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Rigouin C, Croux C, Borsenberger V, Ben Khaled M, Chardot T, Marty A, Bordes F. Increasing medium chain fatty acids production in Yarrowia lipolytica by metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:142. [PMID: 30200978 PMCID: PMC6130074 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is an organism of choice for the development of biofuel and oleochemicals. It has become a chassis for metabolic engineering in order to produce targeted lipids. Understanding the function of key-enzymes involved in lipid metabolism is essential to design better routes for enhanced lipid production and for strains producing lipids of interest. Because medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) are valuable compounds for biokerosene production, we previously generated strains capable of producing MCFA up to 12% of total lipid content (Rigouin et al. in ACS Synth Biol 6:1870-1879, 2017). In order to improve accumulation and content of C14 fatty acid (FA), the elongation, degradation and accumulation of these MCFA in Yarrowia lipolytica were studied. RESULTS We brought evidence of the role of YALI0F0654 (YlELO1) protein in the elongation of exogenous or de novo synthesized C14 FA into C16 FA and C18 FA. YlELO1 deletion into a αFAS_I1220W expressing strain leads to the sole production of C14 FA. However, because this strain does not provide the FA essential for its growth, it requires being cultivated with essential fatty acids and C14 FA yield is limited. To promote MCFA accumulation in Y. lipolytica without compromising the growth, we overexpressed a plant diglyceride acyltransferase specific for MCFA and reached an accumulation of MCFA up to 45% of total lipid content. CONCLUSION We characterized the role of YlELO1 in Y. lipolytica by proving its involvement in Medium chain fatty acids elongation. We showed that MCFA content can be increased in Yarrowia lipolytica by promoting their accumulation into a stable storage form (triacylglycerides) to limit their elongation and their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Rigouin
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Croux
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Maher Ben Khaled
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Chardot
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Alain Marty
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Bordes
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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Xia F, Li X, Li X, Zheng D, Sun Q, Liu J, Li Y, Hua J, Qi B. Elevation of the Yields of Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids via Minimal Codon Optimization of Two Key Biosynthetic Enzymes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158103. [PMID: 27433934 PMCID: PMC4951033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19) are nutritionally beneficial to human health. Transgenic production of EPA and DHA in oilseed crops by transferring genes originating from lower eukaryotes, such as microalgae and fungi, has been attempted in recent years. However, the low yield of EPA and DHA produced in these transgenic crops is a major hurdle for the commercialization of these transgenics. Many factors can negatively affect transgene expression, leading to a low level of converted fatty acid products. Among these the codon bias between the transgene donor and the host crop is one of the major contributing factors. Therefore, we carried out codon optimization of a fatty acid delta-6 desaturase gene PinD6 from the fungus Phytophthora infestans, and a delta-9 elongase gene, IgASE1 from the microalga Isochrysis galbana for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis respectively. These are the two key genes encoding enzymes for driving the first catalytic steps in the Δ6 desaturation/Δ6 elongation and the Δ9 elongation/Δ8 desaturation pathways for EPA/DHA biosynthesis. Hence expression levels of these two genes are important in determining the final yield of EPA/DHA. Via PCR-based mutagenesis we optimized the least preferred codons within the first 16 codons at their N-termini, as well as the most biased CGC codons (coding for arginine) within the entire sequences of both genes. An expression study showed that transgenic Arabidopsis plants harbouring the codon-optimized IgASE1 contained 64% more elongated fatty acid products than plants expressing the native IgASE1 sequence, whilst Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the codon optimized PinD6 yielded 20 times more desaturated products than yeast expressing wild-type (WT) PinD6. Thus the codon optimization strategy we developed here offers a simple, effective and low-cost alternative to whole gene synthesis for high expression of foreign genes in yeast and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Desong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Quanxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Yaxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
| | - Jinping Hua
- Department of Plant Genetics & Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271000, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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4
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Novel elongase of Pythium sp. with high specificity on Δ6-18C desaturated fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:507-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Yuan X, Li Y, Liu S, Xia F, Li X, Qi B. Accumulation of eicosapolyenoic acids enhances sensitivity to abscisic acid and mitigates the effects of drought in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1637-49. [PMID: 24609499 PMCID: PMC3967093 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
IgASE1, a C₁₈ Δ(9)-specific polyunsaturated fatty acid elongase from the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana, is able to convert linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid to eicosadienoic acid and eicosatrienoic acid in Arabidopsis. Eicosadienoic acid and eicosatrienoic acid are precursors of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, which are synthesized via the Δ(8) desaturation biosynthetic pathways. This study shows that the IgASE1-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited altered morphology (decreased leaf area and biomass) and enhanced drought resistance compared to wild-type plants. The transgenic Arabidopsis were hypersensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) during seed germination, post-germination growth, and seedling development. They had elevated leaf ABA levels under well-watered and dehydrated conditions and their stomata were more sensitive to ABA. Exogenous application of eicosadienoic acid and eicosatrienoic acid can mimic ABA and drought responses in the wild type plants, similar to that found in the transgenic ones. The transcript levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ABA (NCED3, ABA1, AAO3) as well as other stress-related genes were upregulated in this transgenic line upon osmotic stress (300 mM mannitol). Taken together, these results indicate that these two eicosapolyenoic acids or their derived metabolites can mitigate the effects of drought in transgenic Arabidopsis, at least in part, through the action of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
- Huasheng Agriculture Limited Liability Company, Qingzhou, Shandong 262500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxiao Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY,UK
| | - Shiyang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY,UK
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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6
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Site-directed mutagenesis of a fatty acid elongase ELO-like condensing enzyme. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3837-42. [PMID: 24157363 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The condensation step of fatty acid elongation is the addition of a C2 unit from malonyl-CoA to an acyl primer catalyzed by one of two families of enzymes, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases and the ELO-like condensing enzymes. 3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases use a Claisen-like reaction mechanism while the mechanism of the ELO-catalyzed condensation reaction is unknown. We have used site-directed mutagenesis of Dictyostelium discoideum EloA to identify residues important to catalytic activity and/or structure. Mutation of highly conserved polar residues to alanine resulted in an inactive enzyme strongly suggesting that these residues play a role in the condensation reaction.
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7
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Qi B, Doughty J, Hooley R. A Golgi and tonoplast localized S-acyl transferase is involved in cell expansion, cell division, vascular patterning and fertility in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:444-456. [PMID: 23795888 PMCID: PMC3817529 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation of eukaryotic proteins is the reversible attachment of palmitic or stearic acid to cysteine residues, catalysed by protein S-acyl transferases that share an Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) motif. Previous evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis S-acylation is involved in the control of cell size, polarity and the growth of pollen tubes and root hairs. Using a combination of yeast genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and loss of function genetics the roles of a member of the protein S-acyl transferase PAT family, AtPAT10 (At3g51390), have been explored. In keeping with its role as a PAT, AtPAT10 auto-S-acylates, and partially complements the yeast akr1 PAT mutant, and this requires Cys(192) of the DHHC motif. In Arabidopsis AtPAT10 is localized in the Golgi stack, trans-Golgi network/early endosome and tonoplast. Loss-of-function mutants have a pleiotropic phenotype involving cell expansion and division, vascular patterning, and fertility that is rescued by wild-type AtPAT10 but not by catalytically inactive AtPAT10C(192) A. This supports the hypothesis that AtPAT10 is functionally independent of the other Arabidopsis PATs. Our findings demonstrate a growing importance of protein S-acylation in plants, and reveal a Golgi and tonoplast located S-acylation mechanism that affects a range of events during growth and development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiu Qi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural UniversityShandong, 271018, China
| | - James Doughty
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Richard Hooley
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathClaverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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8
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Two novel Physcomitrella patens fatty acid elongases (ELOs): identification and functional characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3485-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Shi T, Yu A, Li M, Ou X, Xing L, Li M. Identification of a novel C22-∆4-producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) specific polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturase gene from Isochrysis galbana and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:2265-74. [PMID: 22941368 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isochrysis galbana, produces long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). A novel gene (IgFAD4-2), encoding a C22-∆4 polyunsaturated fatty acid specific desaturase, has been isolated and characterized from I. galbana. A full-length cDNA of 1,302 bp was cloned by LA-PCR technique. The IgFAD4-2 encoded a protein of 433 amino acids that shares 78 % identity with a previously reported ∆4-desaturase (IgFAD4-1) from I. galbana. The function of IgFAD4-2 was deduced by its heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which then desaturated docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) to DHA. The conversion ratio of DPA to DHA was 34 %, which is higher than other ∆4-desaturases cloned from algae. However, IgFAD4-2 did not catalyze the desaturation or elongation reactions with other fatty acids. These results confirm that IgFAD4-2 has C22-∆4-PUFAs-specific desaturase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Cloning and identification of a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid specific elongase gene from DHA-producing Isochrysis galbana H29. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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The front-end desaturase: structure, function, evolution and biotechnological use. Lipids 2011; 47:227-37. [PMID: 22009657 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are essential components of cell membranes, and are precursors for a group of hormone-like bioactive compounds (eicosanoids and docosanoids) involved in regulation of various physiological activities in animals and humans. The biosynthesis of these fatty acids involves an alternating process of fatty acid desaturation and elongation. The desaturation is catalyzed by a unique class of oxygenases called front-end desaturases that introduce double bonds between the pre-existing double bond and the carboxyl end of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The first gene encoding a front-end desaturase was cloned in 1993 from cyanobacteria. Since then, front-end desaturases have been identified and characterized from a wide range of eukaryotic species including algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals including humans. Unlike front-end desaturases from bacteria, those from eukaryotes are structurally characterized by the presence of an N-terminal cytochrome b₅-like domain fused to the main desaturation domain. Understanding the structure, function and evolution of front-end desaturases, as well as their roles in the biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids offers the opportunity to engineer production of these fatty acids in transgenic oilseed plants for nutraceutical markets.
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12
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Isolation of a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid specific elongase gene from DHA-producing Isochrysis galbana H29 and its use for the reconstitution of the alternative Δ8 pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1823-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Identification and characterization of a novel enzyme related to the synthesis of PUFAs derived from Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Cloning and Characterization of the ∆6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Elongase from the Green Microalga Parietochloris incisa. Lipids 2009; 44:545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Lee JC, Anbu P, Kim WH, Noh MJ, Lee SJ, Seo JW, Hur BK. Identification of Δ9-elongation activity from Thraustochytrium aureum by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Guschina IA, Harwood JL. Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2006; 45:160-86. [PMID: 16492482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic algae are a very diverse group of organisms which inhabit a huge range of ecosystems from the Antarctic to deserts. They account for over half the primary productivity at the base of the food chain. In recent years studies on the lipid biochemistry of algae has shifted from experiments with a few model organisms to encompass a much larger number of, often unusual, algae. This has led to the discovery of new compounds, including major membrane components, as well as the elucidation of lipid signalling pathways. A major drive in recent research have been attempts to discover genes that code for expression of the various proteins involved in the production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Such work is described here together with information about how environmental factors, such as light, temperature or minerals, can change algal lipid metabolism and how adaptation may take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Guschina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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Pereira SL, Leonard AE, Huang YS, Chuang LT, Mukerji P. Identification of two novel microalgal enzymes involved in the conversion of the omega3-fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, into docosahexaenoic acid. Biochem J 2005; 384:357-66. [PMID: 15307817 PMCID: PMC1134119 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine microalgae such as Pavlova and Isochrysis produce abundant amounts of the omega3-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). The pathway leading to the conversion of EPA into DHA in these lower eukaryotes is not well established although it is predicted to involve an elongation step, catalysed by an elongating enzyme complex, leading to the conversion of EPA into omega3-DPA (omega-3-docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5n-3); followed by a desaturation step, catalysed by a Delta4-desaturase, which results in the conversion of DPA into DHA. To date, the enzymes involved in the elongation of EPA have not been identified from any lower eukaryote. In the present study, we describe the identification of microalgal genes involved in the two-step conversion of EPA into DHA. By expressed sequence tag analysis, a gene (pavELO) encoding a novel elongase was identified from Pavlova, which catalysed the conversion of EPA into omega3-DPA in yeast. Unlike any previously identified elongase from higher or lower eukaryotes, this enzyme displayed unique substrate specificity for both n-6 and n-3 C20-PUFA substrates, with no activity towards any C18- or C22-PUFA substrates. In addition, a novel Delta4-desaturase gene (IgD4) was isolated from Isochrysis, which was capable of converting omega3-DPA into DHA, as well as adrenic acid (22:4n-6) into omega6-DPA. Yeast co-expression studies, with pavELO and IgD4, revealed that these genes were capable of functioning together to carry out the two-step conversion of EPA into DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette L Pereira
- Department of Strategic Research, Ross Products Division-Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
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18
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Fraser TCM, Qi B, Elhussein S, Chatrattanakunchai S, Stobart AK, Lazarus CM. Expression of the Isochrysis C18-delta9 polyunsaturated fatty acid specific elongase component alters Arabidopsis glycerolipid profiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:859-66. [PMID: 15173563 PMCID: PMC514121 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.038984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA isolated from the prymnesiophyte micro-alga Isochrysis galbana, designated IgASE1, encodes a fatty acid elongating component that is specific for linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). Constitutive expression of IgASE1 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of eicosadienoic acid (EDA; C20:2n-6) and eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA; C20:3n-3) in all tissues examined, with no visible effects on plant morphology. Positional analysis of the various lipid classes indicated that these novel fatty acids were largely excluded from the sn-2 position of chloroplast galactolipids and seed triacylglycerol, whereas they were enriched in the same position in phosphatidylcholine. EDA and ETrA are precursors of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) synthesized via the so-called omega6 Delta8 desaturase and omega3 Delta8 desaturase biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The synthesis of significant quantities of EDA and ETrA in a higher plant is therefore a key step in the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in oil-seed species. The results are further discussed in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways of lipid synthesis in plants.
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Qi B, Fraser T, Mugford S, Dobson G, Sayanova O, Butler J, Napier JA, Stobart AK, Lazarus CM. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:739-45. [PMID: 15146198 DOI: 10.1038/nbt972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report the production of two very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in substantial quantities in a higher plant. This was achieved using genes encoding enzymes participating in the omega3/6 Delta8 -desaturation biosynthetic pathways for the formation of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arabidopsis thaliana was transformed sequentially with genes encoding a Delta9 -specific elongating activity from Isochrysis galbana, a Delta8 -desaturase from Euglena gracilis and a Delta5 -desaturase from Mortierella alpina. Instrumental in the successful reconstitution of these C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways was the I. galbana C18-Delta9 -elongating activity, which may bypass rate-limiting steps present in the conventional Delta6 -desaturase/elongase pathways. The accumulation of EPA and AA in transgenic plants is a breakthrough in the search for alternative sustainable sources of fish oils.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analysis
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acid/analysis
- Arachidonic Acid/biosynthesis
- Arachidonic Acids/analysis
- Arachidonic Acids/biosynthesis
- Biotechnology/methods
- Caulimovirus/genetics
- Chromatography, Gas
- Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/genetics
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/metabolism
- Fatty Acid Elongases
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Fatty Acids/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Essential/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/biosynthesis
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/biosynthesis
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Plant Leaves/chemistry
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plasmids/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiu Qi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1UG, England, UK.
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