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Wolf S, Domes R, Domes C, Frosch T. Spectrally Resolved and Highly Parallelized Raman Difference Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Drug-Target Interactions between the Antimalarial Drug Chloroquine and Hematin. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3345-3353. [PMID: 38301154 PMCID: PMC10902819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease caused by cytozoic parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which infiltrate and infect red blood cells. Several drugs have been developed to combat the devastating effects of malaria. Antimalarials based on quinolines inhibit the crystallization of hematin into hemozoin within the parasite, ultimately leading to its demise. Despite the frequent use of these agents, there are unanswered questions about their mechanisms of action. In the present study, the quinoline chloroquine and its interaction with the target structure hematin was investigated using an advanced, highly parallelized Raman difference spectroscopy (RDS) setup. Simultaneous recording of the spectra of hematin and chloroquine mixtures with varying compositions enabled the observation of changes in peak heights and positions based on the altered molecular structure resulting from their interaction. A shift of (-1.12 ± 0.05) cm-1 was observed in the core-size marker band ν(CαCm)asym peak position of the 1:1 chloroquine-hematin mixture compared to pure hematin. The oxidation-state marker band ν(pyrrole half-ring)sym exhibited a shift by (+0.93 ± 0.13) cm-1. These results were supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating a hydrogen bond between the quinolinyl moiety of chloroquine and the oxygen atom of ferric protoporphyrin IX hydroxide (Fe(III)PPIX-OH). The consequence is a reduced electron density within the porphyrin moiety and an increase in its core size. This hypothesis provided further insights into the mechanism of hemozoin inhibition, suggesting chloroquine binding to the monomeric form of hematin, thereby preventing its further crystallization to hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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From Natural Products to New Synthetic Small Molecules: A Journey through the World of Xanthones. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020431. [PMID: 33467544 PMCID: PMC7829950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the contributions of the corresponding author (M.M.M.P.) and her research group to Medicinal Chemistry concerning the isolation from plant and marine sources of xanthone derivatives as well as their synthesis, biological/pharmacological activities, formulation and analytical applications. Although her group activity has been spread over several chemical families with relevance in Medicinal Chemistry, the main focus of the investigation and research has been in the xanthone family. Xanthone derivatives have a variety of activities with great potential for therapeutic applications due to their versatile framework. The group has contributed with several libraries of xanthones derivatives, with a variety of activities such as antitumor, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and multidrug resistance reversal effects. Besides therapeutic applications, our group has also developed xanthone derivatives with analytical applications as chiral selectors for liquid chromatography and for maritime application as antifouling agents for marine paints. Chemically, it has been challenging to afford green chemistry methods and achieve enantiomeric purity of chiral derivatives. In this review, the structures of the most significant compounds will be presented.
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Sidorov P, Davioud-Charvet E, Marcou G, Horvath D, Varnek A. AntiMalarial Mode of Action (AMMA) Database: Data Selection, Verification and Chemical Space Analysis. Mol Inform 2018; 37:e1800021. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201800021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sidorov
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Univ. Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA); UMR7042 CNRS-Unistra-UHA; Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM); 25, rue Becquerel Strasbourg F-67087 France
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Univ. Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Dragos Horvath
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Univ. Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique; UMR 7140 CNRS-Univ. Strasbourg; 1 rue Blaise Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
- Laboratory of Chemoinformatics, Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; Kazan Russia
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Agrawal M, Deval V, Gupta A, Sangala BR, Prabhu SS. Evaluation of structure-reactivity descriptors and biological activity spectra of 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-butanone using spectroscopic techniques. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 167:142-156. [PMID: 27284764 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure and several spectroscopic features along with reactivity parameters of the compound 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-butanone (Nabumetone) have been studied using experimental techniques and tools derived from quantum chemical calculations. Structure optimization is followed by force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The vibrational spectra have been interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis. UV-visible spectrum and the effect of solvent have been discussed. The electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO energies have been determined by TD-DFT approach. In order to understand various aspects of pharmacological sciences several new chemical reactivity descriptors - chemical potential, global hardness and electrophilicity have been evaluated. Local reactivity descriptors - Fukui functions and local softnesses have also been calculated to find out the reactive sites within molecule. Aqueous solubility and lipophilicity have been calculated which are crucial for estimating transport properties of organic molecules in drug development. Estimation of biological effects, toxic/side effects has been made on the basis of prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction results and their analysis by Pharma Expert software. Using the THz-TDS technique, the frequency-dependent absorptions of NBM have been measured in the frequency range up to 3THz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Agrawal
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, M. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Vipin Deval
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, M. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, M. J. P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India.
| | | | - S S Prabhu
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India
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Singh S, Agarwal D, Sharma K, Sharma M, Nielsen MA, Alifrangis M, Singh AK, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. 4-Aminoquinoline derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:394-407. [PMID: 27394399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic quinoline derivatives continue to be considered as candidates for new drug discovery if they act against CQ-resistant strains of malaria even after the widespread emergence of resistance to CQ. In this study, we explored the activities of two series of new 4-aminoquinoline derivatives and found them to be effective against Plasmodium falciparum under in vitro conditions. Further, we selected four most active derivatives 1m, 1o, 2c and 2j and evaluated their antimalarial potential against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. These 4-aminoquinolines cured BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei. The ED50 values were calculated to be 2.062, 2.231, 1.431, 1.623 and 1.18 mg/kg of body weight for each of the compounds 1m, 1o, 2c, 2j and amodiaquine, respectively. Total doses of 500 mg/kg of body weight were well received. The study suggests that these new 4-aminoquinolines should be used for structure activity relationship to find lead molecules for treating multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Drishti Agarwal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Kumkum Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Morten A Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rinkoo D Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Satish K Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Kuter D, Streltsov V, Davydova N, Venter GA, Naidoo KJ, Egan TJ. Solution structures of chloroquine-ferriheme complexes modeled using MD simulation and investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:114-25. [PMID: 26088729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of chloroquine (CQ) and the μ-oxo dimer of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX (ferriheme) in aqueous solution was modeled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two models of the CQ-(μ-oxo ferriheme) complex were investigated, one involving CQ π-stacked with an unligated porphyrin face of μ-oxo ferriheme and the other in which CQ was docked between the two porphyrin rings. The feasibility of both models was tested by fitting computed structures to the experimental extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum of the CQ-(μ-oxo ferriheme) complex in frozen aqueous solution. The docked model produced better agreement with experimental data, suggesting that this is the more likely structure in aqueous solution. The EXAFS fit indicated a longer than expected Fe-O bond of 1.87Å, accounting for the higher than expected magnetic moment of the complex. As a consequence, the asymmetric Fe-O-Fe stretch shifts much lower in frequency and was identified in the precipitated solid at 744cm(-1) with the aid of the O(18) isomer shift. Three important CQ-ferriheme interactions were identified in the docked structure. These were a hydrogen bond between the oxide bridge of μ-oxo ferriheme and the protonated quinolinium nitrogen atom of CQ; π-stacking between the quinoline ring of CQ and the porphyrin rings; and a close contact between the 7-chloro substituent of CQ and the porphyrin methyl hydrogen atoms. These interactions can be used to rationalize previously observed structure-activity relationships for quinoline-ferriheme association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuter
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Victor Streltsov
- Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Natalia Davydova
- Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Gerhard A Venter
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kevin J Naidoo
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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Teixeira C, Vale N, Pérez B, Gomes A, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. "Recycling" classical drugs for malaria. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11164-220. [PMID: 25329927 DOI: 10.1021/cr500123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José R B Gomes
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Structure–activity relationships for ferriprotoporphyrin IX association and β-hematin inhibition by 4-aminoquinolines using experimental and ab initio methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3738-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gorka AP, de Dios A, Roepe PD. Quinoline drug-heme interactions and implications for antimalarial cytostatic versus cytocidal activities. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5231-46. [PMID: 23586757 DOI: 10.1021/jm400282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the most successful molecular target for antimalarial drugs has been heme biomineralization within the malarial parasite digestive vacuole. Heme released from catabolized host red blood cell hemoglobin is toxic, so malarial parasites crystallize heme to nontoxic hemozoin. For years it has been accepted that a number of effective quinoline antimalarial drugs (e.g., chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine) function by preventing hemozoin crystallization. However, recent studies over the past decade have revealed a surprising molecular diversity in quinoline-heme molecular interactions. This diversity shows that even closely related quinoline drugs may have quite different molecular pharmacology. This paper reviews the molecular diversity and highlights important implications for understanding quinoline antimalarial drug resistance and for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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Aguiar ACC, Santos RDM, Figueiredo FJB, Cortopassi WA, Pimentel AS, França TCC, Meneghetti MR, Krettli AU. Antimalarial activity and mechanisms of action of two novel 4-aminoquinolines against chloroquine-resistant parasites. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37259. [PMID: 22649514 PMCID: PMC3359361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) is a cost effective antimalarial drug with a relatively good safety profile (or therapeutic index). However, CQ is no longer used alone to treat patients with Plasmodium falciparum due to the emergence and spread of CQ-resistant strains, also reported for P. vivax. Despite CQ resistance, novel drug candidates based on the structure of CQ continue to be considered, as in the present work. One CQ analog was synthesized as monoquinoline (MAQ) and compared with a previously synthesized bisquinoline (BAQ), both tested against P. falciparum in vitro and against P. berghei in mice, then evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit hemozoin formation. Their interactions with residues present in the NADH binding site of P falciparum lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated using docking analysis software. Both compounds were active in the nanomolar range evaluated through the HRPII and hypoxanthine tests. MAQ and BAQ derivatives were not toxic, and both compounds significantly inhibited hemozoin formation, in a dose-dependent manner. MAQ had a higher selectivity index than BAQ and both compounds were weak PfLDH inhibitors, a result previously reported also for CQ. Taken together, the two CQ analogues represent promising molecules which seem to act in a crucial point for the parasite, inhibiting hemozoin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caroline Campos Aguiar
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wilian Augusto Cortopassi
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular Aplicada a Defesa Química e Biológica (LMDQB), Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular Aplicada a Defesa Química e Biológica (LMDQB), Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AUK); (MRM); (TCCF)
| | - Mario Roberto Meneghetti
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AUK); (MRM); (TCCF)
| | - Antoniana Ursine Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AUK); (MRM); (TCCF)
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Interaction of quinoline antimalarial drugs with ferriprotoporphyrin IX, a solid state spectroscopy study. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1662-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Cortopassi WA, Oliveira AA, Guimarães AP, Rennó MN, Krettli AU, França TC. Docking Studies on the Binding of Quinoline Derivatives and Hematin toPlasmodium FalciparumLactate Dehydrogenase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2011; 29:207-18. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2011.10507383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Molecular modeling and UV–vis spectroscopic studies on the mechanism of action of reversed chloroquine (RCQ). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Acharya BN, Saraswat D, Tiwari M, Shrivastava AK, Ghorpade R, Bapna S, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted pyrazolines. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Narayan Acharya B, Thavaselvam D, Parshad Kaushik M. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of novel pyridine quinoline hybrids. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Lavrado J, Paulo A, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Moreira R. Cryptolepine analogues containing basic aminoalkyl side-chains at C-11: Synthesis, antiplasmodial activity, and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1378-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Pharmacophore-based predictive model generation for potent antimalarials targeting haem detoxification pathway. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Portela C, Afonso CMM, Pinto MMM, Lopes D, Nogueira F, do Rosário V. Synthesis and antimalarial properties of new chloro-9H-xanthones with an aminoalkyl side chain. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1508-19. [PMID: 17638332 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antimalarial properties of twelve new chlorinated 9H-xanthones, carrying a [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino group in position 1, are reported. All compounds were found to be active towards the chloroquine-susceptible and chloroquine-resistant strains 3D7 and Dd2, resp., of the protozoa parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Especially one compound, 6-chloro-1-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino}-9H-xanthen-9-one (1k), was found to exhibit significant in vitro activity (IC50 = 3.9 microM) towards the resistant Dd2 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Portela
- Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia, Universidade do Porto, Serviço de Química Orgânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, PT-4050-047 Porto
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de Villiers KA, Kaschula CH, Egan TJ, Marques HM. Speciation and structure of ferriprotoporphyrin IX in aqueous solution: spectroscopic and diffusion measurements demonstrate dimerization, but not μ-oxo dimer formation. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 12:101-17. [PMID: 16972088 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in epsilon (393) (the Soret band) of aqueous ferriprotoporphyrin IX [Fe(III)PPIX] with concentration indicate that it dimerizes, but does not form higher aggregates. Diffusion measurements support this observation. The diffusion coefficient of aqueous Fe(III)PPIX is half that of the hydrated monomeric dicyano complex. Much of the apparent instability of aqueous Fe(III)PPIX solutions could be attributed to adsorption onto glass and plastic surfaces. However, epsilon (347) was found to be independent of the aggregation state of the porphyrin and was used to correct for the effects of adsorption. The UV-vis spectrum of the aqueous dimer is not consistent with that expected for a mu-oxo dimer and the (1)H NMR spectrum is characteristic of five-coordinate, high-spin Fe(III)PPIX. Magnetic susceptibility measurements using the Evans method showed that there is no antiferromagnetic coupling in the dimer. By contrast, when the mu-oxo dimer is induced in 10% aqueous pyridine, characteristic UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectra of this species are observed and the magnetic moment is consistent with strong antiferromagnetic coupling. We propose a model in which the spontaneously formed aqueous Fe(III)PPIX dimer involves noncovalent interaction of the unligated faces of two five-coordinate H(2)O/HO-Fe(III)PPIX molecules, with the axial H(2)O/OH(-) ligands directed outwards. This arrangement is consistent with the crystal structures of related five-coordinate iron(III) porphyrins and accounts for the observed pH dependence of the dimerization constant and the spectra of the monomer and dimer. Structures for the aqueous dimer are proposed on the basis of molecular dynamics/simulated annealing calculations using a force field previously developed for modeling metalloporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Brito CM, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS, Silva AMG, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Diels–Alder Reactions of 2′-Hydroxychalcones withortho-Benzoquino-dimethane: A New Synthesis of 3-Aryl-2-naphthyl 2-Hydroxyphenyl Ketones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Egan TJ. Interactions of quinoline antimalarials with hematin in solution. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:916-26. [PMID: 16384600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and related compounds are believed to act by targeting ferriprotoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PPIX) in the form of hematin (H(2)O/HO-Fe(III)PPIX), its mu-oxo dimer ([Fe(III)PPIX](2)O) or crystalline beta-hematin ([Fe(III)PPIX](2)) in the malaria parasite. Fe(III)PPIX is formed when the parasite digests host hemoglobin during its intraerythrocytic blood stage. This has led to a number of studies on the interaction of Fe(III)PPIX with quinoline antimalarials and related compounds. This article reviews the spectroscopy, thermodynamics and structures of Fe(III)PPIX-quinoline complexes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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Skórska A, Sliwiński J, Oleksyn BJ. Conformation stability and organization of mefloquine molecules in different environments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:850-3. [PMID: 16303303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of mefloquine base, [C17H16F6N2O], and two salts of mefloquine: hydrochloride [(C17H17F6N2O)+]3[Cl-]3.3H2O and hydrochloride tetrachlorocobaltate [(C17H17F6N2O)+]3Cl-[CoCl4]2-.C2H6O.H2O, were determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. A comparison of the crystal structures of mefloquine in three different crystalline environments shows that their conformations are stable regardless of mefloquine being a base or a salt. In addition, the conformation of mefloquine is similar to those of crystalline Cinchona alkaloids. The CF3 substituents in the quinoline moiety affect the packing of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skórska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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23
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Pande V, Ramos MJ. Molecular recognition of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 by nuclear factor-kappa B and other cellular proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4057-63. [PMID: 16006125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
15-Deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a dehydration product of prostaglandin D2, is an important pharmacological molecule, which with the virtue of its electrophilicity, has been reported to covalently modify some cellular proteins (such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), AP-1, p53, and thioredoxin) and elicit its physiological effects. The aim of the present computational study is to understand the role molecular recognition plays in the association of 15d-PGJ2 with NF-kappaB and other proteins. Another aim is to characterize whether p53 is a direct target for covalent modification by 15d-PGJ2. A docking strategy is applied along with calculation of ab initio electrostatic potential maps to analyze the mode of binding of prostaglandin molecule with critical cysteine-containing sites in each protein. The results provide identification of important sites in the target proteins, which provide recognition and stability to the prostaglandin molecule. Fit of shape and complementarity of electrostatic interactions are derived as significant determinants of molecular recognition of 15d-PGJ2. Further, comparative results indicate that p53 protein may also be a target for direct modification by 15d-PGJ2. The molecular models obtained should allow the rational design of more specific analogs of 15d-PGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Pande
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Biot C, Taramelli D, Forfar-Bares I, Maciejewski LA, Boyce M, Nowogrocki G, Brocard JS, Basilico N, Olliaro P, Egan TJ. Insights into the mechanism of action of ferroquine. Relationship between physicochemical properties and antiplasmodial activity. Mol Pharm 2005; 2:185-93. [PMID: 15934779 DOI: 10.1021/mp0500061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferroquine (FQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial which contains a quinoline nucleus similar to chloroquine, but a novel ferrocenic group in its side chain. Previous work has demonstrated that this compound has excellent activity against malaria parasites, both in vitro and in vivo, with especially good activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites, but details of its mechanism of action have not previously been reported. In this study, we have investigated the physicochemical properties of FQ for comparison with chloroquine (CQ). Like CQ, FQ forms complexes with hematin in solution (log K = 4.95 +/- 0.05). FQ is an even stronger inhibitor of beta-hematin formation than CQ (IC(50) = 0.78 equiv relative to hematin for FQ vs 1.9 for CQ). These data suggest that the mechanism of action of FQ is likely to be similar to that of CQ and probably involves hematin as the drug target and inhibition of hemozoin formation. However, both the basicity and lipophilicity of FQ are significantly different from those of CQ. The lipophilicity of FQ and CQ are similar when protonated at the putative food vacuole pH of 5.2 (log D = -0.77 and -1.2 respectively), but differ markedly at pH 7.4 (log D = 2.95 and 0.85 respectively). In addition, the pK(a) values of FQ are lower (pK(a1) = 8.19 and pK(a2) = 6.99) than those of CQ (10.03 and 7.94, respectively). This suggests that there will be somewhat less vacuolar accumulation of FQ compared with CQ. Single crystal structure determination of FQ shows the presence of a strong internal hydrogen bond between the 4-amino group and the terminal N atom. This, together with the electron donating properties of the ferrocene moiety, probably explains the decreased pK(a). Interestingly, the decreased accumulation arising from the less basic behavior of this compound is partly compensated for by its stronger beta-hematin inhibition. Increased lipophilicity, differences in geometric and electronic structure, and changes in the N-N distances in FQ compared to CQ probably explain its activity against CQ-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Biot
- Laboratoire de Catalyse de Lille-UMR CNRS 8010, ENSCL, Bâtiment C7, Université des Sciences et Technologies, B.P. 90108, 59652, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
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25
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Sharma RK, Otsuka M, Pande V, Inoue JI, João Ramos M. Evans Blue is an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-DNA binding. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:6123-7. [PMID: 15546742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is an important transcription factor, involved in many immune and inflammatory responses. It is critical in HIV gene expression as it has kappa B binding sites in the HIV-1 long-terminal repeat. Hence, targeting NF-kappaB to prevent its DNA binding holds a significant therapeutic potential. In this context, we report Evans Blue as a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB-DNA binding. Evans Blue was found to be inhibiting DNA binding of NF-kappaB at a low concentration of 100 microM. Further, molecular modeling studies using docking and generation of electrostatic potential maps predicted a possible binding mode of EB to the DNA binding region of NF-kappaB, consistent with the experimental activity.
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Sanchez CP, McLean JE, Stein W, Lanzer M. Evidence for a Substrate Specific and Inhibitable Drug Efflux System in Chloroquine Resistant Plasmodium falciparum Strains. Biochemistry 2004; 43:16365-73. [PMID: 15610031 DOI: 10.1021/bi048241x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underpinning chloroquine drug resistance in the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum remains controversial. By investigating the kinetics of chloroquine accumulation under varying-trans conditions, we recently presented evidence for a saturable and energy-dependent chloroquine efflux system present in chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strains. Here, we further characterize the putative chloroquine efflux system by investigating its substrate specificity using a broad range of different antimalarial drugs. Our data show that preloading cells with amodiaquine, primaquine, quinacrine, quinine, and quinidine stimulates labeled chloroquine accumulation under varying-trans conditions, while mefloquine, halofantrine, artemisinin, and pyrimethamine do not induce this effect. In the reverse of the varying-trans procedure, we show that preloaded cold chloroquine can stimulate quinine accumulation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the putative chloroquine efflux system is capable of transporting, in addition to chloroquine, structurally related quinoline and methoxyacridine antimalarial drugs. Verapamil and the calcium/calmodulin antagonist W7 abrogate stimulated chloroquine accumulation and energy-dependent chloroquine extrusion. Our data are consistent with a substrate specific and inhibitible drug efflux system being present in chloroquine resistant P. falciparum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia P Sanchez
- Hygiene Institut, Abteilung Parasitologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Portela C, Afonso CMM, Pinto MMM, Ramos MJ. Computational studies of new potential antimalarial compounds--stereoelectronic complementarity with the receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2004; 17:583-95. [PMID: 14713190 DOI: 10.1023/b:jcam.0000005754.24588.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important pharmacological mechanisms of antimalarial action is the inhibition of the aggregation of hematin into hemozoin. We present a group of new potential antimalarial molecules for which we have performed a DFT study of their stereoelectronic properties. Additionally, the same calculations were carried out for the two putative drug receptors involved in the referred activity, i.e., hematin mu-oxo dimer and hemozoin. A complementarity between the structural and electronic profiles of the planned molecules and the receptors can be observed. A docking study of the new compounds in relation to the two putative receptors is also presented, providing a correlation with the defined electrostatic complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Portela
- Centro de Estudos de Química Orgânica, Fitoquímica e Farmacologia da Universidade do Porto--Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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28
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Egan TJ, Ncokazi KK. Effects of solvent composition and ionic strength on the interaction of quinoline antimalarials with ferriprotoporphyrin IX. J Inorg Biochem 2004; 98:144-52. [PMID: 14659643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enthalpy-entropy compensation in the interaction of quinoline antimalarials with ferriprotoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PPIX) in 40% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been compared with that in pure aqueous solution. The data indicate that the degree of desolvation and loss of conformational freedom is virtually identical in both systems. Taken together with previous findings showing that the molar free energies of association of these drugs with Fe(III)PPIX in both solvent systems are very similar, this suggests that the recognition site on the metalloporphyrin is comparable in both cases. This is despite the fact that Fe(III)PPIX exists as a dimer in aqueous solution, but is monomeric in 40% DMSO. Free energies of association of chloroquine, quinine and quinidine with Fe(III)PPIX are largely insensitive to the concentration of sodium perchlorate in 40% DMSO. This demonstrates that electrostatic interactions play only a minor role in the overall stability of these complexes under these conditions. Increasing DMSO concentration greatly weakens the interactions of chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine, quinidine and 9-epiquinine with Fe(III)PPIX. This suggests that hydrophobic interaction plays a major role in the stability of these complexes. Further investigation of chloroquine has revealed that the free energy of association with Fe(III)PPIX also weakens as a function of decreasing solvent polarity in pure organic solvents. However, the free energies of association are weaker in the mixed aqueous solvent than in pure organic solvents. This indicates that dispersion and electrostatic interactions are relatively strong in the non-aqueous environment. The results demonstrate that any successful model of antimalarial drug-Fe(III)PPIX interactions will need to take both solvation and electrostatic factors into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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