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Wang S, Chen J, Guo XZ. KAI1/CD82 gene and autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis in gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1388-1405. [PMID: 36160748 PMCID: PMC9412925 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i8.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The KAI1/CD82 gene inhibits the metastasis of most tumors and is remarkably correlated with tumor invasion and prognosis. Cell metabolism dysregulation is an important cause of tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. As one of the important characteristics of tumors, cell metabolism dysregulation is attracting increasing research attention. Phospholipids are an indispensable substance in the metabolism in various tumor cells. Phospholipid metabolites have become important cell signaling molecules. The pathological role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in tumors was identified in the early 1990s. Currently, LPA inhibitors have entered clinical trials but are not yet used in clinical treatment. Autotaxin (ATX) has lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity and can regulate LPA levels in vivo. The LPA receptor family and ATX/lysoPLD are abnormally expressed in various gastrointestinal tumors. According to our recent pre-experimental results, KAI1/CD82 might inhibit the migration and metastasis of cancer cells by regulating the ATX-LPA axis. However, no relevant research has been reported. Clarifying the mechanism of ATX-LPA in the inhibition of cancer metastasis by KAI1/CD82 will provide an important theoretical basis for targeted cancer therapy. In this paper, the molecular compositions of the KAI1/CD82 gene and the ATX-LPA axis, their physiological functions in tumors, and their roles in gastrointestinal cancers and target therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
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2
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She S, Zhang Q, Shi J, Yang F, Dai K. Roles of Autotaxin/Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis in the Initiation and Progression of Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922945. [PMID: 35769713 PMCID: PMC9236130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling phospholipid. ATX has been abundantly detected in the culture medium of various cancer cells, tumor tissues, and serum or plasma of cancer patients. Biological actions of ATX are mediated by LPA. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities, such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation, and participates in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we have summarized the physiological function of ATX and the ATX-LPA axis in liver cancer, analyzed the role of the ATX-LPA axis in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and discussed the therapeutic strategies targeting the ATX-LPA axis, paving the way for new therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fan Yang
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
| | - Kai Dai
- *Correspondence: Fan Yang, ; Kai Dai,
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3
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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4
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White C, Alshaker H, Cooper C, Winkler M, Pchejetski D. The emerging role of FTY720 (Fingolimod) in cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23106-27. [PMID: 27036015 PMCID: PMC5029614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a clinically approved immunomodulating therapy for multiple sclerosis that sequesters T-cells to lymph nodes through functional antagonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor. FTY720 also demonstrates a proven efficacy in multiple in vitro and in vivo cancer models, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in cancer patients. A potential anticancer mechanism of FTY720 is through the inhibition of sphingosine kinase 1, a proto-oncogene with in vitro and clinical cancer association. In addition, FTY720's anticancer properties may be attributable to actions on several other molecular targets. This study focuses on reviewing the emerging evidence regarding the anticancer properties and molecular targets of FTY720. While the clinical transition of FTY720 is currently limited by its immune suppression effects, studies aiming at FTY720 delivery and release together with identifying its key synergetic combinations and relevant patient subsets may lead to its rapid introduction into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Alshaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.,School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin Cooper
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Ng W, Pébay A, Drummond K, Burgess A, Kaye AH, Morokoff A. Complexities of lysophospholipid signalling in glioblastoma. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:893-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Ortlepp C, Steudel C, Heiderich C, Koch S, Jacobi A, Ryser M, Brenner S, Bornhäuser M, Brors B, Hofmann WK, Ehninger G, Thiede C. Autotaxin is expressed in FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells and promotes cell migration and proliferation. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:444-461.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Azare J, Doane A, Leslie K, Chang Q, Berishaj M, Nnoli J, Mark K, Al-Ahmadie H, Gerald W, Hassimi M, Viale A, Stracke M, Lyden D, Bromberg J. Stat3 mediates expression of autotaxin in breast cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27851. [PMID: 22140473 PMCID: PMC3225372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is tyrosine phosphorylated in 37% of primary breast tumors and 63% of paired metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Examination of the distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated (pStat3) in primary tumors revealed heterogenous expression within the tumor with the highest levels found in cells on the edge of tumors with relatively lower levels in the central portion of tumors. In order to determine Stat3 target genes that may be involved in migration and metastasis, we identified those genes that were differentially expressed in primary breast cancer samples as a function of pStat3 levels. In addition to known Stat3 transcriptional targets (Twist, Snail, Tenascin-C and IL-8), we identified ENPP2 as a novel Stat3 regulated gene, which encodes autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase which mediates mammary tumorigenesis and cancer cell migration. A positive correlation between nuclear pStat3 and ATX was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of primary breast cancer samples and matched axillary lymph nodes and in several breast cancer derived cell lines. Inhibition of pStat3 or reducing Stat3 expression led to a decrease in ATX levels and cell migration. An association between Stat3 and the ATX promoter, which contains a number of putative Stat3 binding sites, was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. These observations suggest that activated Stat3 may regulate the migration of breast cancer cells through the regulation of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen Azare
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley Doane
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Leslie
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marjan Berishaj
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Nnoli
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Mark
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William Gerald
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maryam Hassimi
- Genomics Core Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnes Viale
- Genomics Core Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary Stracke
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Clinical Sciences, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (JB)
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (JB)
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8
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Jankowski M. Autotaxin: its role in biology of melanoma cells and as a pharmacological target. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:194857. [PMID: 21423677 PMCID: PMC3057024 DOI: 10.4061/2011/194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) released from normal cells and cancer cells. Activity of ATX is detected in various biological fluids. The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the main product of ATX. LPA acting through specific G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA6) affects immunological response, normal development, and malignant tumors' formation and progression. In this review, the impact of autotoxin on biology of melanoma cells and potential treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Therapy Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Haga A, Nagai H, Deyashiki Y. Autotaxin Promotes the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 via Activation of the MAPK Cascade in Human FibrosarcomaHT-1080Cells. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:384-90. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802491469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Saunders LP, Ouellette A, Bandle R, Chang WC, Zhou H, Misra RN, De La Cruz EM, Braddock DT. Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of autotaxin that inhibit melanoma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3352-62. [PMID: 18852138 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a prometastatic enzyme initially isolated from the conditioned medium of human melanoma cells that stimulates a myriad of biological activities, including angiogenesis and the promotion of cell growth, survival, and differentiation through the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX increases the aggressiveness and invasiveness of transformed cells, and ATX levels directly correlate with tumor stage and grade in several human malignancies. To study the role of ATX in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma, we developed antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors against recombinant human protein. Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human tissue shows that ATX levels are markedly increased in human primary and metastatic melanoma relative to benign nevi. Chemical screens identified several small-molecule inhibitors with binding constants ranging from nanomolar to low micromolar. Cell migration and invasion assays with melanoma cell lines show that ATX markedly stimulates melanoma cell migration and invasion, an effect suppressed by ATX inhibitors. The migratory phenotype can be rescued by the addition of the enzymatic product of ATX, LPA, confirming that the observed inhibition is linked to suppression of LPA production by ATX. Chemical analogues of the inhibitors show structure-activity relationships important for ATX inhibition and indicate pathways for their optimization. These studies suggest that ATX is an approachable molecular target for the rational design of chemotherapeutic agents directed against malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren P Saunders
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208114, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
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11
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Attoub S, De Wever O, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Gespach C. The transforming functions of PI3-kinase-gamma are linked to disruption of intercellular adhesion and promotion of cancer cell invasion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1138:204-13. [PMID: 18837901 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1414.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinases class IA (PI3K-alpha and -beta) in cancer cell proliferation, survival, motility, and invasiveness is now well established. However, the possible contribution of the class IB PI3Kgamma in cancer cell transformation remains to be explored. In this study, we have stably transfected the PI3Kgamma-deficient human colon cancer cell line HCT8/S11 with expression vectors encoding either wild-type PI3Kgamma, its plasma membrane targeted form CAAX-PI3Kgamma, or the PI3Kgamma lipid and protein kinase-dead mutant (CAAX-K832R). We provide evidence that the constitutively active CAAX-PI3Kgamma variant induced collagen type I invasion in HCT8/S11 cells through disruption of cell-cell adhesion, with no apparent impact on cell proliferation and motility. The proinvasive activity of CAAX-PI3K-gamma was abolished by pharmacological inhibitors targeting PI3-K activities (wortmannin), Rho-GTPases, and the Rho-Rho kinase axis (C3T exoenzyme and Y27632, respectively). Conversely, the wild-type PI3Kgamma and its double mutant CAAX-K832R were ineffective on cancer cell invasion measured under control or stimulated conditions operated with the proinvasive agents leptin and intestinal trefoil factor. Taken together, our data indicate that PI3Kgamma exerts transforming functions via several mechanisms in human colon epithelial cancer cells, including alterations of homotypic cell-cell adhesion and induction of collagen type I invasion through canonical proinvasive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Attoub
- INSERM U 673, Molecular and Clinical Oncology of Solid Tumors, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Hospital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.
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12
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Yuelling LM, Fuss B. Autotaxin (ATX): a multi-functional and multi-modular protein possessing enzymatic lysoPLD activity and matricellular properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1781:525-30. [PMID: 18485925 PMCID: PMC2564869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established that autotaxin (ATX), also known as phosphodiesterase Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX) or (ecto)nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 [(E)NPP2], represents a multi-functional and multi-modular protein. ATX was initially thought to function exclusively as a phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase. However, it has become apparent that this enzymatically active site, which is ultimately responsible for ATX's originally discovered property of tumor cell motility stimulation, mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In addition, a separate functionally active domain, here referred to as the Modulator of Oligodendrocyte Remodeling and Focal adhesion Organization (MORFO) domain, was discovered in studies analyzing the role of ATX during the differentiation of myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), namely oligodendrocytes. This novel domain was found to mediate anti-adhesive, i.e. matricellular, properties and to promote morphological maturation of oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of ATX's structure-function domains and discuss their contribution to the presently known main functional roles of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larra M Yuelling
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Hlubek F, Brabletz T, Budczies J, Pfeiffer S, Jung A, Kirchner T. Heterogeneous expression of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes within colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1941-1948. [PMID: 17631641 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of common colorectal adenocarcinomas is coupled with a transient loss of epithelial differentiation of tumor cells. Previously, we have shown that dedifferentiated tumor cells at the invasive front (IF) accumulate the transcriptional activator beta-catenin in the nucleus, in contrast to cells of the tumor center. To characterize the cells of these two morphogenic tumor areas, gene expression profiling was performed. Our study demonstrates that intratumorous heterogeneity in colorectal cancer correlates with differential expression of 510 genes between the central tumor region (TC) and the IF. Many genes differentially expressed at the IF are involved in cellular invasion processes like cell motility, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interaction. This in vivo analysis shows overexpression of known Wnt/beta-catenin target genes either in the entire tumor tissue (compared to normal mucosa) or specifically at the IF. Thus, even though all tumor cells overexpress beta-catenin, the existence of at least 2 groups of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes selectively activated in different tumor regions is suggested. The concomitant high expression of inflammation- and tissue repair-related genes at the IF supports the hypothesis that an inflammation-activated microenvironment may trigger selective Wnt/beta-catenin target gene expression and contribute to the malignant progression of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Hlubek
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of München, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Pfeiffer
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of München, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of München, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of München, München, Germany
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Lee J, Duk Jung I, Gyo Park C, Han JW, Young Lee H. Autotaxin stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression through phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-nuclear [corrected] factor kappa B signaling cascade in human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2007; 16:445-52. [PMID: 17013094 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232293.14408.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D producing lysophosphatidic acid, augments invasive and metastatic potential of tumor cells. Current investigations have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which autotaxin regulates the expression of a major mediator of tumor invasion and metastasis, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in human A2058 melanoma cells. Autotaxin induced uPA expression in a dose-dependent manner that was inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors for Gi (pertussis toxin), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K, LY294002), Akt inhibitor (AktI), proteosome activity and IkappaB phosphorylation (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), and by a dominant negative mutant (DN) of Akt. Autotaxin phosphorylated Akt and induced the translocation of nuclear [corrected] factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) to the nucleus that were inhibited by AktI or by overexpressing DN-Akt. Consistently, green fluorescence protein-tagged p65 of NF-kappaB accumulated in the nucleus by autotaxin that was abrogated when the cells were transfected with DN-Akt. Moreover, autotaxin increased the DNA binding ability of NF-kappaB and promoter activity of uPA. Collectively, these data strongly suggest autotaxin induces uPA expression via the Gi-PI3K-Akt-NF-kappaB signaling pathway that might be critical for autotaxin-induced tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangsoon Lee
- College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
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15
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Stefan C, Jansen S, Bollen M. NPP-type ectophosphodiesterases: unity in diversity. Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 30:542-50. [PMID: 16125936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP)-type ectophosphodiesterases are found at the cell surface as type-I or type-II transmembrane proteins, but are also found extracellularly as secreted or shedded enzymes. They hydrolyze pyrophosphate or phosphodiester bonds in a variety of extracellular compounds including nucleotides, (lyso)phospholipids and choline phosphate esters. Despite their structurally related catalytic domain, each enzyme has well-defined substrate specificity. Catalysis by NPPs affects processes as diverse as cell proliferation and motility, angiogenesis, bone mineralization and digestion. In addition, there is emerging evidence for non-catalytic functions of NPPs in cell signaling. NPP-type ectophosphodiesterases are also implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer, insulin resistance and calcification diseases, and they hold great promise as easily accessible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Stefan
- Afdeling Biochemie, Faculteit Geneeskunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Song J, Clair T, Noh JH, Eun JW, Ryu SY, Lee SN, Ahn YM, Kim SY, Lee SH, Park WS, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Nam SW. Autotaxin (lysoPLD/NPP2) protects fibroblasts from apoptosis through its enzymatic product, lysophosphatidic acid, utilizing albumin-bound substrate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:967-75. [PMID: 16219296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) was originally identified as a potent tumor cell motility-stimulating factor that displays multiple enzymatic activities including ATPase, Type I nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase, and lysophospholipase D, depending on its substrates. We demonstrate herein that ATX is a key regulator of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that can act as survival factor, in addition to its mitogenic activity in mouse fibroblasts. Introduction of atx gene into NIH3T3 cells resulted in resistance to conditional apoptosis induced by serum-deprivation, and exogenous ATX protein prevented cells from death by starvation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that co-treatment of ATX with lysophosphatidylcholine as substrate rescued NIH3T3 cells from cellular apoptosis, and this survival activity of ATX was also demonstrated by caspase-3 degradation and PARP cleavage resulting from the enzymatic activity of extracellular ATX. Furthermore, the effect of ATX in preventing apoptosis appears to be mediated through the G-protein-coupled receptor pathway followed by the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt pathway leading to enhanced cell survival. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the functions of ATX as a key regulator of bioactive phospholipids and suggest interventions to correct dysfunction in conditions of tumor cell growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwi Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Microdissection Genomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-dong number 505, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Wymann MP, Marone R. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in disease: timing, location, and scaffolding. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 17:141-9. [PMID: 15780590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When PI3Ks are deregulated by aberrant surface receptors or modulators, accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 leads to increased cell growth, proliferation and contact-independent survival. The PI3K/PKB/TOR axis controls protein synthesis and growth, while PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-mediated activation of Rho GTPases directs cell motility. PI3K activity has been linked to the formation of tumors, metastasis, chronic inflammation, allergy and cardiovascular disease. Although increased PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is a well-established cause of disease, it is seldom known which PI3K isoform is implied. Recent work has demonstrated that PI3Kgamma contributes to the control of cAMP levels in the cardiac system, where the protein acts as a scaffold, but not as a lipid kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Wymann
- Inst. Biochemistry and Genetics, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Centre of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058, Basel.
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Duca L, Lambert E, Debret R, Rothhut B, Blanchevoye C, Delacoux F, Hornebeck W, Martiny L, Debelle L. Elastin Peptides Activate Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 via a Ras-Independent Mechanism Requiring Both p110γ/Raf-1 and Protein Kinase A/B-Raf Signaling in Human Skin Fibroblasts. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1315-24. [PMID: 15653554 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.002725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastin peptides (EPs) produced during cancer progression bind to the elastin binding protein (EBP) found at the surface of dermal fibroblasts, leading to the expression of collagenase-1 gene. The production of this enzyme involved in stromal reaction is caused by the sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway via cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, the mechanism of these signaling events remains unknown. We show that kappa-elastin (kappaE), a commonly used EP, induces maximum phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)1/2 and ERK1/2 after 30 min. The simultaneous inhibition of PKA and PI3K, by N-(2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H89) and 2-(4-morpholynil)-8-phenyl-4H-1-bemzopyran-4-one (LY294002), respectively, blocked MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as did lactose, an EBP antagonist. kappaE induced Raf-1 phosphorylation and activation in a PI3K-dependent manner. In our system, the PI3K p110gamma is expressed and activated by betagamma-derived subunits from a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein after fibroblast stimulation. Pertussis toxin also blocks the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 phosphorylation cascade. In addition, we found that B-Raf is expressed in dermal fibroblasts and activated in a PKA-dependent manner after kappaE treatment, thereby integrating PKA signals to MEK1/2. It is noteworthy that Ras involvement was excluded because ERK1/2 activation by kappaE was not blocked in RasN17-transfected fibroblasts. Together, our results identify a novel Ras-independent ERK1/2 activation system in which p110gamma/Raf-1/MEK1/2 and PKA/B-Raf/MEK1/2 cooperate to activate ERK1/2. Thus, p110gamma and B-Raf seem to be important modulators of dermal fibroblasts physiology and should now qualify as therapeutic targets in strategies aiming at limiting elastin degradation contribution to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duca
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, UMR CNRS 6198, IFR53 Biomolécules, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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19
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Stossi F, Barnett DH, Frasor J, Komm B, Lyttle CR, Katzenellenbogen BS. Transcriptional profiling of estrogen-regulated gene expression via estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or ERbeta in human osteosarcoma cells: distinct and common target genes for these receptors. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3473-86. [PMID: 15033914 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens exert many important effects in bone, a tissue that contains both estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERalpha and ERbeta). To compare the actions of these receptors, we generated U2OS human osteosarcoma cells stably expressing ERalpha or ERbeta, at levels comparable with those in osteoblasts, and we characterized their response to 17beta-estradiol (E2) over time using Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays to determine the expression of approximately 12,000 genes, followed by quantitative PCR verification of the regulation of selected genes. Of the approximately 100 regulated genes we identified, some were stimulated by E2 equally through ERalpha and ERbeta, whereas others were selectively stimulated via ERalpha or ERbeta. The E2-regulated genes showed three distinct temporal patterns of expression over the 48-h time course studied. Of the functional categories of the E2-regulated genes, most numerous were those encoding cytokines and factors associated with immune response, signal transduction, and cell migration and cytoskeleton regulation, indicating that E2 can exert effects on multiple pathways in these osteoblast-like cell lines. Of note, E2 up-regulated several genes associated with cell motility selectively via ERbeta, in keeping with the selective E2 enhancement of the motility of ERbeta-containing cells. On genes regulated equally by E2 via ERalpha or ERbeta, the phytoestrogen genistein preferentially stimulated gene expression via ERbeta. These studies indicate both common as well as distinct target genes for these two ERs, and identify many novel genes not previously known to be under estrogen regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Stossi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 524 Burrill Hall, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3704, USA
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Jung ID, Lee J, Lee KB, Park CG, Kim YK, Seo DW, Park D, Lee HW, Han JW, Lee HY. Activation of p21-activated kinase 1 is required for lysophosphatidic acid-induced focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and cell motility in human melanoma A2058 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:1557-65. [PMID: 15066181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), one of the naturally occurring phospholipids, stimulates cell motility through the activation of Rho family members, but the signaling mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the roles of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) on LPA-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and cell motility. Treatment of human melanoma cells A2058 with LPA increased phosphorylation and activation of PAK1, which was blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin and by inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) with an inhibitor LY294002 or by overexpression of catalytically inactive mutant of PI3Kgamma, indicating that LPA-induced PAK1 activation was mediated via a Gi protein and the PI3Kgamma signaling pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that Rac1/Cdc42 signals acted as upstream effector molecules of LPA-induced PAK activation. However, Rho-associated kinase, MAP kinase kinase 1/2 or phospholipase C might not be involved in LPA-induced PAK1 activation or cell motility stimulation. Furthermore, PAK1 was necessary for FAK phosphorylation by LPA, which might cause cell migration, as transfection of the kinase deficient mutant of PAK1 or PAK auto-inhibitory domain significantly abrogated LPA-induced FAK phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings strongly indicated that PAK1 activation was necessary for LPA-induced cell motility and FAK phosphorylation that might be mediated by sequential activation of Gi protein, PI3Kgamma and Rac1/Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Duk Jung
- College of Medicine, Konyang University, Nonsan 320-711, Korea
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21
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Black EJ, Clair T, Delrow J, Neiman P, Gillespie DAF. Microarray analysis identifies Autotaxin, a tumour cell motility and angiogenic factor with lysophospholipase D activity, as a specific target of cell transformation by v-Jun. Oncogene 2004; 23:2357-66. [PMID: 14691447 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have used chicken cDNA microarrays to investigate gene-expression changes induced during transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by the viral Jun oncoprotein encoded by ASV17. This analysis reveals that v-Jun induces increases and decreases of varying magnitude in the expression of genes involved in diverse cellular functions, most of which have not been detected in previous screens for putative v-Jun targets. In all, 27 individual genes were identified, whose expression is increased threefold or more in v-Jun-transformed cells, including genes involved in energy generation, protein synthesis, and gene transcription. Interestingly, this group includes the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (Hif-1alpha) transcription factor and the glycolytic enzyme enolase, suggesting that adaptation to hypoxia could play a role in tumorigenesis by v-Jun. We also identified 32 genes whose expression is decreased threefold or more, including chaperones, components of the cytoskeleton, and, unexpectedly, DNA replication factors. The gene whose expression is upregulated most dramatically (approximately 100-fold) encodes Autotaxin (ATX), a secreted tumor motility-promoting factor with lysophospholipase D activity. Strikingly, v-Jun-transformed CEF secrete catalytically active ATX and chemotactic activity, which can be detected in conditioned medium. ATX is not detectably expressed in normal CEF or CEF transformed by the v-Src or v-Myc oncoproteins, indicating that induction of this putative autocrine/paracrine factor is a specific consequence of cell transformation by v-Jun. ATX has been implicated in both angiogenesis and invasion, and could therefore play an important role in tumorigenesis by v-Jun in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Black
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research Campaign Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Hong S, Kim SH, Rhee MH, Kim AR, Jung JH, Chun T, Yoo ES, Cho JY. In vitro anti-inflammatory and pro-aggregative effects of a lipid compound, petrocortyne A, from marine sponges. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003; 368:448-56. [PMID: 14615882 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
(3 S,14 S)-Petrocortyne A, a lipid compound (a C(46) polyacetylenic alcohol), from marine sponges ( Petrosia sp.) is potently cytotoxic against several solid tumour cells. In this study, we investigated in vitro anti-inflammatory and pro-aggregative effects of petrocortyne A at non-cytotoxic concentrations on various cellular inflammatory phenomena using the macrophage and monocytic cell lines RAW264.7 and U937. Petrocortyne A blocked tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production strongly and concentration-dependently in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/LPS-treated U937 cells. It also blocked NO production concentration-dependently in LPS- or interferon (IFN)-gamma-treated RAW264.7 cells. Among the migration factors tested, the compound selectively blocked the expression of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). On the other hand, as assessed by a cell-cell adhesion assay, petrocortyne A did not block the activation of adhesion molecules induced by aggregative antibodies to adhesion molecules, but suppressed PMA-induced cell-cell adhesion significantly. Intriguingly, petrocortyne A induced U937 homotypic aggregation following long exposure (2 and 3 days), accompanied by weak induction of pro-aggregative signals such as tyrosine phosphorylation of p132 and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2). Petrocortyne A may thus inhibit cellular inflammatory processes and immune cell migration to inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 440-746, Suwon, South Korea
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Goding JW, Grobben B, Slegers H. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1638:1-19. [PMID: 12757929 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) multigene family contains five members. NPP1-3 are type II transmembrane metalloenzymes characterized by a similar modular structure composed of a short intracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain containing a conserved catalytic site. The short intracellular domain of NPP1 has a basolateral membrane-targeting signal while NPP3 is targeted to the apical surface of polarized cells. NPP4-5 detected by database searches have a predicted type I membrane orientation but have not yet been functionally characterized. E-NPPs have been detected in almost all tissues often confined to specific substructures or cell types. In some cell types, NPP1 expression is constitutive or can be induced by TGF-beta and glucocorticoids, but the signal transduction pathways that control expression are poorly documented. NPP1-3 have a broad substrate specificity which may reflect their role in a host of physiological and biochemical processes including bone mineralization, calcification of ligaments and joint capsules, modulation of purinergic receptor signalling, nucleotide recycling, and cell motility. Abnormal NPP expression is involved in pathological mineralization, crystal depositions in joints, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, and type 2 diabetes. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and the physiological and biochemical functions of E-NPP and their contribution to the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Goding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Monash University, 3181, Victoria, Prahran, Australia
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Ferry G, Tellier E, Try A, Grés S, Naime I, Simon MF, Rodriguez M, Boucher J, Tack I, Gesta S, Chomarat P, Dieu M, Raes M, Galizzi JP, Valet P, Boutin JA, Saulnier-Blache JS. Autotaxin is released from adipocytes, catalyzes lysophosphatidic acid synthesis, and activates preadipocyte proliferation. Up-regulated expression with adipocyte differentiation and obesity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18162-9. [PMID: 12642576 PMCID: PMC1885458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has recently demonstrated (Gesta, S., Simon, M., Rey, A., Sibrac, D., Girard, A., Lafontan, M., Valet, P., and Saulnier-Blache, J. S. (2002) J. Lipid Res. 43, 904-910) the presence, in adipocyte conditioned-medium, of a soluble lysophospholipase d-activity (LPLDact) involved in synthesis of the bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In the present report, LPLDact was purified from 3T3F442A adipocyte-conditioned medium and identified as the type II ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase, autotaxin (ATX). A unique ATX cDNA was cloned from 3T3F442A adipocytes, and its recombinant expression in COS-7 cells led to extracellular release of LPLDact. ATX mRNA expression was highly up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3F442A-preadipocytes. This up-regulation was paralleled by the ability of newly differentiated adipocytes to release LPLDact and LPA. Differentiation-dependent up-regulation of ATX expression was also observed in a primary culture of mouse preadipocytes. Treatment of 3T3F442A-preadipocytes with concentrated conditioned medium from ATX-expressing COS-7 cells led to an increase in cell number as compared with concentrated conditioned medium from ATX non-expressing COS-7 cells. The specific effect of ATX on preadipocyte proliferation was completely suppressed by co-treatment with a LPA-hydrolyzing phospholipase, phospholipase B. Finally, ATX expression was found in mature adipocytes isolated from mouse adipose tissue and was substantially increased in genetically obese-diabetic db/db mice when compared with their lean siblings. In conclusion, the present work shows that ATX is responsible for the LPLDact released by adipocytes and exerts a paracrine control on preadipocyte growth via an LPA-dependent mechanism. Up-regulations of ATX expression with adipocyte differentiation and genetic obesity suggest a possible involvement of this released protein in the development of adipose tissue and obesity-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ferry
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Edwige Tellier
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Anne Try
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Sandra Grés
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Isabelle Naime
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Marie Françoise Simon
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Marianne Rodriguez
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Jérémie Boucher
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Ivan Tack
- Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Physiopathologie Renale
INSERM : U388 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Stéphane Gesta
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Pascale Chomarat
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | | | | | - Jean Pierre Galizzi
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Philippe Valet
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Centre de Recherche de Croissy
Institut de Recherche Servier78290 Croissy-sur-Seine,FR
| | - Jean Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- Unité de recherche sur les obésités
INSERM : U586 IFR31Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard
1, Avenue Jean Poulhes
31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
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Jung ID, Lee J, Yun SY, Park CG, Choi WS, Lee HW, Choi OH, Han JW, Lee HY. Cdc42 and Rac1 are necessary for autotaxin-induced tumor cell motility in A2058 melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:351-6. [PMID: 12482591 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a strong motogen that can increase invasiveness and angiogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the signal transduction mechanism of ATX-induced tumor cell motility. Unlike N19RhoA expressing cells, the cells expressing N17Cdc42 or N17Rac1 showed reduced motility against ATX. ATX activated Cdc42 and Rac1 and increased complex formation between these small G proteins and p21-activated kinase (PAK). Furthermore, ATX phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that was not shown in cells expressing dominant negative mutants of Cdc42 or Rac1. Collectively, these data strongly indicate that Cdc42 and Rac1 are essential for ATX-induced tumor cell motility in A2058 melanoma cells, and that PAK and FAK might be also involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Duk Jung
- College of Medicine, Konyang University, 320-711, Nonsan, South Korea
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