1
|
Li S, Tian A, Wen Y, Gu W, Li W, Qiao X, Zhang C, Luo X. FGD1-related Aarskog-Scott syndrome: Identification of four novel variations and a literature review of clinical and molecular aspects. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2257-2272. [PMID: 38411716 PMCID: PMC11035466 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) have short stature, facial anomalies, skeletal deformities, and genitourinary malformations. FYVE, RhoGEF, and PH domain-containing 1 (FGD1) is the only known causative gene of AAS. However, the diagnosis of AAS remains difficult, and specific treatments are still absent. Patients suspected with AAS were recruited, and clinical information was collected. Genetic testing and functional analysis were carried out for the diagnosis. By literature review, we summarized the clinical and genetic characteristics of FGD1-related AAS and analyzed the genotype-phenotype correlation. Five patients were recruited, and four novel FGD1 variants were identified. The diagnosis of AAS was confirmed by genetic analysis and functional study. Three patients treated with growth hormone showed improved heights during the follow-up period. By literature review, clinical features of AAS patients with FGD1 variants were summarized. Regarding FGD1 variations, substitutions were the most common form, and among them, missense variants were the most frequent. Moreover, we found patients with drastic variants showed higher incidences of foot and genitourinary malformations. Missense variants in DH domain were related to a lower incidence of cryptorchidism. Conclusion: We reported four novel pathogenic FGD1 variations in AAS patients and confirmed the efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in FGD1-related AAS patients with growth hormone deficiency. Additionally, our literature review suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function. What is Known: • Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a rare genetic disease, and the only known cause is the variant in FGD1 gene. The typical clinical manifestations of AAS include facial, skeletal, and urogenital deformities and short stature. What is New: • We reported four novel FGD1 variants and reported the treatment of growth hormone in FGD1-related AAS patients. Our genotype-phenotype correlation analysis suggested the crucial role of DH domain in FGD1 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Anran Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi, 830000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu HQ, Glessner JT, Qu J, Liu Y, Watson D, Chang X, Saeidian AH, Qiu H, Mentch FD, Connolly JJ, Hakonarson H. High Comorbidity of Pediatric Cancers in Patients with Birth Defects: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Copy Number Variations. Transl Res 2024; 266:49-56. [PMID: 37989391 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with birth defects (BD) exhibit an elevated risk of cancer. We aimed to investigate the potential link between pediatric cancers and BDs, exploring the hypothesis of shared genetic defects contributing to the coexistence of these conditions. METHODS This study included 1454 probands with BDs (704 females and 750 males), including 619 (42.3%) with and 845 (57.7%) without co-occurrence of pediatric onset cancers. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was done at 30X coverage through the Kids First/Gabriella Miller X01 Program. RESULTS 8211 CNV loci were called from the 1454 unrelated individuals. 191 CNV loci classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) were identified in 309 (21.3%) patients, with 124 (40.1%) of these patients having pediatric onset cancers. The most common group of CNVs are pathogenic deletions covering the region ChrX:52,863,011-55,652,521, seen in 162 patients including 17 males. Large recurrent P/LP duplications >5MB were detected in 33 patients. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that P/LP CNVs were common in a large cohort of BD patients with high rate of pediatric cancers. We present a comprehensive spectrum of P/LP CNVs in patients with BDs and various cancers. Notably, deletions involving E2F target genes and genes implicated in mitotic spindle assembly and G2/M checkpoint were identified, potentially disrupting cell-cycle progression and providing mechanistic insights into the concurrent occurrence of BDs and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Qu
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph T Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Jingchun Qu
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Yichuan Liu
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Deborah Watson
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Chang
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Haijun Qiu
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - John J Connolly
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics (CAG), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Powis G, Meuillet EJ, Indarte M, Booher G, Kirkpatrick L. Pleckstrin Homology [PH] domain, structure, mechanism, and contribution to human disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115024. [PMID: 37399719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleckstrin homology [PH] domain is a structural fold found in more than 250 proteins making it the 11th most common domain in the human proteome. 25% of family members have more than one PH domain and some PH domains are split by one, or several other, protein domains although still folding to give functioning PH domains. We review mechanisms of PH domain activity, the role PH domain mutation plays in human disease including cancer, hyperproliferation, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and infection, and discuss pharmacotherapeutic approaches to regulate PH domain activity for the treatment of human disease. Almost half PH domain family members bind phosphatidylinositols [PIs] that attach the host protein to cell membranes where they interact with other membrane proteins to give signaling complexes or cytoskeleton scaffold platforms. A PH domain in its native state may fold over other protein domains thereby preventing substrate access to a catalytic site or binding with other proteins. The resulting autoinhibition can be released by PI binding to the PH domain, or by protein phosphorylation thus providing fine tuning of the cellular control of PH domain protein activity. For many years the PH domain was thought to be undruggable until high-resolution structures of human PH domains allowed structure-based design of novel inhibitors that selectively bind the PH domain. Allosteric inhibitors of the Akt1 PH domain have already been tested in cancer patients and for proteus syndrome, with several other PH domain inhibitors in preclinical development for treatment of other human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Powis
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | - Martin Indarte
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Garrett Booher
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynn Kirkpatrick
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang Y, Wu H, He X, He X. Case Report: Aarskog-scott syndrome caused by FGD1 gene variation: A family study. Front Genet 2022; 13:932073. [PMID: 36051692 PMCID: PMC9424661 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.932073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature, abnormal facial features, and digital and genital deformities. FGD1 gene variation is the known cause of this disorder. This paper described a Chinese family study of Aarskog-Scott syndrome in which the main patients were two brothers. Then, the relationship between genotype and phenotype in Aarskog-Scott syndrome was investigated preliminarily. A new FGD1 gene variant was revealed in this study, providing insights into the link between phenotype and genotype variations in Aarskog-Scott syndrome as well as a foundation for its diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Liang
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin Wu
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei He
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyu He
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiyu He,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Le Huray KIP, Wang H, Sobott F, Kalli AC. Systematic simulation of the interactions of pleckstrin homology domains with membranes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6992. [PMID: 35857458 PMCID: PMC9258823 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains can recruit proteins to membranes by recognition of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids. Several family members are linked to diseases including cancer. We report the systematic simulation of the interactions of 100 mammalian PH domains with PIP-containing membranes. The observed PIP interaction hotspots recapitulate crystallographic binding sites and reveal a number of insights: (i) The β1 and β2 strands and their connecting loop constitute the primary PIP interaction site but are typically supplemented by interactions at the β3-β4 and β5-β6 loops; (ii) we reveal exceptional cases such as the Exoc8 PH domain; (iii) PH domains adopt different membrane-bound orientations and induce clustering of anionic lipids; and (iv) beyond family-level insights, our dataset sheds new light on individual PH domains, e.g., by providing molecular detail of secondary PIP binding sites. This work provides a global view of PH domain/membrane association involving multivalent association with anionic lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I. P. Le Huray
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - He Wang
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frank Sobott
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antreas C. Kalli
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hellicar J, Stevenson NL, Stephens DJ, Lowe M. Supply chain logistics - the role of the Golgi complex in extracellular matrix production and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:273996. [PMID: 35023559 PMCID: PMC8767278 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and biochemical properties of connective tissues are determined by the composition and quality of their extracellular matrix. This, in turn, is highly dependent on the function and organisation of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex plays a vital role in directing matrix output by co-ordinating the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing of matrix components prior to their secretion. These modifications have broad impacts on the secretion and subsequent assembly of matrix components, as well as their function in the extracellular environment. In this Review, we highlight the role of the Golgi in the formation of an adaptable, healthy matrix, with a focus on proteoglycan and procollagen secretion as example cargoes. We then discuss the impact of Golgi dysfunction on connective tissue in the context of human disease and ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Hellicar
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Puthenpura V, DeNunzio NJ, Zeng X, Giantsoudi D, Aboian M, Ebb D, Kahle KT, Yock TI, Marks AM. Radiation Necrosis with Proton Therapy in a Patient with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome and Medulloblastoma. Int J Part Ther 2021; 8:58-65. [PMID: 35127977 PMCID: PMC8768897 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-21-00013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medulloblastoma is known to be associated with multiple cancer-predisposition syndromes. In this article, we explore a possible association among a patient's Aarskog-Scott syndrome, development of medulloblastoma, and subsequent brainstem radiation necrosis. Case Presentation A 5-year-old male with Aarskog-Scott syndrome initially presented to his pediatrician with morning emesis, gait instability, and truncal weakness. He was ultimately found to have a posterior fossa tumor with pathology consistent with group 3 medulloblastoma. After receiving a gross total resection and standard proton beam radiation therapy with concurrent vincristine, he was noted to develop brainstem radiation necrosis, for which he underwent therapy with high-dose dexamethasone, bevacizumab, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy with radiographic improvement and clinical stabilization. Conclusion Based on several possible pathologic correlates in the FDG1 pathway, there exists a potential association between this patient's Aarskog-Scott syndrome and medulloblastoma, which needs to be investigated further. In patients with underlying, rare genetic syndromes, further caution should be taken when evaluating chemotherapy and radiation dosimetry planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Puthenpura
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas J. DeNunzio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Drosoula Giantsoudi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariam Aboian
- Section of Neuroradiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Ebb
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Torunn I. Yock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher M. Marks
- Section of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Prevalence of Clinical Features in Patients with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome and Assessment of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation: A Systematic Review. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:6652957. [PMID: 33762894 PMCID: PMC7953535 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog–Scott syndrome is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous rare condition caused by a pathogenic variant in the FGD1 gene. A systematic review was carried out to analyse the prevalence of clinical manifestations found in patients, as well as to evaluate the genotype-phenotype correlation. The results obtained show that clinical findings of the craniofacial, orthopaedic, and genitourinary tract correspond to the highest scores of prevalence. The authors reclassified the primary, secondary, and additional criteria based on their prevalence. Furthermore, it was possible to observe, in accordance with previous reports, that the reported phenotypes do not present a direct relation to the underlying genotypes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Buechner M, Yang Z, Al-Hashimi H. A Series of Tubes: The C. elegans Excretory Canal Cell as a Model for Tubule Development. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030017. [PMID: 32906663 PMCID: PMC7557474 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and regulation of properly sized epithelial tubes is essential for multicellular life. The excretory canal cell of C. elegans provides a powerful model for investigating the integration of the cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, and organismal physiology to regulate the developmental processes of tube extension, lumen formation, and lumen diameter regulation in a narrow single cell. Multiple studies have provided new understanding of actin and intermediate filament cytoskeletal elements, vesicle transport, and the role of vacuolar ATPase in determining tube size. Most of the genes discovered have clear homologues in humans, with implications for understanding these processes in mammalian tissues such as Schwann cells, renal tubules, and brain vasculature. The results of several new genetic screens are described that provide a host of new targets for future studies in this informative structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Buechner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pavone P, Marino S, Maniaci A, Cocuzza S. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: clinical and molecular characterisation of a family with the coexistence of a novel FGD1 mutation and 16p13.11-p12.3 microduplication. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/6/e235183. [PMID: 32606125 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as facio-genital dysplasia or faciodigitogenital syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder clinically characterised by facial, limb and genitalanomalies. Although also autosomal dominance and recessive patterns have been reported, up to now, only an X linked form associated to mutations of the FGD1 gene has been recognised as causative for this syndrome.In this case report, we describe a large Italian family in which three members across three generations show classical features of the syndrome. The youngest patient, the proband, and his mother were both molecularly studied and characterised for the not previously reported variant c.1828C>T (p. Arg610*) in the FGD1 gene but with the classic phenotype of AAS. Additionally, both the proband and his mother present a 2.5 Mb 16p13.11-p12.3 microduplication, a genetic variant still unclear for the phenotypic consequences: the co-occurrence of the two rare conditions is discussed for the possible clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy.,Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marino
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University of Catania, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- ENT Section, University of Catania Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- ENT Section, University of Catania Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, Catania, Sicilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jamuar SS, Picker JD, Stoler JM. Utility of Genetic Testing in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. J Pediatr 2018; 196:270-274.e1. [PMID: 29398060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the utility of genetic evaluation and testing in patients with suspected fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients (n = 36) referred for evaluation for suspected FASD to the genetics clinic at Boston Children's Hospital between January 2006 and January 2013. Records of all patients were reviewed to obtain the medical history, family history, examination findings, and investigations, including genetic testing. RESULTS Of the 36 patients, definite prenatal exposure was documented in 69%. Eight patients did not fulfill clinical criteria for FASD. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) detected 19 copy number variants (CNVs) in 14 patients. Among patients who fulfilled criteria for FASD and underwent CMA, pathogenic CNVs were detected in 3 patients (2q37del, 22q11.22dup, and 4q31.21del syndromes), giving a yield of 14.3%. All 3 patients had overlapping features between FASD and the genetic syndrome. CONCLUSION Genetic testing, especially CMA, should be considered in patients referred for evaluation of FASD, as a significant proportion have a clinically significant CNV even when they fulfill diagnostic criteria for FASD spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumya S Jamuar
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Paediatric Academic Programme, Singhealth Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Jonathan D Picker
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joan M Stoler
- Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ge Y, Li N, Wang Z, Wang J, Cai H. Novel variant in the FGD1 gene causing Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2623-2628. [PMID: 28587322 PMCID: PMC5450764 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is a rare, X-linked recessive inherited disorder. Affected individuals may develop short stature and exhibit distinctive skeletal and genital development. Mutations in the FYVE, rhogef and pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) gene, located within the Xp11.21 region, are responsible for the occurrence of ASS. Since it is rare and complex, it can take a long time to obtain a definitive clinical diagnosis unless clinicians are familiar with the disease. In the present study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to screen for causal variants in a Chinese pediatric patient who exhibited a number of clinical symptoms of ASS, including short stature, facial abnormalities, stubby metacarpals and swollen testis. DNA sequencing revealed a novel c.1270 A>G mutation in exon 6 of the FGD1 gene, which led to an amino acid conversion of asparagine to aspartic acid on codon 424 and in silico analysis indicated that this novel missense mutation was pathogenic. The present study identified a novel variant of the FGD1 gene and to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of ASS in a Chinese individual. The results indicated that WES is an effective tool for the diagnosis of rare and complex syndromes such as ASS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Ge
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Niu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Haiqing Cai
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Griffin LB, Farley FA, Antonellis A, Keegan CE. A novel FGD1 mutation in a family with Aarskog-Scott syndrome and predominant features of congenital joint contractures. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2016; 2:a000943. [PMID: 27551683 PMCID: PMC4990810 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FGD1 cause Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), an X-linked condition characterized by abnormal facial, skeletal, and genital development due to abnormal embryonic morphogenesis and skeletal formation. Here we report a novel FGD1 mutation in a family with atypical features of AAS, specifically bilateral upper and lower limb congenital joint contractures and cardiac abnormalities. The male proband and his affected maternal uncle are hemizygous for the novel FGD1 mutation p.Arg921X. This variant is the most carboxy-terminal FGD1 mutation identified in a family with AAS and is predicted to truncate the FGD1 protein at the second to last amino acid of the carboxy-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Our study emphasizes the importance of the 3' peptide sequence in the structure and/or function of the FGD1 protein and further demonstrates the need to screen patients with X-linked congenital joint contractures for FGD1 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Beth Griffin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Frances A Farley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez-Coria M, Lugo-Trampe JJ, Zamudio-Osuna M, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Lugo-Trampe A, de la Fuente-Cortez B, Campos-Acevedo LD, Martínez-de-Villarreal LE. Identification of novel mutations in Mexican patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:197-202. [PMID: 26029706 PMCID: PMC4444161 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as faciogenital dysplasia (FGD, OMIM # 305400), is an X-linked disorder of recessive inheritance, characterized by short stature and facial, skeletal, and urogenital abnormalities. AAS is caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene (Xp11.22), with over 56 different mutations identified to date. We present the clinical and molecular analysis of four unrelated families of Mexican origin with an AAS phenotype, in whom FGD1 sequencing was performed. This analysis identified two stop mutations not previously reported in the literature: p.Gln664* and p.Glu380*. Phenotypically, every male patient met the clinical criteria of the syndrome, whereas discrepancies were found between phenotypes in female patients. Our results identify two novel mutations in FGD1, broadening the spectrum of reported mutations; and provide further delineation of the phenotypic variability previously described in AAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pérez-Coria
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - José J Lugo-Trampe
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Michell Zamudio-Osuna
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Iram P Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Angel Lugo-Trampe
- Centro Mesoamericano de Estudios en Salud Pública y Desastres, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas (UNACH) Tapachula, Chis, México
| | - Beatriz de la Fuente-Cortez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Luis D Campos-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Laura E Martínez-de-Villarreal
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Völter C, Martínez R, Hagen R, Kress W. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: a novel mutation in the FGD1 gene associated with severe craniofacial dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1373-6. [PMID: 24770546 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aarskog syndrome (AAS) is an X-linked human disease that affects the skeletal formation and embryonic morphogenesis and is caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene. Patients typically show distinctive skeletal and genital developmental abnormalities, but a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes has been observed. We report here on the clinical and molecular analysis of a family that reveals a novel FGD1 mutation in a 9-year-old boy displaying extreme craniofacial dysplasia associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sequencing of FGD1 revealed a novel mutation in exon 7 at position c.1468 C > T in the index patient, leading to a stop codon in the highly conserved RhoGEF gene domain. His mother and maternal grandmother were also found to be heterozygous for this FGD1 mutation. CONCLUSION Our results identify a novel mutation of FDG1 in a family with Aarskog syndrome and underscore the phenotypical variability of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Völter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Goettingen, Robert Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mouawad F, Tsui H, Takano T. Role of Rho-GTPases and their regulatory proteins in glomerular podocyte function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:773-82. [PMID: 24144047 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes play a critical role in maintaining glomerular permselectivity. It has been long recognized that their intricate actin-based structures are tightly associated with their normal function; however, the precise mechanisms by which podocytes form and maintain their complex structure had been poorly understood until the intensive investigations on podocyte biology began in 1998, triggered by the breakthrough discovery of nephrin. This review summarizes the recent discoveries of the molecular mechanisms by which the actin cytoskeleton is regulated in podocytes. A particular focus will be on the role of the Rho-family of small GTPases, represented by RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Rho-GTPases are known for their versatile cellular functions, most importantly for the actin regulatory roles. We will also discuss the potential roles of the 3 groups of proteins known to regulate Rho-GTPases, namely GTPase-activating proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Mouawad
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta M, Kamynina E, Morley S, Chung S, Muakkassa N, Wang H, Brathwaite S, Sharma G, Manor D. Plekhg4 is a novel Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein for rho family GTPases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14522-14530. [PMID: 23572525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.430371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PLEKHG4 (puratrophin-1) gene are associated with the heritable neurological disorder autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia. However, the biochemical functions of this gene product have not been described. We report here that expression of Plekhg4 in the murine brain is developmentally regulated, with pronounced expression in the newborn midbrain and brainstem that wanes with age and maximal expression in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons in adulthood. We show that Plekhg4 is subject to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, and its steady-state expression levels are regulated by the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 and by the ubiquitin ligase CHIP. On the functional level, we demonstrate that Plekhg4 functions as a bona fide guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that facilitates activation of the small GTPases Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Overexpression of Plekhg4 in NIH3T3 cells induces rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically enhanced formation of lamellopodia and fillopodia. These findings indicate that Plekhg4 is an aggregation-prone member of the Dbl family GEFs and that regulation of GTPase signaling is critical for proper cerebellar function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Samantha Morley
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Stacey Chung
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Shayna Brathwaite
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Danny Manor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a genetic multisystem disorder characterised by distinctive facial features, developmental delay, learning difficulties, short stature, congenital heart disease, renal anomalies, lymphatic malformations, and bleeding difficulties. Mutations that cause Noonan syndrome alter genes encoding proteins with roles in the RAS-MAPK pathway, leading to pathway dysregulation. Management guidelines have been developed. Several clinically relevant genotype-phenotype correlations aid risk assessment and patient management. Increased understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease could help development of pharmacogenetic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Roberts
- Department of Cardiology and Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pilozzi-Edmonds L, Maher TA, Basran RK, Milunsky A, Al-Thihli K, Braverman NE, Alfares A. Fraternal twins with Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to maternal germline mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1987-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Cejudo-Martin P, Courtneidge SA. Podosomal proteins as causes of human syndromes: a role in craniofacial development? Genesis 2011; 49:209-21. [PMID: 21328520 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes and invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions of the plasma membrane important for matrix degradation and cell migration. Most of the information in this field has been obtained in cancer cells, where the presence of invadopodia has been related to increased invasiveness and metastatic potential. The importance of the related podosome structure in other pathological or physiological processes that require cell invasion is relatively unexplored. Recent evidence indicates that essential components of podosomes are responsible for several human syndromes, some of which are characterized by serious developmental defects involving the craniofacial area, skeleton and heart, and very poor prognosis. Here we will review them and discuss the possible role of podosomes as a player in correct embryo development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cejudo-Martin
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Orrico A, Galli L, Faivre L, Clayton-Smith J, Azzarello-Burri S, Hertz J, Jacquemont S, Taurisano R, Arroyo Carrera I, Tarantino E, Devriendt K, Melis D, Thelle T, Meinhardt U, Sorrentino V. Aarskog-Scott syndrome: Clinical update and report of nine novel mutations of theFGD1gene. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:313-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Nakada-Tsukui K, Okada H, Mitra BN, Nozaki T. Phosphatidylinositol-phosphates mediate cytoskeletal reorganization during phagocytosis via a unique modular protein consisting of RhoGEF/DH and FYVE domains in the parasitic protozoonEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1471-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
23
|
First case of deletion of the faciogenital dysplasia 1 (FGD1) gene in a patient with Aarskog–Scott syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:262-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Egorov MV, Capestrano M, Vorontsova OA, Di Pentima A, Egorova AV, Mariggiò S, Ayala MI, Tetè S, Gorski JL, Luini A, Buccione R, Polishchuk RS. Faciogenital dysplasia protein (FGD1) regulates export of cargo proteins from the golgi complex via Cdc42 activation. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:2413-27. [PMID: 19261807 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-11-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the FGD1 gene are responsible for the X-linked disorder known as faciogenital dysplasia (FGDY). FGD1 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that specifically activates the GTPase Cdc42. In turn, Cdc42 is an important regulator of membrane trafficking, although little is known about FGD1 involvement in this process. During development, FGD1 is highly expressed during bone growth and mineralization, and therefore a lack of the functional protein leads to a severe phenotype. Whether the secretion of proteins, which is a process essential for bone formation, is altered by mutations in FGD1 is of great interest. We initially show here that FGD1 is preferentially associated with the trans-Golgi network (TGN), suggesting its involvement in export of proteins from the Golgi. Indeed, expression of a dominant-negative FGD1 mutant and RNA interference of FGD1 both resulted in a reduction in post-Golgi transport of various cargoes (including bone-specific proteins in osteoblasts). Live-cell imaging reveals that formation of post-Golgi transport intermediates directed to the cell surface is inhibited in FGD1-deficient cells, apparently due to an impairment of TGN membrane extension along microtubules. These effects depend on FGD1 regulation of Cdc42 activation and its association with the Golgi membranes, and they may contribute to FGDY pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Egorov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martín‐Belmonte F, Rodríguez‐Fraticelli AE. Chapter 3 Acquisition of Membrane Polarity in Epithelial Tube Formation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 274:129-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
Taub MB, Stanton A. Aarskog syndrome: A case report and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 79:371-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
27
|
Park WS, Heo WD, Whalen JH, O'Rourke NA, Bryan HM, Meyer T, Teruel MN. Comprehensive identification of PIP3-regulated PH domains from C. elegans to H. sapiens by model prediction and live imaging. Mol Cell 2008; 30:381-92. [PMID: 18471983 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) control cell growth, migration, and other processes by recruiting proteins with pleckstrin homology (PH) domains and possibly other domains to the plasma membrane (PM). However, previous experimental and structural work with PH domains left conflicting evidence about which ones are PIP3 regulated. Here we used live-cell confocal imaging of 130 YFP-conjugated mouse PH domains and found that 20% translocated to the PM in response to receptor-generated PIP3 production. We developed a recursive-learning algorithm to predict PIP3 regulation of 1200 PH domains from different eukaryotes and validated that it accurately predicts PIP3 regulation. Strikingly, this algorithm showed that PIP3 regulation is specified by amino acids across the PH domain, not just the PIP3-binding pocket, and must have evolved several times independently from PIP3-insensitive ancestral PH domains. Finally, our algorithm and live-cell experiments provide a functional survey of PH domains in different species, showing that PI3K regulation increased from approximately two C. elegans and four Drosophila to 40 vertebrate proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun Park
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Diluna ML, Amankulor NM, Johnson MH, Gunel M. Cerebrovascular disease associated with Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Neuroradiology 2007; 49:457-61. [PMID: 17294235 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-007-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Faciogenital dysplasia, also known as Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), is an X-linked dominant congenital disorder characterized by multiple facial, musculoskeletal, dental, neurological and urogenital abnormalities, ocular manifestations, congenital heart defects, low IQ and behavioral problems. Here we describe an unusual presentation of dysplastic carotid artery, basilar artery malformation or occlusion and posterior circulation aneurysm in a 13-year-old male with AAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Diluna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., Tompkins 4, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Orrico A, Galli L, Obregon MG, de Castro Perez MF, Falciani M, Sorrentino V. Unusually severe expression of craniofacial features in Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to a novel truncating mutation of theFGD1 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:58-63. [PMID: 17152066 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare, clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by facial dysmorphic features, short stature, brachydactyly, and genital anomalies. The X-linked form is caused by mutations of the FGD1 gene. Although clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria are well established, diagnosis is not simple, as the spectrum of phenotypical features may be extremely variable. Here, we report on the clinical and genetic characterization of a family in which molecular analyses revealed the inheritance of a novel truncating mutation of the FDG1 gene (c.945insC) in two affected brothers, with one of them displaying unusually severe craniofacial abnormalities. This previously unreported combination of anomalies might be due to the occurrence of two distinct disorders (AAS and hemifacial microsomia) or may represent an extension of the AAS phenotypic spectrum. Our findings highlight the phenotypic heterogeneity of AAS, supporting the opinion that the FGD1 mutations result in a broad spectrum of severity and, in some cases, may express a clinical appearance very different than typically described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Orrico
- Department of Oncology, UOC Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Orrico A, Galli L, Buoni S, Hayek G, Luchetti A, Lorenzini S, Zappella M, Pomponi MG, Sorrentino V. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variable clinical expression of Aarskog-Scott syndrome due to a novelFGD1 gene mutation (R408Q). Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:99-102. [PMID: 15809997 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the FGD1 gene are responsible for a significant proportion of patients with Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS), an X-linked disorder characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, urogenital abnormalities, and a typical dysmorphic facial appearance. Although mental retardation does not occur significantly in AAS, this condition has been described associated with various degrees of mental impairment and/or behavioral disorders in some patients. In particular, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reported as a common characteristic of AAS. However, AAS/ADHD reported patients have been only clinically described, and diagnosis never has been confirmed on molecular basis. We present here a unique case of a 16-years-old patient presenting with ADHD, lower intelligence quotient, and dysmorphic features. Although the clinical features were not completely typical of AAS, genetic analysis demonstrated a novel FGD1 missense mutation (R408Q). The case we report confirms the highly variable expressivity of AAS and first documents that the FGD1 gene may play a role in ADHD susceptibility. We suggest that FGD1 analysis may be adequate in ADHD patients who exhibit dysmorphic features suggestive of AAS, also in the absence of the full phenotypical spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Orrico
- UOC Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
van Galen EJM, Ramakers GJA. Rho proteins, mental retardation and the neurobiological basis of intelligence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 147:295-317. [PMID: 15581714 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(04)47022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
For several decades it has been known that mental retardation is associated with abnormalities in dendrites and dendritic spines. The recent cloning of eight genes which cause nonspecific mental retardation when mutated, provides an important insight into the cellular mechanisms that result in the dendritic abnormalities underlying mental retardation. Three of the encoded proteins, oligophrenin1, PAK3 and alphaPix, interact directly with Rho GTPases. Rho GTPases are key signaling proteins which integrate extracellular and intracellular signals to orchestrate coordinated changes in the actin cytoskeleton, essential for directed neurite outgrowth and the generation/rearrangement of synaptic connectivity. Although many details of the cell biology of Rho signaling in the CNS are as yet unclear, a picture is unfolding showing how mutations that cause abnormal Rho signaling result in abnormal neuronal connectivity which gives rise to deficient cognitive functioning in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elly J M van Galen
- Neurons and Networks Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam ZO, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The human faciogenital dysplasia 1 (FGD1) gene product plays an important role in morphogenesis. Its dysfunction causes Aarskog-Scott syndrome (MIM musical sharp 305400). To characterize the FGD1, we investigated its expression by RT-PCR and Southern blot analysis in normal tissues. We found novel alternative forms of the FGD1. One has a novel exon located in intron 8, named exon 8B (8B FDG1) and the other has an exon in intron 7, exon 7B (7B FGD1). The 8B FDG1 is expressed strongly in the brain, testis, spinal cord, trachea and stomach, and weakly in the thymus and lymphocytes. However, expression of the 7B FGD1 is weak and restricted in the testis and salivary gland. Insertion of each novel exon results in production of a premature termination codon, respectively, and the predicted proteins generated from them have only a proline-rich domain and an incomplete DH domain which potentially compete with the wild type of FGD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yanagi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Ryukyus Graduate School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Orrico A, Galli L, Cavaliere ML, Garavelli L, Fryns JP, Crushell E, Rinaldi MM, Medeira A, Sorrentino V. Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of the Aarskog–Scott syndrome: a survey of the clinical variability in light of FGD1 mutation analysis in 46 patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 12:16-23. [PMID: 14560308 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Faciogenital dysplasia or Aarskog-Scott syndrome (AAS) is a genetically heterogeneous developmental disorder. The X-linked form of AAS has been ascribed to mutations in the FGD1 gene. However, although AAS may be considered as a relatively frequent clinical diagnosis, mutations have been established in few patients. Genetic heterogeneity and the clinical overlap with a number of other syndromes might explain this discrepancy. In this study, we have conducted a single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the entire coding region of FGD1 in 46 AAS patients and identified eight novel mutations, including one insertion, four deletions and three missense mutations (19.56% detection rate). One mutation (528insC) was found in two independent families. The mutations are scattered all along the coding sequence. Phenotypically, all affected males present with the characteristic AAS phenotype. FGD1 mutations were not associated with severe mental retardation. However, neuropsychiatric disorders, mainly behavioural and learning problems in childhood, were observed in five out of 12 mutated individuals. The current study provides further evidence that mutations of FGD1 may cause AAS and expands the spectrum of disease-causing mutations. The importance of considering the neuropsychological phenotype of AAS patients is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Orrico
- Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gregg D, Rauscher FM, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Rac regulates cardiovascular superoxide through diverse molecular interactions: more than a binary GTP switch. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C723-34. [PMID: 12958025 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00230.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The small G protein Rac has been implicated in multiple cardiovascular processes. Rac has two major functions: 1) it regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and 2) it controls the activity of the key enzyme complex NADPH oxidase to control superoxide production in both phagocytes and nonphagocytic cells. In phagocytes, superoxide derived from NADPH has a bactericidal function, whereas Rac-derived superoxide in the cardiovascular system has a diverse array of functions that have recently been a subject of intense interest. Rac is differentially activated by cellular receptors coupled to distinct Rac-activating adapter molecules, with each leading to pathway-specific arrays of downstream effects. Thus it may be important to investigate not just whether Rac is activated but also where, how, and for what effector. An understanding of the biochemical functions of Rac and its effectors lays the groundwork for a dissection of the exact array of effects produced by Rac in common cardiovascular processes, including cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, hypertension, leukocyte migration, platelet biology, and atherosclerosis. In addition, investigation of the spatiotemporal regulation of both Rac activation and consequent superoxide generation may produce new insights into the development of targeted antioxidant therapies for cardiovascular disease and enhance our understanding of important cardiovascular drugs, including angiotensin II antagonists and statins, that may depend on Rac modulation for their effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gregg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The functionality and efficacy of Rho GTPase signaling is pivotal for a plethora of biological processes. Due to the integral nature of these molecules, the dysregulation of their activities can result in diverse aberrant phenotypes. Dysregulation can, as will be described below, be based on an altered signaling strength on the level of a specific regulator or that of the respective GTPase itself. Alternatively, effector pathways emanating from a specific Rho GTPase may be under- or overactivated. In this review, we address the role of the Rho-type GTPases as a subfamily of the Ras-superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins in the development of various disease phenotypes. The steadily growing list of genetic alterations that specifically impinge on proper Rho GTPase function corresponds to pathological categories such as cancer progression, mental disabilities and a group of quite diverse and unrelated disorders. We will provide an overview of disease-rendering mutations in genes that have been positively correlated with Rho GTPase signaling and will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may be affected by them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boettner
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lebel RR, May M, Pouls S, Lubs HA, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE. Non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation associated with a missense mutation (P312L) in the FGD1 gene. Clin Genet 2002; 61:139-45. [PMID: 11940089 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.610209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three brothers with non-syndromal X-linked mental retardation were found to have a novel missense mutation in FGD1, the gene associated with the Aarskog syndrome. Although the brothers have short stature and small feet, they lack distinct craniofacial, skeletal or genital findings suggestive of Aarskog syndrome. Their mother, the only obligate carrier available for testing, has the FGD1 mutation. The mutation, a C934T base change in exon 4, results in the proline at position 312 to be substituted with a leucine. This missense mutation is predicted to eliminate a beta-turn, creating an extra-long stretch of coiled sequence which may affect the orientations of an SH3 (Src homology 3) binding domain and the first structural conserved region. A new molecular defect associated with non-syndromal X-linked mental retardation affords an opportunity to seek specific diagnosis in males with previously unexplained developmental delays and this opens further predictive tests in families at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Lebel
- Genetics Services, The Helix Building, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|