1
|
Machy P, Mortier E, Birklé S. Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1249929. [PMID: 37670947 PMCID: PMC10475612 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1249929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Part of the broader glycosphingolipid family, gangliosides are composed of a ceramide bound to a sialic acid-containing glycan chain, and locate at the plasma membrane. Gangliosides are produced through sequential steps of glycosylation and sialylation. This diversity of composition is reflected in differences in expression patterns and functions of the various gangliosides. Ganglioside GD2 designates different subspecies following a basic structure containing three carbohydrate residues and two sialic acids. GD2 expression, usually restrained to limited tissues, is frequently altered in various neuroectoderm-derived cancers. While GD2 is of evident interest, its glycolipid nature has rendered research challenging. Physiological GD2 expression has been linked to developmental processes. Passing this stage, varying levels of GD2, physiologically expressed mainly in the central nervous system, affect composition and formation of membrane microdomains involved in surface receptor signaling. Overexpressed in cancer, GD2 has been shown to enhance cell survival and invasion. Furthermore, binding of antibodies leads to immune-independent cell death mechanisms. In addition, GD2 contributes to T-cell dysfunction, and functions as an immune checkpoint. Given the cancer-associated functions, GD2 has been a source of interest for immunotherapy. As a potential biomarker, methods are being developed to quantify GD2 from patients' samples. In addition, various therapeutic strategies are tested. Based on initial success with antibodies, derivates such as bispecific antibodies and immunocytokines have been developed, engaging patient immune system. Cytotoxic effectors or payloads may be redirected based on anti-GD2 antibodies. Finally, vaccines can be used to mount an immune response in patients. We review here the pertinent biological information on GD2 which may be of use for optimizing current immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphane Birklé
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schmidt EN, Lamprinaki D, McCord KA, Joe M, Sojitra M, Waldow A, Nguyen J, Monyror J, Kitova EN, Mozaneh F, Guo XY, Jung J, Enterina JR, Daskhan GC, Han L, Krysler AR, Cromwell CR, Hubbard BP, West LJ, Kulka M, Sipione S, Klassen JS, Derda R, Lowary TL, Mahal LK, Riddell MR, Macauley MS. Siglec-6 mediates the uptake of extracellular vesicles through a noncanonical glycolipid binding pocket. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2327. [PMID: 37087495 PMCID: PMC10122656 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often studied outside the context of a lipid bilayer, missing the complex behaviors of glycolipids in a membrane. Through optimizing a liposomal formulation to dissect Siglec-glycolipid interactions, it is shown that Siglec-6 can recognize glycolipids independent of its canonical binding pocket, suggesting that Siglec-6 possesses a secondary binding pocket tailored for recognizing glycolipids in a bilayer. A panel of synthetic neoglycolipids is used to probe the specificity of this glycolipid binding pocket on Siglec-6, leading to the development of a neoglycolipid with higher avidity for Siglec-6 compared to natural glycolipids. This neoglycolipid facilitates the delivery of liposomes to Siglec-6 on human mast cells, memory B-cells and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. A physiological relevance for glycolipid recognition by Siglec-6 is revealed for the binding and internalization of extracellular vesicles. These results demonstrate a unique and physiologically relevant ability of Siglec-6 to recognize glycolipids in a membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Kelli A McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maju Joe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mirat Sojitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ayk Waldow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Monyror
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xue Yan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jhon R Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gour C Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Amanda R Krysler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Basil P Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianne Kulka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Meghan R Riddell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Physiology University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonzalez-Gil A, Li TA, Kim J, Schnaar RL. Human sialoglycan ligands for immune inhibitory Siglecs. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101110. [PMID: 35965135 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most human Siglecs (sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are expressed on the surfaces of overlapping subsets of immune cells, and most carry immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory domains on their intracellular motifs. When immune inhibitory Siglecs bind to complementary sialoglycans in their local milieu, engagement results in down-regulation of the immune response. Siglecs have come under scrutiny as potential targets of drugs to modify the course of inflammation (and other immune system responses) and as immune checkpoints in cancer. Human Siglecs bind to endogenous human sialoglycans. The identities of these endogenous human sialoglycan immune regulators are beginning to emerge, along with some general principles that may inform future investigations in this area. Among these principles is the finding that a cell type or tissue may express a ligand for a particular Siglec on a single or a very few of its sialoglycoproteins. The selected protein carrier for a particular Siglec may be unique in a certain tissue, but vary tissue-to-tissue. The binding affinity of endogenous Siglec ligands may surpass that of its binding to synthetic sialoglycan determinants by several orders of magnitude. Since most human Siglecs have evolved rapidly and are distinct from those in most other mammals, this review describes endogenous human Siglec ligands for several human immune inhibitory Siglecs. As the identities of these immune regulatory sialoglycan ligands are defined, additional opportunities to target Siglecs therapeutically may emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - T August Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Jean Kim
- Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lipids as Targets for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043272. [PMID: 36834678 PMCID: PMC9963825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is among the top ten most common cancers to date. Within the kidney, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid lesion occurring. While various risk factors are suspected, including unhealthy lifestyle, age, and ethnicity, genetic mutations seem to be a key risk factor. In particular, mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene (Vhl) have attracted a lot of interest since this gene regulates the hypoxia inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which in turn drive the transcription of many genes that are important for renal cancer growth and progression, including genes involved in lipid metabolism and signaling. Recent data suggest that HIF-1/2 are themselves regulated by bioactive lipids which make the connection between lipids and renal cancer obvious. This review will summarize the effects and contributions of the different classes of bioactive lipids, including sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids, eicosanoids, free fatty acids, cannabinoids, and cholesterol to renal carcinoma progression. Novel pharmacological strategies interfering with lipid signaling to treat renal cancer will be highlighted.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hugonnet M, Singh P, Haas Q, von Gunten S. The Distinct Roles of Sialyltransferases in Cancer Biology and Onco-Immunology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:799861. [PMID: 34975914 PMCID: PMC8718907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.799861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a key feature of malignant transformation. Hypersialylation, the enhanced expression of sialic acid-terminated glycoconjugates on the cell surface, has been linked to immune evasion and metastatic spread, eventually by interaction with sialoglycan-binding lectins, including Siglecs and selectins. The biosynthesis of tumor-associated sialoglycans involves sialyltransferases, which are differentially expressed in cancer cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the twenty human sialyltransferases and their roles in cancer biology and immunity. A better understanding of the individual contribution of select sialyltransferases to the tumor sialome may lead to more personalized strategies for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Hugonnet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pushpita Singh
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Houtum EJH, Büll C, Cornelissen LAM, Adema GJ. Siglec Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790317. [PMID: 34966391 PMCID: PMC8710542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of receptors that recognize sialoglycans - sialic acid containing glycans that are abundantly present on cell membranes. Siglecs are expressed on most immune cells and can modulate their activity and function. The majority of Siglecs contains immune inhibitory motifs comparable to the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), signaling through the Siglec-sialoglycan axis appears to be enhanced through multiple mechanisms favoring tumor immune evasion similar to the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Siglec expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells appears increased in the immune suppressive microenvironment. At the same time, enhanced Siglec ligand expression has been reported for several tumor types as a result of aberrant glycosylation, glycan modifications, and the increased expression of sialoglycans on proteins and lipids. Siglec signaling has been identified as important regulator of anti-tumor immunity in the TME, but the key factors contributing to Siglec activation by tumor-associated sialoglycans are diverse and poorly defined. Among others, Siglec activation and signaling are co-determined by their expression levels, cell surface distribution, and their binding preferences for cis- and trans-ligands in the TME. Siglec binding preference are co-determined by the nature of the proteins/lipids to which the sialoglycans are attached and the multivalency of the interaction. Here, we review the current understanding and emerging conditions and factors involved in Siglec signaling in the TME and identify current knowledge gaps that exist in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eline J. H. van Houtum
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, Netherlands
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lenneke A. M. Cornelissen
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sato M, Shimada S, Watanabe M, Kawasaki Y, Sato T, Morozumi K, Mitsuzuka K, Ito A. Expression of Ganglioside Disialosyl Globopentaosyl Ceramide in Prostate Biopsy Specimens as a Predictive Marker for Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 252:1-8. [PMID: 32814720 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens are associated with carcinogenesis, cancer invasion, and metastasis and their expression reflect biological activities of various cancers. We previously reported that expression of disialosyl globopentaosyl ceramide (DSGb5), one of carbohydrate antigens, in radical prostatectomy specimens independently predicted biochemical recurrence (i.e., elevating serum prostate specific antigen without recurrent lesions in the image) after radical prostatectomy. However, it is important to evaluate the prognosis at the diagnosis. In this study we investigated DSGb5 expression in prostate biopsy specimens to develop a novel biomarker for providing appropriate management. Between 2005 and 2011, patients who underwent both prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy in our institution were included. The median follow-up period was 88 months. DSGb5 expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining and defined 116 patients as high DSGb5 expression (42 patients) or low DSGb5 expression (74 patients). High DSGb5 expression was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion in radical prostatectomy specimens on both univariate and multivariable analyses (p = 0.028, 0.027). On multivariable analysis, Gleason Score in prostatectomy specimen, positive resection margin, and DSGb5 expression in the biopsy specimen were independently associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival following radical prostatectomy (p = 0.004, 0.008, 0.024). When targeting only patients with negative resection margin, DSGb5 expression was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival on both univariate and multivariable analyses (p = 0.006, 0.007). DSGb5 expression in prostate biopsy specimens is predictive of lymphovascular invasion and biochemical recurrence-free survival following radical prostatectomy. DSGb5 is a potential biomarker for preoperatively predicting oncological outcomes of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Sato
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shuichi Shimada
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Tomonori Sato
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kento Morozumi
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koji Mitsuzuka
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
A dense and diverse array of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids decorate all cell surfaces. In vertebrates, many of these carry sialic acid, in a variety of linkages and glycan contexts, as their outermost sugar moiety. Among their functions, glycans engage complementary glycan binding proteins (lectins) to regulate cell physiology. Among the glycan binding proteins are the Siglecs, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. In humans, there are 14 Siglecs, most of which are expressed on overlapping subsets of immune system cells. Each Siglec engages distinct, endogenous sialylated glycans that initiate signaling programs and regulate cellular responses. Here, we explore the emerging science of Siglec ligands, including endogenous sialoglycoproteins and glycolipids and synthetic sialomimetics. Knowledge in this field promises to reveal new molecular pathways controlling cell physiology and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
9
|
Raposo CD, Canelas AB, Barros MT. Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Find Them. Biomolecules 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33572889 PMCID: PMC7911577 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell-cell interactions, signaling pathways, and several innate immune responses against pathogens. Since lectins are able to bind to carbohydrates, they can be a viable target for targeted drug delivery systems. In fact, several lectins were approved by Food and Drug Administration for that purpose. Information about specific carbohydrate recognition by lectin receptors was gathered herein, plus the specific organs where those lectins can be found within the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia D. Raposo
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - André B. Canelas
- Glanbia-AgriChemWhey, Lisheen Mine, Killoran, Moyne, E41 R622 Tipperary, Ireland;
| | - M. Teresa Barros
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosenstock P, Kaufmann T. Sialic Acids and Their Influence on Human NK Cell Function. Cells 2021; 10:263. [PMID: 33572710 PMCID: PMC7911748 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are sugars with a nine-carbon backbone, present on the surface of all cells in humans, including immune cells and their target cells, with various functions. Natural Killer (NK) cells are cells of the innate immune system, capable of killing virus-infected and tumor cells. Sialic acids can influence the interaction of NK cells with potential targets in several ways. Different NK cell receptors can bind sialic acids, leading to NK cell inhibition or activation. Moreover, NK cells have sialic acids on their surface, which can regulate receptor abundance and activity. This review is focused on how sialic acids on NK cells and their target cells are involved in NK cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstock
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystr. 1, D-06114 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Progress in research into the role of abnormal glycosylation modification in tumor immunity. Immunol Lett 2020; 229:8-17. [PMID: 33186635 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In abnormal glycosylation, molecules of glucose or other carbohydrates in living organisms are inappropriately attached to proteins, which causes protein denaturation. Abnormal glycosylation modification is known to directly or indirectly affect the tumor escape process, but very few studies have been performed on whether protein glycosylation changes the structure and function of immune cells and immune molecules and thereby regulates the occurrence and development of tumor escape. Therefore, this article summarizes the effect of the immune system on tumor escape in association with the abnormal glycosylation process from an immunological perspective.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bartish M, Del Rincón SV, Rudd CE, Saragovi HU. Aiming for the Sweet Spot: Glyco-Immune Checkpoints and γδ T Cells in Targeted Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564499. [PMID: 33133075 PMCID: PMC7550643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though a healthy immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating emergent cancerous cells, an established tumor is adept at escaping immune surveillance. Altered and tumor-specific expression of immunosuppressive cell surface carbohydrates, also termed the “tumor glycocode,” is a prominent mechanism by which tumors can escape anti-tumor immunity. Given their persistent and homogeneous expression, tumor-associated glycans are promising targets to be exploited as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the exploitation of these glycans has been a challenge due to their low immunogenicity, immunosuppressive properties, and the inefficient presentation of glycolipids in a conventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner. Despite this, a subset of T-cells expressing the gamma and delta chains of the T-cell receptor (γδ T cells) exist with a capacity for MHC-unrestricted antigen recognition and potent inherent anti-tumor properties. In this review, we discuss the role of tumor-associated glycans in anti-tumor immunity, with an emphasis on the potential of γδ T cells to target the tumor glycocode. Understanding the many facets of this interaction holds the potential to unlock new ways to use both tumor-associated glycans and γδ T cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Bartish
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V Del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Division of Immuno-Oncology, Research Center Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Discovery of a new sialic acid binding region that regulates Siglec-7. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8647. [PMID: 32457377 PMCID: PMC7250851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-7 is a human CD33-like siglec, and is localised predominantly on human natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes. Siglec-7 is considered to function as an immunoreceptor in a sialic acid-dependent manner. However, the underlying mechanisms linking sialic acid-binding and function remain unknown. Here, to gain new insights into the ligand-binding properties of Siglec-7, we carried out in silico analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, and found a new sialic acid-binding region (site 2 containing R67) in addition to the well-known primary ligand-binding region (site 1 containing R124). This was supported by equilibrium dialysis, STD-NMR experiments, and inhibition analysis of GD3-binding toward Siglec-7 using synthetic sialoglycoconjugates and a comprehensive set of ganglioside-based glycoconjugates. Our results suggest that the two ligand-binding sites are potentially controlled by each other due to the flexible conformation of the C-C′ loop of Siglec-7.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li PJ, Huang SY, Chiang PY, Fan CY, Guo LJ, Wu DY, Angata T, Lin CC. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of DSGb5 and Sialylated Globo-series Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11273-11278. [PMID: 31140679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sialic-acid-binding, immunoglobulin-type lectin-7 (Siglec-7) is present on the surface of natural killer cells. Siglec-7 shows preference for disialylated glycans, including α(2,8)-α(2,3)-disialic acids or internally branched α(2,6)-NeuAc, such as disialosylglobopentaose (DSGb5). Herein, DSGb5 was synthesized by a one-pot multiple enzyme method from Gb5 by α2,3-sialylation (with PmST1) followed by α2,6-sialylation (with Psp2,6ST) in 23 % overall yield. DSGb5 was also chemoenzymatically synthesized. The protection of the nonreducing-end galactose of Gb5 as 3,4-O-acetonide, 3,4-O-benzylidene, and 4,6-O-benzylidene derivatives provided DSGb5 in overall yields of 26 %, 12 %, and 19 %, respectively. Gb3, Gb4, and Gb5 were enzymatically sialylated to afford a range of globo-glycans. Surprisingly, DSGb5 shows a low affinity for Siglec-7 in a glycan microarray binding affinity assay. Among the synthesized globo-series glycans, α6α3DSGb4 shows the highest binding affinity for Siglec-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yo Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jhen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li P, Huang S, Chiang P, Fan C, Guo L, Wu D, Angata T, Lin C. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of DSGb5 and Sialylated Globo‐series Glycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Jhen Li
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Szu‐Yu Huang
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Yun Chiang
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yo Fan
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Li‐Jhen Guo
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Dung‐Yeh Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological ChemistryAcademia Sinica 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Cheng Lin
- Department of ChemistryNational Tsing Hua University 101, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tong W, Maira M, Roychoudhury R, Galan A, Brahimi F, Gilbert M, Cunningham AM, Josephy S, Pirvulescu I, Moffett S, Saragovi HU. Vaccination with Tumor-Ganglioside Glycomimetics Activates a Selective Immunity that Affords Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1013-1026.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
17
|
Daly J, Carlsten M, O'Dwyer M. Sugar Free: Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches Targeting Siglecs and Sialic Acids to Enhance Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Against Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1047. [PMID: 31143186 PMCID: PMC6521797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a key role in the immune system, targeting and destroying invading pathogens and malignantly transformed cells. Evading NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance is therefore critical to facilitating cancer cell survival and metastasis. Signals from a range of inhibitory and activating receptors located on the NK cell surface regulate NK cell cytotoxicity. Recently, attention has turned to the role of hypersialylated tumor cell surfaces in mediating immune-evasion of NK cells. Two inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) receptors are expressed by NK cells: Siglec-7 and Siglec-9. The abundance of sialic acids on tumor cell surface is hypothesized to regulate NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by interacting with Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, causing a dampening of NK cell activation pathways. Targeting Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, or the sialic acid coated tumor cell surface is therefore being investigated as a novel therapeutic approach to enhance the NK cell response against cancer. In this review we report on the currently published documentation of the role for Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 receptors on NK cells and their ligands expressed by tumor cells. We also discuss the strategies currently explored to target Siglec-7, Siglec-9 and the sialylated tumor cell surface as well as the impact abrogation of these interactions have on NK cell cytotoxicity against several cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Daly
- Department of Hematology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mattias Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael O'Dwyer
- Department of Hematology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Zheng X, Pang X, Li L, Wang J, Yang C, Du G. Ganglioside GD3 synthase (GD3S), a novel cancer drug target. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:713-720. [PMID: 30245960 PMCID: PMC6147802 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are a class of important glycosphingolipids containing sialic acid that are widely distributed on the outer surface of cells and are abundantly distributed in brain tissue. Disialoganglioside with three glycosyl groups (GD3) and disialoganglioside with two glycosyl groups (GD2) are markedly increased in pathological conditions such as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. GD3 and GD2 were found to play important roles in cancers by mediating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis and in preventing immunosuppression of tumors. GD3 synthase (GD3S) is the regulatory enzyme of GD3 and GD2 synthesis, and is important in tumorigenesis and the development of cancers. The study of GD3S as a drug target may be of great significance for the discovery of new drugs for cancer treatment. This review will describe the gangliosides and their roles in physiological and pathological conditions; the roles of GD3 and GD2 in cancers; the expression, functions and mechanisms of GD3S, and its potential as a drug target in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Liu
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiangjin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosenstock P, Horstkorte R, Gnanapragassam VS, Harth J, Kielstein H. Siglec-7 expression is reduced on a natural killer (NK) cell subset of obese humans. Immunol Res 2018; 65:1017-1024. [PMID: 28786023 PMCID: PMC5613057 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity leads to an altered adipocytokine production negatively effecting the function of natural killer cells (NK cells), which are important effector cells of the innate immune system. NK cells provide a defence against tumour cells or virus infected cells and have different activating and inhibitory surface receptors to distinguish between normal and transformed cells. One group of the inhibitory receptors are the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs). The aim of this study was to compare the expression of Siglecs-7, -9 and -10 on NK cells from normal weight and obese subjects. Therefore peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 10 normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and 11 obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) blood donors and analysed by flow cytometry. Moreover, the amount of sialic acid on NK cell was determined using a fluorescent labelled lectin that binds terminal sialic acids. Percentages of immune cells were not altered between normal weight and obese individuals. CD56bright NK cells from obese subjects had a reduced expression of Siglec-7 while the expression of Siglec-9 was not altered. The reduction of Siglec-7 expression on CD56bright NK cells might be a marker for their dysfunction. Moreover, Siglecs-7, -9 and -10 are not expressed on the NK cell lines NK-92 and NKL. When comparing the two NK cell subpopulations CD56bright and CD56dim, CD56bright NK cells had a higher amount of sialic acids on their surface compared to CD56dim NK cells regardless of body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstock
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystraße 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystraße 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jörg Harth
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06097, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuchida A, Senda M, Ito A, Saito S, Kiso M, Ando T, Harduin-Lepers A, Matsuda A, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Roles of GalNAc-disialyl Lactotetraosyl Antigens in Renal Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7017. [PMID: 29728594 PMCID: PMC5935701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GalNAc-disialyl Lc4 (GalNAc-DSLc4) was reported as a novel antigen that associated with malignant features of renal cell cancers (RCCs). To clarify roles of GalNAc-DSLc4 in malignant properties of RCCs, we identified B4GalNAc-T2 as a responsible gene for the synthesis of GalNAc-DSLc4, and prepared stable transfectants of GalNAc-T2 cDNA using VMRC-RCW cells, resulting in the establishment of high expressants of GalNAc-DSLc4. They showed increased proliferation and invasion, and specific adhesion to laminin. In the transfectants, PI3K/Akt signals were highly activated by serum stimulation or adhesion to laminin. GalNAc-DSLc4 was co-localized in lipid rafts with integrin β1 and caveolin-1 in both immunoblotting of fractionated detergent extracts and immunocytostaining, particularly when stimulated with serum. Masking of GalNAc-DSLc4 with antibodies as well as PI3K inhibitor suppressed malignant properties of the transfectants. These results suggested that GalNAc-DSLc4 is involved in malignant properties of RCCs by forming a molecular complex with integrins in lipid rafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, 173-0003, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motohiro Senda
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Seiichi Saito
- Department of Urology, University of Ryukyus School of Medicine, Nishihara-cho, 903-0215, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Facalty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ando
- Department of Drug and Food Science, Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka, 420-8637, Japan
| | - Anne Harduin-Lepers
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université Lille Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655, France
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glyco-Bioengineering, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, 173-0003, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Lifelong Sports and Health Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamaguchi S, Yoshimura A, Yasuda Y, Mori A, Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Kitajima K, Sato C. Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of a Disialic Acid-Containing Dextran Polymer as an Inhibitor for the Interaction between Siglec 7 and Its Ligand. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1194-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-101 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yu Yasuda
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Airi Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-101 Ookayama Meguro Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy; 601 Matano-chou Totsuka-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 245-0066 Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kawasaki Y, Ito A, Kakoi N, Shimada S, Itoh J, Mitsuzuka K, Arai Y. Ganglioside, disialosyl globopentaosylceramide (DSGb5), enhances the migration of renal cell carcinoma cells. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2016; 236:1-7. [PMID: 25864532 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.236.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
About one third of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients exhibit metastasis upon initial presentation. However, the molecular basis for RCC metastasis is not fully understood. A ganglioside, disialosyl globopentaosylceramide (DSGb5), was originally isolated from RCC tissue extracts, and its expression is correlated with RCC metastatic potential. DSGb5 is synthesized by GalNAc α2,6-sialyltransferase VI (ST6GalNAcVI) and is expressed on the surface of RCC cells. Importantly, DSGb5 binds to sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, thereby inhibiting NK-cell cytotoxicity. However, the role of DSGb5 in RCC progression remains obscure. To address this issue, we used ACHN cells derived from malignant pleural effusion of a patient with metastatic RCC. Using the limiting dilution method, we isolated three independent clones with different DSGb5 expression levels. Comparison of these clones indicated that the cloned cells with high DSGb5 expression levels exhibited greater migration potential, compared to the clone with low DSGb5 expression levels. In contrast, DSGb5 expression levels exerted no significant effect on cell proliferation. We then established the ACHN-derived cell lines that stably expressed siRNA against ST6GalNAcVI mRNA or control siRNA. Importantly, the ST6GalNAcVI-knockdown cells expressed low levels of DSGb5. We thus demonstrated the significantly decreased migration potential of the ST6GalNAcVI-knockdown cells with low DSGb5 expression levels, compared to the control siRNA-transfected cells expressing high DSGb5 levels, but no significant difference in the cell proliferation. Thus, DSGb5 expression may ensure the migration of RCC cells. We propose that DSGb5 expressed on RCC cells may determine their metastatic capability.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ganglioside disialosyl globopentaosylceramide is an independent predictor of PSA recurrence-free survival following radical prostatectomy. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17:199-205. [PMID: 24637536 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disialosyl globopentaosylceramide (DSGb5) is a ganglioside originally isolated from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissue that has been associated with RCC metastasis. However, in prostate cancer, the expression of DSGb5 has not yet been fully assessed. In this study, we investigated DSGb5 expression in prostate tissues and the relationship between DSGb5 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer patients. METHODS A total of 130 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) at our hospital between January 2005 and December 2007 were analyzed in this study. The expression of DSGb5 in prostatectomy specimens was examined by immunohistochemical analysis with monoclonal antibody 5F3 (anti-DSGb5). Associations between 5F3 expression and clinicopathological findings were investigated and the factors that affected PSA failure-free survival were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model. RESULTS When immunoreactivities of 5F3 were measured, negative to strong staining was observed in prostate cancer tissue, whereas strong staining was observed in benign prostate glands. These expression patterns suggest that DSGb5 may act as a differentiation antigen in cancerization. The PSA failure-free survival was significantly higher in the 5F3 intact expression group than in the 5F3 reduced expression group (log-rank P=0.0220). On multivariate analysis, 5F3 intact expression showed significantly worse PSA failure-free survival following RP. CONCLUSIONS 5F3 expression reflects the clinical and pathological features of prostate cancer and is correlated with the outcomes following RP. Further studies are necessary to clarify the functional roles of DSGb5 and establish a novel biomarker for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kawasaki Y, Ito A, Withers DA, Taima T, Kakoi N, Saito S, Arai Y. Ganglioside DSGb5, preferred ligand for Siglec-7, inhibits NK cell cytotoxicity against renal cell carcinoma cells. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1373-9. [PMID: 20663960 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the presence of higher gangliosides correlates with systematic metastasis. Disialosyl globopentaosylceramide (DSGb5) was identified previously as one of the major gangliosides from RCC tissues. Siglec-7 (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin-7), expressed on natural killer (NK) cells as an inhibitory receptor, has a striking preference for internally branched α2,6-linked disialic gangliosides such as DSGb5. To clarify the functional role of DSGb5 in RCC metastases, we have investigated whether DSGb5 expressed on RCC cells can modulate NK cell cytotoxicity in a Siglec-7-dependent manner. The binding activity of RCC cells to Siglec-7-Fc fusion protein was specifically inhibited by anti-DSGb5 monoclonal antibody and transfection of siRNA for ST6GalNAcVI (synthetase of DSGb5). These observations showed that Siglec-7-Fc fusion protein specifically bound to DSGb5 expressed on RCC cells. In contrast, the sialic acid-binding site of Siglec-7 on NK cells was masked by cis interactions with endogenous sialoconjugates at the cell surface, but it could be unmasked by sialidase treatment of the NK cells. Following sialidase treatment of NK cells, NK cell cytotoxicity against RCC cells with high DSGb5 expression was significantly decreased relative to cells with low DSGb5 expression. These findings indicate that such NK cell cytotoxicity against RCC cells could be inhibited by the interaction between Siglec-7 on effecter cells and DSGb5 on target cells. The results of the present study suggest that DSGb5 expressed on RCC cells can downregulate NK cell cytotoxicity in a DSGb5-Siglec-7-dependent manner and that RCC cells with DSGb5 create favorable circumstance for their own survival and metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kawasaki
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Senda M, Ito A, Tsuchida A, Hagiwara T, Kaneda T, Nakamura Y, Kasama K, Kiso M, Yoshikawa K, Katagiri Y, Ono Y, Ogiso M, Urano T, Furukawa K, Oshima S, Furukawa K. Identification and expression of a sialyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of disialylgalactosylgloboside in normal and malignant kidney cells: downregulation of ST6GalNAc VI in renal cancers. Biochem J 2007; 402:459-70. [PMID: 17123352 PMCID: PMC1863573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although disialyl glycosphingolipids such as GD3 and GD2 have been considered to be associated with malignant tumours, whether branched-type disialyl glycosphingolipids show such an association is not well understood. We investigated the sialyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of DSGG (disialylgalactosylgloboside) from MSGG (monosialylgalactosylgloboside). Among six GalNAc:alpha2,6-sialyltransferases cloned to date, we focused on ST6GalNAc III, V and VI, which utilize sialylglycolipids as substrates. In vitro enzyme analyses revealed that ST6GalNAc III and VI generated DSGG from MSGG with V(max)/K(m) values of 1.91 and 4.16 respectively. Transfection of the cDNA expression vectors for these enzymes resulted in DSGG expression in a renal cancer cell line. Although both ST6GalNAc III and VI genes were expressed in normal kidney cells, the expression profiles of ST6GalNAc VI among 20 renal cancer cell lines correlated clearly with those of DSGG, suggesting that the sialyltransferase involved in the synthesis of DSGG in the kidney is ST6GalNAc-VI. ST6GalNAc-VI and DSGG were found in proximal tubule epithelial cells in normal kidney tissues, while they were downregulated in renal cancer cell lines and cancer tissues. All these findings indicated that DSGG was suppressed during the malignant transformation of the proximal tubules as a maturation arrest of glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Senda
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
- †Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- ‡Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akiko Tsuchida
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hagiwara
- §Department of Clinical Research, Nagoya National Hospital, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan
| | - Tsuguhiro Kaneda
- §Department of Clinical Research, Nagoya National Hospital, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Kenji Kasama
- ¶Department of Mass Analysis, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- ∥Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- **Department of Pathology, Aichi Medical School, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoko Katagiri
- ††Department of Developmental Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Taishido, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Ono
- †Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Manabu Ogiso
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oshima
- †Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- *Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lebbink RJ, Meyaard L. Non-MHC ligands for inhibitory immune receptors: novel insights and implications for immune regulation. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2153-64. [PMID: 17188357 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular responses by inhibitory receptors is crucial for proper function of the immune system. The prototype inhibitory immune receptors are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding killer-Ig like receptors (KIRs) present on effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and effector T cells. However, the recent identification of non-MHC class I ligands for inhibitory immune receptors, such as KLRG1, KLRB1 and LAIR-1, indicates that also MHC class I-independent inhibitory immune receptors play crucial roles in inducing peripheral tolerance. The presence of these receptors on many other immune cell types besides effector cells suggests that tight regulation of cell activation is necessary in all facets of the immune response in both normal and diseased tissue. Here, we review novel insights and implications of non-MHC class I ligand binding to inhibitory immune receptors. We give an overview of the known ligand-receptor pairs by grouping the ligands according to their properties and discuss implications of these interactions for the maintenance of immune balance and for the defense against tumors and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rm KC02.085.2, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Attrill H, Imamura A, Sharma RS, Kiso M, Crocker PR, van Aalten DMF. Siglec-7 undergoes a major conformational change when complexed with the alpha(2,8)-disialylganglioside GT1b. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32774-83. [PMID: 16895906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601714200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The siglecs are a group of mammalian sialic acid binding receptors expressed predominantly in the immune system. The CD33-related siglecs show complex recognition patterns for sialylated glycans. Siglec-7 shows a preference for alpha(2,8)-disialylated ligands and provides a structural template for studying the key interactions that drive this selectivity. We have co-crystallized Siglec-7 with a synthetic oligosaccharide corresponding to the alpha(2,8)-disialylated ganglioside GT1b. The crystal structure of the complex offers a first glimpse into how this important family of lectins binds the structurally diverse gangliosides. The structure reveals that the C-C' loop, a region implicated in previous studies as driving siglec specificity, undergoes a dramatic conformational shift, allowing it to interact with the underlying neutral glycan core of the ganglioside. The structural data in combination with mutagenesis studies show that binding of the ganglioside is driven by extensive hydrophobic contacts together with key polar interactions and that the binding site structure is complementary to preferred solution conformations of GT1b.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Attrill
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Attrill H, Takazawa H, Witt S, Kelm S, Isecke R, Brossmer R, Ando T, Ishida H, Kiso M, Crocker P, van Aalten D. The structure of siglec-7 in complex with sialosides: leads for rational structure-based inhibitor design. Biochem J 2006; 397:271-8. [PMID: 16623661 PMCID: PMC1513286 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins) are transmembrane receptors for sialylated glycoconjugates that modulate cellular interactions and signalling events in the haematopoietic, immune and nervous systems. Siglec-7 is a structural prototype for the recently described family of immune inhibitory CD33-related siglecs and is predominantly expressed on natural killer cells and monocytes, as well as subsets of CD8 T-cells. Siglec-specific inhibitors are desired for the detection of masked and unmasked forms of siglecs, to aid in dissection of signalling pathways and as tools to investigate siglecs as potential therapeutic targets. As a first step towards this end, we present the crystal structure of siglec-7 in complex with a sialylated ligand, the ganglioside analogue DSLc4 [alpha(2,3)/alpha(2,6) disialyl lactotetraosyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl], which allows for a detailed description of the binding site, required for structure-guided inhibitor design. Mutagenesis and binding assays were used to demonstrate a key structural role for Lys131, a residue that changes conformation upon sialic acid binding. Differences between the binding sites of siglec family members were then exploited using alpha-methyl Neu5Ac (N-acetylneuraminic acid) as a basic scaffold. A co-crystal of siglec-7 in complex with the sialoside inhibitor, oxamido-Neu5Ac [methyl alpha-9-(amino-oxalyl-amino)-9-deoxy-Neu5Ac] and inhibition data for the sialosides gives clear leads for future inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Attrill
- *Divisions of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- †Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Hirokazu Takazawa
- †Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Simone Witt
- ‡Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Soerge Kelm
- ‡Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Isecke
- §Biochemistry Center Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Brossmer
- §Biochemistry Center Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takayuki Ando
- ¶Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- ¶Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- ¶Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- †Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Daan M. F. van Aalten
- *Divisions of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were identified 30 years ago based on their ability to "spontaneously" kill tumor cells. The basis for NK cell recognition and activation is due to a variety of receptors that bind to specific ligands on tumor cells and normal cells. Some of these receptors have the ability to inhibit NK cell function, and other receptors activate NK cell function. Therapeutic strategies for cancer therapy are being developed based on preventing NK cell inhibition or using NK cell receptors to activate NK cells or T cells. There are intriguing clinical data from studies of bone marrow transplantation that support the idea that preventing NK cell inhibition by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules can be a means to promote graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects and limit graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Experimental findings also support the blockade of NK cell inhibitory receptors as a way to protect against leukemia relapse. It may be possible to use our knowledge of NK cell activating receptors and their ligands to immunize patients with modified tumor cells to promote beneficial NK cell responses and development of host antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Finally, new data support the idea of using modified NK cell receptors as a means to target patients' T cells against their own tumor cells and induce long-term immunity against them. Tumors are essentially tissues that have overcome normal regulation mechanisms, and therefore the ability to distinguish normal cells from abnormal cells is a key part of selectively attacking tumor cells. NK cells have various receptor systems designed to recognize infected and abnormal cells. Understanding NK cell receptors and their recognition mechanisms provides new tools for the development of immunotherapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Malisan F, Testi R. The Ganglioside GD3 as the Greek Goddess Hecate: Several Faces Turned Towards as Many Directions. IUBMB Life 2005; 57:477-82. [PMID: 16081368 DOI: 10.1080/15216540500167179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The disialoganglioside GD3 can mediate biological functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Since intracellular level of GD3 is crucial for the cell, understanding the mechanisms by which GD3 metabolism is tightly regulated seems of particular importance. GD3 can be enlisted among the most potent natural inducers of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. However, some cell types resist GD3-mediated mitochondrial damage through complex mechanisms which are beginning to be unveiled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Malisan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medecine and Biochemical sciences, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar V, McNerney ME. A new self: MHC-class-I-independent Natural-killer-cell self-tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:363-74. [PMID: 15841099 DOI: 10.1038/nri1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of the immune system is the requirement for lymphocytes to respond to transformed or infected cells while remaining tolerant of normal cells. Natural killer (NK) cells discriminate between self and non-self by monitoring the expression of MHC class I molecules. According to the 'missing-self' hypothesis, cells that express self-MHC class I molecules are protected from NK cells, but those that lack this self-marker are eliminated by NK cells. Recent work has revealed that there is another system of NK-cell inhibition, which is independent of MHC class I molecules. Newly discovered NK-cell inhibitory receptors that have non-MHC-molecule ligands broaden the definition of self as seen by NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, S-315 MC3083, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kannagi R. Molecular mechanism for cancer-associated induction of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A expression-The Warburg effect revisited. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:353-64. [PMID: 15229399 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000033631.35357.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion mediated by selectins and their carbohydrate ligands, sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A, figures heavily in cancer metastasis. Expression of these carbohydrate determinants is markedly enhanced in cancer cells, but the molecular mechanism that leads to cancer-associated expression of sialyl Lewis X/A has not been well understood. Results of recent studies indicated involvement of two principal mechanisms in the accelerated expression of sialyl Lewis X/A in cancers; 'incomplete synthesis' and ' neo synthesis.' As to 'incomplete synthesis,' we have recently found further modified forms of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A in non-malignant colonic epithelium, which have additional 6-sulfation or 2 --> 6 sialylation. The impairment of GlcNAc 6-sulfation and 2 --> 6 sialylation upon malignant transformation leads to accumulation of sialyl Lewis X/A in colon cancer cells. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylation are suggested to lie behind such incomplete synthesis. As to the mechanism called ' neo synthesis,' recent studies have indicated that cancer-associated alterations in the sugar transportation and intermediate carbohydrate metabolism play important roles. Cancer cells are known to exhibit a metabolic shift from oxidative to elevated anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), which is correlated with the increased gene expression of sugar transporters and glycolytic enzymes induced by common cancer-specific genetic alterations. The increased sialyl Lewis X/A expression in cancer is a link in the chains of these events because our recent results indicated that these events accompany transcriptional induction of a set of genes closely related to its expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yamaji T, Mitsuki M, Teranishi T, Hashimoto Y. Characterization of inhibitory signaling motifs of the natural killer cell receptor Siglec-7: attenuated recruitment of phosphatases by the receptor is attributed to two amino acids in the motifs. Glycobiology 2005; 15:667-76. [PMID: 15703304 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-7 (p75/AIRM1) is an inhibitory receptor on human natural killer cells (NK cells) and monocytes. The cytoplasmic domain of Siglec-7 contains two signaling motifs: a membrane-proximal immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) (Ile435-Gln-Tyr-Ala-Pro-Leu440) and a membrane-distal motif (Asn458-Glu-Tyr-Ser-Glu-Ile463). We report here that, upon pervanadate (PV) treatment, Siglec-7 recruited the protein tyrosine phosphatases Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SHP-2 less efficiently than did other inhibitory receptors such as Siglec-9 and leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR-1). Alignment of the amino acid sequences of the two Siglecs revealed only three amino acids difference in these motifs. To identify the amino acid(s) critical to recruitment efficiency, we prepared a series of Siglec-7-based mutants in which each of the three amino acids were replaced with the corresponding one of Siglec-9 (I435L, P439S, and N458T mutants). P439S and N458T mutants showed pronounced enhancement of SHP recruitment, but I435L mutant had little effect. A double mutant (P439S, N458T) or triple mutant (I435L, P439S, N458T) recruited SHPs as much as did Siglec-9, indicating that Pro439 in the proximal motif and Asn458 in the distal motif of Siglec-7 attenuate its ability to recruit phosphatases. These amino acids appeared to affect not only phosphatase recruitment but also the subsequent attenuation of Syk phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Glyco-chain Functions Laboratory, Supra-biomolecular System Group, Frontier Research System, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Swaminathan CP, Wais N, Vyas VV, Velikovsky CA, Moretta A, Moretta L, Biassoni R, Mariuzza RA, Dimasi N. Entropically Assisted Carbohydrate Recognition by a Natural Killer Cell-Surface Receptor. Chembiochem 2004; 5:1571-5. [PMID: 15515091 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chittoor P Swaminathan
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miyazaki K, Ohmori K, Izawa M, Koike T, Kumamoto K, Furukawa K, Ando T, Kiso M, Yamaji T, Hashimoto Y, Suzuki A, Yoshida A, Takeuchi M, Kannagi R. Loss of disialyl Lewis(a), the ligand for lymphocyte inhibitory receptor sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7) associated with increased sialyl Lewis(a) expression on human colon cancers. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4498-505. [PMID: 15231659 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of sialyl Lewis(a) is known to be increased in cancers of the digestive organs. The determinant serves as a ligand for E-selectin and mediates hematogenous metastasis of cancers. In contrast, disialyl Lewis(a), which has an extra sialic acid attached at the C6-position of penultimate GlcNAc in sialyl Lewis(a), is expressed preferentially on nonmalignant colonic epithelial cells, and its expression decreases significantly on malignant transformation. Introduction of the gene for an alpha2-->6 sialyl-transferase responsible for disialyl Lewis(a) synthesis to colon cancer cells resulted in a marked increase in disialyl Lewis(a) expression and corresponding decrease in sialyl Lewis(a) expression. This was accompanied by the complete loss of E-selectin binding activity of the cells. In contrast, the transfected cells acquired significant binding activity to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-7 (Siglec-7)/p75/adhesion inhibitory receptor molecule-1, an inhibitory receptor expressed on lymphoid cells. These results indicate that the transition of carbohydrate determinants from disialyl Lewis(a)-dominant status to sialyl Lewis(a)-dominant status on malignant transformation has a dual functional consequence: the loss of normal cell-cell recognition between mucosal epithelial cells and lymphoid cells on one hand and the gain of E-selectin binding activity on the other. The transcription of a gene encoding the alpha2-->6 sialyltransferase was markedly down-regulated in cancer cells compared with nonmalignant epithelial cells, which is in line with the decreased expression of disialyl Lewis(a) and increased expression of sialyl Lewis(a) in cancers. Treatment of cancer cells with butyrate or 5-azacytidine induced strongly disialyl Lewis(a) expression, suggesting that histone deacetylation and/or DNA methylation may be involved in the silencing of the gene in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Blixt O, Collins BE, van den Nieuwenhof IM, Crocker PR, Paulson JC. Sialoside specificity of the siglec family assessed using novel multivalent probes: identification of potent inhibitors of myelin-associated glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:31007-19. [PMID: 12773526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304331200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten of the 11 known human siglecs or their murine orthologs have been evaluated for their specificity for over 25 synthetic sialosides representing most of the major sequences terminating carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Analysis has been performed using a novel multivalent platform comprising biotinylated sialosides bound to a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Each siglec was found to have a unique specificity for binding 16 different sialoside-streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase probes. The relative affinities of monovalent sialosides were assessed for each siglec in competitive inhibition studies. The quantitative data obtained allows a detailed analysis of each siglec for the relative importance of sialic acid and the penultimate oligosaccharide sequence on binding affinity and specificity. Most remarkable was the finding that myelin-associated glycoprotein (Siglec-4) binds with 500-10,000-fold higher affinity to a series of mono- and di-sialylated derivatives of the O-linked T-antigen (Galbeta(1-3)-GalNAc(alpha)OThr) as compared with alpha-methyl-NeuAc.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Chimera
- Cricetinae
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Galactosides/chemical synthesis
- Galactosides/metabolism
- Glycolipids/chemical synthesis
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/chemical synthesis
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 1
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2
- Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins
- Streptavidin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Blixt
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ando T, Ishida H, Kiso M. First total synthesis of alpha-(2-->3)/alpha-(2-->6)-disialyl lactotetraosyl ceramide and disialyl Lewis A ganglioside as cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:503-14. [PMID: 12668106 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of alpha-(2-->3)/alpha-(2-->6)-disialyl lactotetraosyl (DSLc4) ceramide and alpha-(2-->3)/alpha-(2-->6)-disialyl Lewis A (DSLe(a)) ganglioside as cancer-associated antigens is described. The suitably protected lactotriose (Lc3) derivatives were successively glycosylated with sialic acid, sialyl-alpha-(2-->3)-D-galactose and/or L-fucose donors in a regio- and stereo-selective manner, to give the protected type I hexa- and hepta-saccharides, respectively, which were then converted to the target gangliosides by the introduction of ceramide and subsequent complete deprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ando
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 501-1193, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Neuroectodermic tumors can mostly be characterized by the presence of tumor-associated glycosphingolipid antigens, such as gangliosides, defined by monoclonal antibodies. Recently, cumulative evidence indicates that gangliosides modify the biological effects of several trophic factors, in vitro and in vivo, as well as the mitogenic signaling cascade that these factors generate. The functional roles of gangliosides in tumor progression can be revisited: (i) ganglioside antigens on the cell surface, or shed from the cells, act as immunosuppressors, as typically observed for the suppression of cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells, (ii) certain gangliosides, such as GD3 or GM2, promote tumor-associated angiogenesis, (iii) gangliosides strongly regulate cell adhesion/motility and thus initiate tumor metastasis, (iv) ganglioside antigens are directly connected with transducer molecules in microdomains to initiate adhesion coupled with signaling, and (v) ganglioside antigens and their catabolites are modulators of signal transduction through interaction with tyrosine kinases associated with growth factor receptors or other protein kinases. Given the potential importance of these sialylated gangliosides and their modulating biological behavior in vivo, further studies on the role of gangliosides are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Birklé
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|