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Choudhari M, Hejmady S, Narayan Saha R, Damle S, Singhvi G, Alexander A, Kesharwani P, Kumar Dubey S. Evolving new-age strategies to transport therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120351. [PMID: 33545286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A basic understanding of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the novel advancements in targeting drugs specific to the brain. Neoplasm compromising the internal structure of BBB that results in impaired vasculature is called as blood tumor barrier (BTB). Besides, the BBB serves as a chief hindrance to the passage of a drug into the brain parenchyma. The small and hydrophilic drugs majorly display an absence of desired molecular characteristics required to cross the BBB. Furthermore, all classes of biologics have failed in the clinical trials of brain diseases over the past years since these biologics are large molecules that do not cross the BBB. Also, new strategies have been discovered that use the Trojan horse technology with the re-engineered biologics for BBB transport. Thus, this review delivers information about the different grades of tumors (I-IV) i.e. examples of BBB/BTB heterogenicity along with the different mechanisms for transporting the therapeutics into the brain tumors by crossing BBB. This review also provides insights into the emerging approaches of peptide delivery and the non-invasive and brain-specific molecular Trojan horse targeting technologies. Also, the several challenges in the clinical development of BBB penetrating IgG fusion protein have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Siddhanth Hejmady
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Ranendra Narayan Saha
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shantanu Damle
- Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd., Verna Industrial Estate, Verna 403722, Goa, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER GUWAHATI), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of India, Sila Village, Nizsundarighopa, Changsari, Kamrup (R), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India; R&D Healthcare Division Emami Ltd., 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata 700056, India.
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Hanes J, Dobakova E, Majerova P. Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1448-1465. [PMID: 32178609 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200316130128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics' delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Dobakova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Majerova P, Hanes J, Olesova D, Sinsky J, Pilipcinec E, Kovac A. Novel Blood-Brain Barrier Shuttle Peptides Discovered through the Phage Display Method. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040874. [PMID: 32079185 PMCID: PMC7070575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain is a major challenge in central nervous system drug development. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents access of biotherapeutics to their targets in the central nervous system and, therefore, prohibits the effective treatment of many neurological disorders. To find blood–brain barrier shuttle peptides that could target therapeutics to the brain, we applied a phage display technology on a primary endothelial rat cellular model. Two identified peptides from a 12 mer phage library, GLHTSATNLYLH and VAARTGEIYVPW, were selected and their permeability was validated using the in vitro BBB model. The permeability of peptides through the BBB was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). We showed higher permeability for both peptides compared to N–C reversed-sequence peptides through in vitro BBB: for peptide GLHTSATNLYLH 3.3 × 10−7 cm/s and for peptide VAARTGEIYVPW 1.5 × 10−6 cm/s. The results indicate that the peptides identified by the in vitro phage display technology could serve as transporters for the administration of biopharmaceuticals into the brain. Our results also demonstrated the importance of proper BBB model for the discovery of shuttle peptides through phage display libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Dominika Olesova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sinsky
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
| | - Emil Pilipcinec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (J.H.); (D.O.); (J.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-254788100
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Pardridge WM. Delivery of Biologics Across the Blood–Brain Barrier with Molecular Trojan Horse Technology. BioDrugs 2017; 31:503-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Trenchevska O, Nelson RW, Nedelkov D. Mass Spectrometric Immunoassays in Characterization of Clinically Significant Proteoforms. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010013. [PMID: 28248223 PMCID: PMC5217360 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins can exist as multiple proteoforms in vivo, as a result of alternative splicing and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as posttranslational processing. To address their clinical significance in a context of diagnostic information, proteoforms require a more in-depth analysis. Mass spectrometric immunoassays (MSIA) have been devised for studying structural diversity in human proteins. MSIA enables protein profiling in a simple and high-throughput manner, by combining the selectivity of targeted immunoassays, with the specificity of mass spectrometric detection. MSIA has been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of single and multiple proteoforms, distinguishing between normal fluctuations and changes related to clinical conditions. This mini review offers an overview of the development and application of mass spectrometric immunoassays for clinical and population proteomics studies. Provided are examples of some recent developments, and also discussed are the trends and challenges in mass spectrometry-based immunoassays for the next-phase of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgica Trenchevska
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Randall W Nelson
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Dobrin Nedelkov
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Breault-Turcot J, Chaurand P, Masson JF. Unravelling Nonspecific Adsorption of Complex Protein Mixture on Surfaces with SPR and MS. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9612-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Breault-Turcot
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3C 3J7
- Centre
for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), McGill University, Otto
Maass Building Room 414, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6
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7
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Oran PE, Trenchevska O, Nedelkov D, Borges CR, Schaab MR, Rehder DS, Jarvis JW, Sherma ND, Shen L, Krastins B, Schwenke DC, Reaven PD, Nelson RW. Parallel workflow for high-throughput (>1,000 samples/day) quantitative analysis of human insulin-like growth factor 1 using mass spectrometric immunoassay. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92801. [PMID: 24664114 PMCID: PMC3963945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is an important biomarker for the management of growth hormone disorders. Recently there has been rising interest in deploying mass spectrometric (MS) methods of detection for measuring IGF1. However, widespread clinical adoption of any MS-based IGF1 assay will require increased throughput and speed to justify the costs of analyses, and robust industrial platforms that are reproducible across laboratories. Presented here is an MS-based quantitative IGF1 assay with performance rating of >1,000 samples/day, and a capability of quantifying IGF1 point mutations and posttranslational modifications. The throughput of the IGF1 mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) benefited from a simplified sample preparation step, IGF1 immunocapture in a tip format, and high-throughput MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification of the resulting assay were 1.5 μg/L and 5 μg/L, respectively, with intra- and inter-assay precision CVs of less than 10%, and good linearity and recovery characteristics. The IGF1 MSIA was benchmarked against commercially available IGF1 ELISA via Bland-Altman method comparison test, resulting in a slight positive bias of 16%. The IGF1 MSIA was employed in an optimized parallel workflow utilizing two pipetting robots and MALDI-TOF-MS instruments synced into one-hour phases of sample preparation, extraction and MSIA pipette tip elution, MS data collection, and data processing. Using this workflow, high-throughput IGF1 quantification of 1,054 human samples was achieved in approximately 9 hours. This rate of assaying is a significant improvement over existing MS-based IGF1 assays, and is on par with that of the enzyme-based immunoassays. Furthermore, a mutation was detected in ∼1% of the samples (SNP: rs17884626, creating an A→T substitution at position 67 of the IGF1), demonstrating the capability of IGF1 MSIA to detect point mutations and posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Oran
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Olgica Trenchevska
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dobrin Nedelkov
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chad R Borges
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew R Schaab
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas S Rehder
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W Jarvis
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nisha D Sherma
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Luhui Shen
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, The Biomarkers Research Initiatives in Mass Spectrometry Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dawn C Schwenke
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America; College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Peter D Reaven
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Randall W Nelson
- Molecular Biomarkers Laboratory, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Hall MP, Schneider LV. Isotope-differentiated binding energy shift tags (IDBEST™) for improved targeted biomarker discovery and validation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 1:421-31. [PMID: 15966839 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.1.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has proved to be an important tool for protein biomarker discovery, identification and characterization. However, global proteomic profiling strategies often fail to identify known low-abundance biomarkers as a result of the limited dynamic range of mass spectrometry (two to three orders of magnitude) compared with the large dynamic range of protein concentrations in biologic fluids (11 to 12 orders of magnitude for serum). In addition, the number of peptides generated in such methods vastly overwhelms the resolution capacity of mass spectrometers, requiring extensive sample clean-up (e.g., affinity tag, retentate chromatography and/or high-performance liquid chromatography) before mass spectrometry analysis. Baiting and affinity pre-enrichment strategies, which overcome the dynamic range and sample complexity issues of global proteomic strategies, are very difficult to couple to mass spectrometry. This is due to the fact that it is nearly impossible to sort target peptides from those of the bait since there will be many cases of isobaric peptides. IDBEST (Target Discovery, Inc.) is a new tagging strategy that enables such pre-enrichment of specific proteins or protein classes as the resulting tagged peptides are distinguishable from those of the bait by a mass defect shift of approximately 0.1 atomic mass units. The special characteristics of these tags allow: resolution of tagged peptides from untagged peptides through incorporation of a mass defect element; high-precision quantitation of up- and downregulation by using stable isotope versions of the same tag; and potential analysis of protein isoforms through more complete peptide coverage from the proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hall
- Target Discovery, Inc., 4015 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.
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9
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Bystrom C, Sheng S, Zhang K, Caulfield M, Clarke NJ, Reitz R. Clinical utility of insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2; determination by high resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43457. [PMID: 22984427 PMCID: PMC3439428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) has utility for the diagnosis and management of growth disorders, but inter-assay comparison of results has been complicated by a multitude of reference standards, antibodies, detection methods, and pre-analytical preparation strategies. We developed a quantitative LC-MS method for intact IGF-I, which has advantages in throughput and complexity when compared to mass spectrometric approaches that rely on stable isotope dilution analysis of tryptic peptides. Since the method makes use of full-scan data, the assay was easily extended to provide quantitative measurement of IGF-II using the same assay protocol. The validated LC-MS assay for IGF-I and IGF-II provides accurate results across the pediatric and adult reference range and is suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Bystrom
- Cleveland Heart Lab, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shijun Sheng
- Thermo Scientific, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Quest Diagnostics – Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Caulfield
- Quest Diagnostics – Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
| | - Nigel J. Clarke
- Quest Diagnostics – Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Reitz
- Quest Diagnostics – Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a well-established label-free technique to detect mass changes near an SPR surface. For 20 years the benefits of SPR have been proven in biomolecular interaction analysis, including measurements of affinity and kinetics. The emergence of proteomics and a need for high throughput analysis drives the development of SPR systems capable of analyzing microarrays. The use of SPR imaging (also known as SPR microscopy) makes it possible to use multiplexed arrays to follow binding reactions. As SPR only analyzes the binding process, but not the identity of captured molecules on the SPR surface, technologies have been developed to integrate SPR with mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Such approaches involve the recovery of analytes from the SPR surface and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis, or LC-MS/MS after tryptic digestion of recovered proteins. An approach compatible with SPR arrays is on-chip MALDI-TOF MS, from arrayed spots on an SPR surface. This review describes some exciting developments in the application of SPR to proteomics, using instruments which are on the market already, or are expected to be available in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico J de Mol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Akanji AO, Smith RJ. The insulin-like growth factor system, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease risk. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 10:3-13. [PMID: 22103319 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolic and clinical features that aggregate in individuals and increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk considerably. It is believed, although sometimes controversially, that the underlying basis for this syndrome is insulin resistance (IR) and accompanying compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have significant homology and interact with differing affinity with the same receptors. Therefore, their actions can be complementary, and this becomes particularly significant clinico-pathologically when their circulating levels are altered. This review of currently available information attempts to answer the following questions: (1) Is there any evidence for changes in the components of the IGF system in individuals with established CVD or with increased CVD risk as with the metabolic syndrome? (2) What are the underlying mechanisms for interactions, if any, between insulin and the IGF system, in the genesis of CVD? (3) Can knowledge of the pathophysiological changes in the IGF system observed in macrosomic newborn infants and growth hormone (GH)-treated children and adults explain some of the observations in relation to the IGF system and the metabolic syndrome? (4) Can the experimental and clinical evidence adduced from the foregoing be useful in designing novel therapies for the prevention, treatment, and assignment of prognosis in metabolic syndrome-associated disease, particularly ischemic heart disease? To answer these questions, we have performed a literature review using bibliographies from PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar published within the last 10 years. We suggest that IGF-1 levels are reduced consistently in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and its components and in those with ischemic CVD. Such changes are also seen with GH deficiency in which these changes are partially reversible with GH treatment. Furthermore, changes are seen in levels and interactions of IGF-binding proteins in these disorders, and some of these changes appear to be independent of IGF-binding capability and could potentially impact on risk for the metabolic syndrome and CVD. The promising therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi O Akanji
- Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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12
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Abstract
The combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and mass spectrometry (MS) creates a comprehensive protein investigation approach wherein SPR is employed for protein quantification and MS is utilized to structurally characterize the proteins. In such, MS utterly complements the SPR detection and reveals intrinsic protein structural modifications that go unregistered via the SPR detection. Protein complexes and non-specific binding can also be delineated via the SPR-MS approach. Described here are the protocols and know-how for successful and reproducible integration of SPR and MS. The individual steps of the entire SPR-MS process are illustrated via an example showing analysis of myoglobin from human plasma.
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13
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Kilpatrick EL, Bunk DM. Reference Measurement Procedure Development for C-Reactive Protein in Human Serum. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8610-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901597h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Kilpatrick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Technology Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Technology Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - David M. Bunk
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Technology Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Technology Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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14
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Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Bosch J, Such-Sanmartín G, Segura J. Surface plasmon resonance immuno assays - A perspective. Growth Horm IGF Res 2009; 19:388-398. [PMID: 19473863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) represents an extremely challenging task from an anti-doping viewpoint. GH is an endogenously produced substance, present at very low levels in circulation (for the most abundant 22kDa isoform approximately 50pM in plasma and 100fM in urine) either as monomer or homo- and heterodimers, comprises a family of distinct isoforms, and obeys a pulsatile secretion routine that is affected by many different internal and external factors. Upon administration of the recombinant, single-isoform pharmaceutical, the feedback mechanism reduces the endogenous heterogeneity resulting in altered ratios between the different GH isoforms. Thus, measuring the isoform ratios through immuno assays appears the approach of choice. Conventional assays do not provide information on isoform-specific association and dissociation events of the individual primary antibody-isoform or isoform-secondary antibody interactions. This particular information can be obtained using the technology of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which enables monitoring of biomolecular interactions in a dynamic and label-free setting. In this paper the different aspects of SPR are described, how the technology may be beneficial for understanding today's anti-GH immunoassays, and whether the approach could be employed for measuring GH in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group, Neuropsychopharmacology Program, Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Goto H, Furusho Y, Miwa K, Yashima E. Double helix formation of oligoresorcinols in water: thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4710-9. [PMID: 19334774 DOI: 10.1021/ja808585y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the oligoresorcinols formed double-stranded helices in neutral water through interstrand aromatic interactions. In the present study, we synthesized a new series of oligomers from the 2mer to the 15mer to explore the thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism of the double helix formation of the oligoresorcinols in water. The double helix formation was dependent on the chain length of the oligomers and significantly affected by solvent, pH, salt, and temperature. The free energy change (-DeltaG) for the double helix formation linearly increased with the chain length from the 4mer to the 11mer (DeltaDeltaG = -0.94 kcal mol(-1) unit(-1)), whereas it did not change for the oligomers longer than the 11mer. The van't Hoff analysis of the 9mer revealed that the double helix formation was an enthalpically driven process (DeltaH = -27 +/- 1.5 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaS = -70 +/- 5 cal mol(-1) K(-1)), which was consistent with the upfield shifts in the (1)H NMR spectra and the hypochromicity of the absorption spectra as a result of the interstrand aromatic interactions in water. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of the chain exchange reaction between the double helices of the optically active and optically inactive 11mers revealed a small DeltaS(double dagger), suggesting that the chain exchange proceeds not via the dissociation-association pathway, but via the direct exchange pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Goto
- Yashima Super-structured Helix Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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16
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Visser NFC, Heck AJR. Surface plasmon resonance mass spectrometry in proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:425-33. [PMID: 18532910 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the enormous complexity of the proteome, focus in proteomics shifts more and more from the study of the complete proteome to the targeted analysis of part of the proteome. The isolation of this specific part of the proteome generally includes an affinity-based enrichment. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a label-free technique able to follow enrichment in real-time and in a semiquantitative manner, is an emerging tool for targeted affinity enrichment. Furthermore, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), SPR can be used to both selectively enrich for and identify proteins from a complex sample. Here we illustrate the use of SPR-MS to solve proteomics-based research questions, describing applications that use very different types of immobilized components: such as small (drug or messenger) molecules, peptides, DNA and proteins. We evaluate the current possibilities and limitations and discuss the future developments of the SPR-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja F C Visser
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Benesch JLP, Ruotolo BT, Simmons DA, Robinson CV. Protein complexes in the gas phase: technology for structural genomics and proteomics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3544-67. [PMID: 17649985 DOI: 10.1021/cr068289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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18
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Abstract
Protein microarrays are the format of choice for high-throughput, high-content protein interaction analysis. In most of the array formats, reporter molecules are used in multistep detection of the protein interactions. Among the few existing label-free detection approaches, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and mass spectrometry (MS) stand out as most promising for utilization in protein microarrays, albeit both have been used only sporadically for high-content protein arrays. Shown here for the first time is the combination of SPR and MS detection on a single high-content protein microarray. Antibodies to five human plasma proteins were arrayed in a 10 x 10 spot arrangement on a chemically activated gold-coated glass chip. Binding of proteins to their corresponding antibodies was monitored via SPR imaging across the entire surface of the chip. Following protein affinity retrieval, the chip was overlaid with MALDI matrix and MS analyzed, producing protein-specific mass spectra from distinct spots on the array. The SPR-MS dual detection is well suited for high-content protein microarrays and comprehensive protein analysis-from quantitative assessment of the protein concentration to detection of structural protein variants arising from genetic variations and postexpression processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes Inc., 2155 East Conference Drive, Suite 104 Tempe, Arizona 85284, USA.
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19
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Nedelkov D. Mass spectrometry-based immunoassays for the next phase of clinical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 3:631-40. [PMID: 17181477 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of affinity mass spectrometry into clinical laboratories brought a renewed interest in immunoaffinity mass spectrometry as a more specific affinity method capable of selectively targeting and studying protein biomarkers. In mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, proteins are affinity retrieved from biological samples via surface-immobilized antibodies, and are then detected via mass spectrometric analysis. The assays benefit from dual specificity, which is brought about by the affinity of the antibody and the protein mass readout. The mass spectrometry aspect of the assays enables single-step detection of protein isoforms and their individual quantification. This review offers a comprehensive review of mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, from historical perspectives in the development of the immunoaffinity mass spectrometry, to current applications of the assays in clinical and population proteomic endeavors. Described in more detail are two types of mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, one of which incorporates surface plasmon resonance detection for protein quantification. All mass spectrometry-based immunoassays offer high-throughput targeted protein investigation, with clear implications in clinical research, encompassing biomarker discovery and validation, and in diagnostic settings as the next-generation immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes Inc., 2155 East Conference Drive, Suite 104, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA.
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20
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Gutierrez JA, Dorocke JA, Knierman MD, Gelfanova V, Higgs RE, Koh NL, Hale JE. Quantitative determination of peptides using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biotechniques 2006; Suppl:13-7. [PMID: 16528911 DOI: 10.2144/05386su02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method is described for the quantitative determination of peptides using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Known limitations imposed by crystal heterogeneity, peptide ionization differences, data handling, and protein quantification with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry are addressed in this method with a "seed crystal" protocol for analyte-matrix formation, the use of internal protein standards, and a software package called maldi_quant. The seed crystal protocol, a new variation of the fast-evaporation method, minimizes crystal heterogeneity and allows for consistent collection of protein spectra. The software maldi_quant permits rapid and automated analysis of peak intensity data, normalization of peak intensities to internal standards, and peak intensity deconvolution and estimation for vicinal peaks. Using insulin proteins in a background of other unrelated peptides, this method shows an overall coefficient of variance of 4.4%, and a quantitative working range of 0.58-37.5 ng bovine insulin per spot. Coupling of this methodology to powerful analytical procedures such as immunoprecipitation is likely to lead to the rapid and reliable quantification of biologically relevant proteins and their closely related variants.
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21
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Borch J, Jørgensen TJD, Roepstorff P. Mass spectrometric analysis of protein interactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:509-16. [PMID: 16125435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identification of interaction partners and structural characterization of protein interactions because of its high sensitivity, mass accuracy and tolerance towards sample heterogeneity. Several tools that allow studies of protein interaction are now available and recent developments that increase the confidence of studies of protein interaction by mass spectrometry include quantification of affinity-purified proteins by stable isotope labeling and reagents for surface topology studies that can be identified by mass-contributing reporters (e.g. isotope labels, cleavable cross-linkers or fragment ions. The use of mass spectrometers to study protein interactions using deuterium exchange and for analysis of intact protein complexes recently has progressed considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Borch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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22
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Abstract
The existence of surface guided electromagnetic waves has been theoretically predicted from Maxwell's equations and investigated during the first decades of the 20th century. However, it is only since the late 1960's that they have attracted the interest of surface physicists and earned the moniker of "surface plasmon". With the advent of commercially available instruments and well established theories, the technique has been used to study a wide variety of biochemical and biotechnological phenomena. Spectral response of the resonance condition serves as a sensitive indicator of the optical properties of thin films immobilized within a wavelength of the surface. This enhanced surface sensitivity has provided a boon to the surface sciences, and fosters collaboration between surface chemistry, physics and the ongoing biological and biotechnological revolution. Since then, techniques based on surface plasmons such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), SPR Imaging, Plasmon Waveguide Resonance (PWR) and others, have been increasingly used to determine the affinity and kinetics of a wide variety of real time molecular interactions such as protein-protein, lipid-protein and ligand-protein, without the need for a molecular tag or label. The physical-chemical methodologies used to immobilize membranes at the surface of these optical devices are reviewed, pointing out advantages and limitations of each method. The paper serves to summarize both historical and more recent developments of these technologies for investigating structure-function aspects of these molecular interactions, and regulation of specific events in signal transduction by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V.J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, 85721 Tucson, Arizona, USA
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23
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Nedelkov D, Kiernan UA, Niederkofler EE, Tubbs KA, Nelson RW. Investigating diversity in human plasma proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10852-7. [PMID: 16043703 PMCID: PMC1180507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500426102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma proteins represent an important part of the human proteome. Although recent proteomics research efforts focus largely on determining the overall number of proteins circulating in plasma, it is equally important to delineate protein variations among individuals, because they can signal the onset of diseases and be used as biological markers in diagnostics. To date, there has been no systematic proteomics effort to characterize the breadth of structural modifications in individual proteins in the general population. In this work, we have undertaken a population proteomics study to define gene- and protein-level diversity that is encountered in the general population. Twenty-five plasma proteins from a cohort of 96 healthy individuals were investigated through affinity-based mass spectrometric assays. A total of 76 structural forms/variants were observed for the 25 proteins within the samples cohort. Posttranslational modifications were detected in 18 proteins, and point mutations were observed in 4 proteins. The frequency of occurrence of these variations was wide-ranged, with some modifications being observed in only one sample, and others detected in all 96 samples. Even though a relatively small cohort of individuals was investigated, the results from this study illustrate the extent of protein diversity in the human population and can be of immediate aid in clinical proteomics/biomarker studies by laying a basal-level statistical foundation from which protein diversity relating to disease can be evaluated.
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Abstract
Stable isotope tagging methods provide a useful means of determining the relative expression level of individual proteins between samples in a mass spectrometer with high precision (coefficients of variation less than 10%). Because two or more samples tagged with different numbers of stable isotopes can be mixed before any processing steps, sample-to-sample recovery differences are eliminated. Mass spectrometry also allows post-translational modifications, splice variations and mutations (often unnoticed in immunoassays) to be detected and identified, increasing the clinical relevance of the assay and avoiding the issues of non-specific binding and cross-reactivity observed in immunoassays. Several stable isotope tagging methods are available for use in proteomics research. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique with respect to biomarker discovery, target validation, efficacy and toxicology screening and clinical diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke V Schneider
- Target Discovery Inc., 4015 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.
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25
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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26
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Nelson RW, Nedelkov D, Tubbs KA, Kiernan UA. Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Immunoassay of Insulin Like Growth Factor 1. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:851-5. [PMID: 15359740 DOI: 10.1021/pr0499388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported in this work are the development of mass spectrometric immunoassay (MSIA) devices and methods for the qualitative analysis of IGF-1 and -2, and the rigorous quantification of IGF-1 from human plasma. A method involving addition of SDS in moderate concentration to unfractionated plasma for disrupting IGF/IGFBP complexes was initially developed. The method is suitable for the direct extraction of the IGFs and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Rat plasma, containing IGF-1 that is mass shifted from human IGF-1, was used as an internal reference standard (IRS) for the quantification of IGF-1 directly from human plasma. A standard curve with linear dynamic range of at least 2 orders of magnitude was constructed from serially diluted IGF-1 standards containing equal amounts of rat plasma. Using the standard curve, IGF-1 levels in plasma samples from eight individuals were determined. The limit of detection for the IGF-1 MSIA was also evaluated and established to be approximately 15 pM. The assay is rapid and can be performed in parallel via high-throughput robotics processing. Furthermore, the mass spectrometry aspect of the developed IGF-1 immunoassay offers a new dimension in the ongoing study of IGF-1 and related diseases.
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27
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Abstract
The combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and mass spectrometry (MS) has created a unique approach to protein investigations. Surface plasmon resonance is used to quantify interactions between proteins and surface-immobilized ligands, and MS is used to determine the structural features of the bound proteins. Recent progress in SPR-MS includes improved methods and operations, increased limits of detection, multi-protein analysis and protein-complex delineation. With the subsequent design of SPR protein arrays, SPR-MS is expected to enter into the field of high-throughput protein interaction discovery and miniaturized diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, 625 South Smith Rd, Suite 22, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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