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Levitskaya Z, Ser Z, Koh H, Mei WS, Chee S, Sobota RM, Ghadessy JF. Engineering cell-free systems by chemoproteomic-assisted phenotypic screening. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:372-385. [PMID: 38576719 PMCID: PMC10989505 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic screening is a valuable tool to both understand and engineer complex biological systems. We demonstrate the functionality of this approach in the development of cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) technology. Phenotypic screening identified numerous compounds that enhanced protein production in yeast lysate CFPS reactions. Notably, many of these were competitive ATP kinase inhibitors, with the exploitation of their inherent substrate promiscuity redirecting ATP flux towards heterologous protein expression. Chemoproteomic-guided strain engineering partially phenocopied drug effects, with a 30% increase in protein yield observed upon deletion of the ATP-consuming SSA1 component of the HSP70 chaperone. Moreover, drug-mediated metabolic rewiring coupled with template optimization generated the highest protein yields in yeast CFPS to date using a hitherto less efficient, but more cost-effective glucose energy regeneration system. Our approach highlights the utility of target-agnostic phenotypic screening and target identification to deconvolute cell-lysate complexity, adding to the expanding repertoire of strategies for improving CFPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Levitskaya
- Protein and Peptide Engineering and Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - Zheng Ser
- Function Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - Hiromi Koh
- Function Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - Wang Shi Mei
- Function Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - Sharon Chee
- Protein and Peptide Engineering and Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - Radoslaw Mikolaj Sobota
- Function Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
| | - John F Ghadessy
- Protein and Peptide Engineering and Research Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 8A Biomedical Grove Singapore 138648
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Krebs SK, Stech M, Jorde F, Rakotoarinoro N, Ramm F, Marinoff S, Bahrke S, Danielczyk A, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. Synthesis of an Anti-CD7 Recombinant Immunotoxin Based on PE24 in CHO and E. coli Cell-Free Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213697. [PMID: 36430170 PMCID: PMC9697001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are an effective class of agents for targeted therapy in cancer treatment. In this article, we demonstrate the straight-forward production and testing of an anti-CD7 RIT based on PE24 in a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell-free system. The prokaryotic cell-free system was derived from Escherichia coli BL21 StarTM (DE3) cells transformed with a plasmid encoding the chaperones groEL/groES. The eukaryotic cell-free system was prepared from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that leave intact endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes in the cell-free reaction mix from which the RIT was extracted. The investigated RIT was built by fusing an anti-CD7 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with the toxin domain PE24, a shortened variant of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A. The RIT was produced in both cell-free systems and tested for antigen binding against CD7 and cell killing on CD7-positive Jurkat, HSB-2, and ALL-SIL cells. CD7-positive cells were effectively killed by the anti-CD7 scFv-PE24 RIT with an IC50 value of 15 pM to 40 pM for CHO and 42 pM to 156 pM for E. coli cell-free-produced RIT. CD7-negative Raji cells were unaffected by the RIT. Toxin and antibody domain alone did not show cytotoxic effects on either CD7-positive or CD7-negative cells. To our knowledge, this report describes the production of an active RIT in E. coli and CHO cell-free systems for the first time. We provide the proof-of-concept that cell-free protein synthesis allows for on-demand testing of antibody−toxin conjugate activity in a time-efficient workflow without cell lysis or purification required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K. Krebs
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlitt Stech
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Jorde
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nathanaël Rakotoarinoro
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Ramm
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Marinoff
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Bahrke
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, The Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Rolf J, Ngo ACR, Lütz S, Tischler D, Rosenthal K. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis for the Screening of Novel Azoreductases and Their Preferred Electron Donor. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200121. [PMID: 35593146 PMCID: PMC9401864 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Azoreductases are potent biocatalysts for the cleavage of azo bonds. Various gene sequences coding for potential azoreductases are available in databases, but many of their gene products are still uncharacterized. To avoid the laborious heterologous expression in a host organism, we developed a screening approach involving cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) combined with a colorimetric activity assay, which allows the parallel screening of putative azoreductases in a short time. First, we evaluated different CFPS systems and optimized the synthesis conditions of a model azoreductase. With the findings obtained, 10 azoreductases, half of them undescribed so far, were screened for their ability to degrade the azo dye methyl red. All novel enzymes catalyzed the degradation of methyl red and can therefore be referred to as azoreductases. In addition, all enzymes degraded the more complex and bulkier azo dye Brilliant Black and four of them also showed the ability to reduce p-benzoquinone. NADH was the preferred electron donor for the most enzymes, although the synthetic nicotinamide co-substrate analogue 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) was also accepted by all active azoreductases. This screening approach allows accelerated identification of potential biocatalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Rolf
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Str. 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Anna Christina Reyes Ngo
- Microbial BiotechnologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Str. 6644227DortmundGermany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial BiotechnologyFaculty of Biology and BiotechnologyRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical EngineeringChair for Bioprocess EngineeringTU Dortmund UniversityEmil-Figge-Str. 6644227DortmundGermany
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Conti Nibali S, Di Rosa MC, Rauh O, Thiel G, Reina S, De Pinto V. Cell-free electrophysiology of human VDACs incorporated into nanodiscs: An improved method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 34568862 PMCID: PMC8448298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) is one of the main proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane of all eukaryotes, where it forms aqueous, voltage-sensitive, and ion-selective channels. Its electrophysiological properties have been thoroughly analyzed with the planar lipid bilayer technique. To date, however, available results are based on isolations of VDACs from tissue or from recombinant VDACs produced in bacterial systems. It is well known that the cytosolic overexpression of highly hydrophobic membrane proteins often results in the formation of inclusion bodies containing insoluble aggregates. Purification of properly folded proteins and restoration of their full biological activity requires several procedures that considerably lengthen experimental times. To overcome these restraints, we propose a one-step reaction that combines in vitro cell-free protein expression with nanodisc technology to obtain human VDAC isoforms directly integrated in a native-like lipid bilayer. Reconstitution assays into artificial membranes confirm the reliability of this new methodological approach and provide results comparable to those of VDACs prepared with traditional protein isolation and reconstitution protocols. The use of membrane-mimicking nanodisc systems represents a breakthrough in VDAC electrophysiology and may be adopted to further structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Conti Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Oliver Rauh
- Membrane Biophysics and Center for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Membrane Biophysics and Center for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,we.MitoBiotech.srl, Catania, Italy
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Escherichia coli Extract-Based Cell-Free Expression System as an Alternative for Difficult-to-Obtain Protein Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030928. [PMID: 32023820 PMCID: PMC7037961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Before utilization in biomedical diagnosis, therapeutic treatment, and biotechnology, the diverse variety of peptides and proteins must be preliminarily purified and thoroughly characterized. The recombinant DNA technology and heterologous protein expression have helped simplify the isolation of targeted polypeptides at high purity and their structure-function examinations. Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli, the most-established heterologous host organism, has been widely used to produce proteins of commercial and fundamental research interests. Nonetheless, many peptides/proteins are still difficult to express due to their ability to slow down cell growth or disrupt cellular metabolism. Besides, special modifications are often required for proper folding and activity of targeted proteins. The cell-free (CF) or in vitro recombinant protein synthesis system enables the production of such difficult-to-obtain molecules since it is possible to adjust reaction medium and there is no need to support cellular metabolism and viability. Here, we describe E. coli-based CF systems, the optimization steps done toward the development of highly productive and cost-effective CF methodology, and the modification of an in vitro approach required for difficult-to-obtain protein production.
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Abstract
Cell-free systems (CFS) have recently evolved into key platforms for synthetic biology applications. Many synthetic biology tools have traditionally relied on cell-based systems, and while their adoption has shown great progress, the constraints inherent to the use of cellular hosts have limited their reach and scope. Cell-free systems, which can be thought of as programmable liquids, have removed many of these complexities and have brought about exciting opportunities for rational design and manipulation of biological systems. Here we review how these simple and accessible enzymatic systems are poised to accelerate the rate of advancement in synthetic biology and, more broadly, biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Tinafar
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Katariina Jaenes
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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7
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Bates A, Power CA. David vs. Goliath: The Structure, Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody Fragments. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E28. [PMID: 31544834 PMCID: PMC6640713 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the licensing of the first monoclonal antibody therapy in 1986, monoclonal antibodies have become the largest class of biopharmaceuticals with over 80 antibodies currently approved for a variety of disease indications. The development of smaller, antigen binding antibody fragments, derived from conventional antibodies or produced recombinantly, has been growing at a fast pace. Antibody fragments can be used on their own or linked to other molecules to generate numerous possibilities for bispecific, multi-specific, multimeric, or multifunctional molecules, and to achieve a variety of biological effects. They offer several advantages over full-length monoclonal antibodies, particularly a lower cost of goods, and because of their small size they can penetrate tissues, access challenging epitopes, and have potentially reduced immunogenicity. In this review, we will discuss the structure, production, and mechanism of action of EMA/FDA-approved fragments and of those in clinical and pre-clinical development. We will also discuss current topics of interest surrounding the potential use of antibody fragments for intracellular targeting and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bates
- Biopharm Molecular Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Christine A Power
- Biopharm Molecular Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
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8
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Gregorio NE, Levine MZ, Oza JP. A User's Guide to Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E24. [PMID: 31164605 PMCID: PMC6481089 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a platform technology that provides new opportunities for protein expression, metabolic engineering, therapeutic development, education, and more. The advantages of CFPS over in vivo protein expression include its open system, the elimination of reliance on living cells, and the ability to focus all system energy on production of the protein of interest. Over the last 60 years, the CFPS platform has grown and diversified greatly, and it continues to evolve today. Both new applications and new types of extracts based on a variety of organisms are current areas of development. However, new users interested in CFPS may find it challenging to implement a cell-free platform in their laboratory due to the technical and functional considerations involved in choosing and executing a platform that best suits their needs. Here we hope to reduce this barrier to implementing CFPS by clarifying the similarities and differences amongst cell-free platforms, highlighting the various applications that have been accomplished in each of them, and detailing the main methodological and instrumental requirement for their preparation. Additionally, this review will help to contextualize the landscape of work that has been done using CFPS and showcase the diversity of applications that it enables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Gregorio
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Max Z Levine
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Javin P Oza
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
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Constructive approach for synthesis of a functional IgG using a reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:671. [PMID: 30679500 PMCID: PMC6345822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG is an indispensable biological experimental tool as well as a widely-used therapeutic protein. However, cell culture-based expression of monoclonal IgG is costly and time-consuming, making this process difficult to use for high-throughput screening in early-stage evaluation of biologics. With the goal of establishing a fast, simple, and robust high-throughput expression system for IgG, we implemented the synthesis of functional aglycosylated IgG by constructive approach based on a reconstituted prokaryotic cell-free protein synthesis system (PURE system). Optimization of the PURE system revealed that the following factors and reaction conditions were needed for IgG synthesis: (1) inclusion of the disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, (2) adjustment of the GSH/GSSG ratio, (3) inclusion of the molecular chaperone DnaK and its cofactors, and (4) use of an extended incubation time. Synthesis temperature and template DNA ratio (light chain-/heavy chain-encoding) also had been optimized for each IgG. Under optimal conditions, peak production of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab reached 124 µg/mL. Furthermore, the active forms of other IgGs, including IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses, also were synthesized. These results provide basic information for the development of novel high-throughput expression and functional screening systems for IgG, as well as useful information for understanding the IgG synthesis process.
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Pardee K. Perspective: Solidifying the impact of cell-free synthetic biology through lyophilization. Biochem Eng J 2018; 138:91-97. [PMID: 30740032 PMCID: PMC6358126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free synthetic biology is an exciting and new branch in the field of synthetic biology. Based on in vitro transcription and translation systems, this application-focused domain builds on decades of cell-free biochemistry and protein expression to operate synthetic gene networks outside of cellular environments. This has brought new and perhaps even unexpected advantages. Chief among these is the ability to operate genetically encoded tools in a sterile and abiotic format. Recent work has extended this advantage by freeze-drying these cell-free systems into dried pellets or embedded paper-based reactions. Taken together, these new ideas have solved the longstanding challenge of how to deploy poised synthetic gene networks in a biosafe mode outside of the laboratory. There is significant excitement in the potential of this newfound venue and the community has begun to extend proof-of-concept demonstrations in important and creative ways. Here I explore these new efforts and provide my thoughts on the challenges and opportunities ahead for freeze-dried, cell-free synthetic biology.
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Zhang Y, Yin J, Li T, Zhou B, Xu P, Che R, Liu Y, Cao H, Ye X, Yang Y, Qi X, Zheng S, Ding G, Ren G, Yang H, Wang X, Li D. A recombinant avian antibody against VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus protects chicken from viral infection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:194-201. [PMID: 28482266 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A stable cell-line was established that expressed the recombinant avian antibody (rAb) against the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). rAb exhibited neutralization activity to IBDV-B87 strain in DF1 cells. The minimum rAb concentration required for inhibition of the cytopathic effect (CPE) was 1.563μg/mL. To test the efficacy of rAb, a 168-h cohabitation challenge experiment was performed to transmit the disease from the chickens challenged with vvIBDV (HLJ0504 strain) to three test groups of chickens, i.e. (1) chickens treated with rAb, (2) chickens treated with yolk antibody, and (3) non-treatment chickens. The survival rates of chickens treated with rAb, yolk antibody and without treatment were 73%, 67% and 20%, respectively. Another batch of chickens was challenged with IBDV (BC6/85 strain) and then injected with rAb (1.0mg/kg) 6, 24 and 36h post-challenge. Non-treatment chickens had 100% morbidity, whereas those administered with rAb exhibited only 20% morbidity. Morbidity was evaluated using clinical indicators and bursal histopathological section. This study provides a new approach to treating IBDV and the rAb represents a promising candidate for this IBDV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tianhe Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Pengfei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Ruixiang Che
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yunye Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hongxue Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yongbi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guojie Ding
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd., Harbin, PR China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China.
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Gupta SK, Shukla P. Microbial platform technology for recombinant antibody fragment production: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:31-42. [PMID: 27387055 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2016.1150959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments are being used for the last few years as an important therapeutic protein to cure various critical and life threatening human diseases. Several expression platforms now days employed for the production of these recombinant fragments, out of which bacterial system has emerged a promising host for higher expression. Since, a small antibody fragment unlike full antibody does not require human-like post-translational modification therefore it is potentially expressed in prokaryotic production system. Recently, small antibody fragments such as scFvs (single-chain variable fragments) and Fabs (antibody fragments) which does not require glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have commercially launched for therapeutic use as these fragments shows better tissue penetration and less immunogenic to human body compared to full-size antibody. Recently developed Wacker's ESETEC secretion technology is an efficient technology for the expression and secretion of the antibody fragment (Fab) exceeded up to 4.0 g/L while scFv up to 3.5 g/L into the fermentation broth. The Pfenex system and pOP prokaryotic expression vector are another platform used for the considerably good amount of antibody fragment production successfully. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on various expression platforms and cloning approaches for the production of different forms of antibody fragments in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
- a Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Kandivli Industrial Estate, Kandivli (west) , Mumbai , Mahrashtra , India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- b Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , Haryana , India
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Ojima-Kato T, Hashimura D, Kojima T, Minabe S, Nakano H. In vitro generation of rabbit anti-Listeria monocytogenes monoclonal antibody using single cell based RT-PCR linked cell-free expression systems. J Immunol Methods 2015; 427:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Zemella A, Thoring L, Hoffmeister C, Kubick S. Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Pros and Cons of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2420-31. [PMID: 26478227 PMCID: PMC4676933 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From its start as a small-scale in vitro system to study fundamental translation processes, cell-free protein synthesis quickly rose to become a potent platform for the high-yield production of proteins. In contrast to classical in vivo protein expression, cell-free systems do not need time-consuming cloning steps, and the open nature provides easy manipulation of reaction conditions as well as high-throughput potential. Especially for the synthesis of difficult to express proteins, such as toxic and transmembrane proteins, cell-free systems are of enormous interest. The modification of the genetic code to incorporate non-canonical amino acids into the target protein in particular provides enormous potential in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research and is in the focus of many cell-free projects. Many sophisticated cell-free systems for manifold applications have been established. This review describes the recent advances in cell-free protein synthesis and details the expanding applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zemella
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmeister
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Stech M, Hust M, Schulze C, Dübel S, Kubick S. Cell-free eukaryotic systems for the production, engineering, and modification of scFv antibody fragments. Eng Life Sci 2014; 14:387-398. [PMID: 25821419 PMCID: PMC4374706 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Open cell-free translation systems based on Escherichia coli cell lysates have successfully been used to produce antibodies and antibody fragments. In this study, we demonstrate the cell-free expression of functional single-chain antibody variable fragments (scFvs) in a eukaryotic and endotoxin-free in vitro translation system based on Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21) insect cell extracts. Three scFv candidates with different specificities were chosen as models. The first scFv candidate SH527-IIA4 specifically discriminates between its phosphorylated (SMAD2-P) and nonphosphorylated antigens (SMAD2) (where SMAD is mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2), whereas the second scFv candidate SH527-IIC10 recognizes both, SMAD2-P and SMAD2. The third scFv candidate SH855-C11 binds specifically to a linear epitope of the CXC chemokine receptor type 5. The translocation of antibody fragments into the lumen of endogenous microsomal vesicles, which are contained in the lysate, was facilitated by fusion of scFv genes to the insect cell specific signal sequence of honeybee melittin. We compared the binding capabilities of scFv fragments with and without melittin signal peptide and detected that translocated scFv fragments were highly functional, whereas scFvs synthesized in the cytosol of the cell extract showed strongly decreased binding capabilities. Additionally, we describe a cell-free protein synthesis method for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into scFv molecules in eukaryotic cell lysates. We demonstrate the successful cotranslational labeling of de novo synthesized scFv molecules with fluorescent amino acids, using residue-specific as well as site-specific labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlitt Stech
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Corina Schulze
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm Potsdam, Germany
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Stech M, Quast RB, Sachse R, Schulze C, Wüstenhagen DA, Kubick S. A continuous-exchange cell-free protein synthesis system based on extracts from cultured insect cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96635. [PMID: 24804975 PMCID: PMC4013096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel technique for the synthesis of complex prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins by using a continuous-exchange cell-free (CECF) protein synthesis system based on extracts from cultured insect cells. Our approach consists of two basic elements: First, protein synthesis is performed in insect cell lysates which harbor endogenous microsomal vesicles, enabling a translocation of de novo synthesized target proteins into the lumen of the insect vesicles or, in the case of membrane proteins, their embedding into a natural membrane scaffold. Second, cell-free reactions are performed in a two chamber dialysis device for 48 h. The combination of the eukaryotic cell-free translation system based on insect cell extracts and the CECF translation system results in significantly prolonged reaction life times and increased protein yields compared to conventional batch reactions. In this context, we demonstrate the synthesis of various representative model proteins, among them cytosolic proteins, pharmacological relevant membrane proteins and glycosylated proteins in an endotoxin-free environment. Furthermore, the cell-free system used in this study is well-suited for the synthesis of biologically active tissue-type-plasminogen activator, a complex eukaryotic protein harboring multiple disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlitt Stech
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert B. Quast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rita Sachse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Corina Schulze
- Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin - University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Life Sciences and Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen A. Wüstenhagen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Branch Potsdam-Golm, Potsdam, Germany
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Ninomiya R, Zhu B, Kojima T, Iwasaki Y, Nakano H. Role of disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, calcium ions, and hemin in cell-free protein synthesis of active manganese peroxidase isolated from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 117:652-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Catalytic antibodies and their applications in biotechnology: state of the art. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1369-79. [PMID: 24652545 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies are immunoglobulins endowed with enzymatic properties. Discovered in the second part of the 1980s, the enthusiasm they initially aroused was counterbalanced by the difficulty of their production and their low catalytic rates. Nevertheless, improvements in expression systems and engineering technologies, combined with various studies suggesting that catalytic antibodies play a role in the immune system, have opened the way to new applications for these proteins. Herein we review catalytic antibodies from a biotechnological point of view, focusing our study on the different production methods, expression systems and their potential clinical applications dedicated to these proteins.
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Qi J, Ye X, Ren G, Kan F, Zhang Y, Guo M, Zhang Z, Li D. Pharmacological efficacy of anti-IL-1β scFv, Fab and full-length antibodies in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol 2014; 57:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cell-Free Systems: Functional Modules for Synthetic and Chemical Biology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:67-102. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Production of functional antibody fragments in a vesicle-based eukaryotic cell-free translation system. J Biotechnol 2012; 164:220-31. [PMID: 22982167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis is of increasing interest for the rapid and high-throughput synthesis of many proteins, in particular also antibody fragments. In this study, we present a novel strategy for the production of single chain antibody fragments (scFv) in a eukaryotic in vitro translation system. This strategy comprises the cell-free expression, isolation and label-free interaction analysis of a model antibody fragment synthesized in two differently prepared insect cell lysates. These lysates contain translocationally active microsomal structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), allowing for posttranslational modifications of cell-free synthesized proteins. Both types of these insect cell lysates enable the synthesis and translocation of scFv into ER-derived vesicles. However, only the one that has a specifically adapted redox potential yields functional active antibody fragments. We have developed a new methodology for the isolation of functional target proteins based on the translocation of cell-free produced scFv into microsomal structures and subsequent collection of protein-enriched vesicles. Antibody fragments that have been released from these vesicles are shown to be well suited for label-free binding studies. Altogether, these results show the potential of insect cell lysates for the production, purification and selection of antibody fragments in an easy-to-handle and time-saving manner.
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Merk H, Gless C, Maertens B, Gerrits M, Stiege W. Cell-free synthesis of functional and endotoxin-free antibody Fab fragments by translocation into microsomes. Biotechniques 2012; 53:153-60. [DOI: 10.2144/0000113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A eukaryotic cell-free system based on Spodoptera frugiperda cells was developed for the convenient synthesis of Fab antibody fragments and other disulfide bridge containing proteins. The system uses (i) a cell lysate that is mildly prepared under slightly reduced conditions, thus maintaining the activity of vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum, (ii) signal peptide dependent translocation into these vesicles, and (iii) a redox potential based on reduced and oxidized glutathione. Monomeric heavy and light immunoglobulin chains are almost completely converted to highly active dimeric Fab joined by intermolecular disulfide bridges without supplementation of chaperones or protein disulfide isomerase. The applicability of the system is demonstrated by the synthesis of anti-lysozyme and anti-CD4 Fab antibody fragments yielding approximately 10 µg Fab per milliliter reaction mixture. The lack of endotoxins in this system is a prerequisite that synthesized Fab can be applied directly using whole synthesis reactions in cell-based assays that are sensitive to this substance class. Moreover, the system is compatible with PCR-generated linear templates enabling automated generation of antibody fragments in a high-throughput manner, and facilitating its application for screening and validation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Merk
- RiNA Netzwerk RNA-Technologien GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Yin G, Garces ED, Yang J, Zhang J, Tran C, Steiner AR, Roos C, Bajad S, Hudak S, Penta K, Zawada J, Pollitt S, Murray CJ. Aglycosylated antibodies and antibody fragments produced in a scalable in vitro transcription-translation system. MAbs 2012; 4:217-25. [PMID: 22377750 PMCID: PMC3361657 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe protein synthesis, folding and assembly of antibody fragments and full-length aglycosylated antibodies using an Escherichia coli-based open cell-free synthesis (OCFS) system. We use DNA template design and high throughput screening at microliter scale to rapidly optimize production of single-chain Fv (scFv) and Fab antibody fragments that bind to human IL-23 and IL-13α1R, respectively. In addition we demonstrate production of aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG 1) trastuzumab. These antibodies are produced rapidly over several hours in batch mode in standard bioreactors with linear scalable yields of hundreds of milligrams/L over a 1 million-fold change in scales up to pilot scale production. We demonstrate protein expression optimization of translation initiation region (TIR) libraries from gene synthesized linear DNA templates, optimization of the temporal assembly of a Fab from independent heavy chain and light chain plasmids and optimized expression of fully assembled trastuzumab that is equivalent to mammalian expressed material in biophysical and affinity based assays. These results illustrate how the open nature of the cell-free system can be used as a seamless antibody engineering platform from discovery to preclinical development of aglycosylated monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yin
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Junhao Yang
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Cuong Tran
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Sunil Bajad
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Susan Hudak
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - James Zawada
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc.; South San Francisco, CA USA
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Efficacy of a potential trivalent vaccine based on Hc fragments of botulinum toxins A, B, and E produced in a cell-free expression system. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:784-92. [PMID: 20357058 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00496-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxins produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum are the most potent biological toxins in nature. Traditionally, people at risk are immunized with a formaldehyde-inactivated toxin complex. Second generation vaccines are based on the recombinant carboxy-terminal heavy-chain (Hc) fragment of the neurotoxin. However, the materialization of this approach is challenging, mainly due to the high AT content of clostridial genes. Herein, we present an alternative strategy in which the native genes encoding Hc proteins of botulinum toxins A, B, and E were used to express the recombinant Hc fragments in a cell-free expression system. We used the unique property of this open system to introduce different combinations of chaperone systems, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and reducing/oxidizing environments directly to the expression reaction. Optimized expression conditions led to increased production of soluble Hc protein, which was successfully scaled up using a continuous exchange (CE) cell-free system. Hc proteins were produced at a concentration of more than 1 mg/ml and purified by one-step Ni(+) affinity chromatography. Mice immunized with three injections containing 5 microg of any of the in vitro-expressed, alum-absorbed, Hc vaccines generated a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titer of 10(5) against the native toxin complex, which enabled protection against a high-dose toxin challenge (10(3) to 10(6) mouse 50% lethal dose [MsLD(50)]). Finally, immunization with a trivalent HcA, HcB, and HcE vaccine protected mice against the corresponding trivalent 10(5) MsLD(50) toxin challenge. Our results together with the latest developments in scalability of the in vitro protein expression systems offer alternative routes for the preparation of botulinum vaccine.
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Oh IS, Lee JC, Lee MS, Chung JH, Kim DM. Cell-free production of functional antibody fragments. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 33:127-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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In vitro generation of anti-hepatitis B monoclonal antibodies from a single plasma cell using single-cell RT-PCR and cell-free protein synthesis. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:75-82. [PMID: 20129087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an effective tool in therapeutics and diagnostics. A novel approach called the single-cell RT-PCR-linked in vitro expression system (SICREX) enables the high-throughput generation and screening of mAbs from single B cells. In this paper, instead of using B cells, cDNAs were synthesized from single plasma cells of an immunized mouse spleen. The light chain (Lc) and the Fd portion of the heavy chain (Hc) genes of each cell were amplified separately and followed by overlapping PCR to add a T7 promoter, a ribosome-binding site, and a T7 terminator. The paired Lc and Hc genes were simultaneously expressed by an Escherichia coli in vitro transcription and translation system followed by ELISA to measure their affinity for the antigen. A Fab fragment with affinity against the antigen was obtained from plasma cells of an immunized mouse with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
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29
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Goerke AR, Swartz JR. High-level cell-free synthesis yields of proteins containing site-specific non-natural amino acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:400-16. [PMID: 18781689 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe an E. coli-based cell-free system for the production of proteins with a non-natural amino acid (nnAA) incorporated site-specifically (modified protein). The mutant Methanococcus jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mTyrRS) and tRNA(Tyr) pair were used as orthogonal elements. The mTyrRS experienced proteolysis and modified protein yields improved with higher synthetase addition (200-300 microg/mL). Product yields were also improved by increasing levels of total protein to 20 mg protein/mL and available vesicle surface area to 0.5 m(2)/mL. This new E. coli-based cell-free procedure produced up to 400 microg/mL of eCAT109pAz, 660 microg/mL of eDHFR10pAz, and 210 microg/mL of mDHFR31pAz with p-azido-L-phenylalanine (pAz) incorporated site-specifically at the amber nonsense codon. O-methyl-L-tyrosine and p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine were incorporated by similar protocols. The desired specificity for incorporation of the nnAA by the cell-free system was confirmed. Additionally, the modified proteins were enzymatically active and reactive for copper(I)-catalyzed (3 + 2) cycloadditions (click chemistry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Goerke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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30
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Farrokhi N, Hrmova M, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Heterologous and cell free protein expression systems. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 513:175-198. [PMID: 19347659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-427-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recognition of the fact that a relatively small percentage of 'named' genes in databases have any experimental proof for their annotation, attention is shifting towards the more accurate assignment of functions to individual genes in a genome. The central objective will be to reduce our reliance on nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarities as a means to define the functions of genes and to annotate genome sequences. There are many unsolved technical difficulties associated with the purification of specific proteins from extracts of biological material, especially where the protein is present in low abundance, has multiple isoforms or is found in multiple post-translationally modified forms. The relative ease with which cDNAs can be cloned has led to the development of methods through which cDNAs from essentially any source can be expressed in a limited range of suitable host organisms, so that sufficient levels of the encoded proteins can be generated for functional analysis. Recently, these heterologous expression systems have been supplemented by more robust prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis systems. In this chapter, common host systems for heterologous expression are reviewed and the current status of cell-free expression systems will be presented. New approaches to overcoming the special problems encountered during the expression of membrane-associated proteins will also be addressed. Methodological considerations, including the characteristics of codon usage in the expressed DNA, peptide tags that facilitate subsequent purification of the expressed proteins and the role of post-translational modifications, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
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31
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Yamane T, Ikeda Y, Nagasaka T, Nakano H. Enhanced Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Using a S30 Extract from Escherichia coli Grown Rapidly at 42 °C in an Amino Acid Enriched Medium. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 21:608-13. [PMID: 15801806 DOI: 10.1021/bp0400238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growths of Escherichia coli strain A19 were investigated in a 5-L fermentor at 37 and 42 degrees C either in Pratt's medium (a standard medium for cell-free protein synthesis using its S30 extract) or in a casamino acids supplemented Pratt's medium (aa-enriched medium). Specific growth rates in Pratt's medium at 37 and 42 degrees C were 0.77 and 0.46 h(-1), respectively, whereas those in the aa-enriched medium at 37 and 42 degrees C were 0.87 and 1.49 h(-1), respectively. The extent of cell-free chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) synthesis was compared at 37 degrees C incubation (from a plasmid pK7-CAT) for S30 extracts prepared from the cells cultured in the aa-enriched medium at 37 or 42 degrees C. A 40% increase in CAT synthesis occurred when the 42 degrees C/S30 extract was used as compared with 37 degrees C/S30 extract. CAT and both the light and heavy chains (Lc and Hc) of the Fab fragment of an antibody 6D9 were synthesized at 37 degrees C in the cell-free synthesis in the presence of [(14)C]Leu. Their reaction mixtures were subjected to SDS-PAGE autoradiographic analysis. It was found that most of the synthesized proteins were in the soluble fraction when 42 degrees C/S30 extract was used, suggesting that the 42 degrees C/S30 extract contained greater amounts of various protein folding factors. A dialysis membrane minibioreactor with a reaction volume ca. 0.5 mL was handmade by the authors. The advantages of the minibioreactor are a simple configuration, a low manufacturing cost, and the capability of the dialysis membrane replacement. Increased CAT synthesis was also observed for continuous exchange cell-free (CECF) protein synthesis at 37 degrees C when the 42 degrees C/S30 extract was used in the minibioreactor. Some plausible reasons to give higher protein synthesis activity of the 42 degrees C/S30 extract are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Yamane
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Goerke AR, Loening AM, Gambhir SS, Swartz JR. Cell-free metabolic engineering promotes high-level production of bioactive Gaussia princeps luciferase. Metab Eng 2008; 10:187-200. [PMID: 18555198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to its small size and intense luminescent signal, Gaussia princeps luciferase (GLuc) is attractive as a potential imaging agent in both cell culture and small animal research models. However, recombinant GLuc production using in vivo techniques has only produced small quantities of active luciferase, likely due to five disulfide bonds being required for full activity. Cell-free biology provides the freedom to control both the catalyst and chemical compositions in biological reactions, and we capitalized on this to produce large amounts of highly active GLuc in cell-free reactions. Active yields were improved by mutating the cell extract source strain to reduce proteolysis, adjusting reaction conditions to enhance oxidative protein folding, further activating energy metabolism, and encouraging post-translational activation. This cell-free protein synthesis procedure produced 412mug/mL of purified GLuc, relative to 5mug/mL isolated for intracellular Escherichia coli expression. The cell-free product had a specific activity of 4.2x10(24)photons/s/mol, the highest reported activity for any characterized luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Goerke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ezure T, Suzuki T, Shikata M, Ito M, Ando E, Nishimura O, Tsunasawa S. Expression of proteins containing disulfide bonds in an insect cell-free system and confirmation of their arrangements by MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomics 2007; 7:4424-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Forstner M, Leder L, Mayr LM. Optimization of protein expression systems for modern drug discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 4:67-78. [PMID: 17288516 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The expression of high levels of stable and functional proteins remains a bottleneck in many scientific endeavors, including the determination of structures in a high-throughput fashion or the screening for novel active compounds in modern drug discovery. Recently, numerous developments have been made to improve the production of soluble and active proteins in heterologous expression systems. These include modifications to the expression constructs, the introduction of new and/or improved pro- and eukaryotic expression systems, and the development of improved cell-free protein synthesis systems. The introduction of robotics has enabled a massive parallelization of expression experiments, thereby vastly increasing the throughput and, hopefully, the output of such experiments. In addition, the big challenges of recombinant overexpression of membrane and secreted proteins are tackled, and some new methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forstner
- Protein Expression & Purification Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Discovery Technologies/Lead Discovery Center CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Abstract
Protein synthesis in cell-free systems is an emerging technology already competing with in vivo expression methods. In this chapter the basic principles of continuous-exchange protein synthesizing systems, and protocols for Escherichia coli and wheat germ translation and transcription-translation systems are described. The ways to improve substrate supply in cell-free systems and mRNA design for eukaryotic system are discussed. Correct folding of the synthesized protein is demonstrated and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Shirokov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Abstract
Cell-free translation systems have developed significantly over the last two decades and improvements in yield have resulted in their use for protein production in the laboratory. These systems have protein engineering applications, such as the production of proteins containing unnatural amino acids and development of proteins exhibiting novel functions. Recently, it has been suggested that cell-free translation systems might be used as the fundamental basis for cell-like systems. We review recent progress in the field of cell-free translation systems and describe their use as tools for protein production and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shimizu
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan
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37
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Ali M, Hitomi K, Nakano H. Generation of monoclonal antibodies using simplified single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cell-free protein synthesis. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:284-6. [PMID: 16716934 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The single-step PCR amplification of IgG Light chain (Lc) and Heavy chain (Hc) (Fd portion) from the cDNAs of a single cell was facilitated using a low concentration of cDNA-specific primers with 5' homotags in the presence of a homotag-specific primer. This method was found to be successful in generating a functional antibody with an antigen-binding activity and useful for the high-throughput generation or screening of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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38
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Ramos MA, Sanchez-Lopez R, Mares RE, Olvera F, Alagón A. Identification of an Entamoeba histolytica gene encoding a protein disulfide isomerase that functionally complements the dsbA mutation in Escherichia coli. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 143:236-40. [PMID: 15990181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Tecnológico 14418, Tijuana, Baja California 22390, México
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39
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Abstract
Recent technical advances have revitalized cell-free expression systems to meet the increasing demands for protein synthesis. Cell-free systems offer several advantages over traditional cell-based expression methods, including the easy modification of reaction conditions to favor protein folding, decreased sensitivity to product toxicity and suitability for high-throughput strategies because of reduced reaction volumes and process time. Moreover, improvements in translation efficiency have resulted in yields that exceed a milligram of protein per milliliter of reaction mix. We review the advances on this expanding technology and highlight the growing list of associated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Katzen
- Invitrogen Corporation, 1600 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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40
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Abstract
Continuous cell-free translation systems with perpetual supply of consumable substrates and removal of reaction products made the process of in vitro synthesis of individual proteins sustainable and productive. Improvements of cell-free reaction mixtures, including new ways for efficient energy generation, had an additional impact on progress in cell-free protein synthesis technology. The requirement for gene-product identification in genomic studies, the development of high-throughput structural proteomics, the need for protein engineering without cell constraints (including the use of unnatural amino acids), and the need to produce cytotoxic, poorly expressed and unstable proteins have caused increased interest in cell-free protein synthesis technologies for molecular biologists, biotechnologists and pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Spirin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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41
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Ali M, Suzuki H, Fukuba T, Jiang X, Nakano H, Yamane T. Improvements in the cell-free production of functional antibodies using cell extract from protease-deficient Escherichia coli mutant. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:181-6. [PMID: 16233776 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a functional antibody fragment (Fab) using an Escherichia coli cell-free expression system has been reported previously [Jiang et al., FEBS Lett., 514, 290-294 (2002)]. The low yield of the synthesized antibody, however, limits the usefulness of the cell-free expression system, partly due to the degradation of product by endogenous proteases from the E. coli extract. To determine which proteases are responsible for the degradation, we compared the expression of a 6D9 Fab fragment under conditions whereby several protease inhibitors were added into the cell-free system. The addition of serine protease inhibitor increased the amount of the Fab fragment, indicating that serine proteases caused the antibody degradation. Therefore, several serine protease-deficient mutants of E. coli BW25113 were constructed by targeted homologous recombination. The use of extract from a double protease-deficient mutant (DeltadegP-ompT) significantly increased the amount and antigen-binding activities of an anti-HSA scFv and a 6D9 Fab fragment. These results suggest that the DegP- and OmpT-deleted mutant is a useful source of S30 extract for the production or screening of antibodies using the cell-free expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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42
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Yang J, Kanter G, Voloshin A, Michel-Reydellet N, Velkeen H, Levy R, Swartz JR. Rapid expression of vaccine proteins for B-cell lymphoma in a cell-free system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 89:503-11. [PMID: 15669088 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The idiotype (Id)-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fusion proteins are potential vaccines for immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma. In this study, four vaccine candidates were constructed by fusing murine GM-CSF to the amino- or carboxy-terminus of the 38C13 murine B-lymphocyte Id scFv with two different arrangements of the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain (VL-VH and VH-VL). scFv (VH-VL) and GM-CSF/scFv fusion proteins were expressed in an Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system. In order to promote disulfide bond formation during cell-free expression, cell extract was pretreated with iodoacetamide (IAM), and a sulfhydryl redox buffer composed of oxidized and reduced glutathione was added. The E. coli periplasmic disulfide isomerase, DsbC, was also added to rearrange incorrectly formed disulfide linkages. The 38C13 B-lymphocyte Id scFv was expressed with 30% of its soluble yield in active form (43 microg/ml) when tested with an anti-idiotypic mAb, S1C5, as the capture antibody in radioimmunoassay. It was found that the amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH and GM-VH-VL, showed much higher activity than the carboxy-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, VL-VH-GM and VH-VL-GM, in stimulating the cell proliferation of a GM-CSF-dependent cell line, NFS-60. Between the two amino-terminal GM-CSF fusion proteins, GM-VL-VH showed a higher total and soluble yield than GM-VH-VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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43
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New strategies for enzyme stabilization involving molecular evolution and immobilization in mesoporous materials. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2005.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Jewett MC, Swartz JR. Rapid expression and purification of 100 nmol quantities of active protein using cell-free protein synthesis. Biotechnol Prog 2004; 20:102-9. [PMID: 14763830 DOI: 10.1021/bp0341693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two strategies for ATP regeneration during cell-free protein synthesis were applied to the large-scale production and single-column purification of active chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). Fed-batch reactions were performed on a 5-10 mL scale, approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than the typical reaction volume. The pyruvate oxidase system produced 104 nmol of active CAT in a 5 mL reaction over the course of 5 h. The PANOx system produced 261 +/- 42 nmol, about 7 mg, of active CAT in a 10 mL reaction over the course of 4 h. The reaction product was purified to apparent homogeneity with approximately 70% yield by a simple affinity chromatography adsorption and elution. To our knowledge, this is the largest amount of actively expressed protein to be reported in a simple, fed-batch cell-free protein synthesis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, USA
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45
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Knapp KG, Swartz JR. Cell-free production of active E. coli thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase. FEBS Lett 2004; 559:66-70. [PMID: 14960309 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase (TR) and glutathione reductase (GR) are dimeric proteins that require a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor for activity. A cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) reaction supplemented with FAD was used to produce TR at 760 microg/ml with 89% of the protein being soluble. GR accumulated to 521 microg/ml in a cell-free reaction with 71% solubility. The TR produced was fully active with a specific activity of 1390 min(-1). The GR had a specific activity of 139 U/mg, which is significantly more active than reported for GR purified from cells. The specific activity for both TR and GR decreased without FAD supplementation. This research demonstrates that CFPS can be used to produce enzymes that are multimeric and require a cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis G Knapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
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46
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Chen D, Chen X. Cloning and activity analysis ofin vitro expression of plant NAD-IDH genes. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Kawasaki T, Gouda MD, Sawasaki T, Takai K, Endo Y. Efficient synthesis of a disulfide-containing protein through a batch cell-free system from wheat germ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 270:4780-6. [PMID: 14622267 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a highly productive cell-free protein synthesis system from wheat germ, which is expected to become an important tool for postgenomic research. However, this system has not been optimized for the synthesis of disulfide-containing proteins. Thus, we searched here for translation conditions under which a model protein, a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv), could be synthesized into its active form. Before the start of translation, the reducing agent dithiothreitol, which normally is added to the wheat germ extract but which inhibits disulfide formation during translation, was removed by gel filtration. When the scFv mRNA was incubated with this dithiothreitol-deficient extract, more than half of the synthesized polypeptide was recovered in the soluble fraction. By addition of protein disulfide isomerase in the translation solution, the solubility of the product was further improved, and nearly half of the soluble polypeptides strongly bound to the antigen immobilized on an agarose support. This strong binding component had a high affinity as shown by surface-plasmon resonance analysis. These results show that the wheat germ cell-free system can produce a functional scFv with a simple change of the reaction ingredients. We also discuss protein folding in this system and suggest that the disulfide bridges are formed cotranslationally. Finally, we show that biotinylated scFv could be synthesized in similar fashion and immobilized on a solid surface to which streptavidin is bound. SPR measurements for detection of antigens were also possible with the use of this immobilized surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Kawasaki
- Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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48
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Abstract
One of the key steps of structural genomics and proteomics is high-throughput expression of many target proteins. Gene cloning, especially by ligation-independent cloning techniques, and recombinant protein expression using microbial hosts such as Escherichia coli and the yeast Pichia pastoris are well optimized and further robotized. Cell-free protein synthesis systems have been developed for large-scale production of protein samples for NMR (stable-isotope labeling) and X-ray crystallography (selenomethionine substitution). Protein folding is still a major bottleneck in protein expression. Cell-based and cell-free methods for screening of suitable samples for structure determination have been developed for achieving a high success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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49
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Nakano H, Okumura R, Goto C, Yamane T. In vitro combinatorial mutagenesis of the 65th and 222nd positions of the green fluorescent protein ofAequarea victoria. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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