initiated, 22-34 kDa or AUG-initiated 18 kDa isoforms (hi- and lo-FGF-2, respectively), with potentially distinct functions. We report that expression of hi-FGF-2 in HEK293 cells elicited chromatin compaction preceding cell death with apoptotic features. Nuclear localization of the intact protein was required as expression of a non-nuclear hi-FGF-2 mutant failed to elicit chromatin compaction. Equally ineffective, despite nuclear localization, was the over-expression of the 18 kDa core sequence (lo-FGF-2). Chromatin compaction by hi-FGF-2 was accompanied by increased cytosolic cytochrome C, and was attenuated either by over-expression of Bcl-2 or by a peptide inhibitor of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. In addition hi-FGF-2 elicited sustained activation of total and nuclear extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) by an intracrine route, as it was not prevented by neutralizing anti-FGF-2 antibodies. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 activating pathway by dominant negative upstream activating kinase, or by PD 98059, prevented chromatin compaction by hi-FGF-2. ERK1/2 activation was not affected by the Bax-inhibiting peptide suggesting that it occurred upstream of mitochondrial involvement. We conclude that the hi-FGF-2-induced chromatin compaction and cell death requires its nuclear localization, intracrine ERK1/2 activation and mitochondrial engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, SBRC, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Cristina C, Díaz-Torga G, Góngora A, Guida MC, Perez-Millán MI, Baldi A, Becu-Villalobos D. Fibroblast growth factor-2 in hyperplastic pituitaries of D2R knockout female mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E1341-51. [PMID: 17848635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) knockout (KO) female mice develop chronic hyperprolactinemia and pituitary hyperplasia. Our objective was to study the expression of the mitogen fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and its receptor, FGFR1, comparatively in pituitaries from KO and wild-type (WT) female mice. We also evaluated FGF2 subcellular localization and FGF2 effects on pituitary function. FGF2-induced prolactin release showed a similar response pattern in both genotypes, even though basal and FGF2-stimulated release was higher in KO. FGF2 stimulated pituitary cellular proliferation (MTS assay and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation), with no differences between genotypes. FGF2 concentration (measured by ELISA) in whole pituitaries or cultured cells was lower in KO (P < 0.00001 and 0.00014). Immunofluorescence histochemistry showed less FGF2 in pituitaries from KO females and revealed a distinct FGF2 localization pattern between genotypes, being predominantly nuclear in KO and cytosolic in WT pituitaries. Finally, FGF2 could not be detected in the conditioned media from pituitary cultures of both genotypes. FGFR1 levels (Western blot and immunohistochemistry) were higher in pituitaries of KO. Basal concentration of phosphorylated ERKs was lower in KO cells (P = 0.018). However, when stimulated with FGF2, a significantly higher increment of ERK phosphorylation was evidenced in KO cells (P < or = 0.02). We conclude that disruption of the D2R caused an overall decrease in pituitary FGF2 levels, with an increased distribution in the nucleus, and increased FGFR1 levels. These results are important in the search for reliable prognostic indicators for patients with pituitary dopamine-resistant prolactinomas, which will make tumor-specific therapy possible.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Hyperplasia
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Phosphorylation
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/cytology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/pathology
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Prolactinoma/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/deficiency
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cristina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, V Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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