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Lin Y, Yuan M, Wang G. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in gynecological disorders: Pathogenic insights and therapeutic implications. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127436. [PMID: 38547725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores the complex role of copper homeostasis in female reproductive system diseases. As an essential trace element, copper plays a crucial role in various biological functions. Its dysregulation is increasingly recognized as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of gynecological disorders. We investigate how copper impacts these diseases, focusing on aspects like oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immune function, estrogen levels, and angiogenesis. The review highlights significant changes in copper levels in diseases such as cervical, ovarian, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis, underscoring their potential roles in disease mechanisms and therapeutic exploration. The recent discovery of 'cuproptosis,' a novel cell death mechanism induced by copper ions, offers a fresh molecular perspective in understanding these diseases. The review also examines genes associated with cuproptosis, particularly those related to drug resistance, suggesting new strategies to enhance traditional therapy effectiveness. Additionally, we critically evaluate current therapeutic approaches targeting copper homeostasis, including copper ionophores, chelators, and nanoparticles, emphasizing their emerging potential in gynecological disease treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of copper's role in female reproductive health, setting the stage for future research to elucidate its mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Disease, Jinan, Shandong Province China; Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan Shandong Province, China; Gynecology Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Disease, Jinan, Shandong Province China; Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan Shandong Province, China; Gynecology Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan Shandong Province, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Jinan Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Disease, Jinan, Shandong Province China; Gynecology Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan Shandong Province, China; Gynecology Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Deng S, Wang WX. Dynamic Regulation of Intracellular Labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) Cycle in Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Disrupting the Balance by Cu Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5255-5266. [PMID: 38471003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The labile metal pool involved in intracellular trafficking and homeostasis is the portion susceptible to environmental stress. Herein, we visualized the different intracellular distributions of labile Cu(I) and Cu(II) pools in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We first demonstrated that labile Cu(I) predominantly accumulated in the granules within the cytoplasmic matrix, whereas the labile Cu(II) pool primarily localized in the pyrenoid and chloroplast. The cell cycle played an integral role in balancing the labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) pools. Specifically, the labile Cu(II) pool primarily accumulated during the SM phase following cell division, while the labile Cu(I) pool dynamically changed during the G phase as cell size increased. Notably, the labile Cu(II) pool in algae at the SM stage exhibited heightened sensitivity to environmental Cu stress. Exogenous Cu stress disrupted the intracellular labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) cycle and balance, causing a shift toward the labile Cu(II) pool. Our proteomic analysis further identified a putative cupric reductase, potentially capable of reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), and four putative multicopper oxidases, potentially capable of oxidizing Cu(I) to Cu(II), which may be involved in the conversion between the labile Cu(I) pool and labile Cu(II) pool. Our study elucidated a dynamic cycle of the intracellular labile Cu(I)/Cu(II) pools, which were accessible and responsive to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxi Deng
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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3
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Arnhold J. Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38201509 PMCID: PMC10778456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Helman SL, Zhou J, Fuqua BK, Lu Y, Collins JF, Chen H, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM. The biology of mammalian multi-copper ferroxidases. Biometals 2023; 36:263-281. [PMID: 35167013 PMCID: PMC9376197 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multicopper ferroxidases (MCFs) ceruloplasmin (CP), hephaestin (HEPH) and zyklopen (ZP) comprise a family of conserved enzymes that are essential for body iron homeostasis. Each of these enzymes contains six biosynthetically incorporated copper atoms which act as intermediate electron acceptors, and the oxidation of iron is associated with the four electron reduction of dioxygen to generate two water molecules. CP occurs in both a secreted and GPI-linked (membrane-bound) form, while HEPH and ZP each contain a single C-terminal transmembrane domain. These enzymes function to ensure the efficient oxidation of iron so that it can be effectively released from tissues via the iron export protein ferroportin and subsequently bound to the iron carrier protein transferrin in the blood. CP is particularly important in facilitating iron release from the liver and central nervous system, HEPH is the major MCF in the small intestine and is critical for dietary iron absorption, and ZP is important for normal hair development. CP and HEPH (and possibly ZP) function in multiple tissues. These proteins also play other (non-iron-related) physiological roles, but many of these are ill-defined. In addition to disrupting iron homeostasis, MCF dysfunction perturbs neurological and immune function, alters cancer susceptibility, and causes hair loss, but, despite their importance, how MCFs co-ordinately maintain body iron homeostasis and perform other functions remains incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Helman
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Brie K Fuqua
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Mucosal Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Huijun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David M Frazer
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Arnhold J. Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents in Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033016. [PMID: 36769331 PMCID: PMC9918110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents. As long as the affected tissues are well equipped with ready-to-use protective mechanisms, no damage by cytotoxic agents occurs and resolution of inflammation is initiated. However, long-lasting and severe immune responses can be associated with the decline, exhaustion, or inactivation of selected antagonizing principles. Hence, cytotoxic agents are only partially inactivated and contribute to damage of yet-unperturbed cells. Consequently, a chronic inflammatory process results. In this vicious circle of permanent cell destruction, not only novel cytotoxic elements but also novel alarmins and antigens are liberated from affected cells. In severe cases, very low protection leads to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. In this review, the major classes of host-derived cytotoxic agents (reactive species, oxidized heme proteins and free heme, transition metal ions, serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases, and pro-inflammatory peptides), their corresponding protective principles, and resulting implications on the pathogenesis of diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Xia Z, Hu M, Zheng L, Zheng E, Deng M, Wu J, Sheng X. Assessing whether serum ceruloplasmin promotes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating iron metabolism. J Med Biochem 2023; 42:113-121. [PMID: 36819130 PMCID: PMC9921090 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-37597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The diagnostic gold standard for detecting NASH still relies upon an invasive pathological biopsy. There is, therefore, a need to identify non-invasive diagnostic markers. Oxidative stress mediates fatty liver progression to NASH. Imbalanced iron metabolism produces many reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ceruloplasmin is associated with oxidase and iron metabolism-related activities. The current study aimed to determine whether there was a correlation between ceruloplasmin levels and NASH and whether such a relationship may be associated with altered iron metabolism in NASH patients. Methods A total of 135 NAFLD patients were enrolled in this study. A pathological biopsy confirmed that 60 of those patients had NAFLD activity scores (NAS) 5, while the remaining 75 had NAS<5. Results Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that serum ceruloplasmin and ferritin levels were predictors of NAS 5 and NAS<5, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.80 and 0.81, respectively. The serum ceruloplasmin levels in NAS 5 patients were significantly lower than those in NAS<5 patients (p< 0.001). Serum ceruloplasmin levels were also negatively correlated with ferritin levels. Lower serum ceruloplasmin levels were associated with more severe histopathological findings. Conclusions Low serum ceruloplasmin and high serum ferritin are correlated with NASH. A high concentration of serum ferritin is a viable clinical biomarker of NASH, and low serum ceruloplasmin may participate in the occurrence of NASH by regulating iron load, which can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic marker of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Xia
- Wenzhou people's hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Wenzhou people's hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Wenzhou people's hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Endian Zheng
- Wenzhou people's hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jinming Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Gastroenterology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiong Sheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Department of Infectious Diseases, Jiaxing, China
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Banerjee S, Chanakira MN, Hall J, Kerkan A, Dasgupta S, Martin DW. A review on bacterial redox dependent iron transporters and their evolutionary relationship. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 229:111721. [PMID: 35033753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential yet toxic micronutrient and its transport across biological membranes is tightly regulated in all living organisms. One such iron transporter, the Ftr-type permeases, is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These Ftr-type transporters are required for iron transport, predicted to form α-helical transmembrane structures, and conserve two ArgGluxxGlu (x = any amino acid) motifs. In the yeast Ftr transporter (Ftr1p), a ferroxidase (Fet3p) is required for iron transport in an oxidation coupled transport step. None of the bacterial Ftr-type transporters (EfeU and FetM from E. coli; cFtr from Campylobacter jejuni; FtrC from Brucella, Bordetella, and Burkholderia spp.) contain a ferroxidase protein. Bioinformatics report predicted periplasmic EfeO and FtrB (from the EfeUOB and FtrABCD systems) as novel cupredoxins. The Cu2+ binding and the ferrous oxidation properties of these proteins are uncharacterized and the other two bacterial Ftr-systems are expressed without any ferroxidase/cupredoxin, leading to controversy about the mode of function of these transporters. Here, we review published data on Ftr-type transporters to gain insight into their functional diversity. Based on original bioinformatics data presented here evolutionary relations between these systems are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Mina N Chanakira
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Alexa Kerkan
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Saumya Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Kolkata, WB 700135, India
| | - Daniel W Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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8
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Liu Z, Wang M, Zhang C, Zhou S, Ji G. Molecular Functions of Ceruloplasmin in Metabolic Disease Pathology. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:695-711. [PMID: 35264864 PMCID: PMC8901420 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s346648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a multicopper oxidase and antioxidant that is mainly produced in the liver. CP not only plays a crucial role in the metabolic balance of copper and iron through its oxidase function but also exhibits antioxidant activity. In addition, CP is an acute-phase protein. In addition to being associated with aceruloplasminemia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Wilson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, CP also plays an important role in metabolic diseases, which are caused by metabolic disorders and vigorous metabolism, mainly including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, etc. Based on the physiological functions of CP, we provide an overview of the association of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, CP oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism of copper and iron. Studies have shown that metabolic diseases are closely related to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and disorders of copper and iron metabolism. Therefore, we conclude that CP, which can reduce the formation of free radicals in tissues, can be induced during inflammation and infection, and can correct the metabolic disorder of copper and iron, has protective and diagnostic effects on metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shigao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guang Ji, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18156416071, Fax +86 21-64385700, Email
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Adebayo EA, Azeez MA, Alao MB, Oke AM, Aina DA. Fungi as veritable tool in current advances in nanobiotechnology. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08480. [PMID: 34901509 PMCID: PMC8640478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have great prospects for synthesis, applications and developing new products in nanotechnology. In recent times, fungi use in nanotechnology is gaining more attention because of the ecological friendly state of their metabolite-mediated nanoparticles, their safety, amenability and applications in diverse fields. The diversity of the metabolites such as enzymes, polysaccharide, polypeptide, protein and other macro-molecules has made fungi a veritable tool for nanoparticles synthesis. Mechanism of fungal nano-biosynthesis from the molecular perspective has been extensively studied through various investigations on its green synthesized metal nanoparticles. Fungal nanobiotechnology has been applied in agricultural, medical and industrial sectors for goods and services improvement and delivery to mankind. Agriculturally, it has found applications in plant disease management and production of environmentally friendly, non-toxic insecticides, fungicides to enhance agricultural production in general. Medically, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially of microbial origin have been improved with fungal nanoparticles through more efficient drug delivery systems with great benefits to pharmaceutical industries. This review therefore explored fungal nanobiotechnology; mechanism of synthesis, characterization and potential applications in various fields of human endeavours for goods and services delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah A. Adebayo
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- LAUTECH Nanotechnology Research Group, Nigeria
| | - Musibau A. Azeez
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- LAUTECH Nanotechnology Research Group, Nigeria
| | - Micheal B. Alao
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Abel M. Oke
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Daniel A. Aina
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Helman SL, Wilkins SJ, McKeating DR, Perkins AV, Whibley PE, Cuffe JSM, Simmons DG, Fuqua BK, Vulpe CD, Wallace DF, O'Callaghan JL, Pelzer ES, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM. The Placental Ferroxidase Zyklopen Is Not Essential for Iron Transport to the Fetus in Mice. J Nutr 2021; 151:2541-2550. [PMID: 34114013 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ferroxidase zyklopen (Zp) has been implicated in the placental transfer of iron to the fetus. However, the evidence for this is largely circumstantial. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether Zp is essential for placental iron transfer. METHODS A model was established using 8- to 12-wk-old pregnant C57BL/6 mice on standard rodent chow in which Zp was knocked out in the fetus and fetal components of the placenta. Zp was also disrupted in the entire placenta using global Zp knockout mice. Inductively coupled plasma MS was used to measure total fetal iron, an indicator of the amount of iron transferred by the placenta to the fetus, at embryonic day 18.5 of gestation. Iron transporter expression in the placenta was measured by Western blotting, and the expression of Hamp1, the gene encoding the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, was determined in fetal liver by real-time PCR. RESULTS There was no change in the amount of iron transferred to the fetus when Zp was disrupted in either the fetal component of the placenta or the entire placenta. No compensatory changes in the expression of the iron transport proteins transferrin receptor 1 or ferroportin were observed, nor was there any change in fetal liver Hamp1 mRNA. Hephl1, the gene encoding Zp, was expressed mainly in the maternal decidua of the placenta and not in the nutrient-transporting syncytiotrophoblast. Disruption of Zp in the whole placenta resulted in a 26% increase in placental size (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that Zp is not essential for the efficient transfer of iron to the fetus in mice and is localized predominantly in the maternal decidua. The increase in placental size observed when Zp is knocked out in the entire placenta suggests that this protein may play a role in placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Helman
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sarah J Wilkins
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - Page E Whibley
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - David G Simmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Brie K Fuqua
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel F Wallace
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Australia
| | - Jessica L O'Callaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Australia
| | - Elise S Pelzer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Australia
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - David M Frazer
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Australia
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11
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Lidiková J, Čeryová N, Šnirc M, Musilová J, Harangozo Ľ, Vollmannová A, Brindza J, Grygorieva O. Heavy Metals Presence in the Soil and Their Content in Selected Varieties of Chili Peppers in Slovakia. Foods 2021; 10:1738. [PMID: 34441516 PMCID: PMC8391582 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum chili peppers are popular vegetables in Slovakia. They provide a supply of health-promoting substances, but contaminated vegetables can pose a serious health risk to the people who consume them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the soil as well as in selected varieties of the genus Capsicum grown in southern Slovakia. The results were compared with the limit values given by the Law no. 220/2004 (valid in the SR) as well as threshold values proposed by the European Commission (EC) (2006). The gained result showed that the total content of Cd (1.64 mg/kg) as well as the available mobile forms of Cd (0.12 mg/kg) and Pb (0.26 mg/kg) was exceeded on the soil on which Capsicum cultivars were grown. The limit values of other monitored heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Hg) were not exceeded. The studied species of the genus Capsicum did not accumulate monitored heavy metals. It can be stated that consumption of chili peppers does not pose any risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Lidiková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Natália Čeryová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Marek Šnirc
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Janette Musilová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Ľuboš Harangozo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (N.Č.); (M.Š.); (J.M.); (Ľ.H.); (A.V.)
| | - Jan Brindza
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiotechnology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Olga Grygorieva
- Department of Fruit Plants Acclimatisation, National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Timiryazevska 1, 04014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
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12
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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13
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Copper Toxicity Is Not Just Oxidative Damage: Zinc Systems and Insight from Wilson Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030316. [PMID: 33804693 PMCID: PMC8003939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are important cofactors in diverse cellular processes, while metal imbalance may impact or be altered by disease state. Cu is essential for aerobic life with significant functions in oxidation-reduction catalysis. This redox reactivity requires precise intracellular handling and molecular-to-organismal levels of homeostatic control. As the central organ of Cu homeostasis in vertebrates, the liver has long been associated with Cu storage disorders including Wilson Disease (WD) (heritable human Cu toxicosis), Idiopathic Copper Toxicosis and Endemic Tyrolean Infantile Cirrhosis. Cu imbalance is also associated with chronic liver diseases that arise from hepatitis viral infection or other liver injury. The labile redox characteristic of Cu is often discussed as a primary mechanism of Cu toxicity. However, work emerging largely from the study of WD models suggests that Cu toxicity may have specific biochemical consequences that are not directly attributable to redox activity. This work reviews Cu toxicity with a focus on the liver and proposes that Cu accumulation specifically impacts Zn-dependent processes. The prospect that Cu toxicity has specific biochemical impacts that are not entirely attributable to redox may promote further inquiry into Cu toxicity in WD and other Cu-associated disorders.
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Autotolerant ceruloplasmin based biocathodes for implanted biological power sources. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107794. [PMID: 33744681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-performance autotolerant bioelectrodes should be ideally suited to design implantable bioelectronic devices. Because of its high redox potential and ability to reduce oxygen directly to water, human ceruloplasmin, HCp, the only blue multicopper oxidase present in human plasma, appears to be the ultimate biocatalyst for oxygen biosensors and also biocathodes in biological power sources. In comparison to fungal and plant blue multicopper oxidases, e.g. Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase and Rhus vernicifera laccase, respectively, the inflammatory response to HCp in human blood is significantly reduced. Partial purification of HCp allowed to preserve the native conformation of the enzyme and its biocatalytic activity. Therefore, electrochemical studies were carried out with the partially purified enzyme immobilised on nanostructured graphite electrodes at physiological pH and temperature. Amperometric investigations revealed low reductive current densities, i.e. about 1.65 µA cm-2 in oxygenated electrolyte and in the absence of any mediator, demonstrating nevertheless direct electron transfer based O2 bioelectroreduction by HCp for the first time. The reductive current density obtained in the mediated system was about 12 µA cm-2. Even though the inflammatory response of HCp is diminished in human blood, inadequate bioelectrocatalytic performance hinders its use as a cathodic bioelement in a biofuel cell.
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15
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Arnhold J. The Dual Role of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8057. [PMID: 33137905 PMCID: PMC7663354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophils. As a key mediator of the innate immune system, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites, where they recognize, phagocytose, and inactivate foreign microorganisms. In the newly formed phagosomes, MPO is involved in the creation and maintenance of an alkaline milieu, which is optimal in combatting microbes. Myeloperoxidase is also a key component in neutrophil extracellular traps. These helpful properties are contrasted by the release of MPO and other neutrophil constituents from necrotic cells or as a result of frustrated phagocytosis. Although MPO is inactivated by the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, it can interact with negatively charged components of serum and the extracellular matrix. In cardiovascular diseases and many other disease scenarios, active MPO and MPO-modified targets are present in atherosclerotic lesions and other disease-specific locations. This implies an involvement of neutrophils, MPO, and other neutrophil products in pathogenesis mechanisms. This review critically reflects on the beneficial and harmful functions of MPO against the background of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04 107 Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Multicopper Oxidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Human Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020056. [PMID: 32349384 PMCID: PMC7345259 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are produced by microscopic and macroscopic fungal species and are involved in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, lignin degradation, and defense mechanisms to stress inducing environmental conditions as well as fungal virulence. This review will summarize our current understanding regarding the functions of MCOs present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in different human fungal pathogens. Of the two main MCO groups, the first group of MCOs is involved in iron homoeostasis and the second includes laccases. This review will also discuss their role in the pathogenesis of human fungal pathogens.
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17
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Wang B, Wang XP. Does Ceruloplasmin Defend Against Neurodegenerative Diseases? Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:539-549. [PMID: 29737252 PMCID: PMC6712297 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180508113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is the major copper transport protein in plasma, mainly produced by the liver. Glyco-sylphosphatidylinositol-linked CP (GPI-CP) is the predominant form expressed in astrocytes of the brain. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that CP is an essential protein in the body with multiple functions such as regulating the home-ostasis of copper and iron ions, ferroxidase activity, oxidizing organic amines, and preventing the formation of free radicals. In addition, as an acute-phase protein, CP is induced during inflammation and infection. The fact that patients with genetic disorder aceruloplasminemia do not suffer from tissue copper deficiency, but rather from disruptions in iron metabolism shows essential roles of CP in iron metabolism rather than copper. Furthermore, abnormal metabolism of metal ions and ox-idative stress are found in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Brain iron accumulation and decreased activity of CP have been shown to be associated with neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that CP may play a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron accumulation is a cause or a result of neurodegeneration remains unclear. Further research on molecular mechanisms is required before a con-sensus can be reached regarding a neuroprotective role for CP in neurodegeneration. This review article summarizes
the main physiological functions of CP and the current knowledge of its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology Baoshan Branch, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200940, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tong- Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
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18
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Góralczyk-Bińkowska A, Jasińska A, Długoński J. CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF MULTICOPPER OXIDASES ENZYMES. ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2019.58.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Multicopper oxidases: Biocatalysts in microbial pathogenesis and stress management. Microbiol Res 2019; 222:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Sharma P, Reichert M, Lu Y, Markello TC, Adams DR, Steinbach PJ, Fuqua BK, Parisi X, Kaler SG, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV. Biallelic HEPHL1 variants impair ferroxidase activity and cause an abnormal hair phenotype. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008143. [PMID: 31125343 PMCID: PMC6534290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the correct redox status of iron is functionally important for critical biological processes. Multicopper ferroxidases play an important role in oxidizing ferrous iron, released from the cells, into ferric iron, which is subsequently distributed by transferrin. Two well-characterized ferroxidases, ceruloplasmin (CP) and hephaestin (HEPH) facilitate this reaction in different tissues. Recently, a novel ferroxidase, Hephaestin like 1 (HEPHL1), also known as zyklopen, was identified. Here we report a child with compound heterozygous mutations in HEPHL1 (NM_001098672) who presented with abnormal hair (pili torti and trichorrhexis nodosa) and cognitive dysfunction. The maternal missense mutation affected mRNA splicing, leading to skipping of exon 5 and causing an in-frame deletion of 85 amino acids (c.809_1063del; p.Leu271_ala355del). The paternal mutation (c.3176T>C; p.Met1059Thr) changed a highly conserved methionine that is part of a typical type I copper binding site in HEPHL1. We demonstrated that HEPHL1 has ferroxidase activity and that the patient's two mutations exhibited loss of this ferroxidase activity. Consistent with these findings, the patient's fibroblasts accumulated intracellular iron and exhibited reduced activity of the copper-dependent enzyme, lysyl oxidase. These results suggest that the patient's biallelic variants are loss-of-function mutations. Hence, we generated a Hephl1 knockout mouse model that was viable and had curly whiskers, consistent with the hair phenotype in our patient. These results enhance our understanding of the function of HEPHL1 and implicate altered ferroxidase activity in hair growth and hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marie Reichert
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Lu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Steinbach
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brie K. Fuqua
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Xenia Parisi
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Kaler
- Section on Translational Neuroscience, Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Vulpe
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William A. Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - May Christine V. Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Looking for a partner: ceruloplasmin in protein-protein interactions. Biometals 2019; 32:195-210. [PMID: 30895493 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a mammalian blood plasma ferroxidase. More than 95% of the copper found in plasma is carried by this protein, which is a member of the multicopper oxidase family. Proteins from this group are able to oxidize substrates through the transfer of four electrons to oxygen. The essential role of CP in iron metabolism in humans is particularly evident in the case of loss-of-function mutations in the CP gene resulting in a neurodegenerative syndrome known as aceruloplasminaemia. However, the functions of CP are not limited to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, which allows loading of the ferric iron into transferrin and prevents the deleterious reactions of Fenton chemistry. In recent years, a number of novel CP functions have been reported, and many of these functions depend on the ability of CP to form stable complexes with a number of proteins.
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22
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Extracellular Fungal Peroxidases and Laccases for Waste Treatment: Recent Improvement. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH FUNGI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25506-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Oxidation of cysteine by ceruloplasmin leads to formation of hydrogen peroxide, which can be utilized by myeloperoxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2146-2151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Siotto M, Squitti R. Copper imbalance in Alzheimer’s disease: Overview of the exchangeable copper component in plasma and the intriguing role albumin plays. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Sokolov A, Kostevich V, Varfolomeeva E, Grigorieva D, Gorudko I, Kozlov S, Kudryavtsev I, Mikhalchik E, Filatov M, Cherenkevich S, Panasenko O, Arnhold J, Vasilyev V. Capacity of ceruloplasmin to scavenge products of the respiratory burst of neutrophils is not altered by the products of reactions catalyzed by myeloperoxidase. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:457-467. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CP is a copper-containing ferroxidase of blood plasma, which acts as an acute phase reactant during inflammation. The effect of oxidative modification of CP induced by oxidants produced by MPO, such as HOCl, HOBr, and HOSCN, on its spectral, enzymatic, and anti-inflammatory properties was studied. We monitored the chemiluminescence of lucigenin and luminol along with fluorescence of hydroethidine and scopoletin to assay the inhibition by CP of the neutrophilic respiratory burst induced by PMA or fMLP. Superoxide dismutase activity of CP and its capacity to reduce the production of oxidants in respiratory burst of neutrophils remained virtually unchanged upon modifications caused by HOCl, HOBr, and HOSCN. Meanwhile, the absorption of type I copper ions at 610 nm became reduced, along with a drop in the ferroxidase and amino oxidase activities of CP. Likewise, its inhibitory effect on the halogenating activity of MPO was diminished. Sera of either healthy donors or patients with Wilson disease were co-incubated with neutrophils from healthy volunteers. In these experiments, we observed an inverse relationship between the content of CP in sera and the rate of H2O2 production by activated neutrophils. In conclusion, CP is likely to play a role of an anti-inflammatory factor tempering the neutrophil respiratory burst in the bloodstream despite the MPO-mediated oxidative modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Sokolov
- FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Centre of Preclinical Translational Research, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint-Petersburg 197371, Russia
| | - V.A. Kostevich
- FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - E.Y. Varfolomeeva
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - D.V. Grigorieva
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - I.V. Gorudko
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - S.O. Kozlov
- FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - I.V. Kudryavtsev
- FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia
| | - E.V. Mikhalchik
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - M.V. Filatov
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - S.N. Cherenkevich
- Department of Biophysics, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus
| | - O.M. Panasenko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - J. Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - V.B. Vasilyev
- FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg 197376, Russia
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Gaspar‐Cordeiro A, Marques Caetano S, Amaral C, Rodrigues‐Pousada C, Pimentel C. Ace1 prevents intracellular copper accumulation by regulating Fet3 expression and thereby restricting Aft1 activity. FEBS J 2018; 285:1861-1872. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gaspar‐Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Soraia Marques Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | | | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
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Kosman DJ. The teleos of metallo-reduction and metallo-oxidation in eukaryotic iron and copper trafficking. Metallomics 2018; 10:370-377. [PMID: 29484341 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells, whether free-living or organismal, rely on metallo-reductases to process environmental ferric iron and cupric copper prior to uptake. In addition, some free-living eukaryotes (e.g. fungi and algae) couple ferri-reduction to ferro-oxidation, a process catalyzed by a small cohort of multi-copper oxidases; in these organisms, the ferric iron product is a ligand for cell iron uptake via a ferric iron permease. In addition to their support of iron uptake in lower eukaryotes, ferroxidases support ferrous iron efflux in Chordata; in this process the release of the ferrous iron from the efflux transporter is catalyzed by its ferroxidation. Last, ferroxidases also catalyze the oxidation of cuprous copper and, as metallo-oxidases, mirror the dual activity of the metallo-reductases. This Perspective examines the teleos of the yin-yang of this redox cycling of iron and copper in their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University at Buffalo, Farber Hall Room 140, 3435 Main St., Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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28
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Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Cutone A, Polticelli F, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Valenti P, Musci G. The ferroportin-ceruloplasmin system and the mammalian iron homeostasis machine: regulatory pathways and the role of lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:399-414. [PMID: 29453656 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, several new genes and proteins involved in iron metabolism in eukaryotes, particularly related to pathological states both in animal models and in humans have been identified, and we are now starting to unveil at the molecular level the mechanisms of iron absorption, the regulation of iron transport and the homeostatic balancing processes. In this review, we will briefly outline the general scheme of iron metabolism in humans and then focus our attention on the cellular iron export system formed by the permease ferroportin and the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. We will finally summarize data on the role of the iron binding protein lactoferrin on the regulation of the ferroportin/ceruloplasmin couple and of other proteins involved in iron homeostasis in inflamed human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy.
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Soldatova AV, Tao L, Romano CA, Stich TA, Casey WH, Britt RD, Tebo BM, Spiro TG. Mn(II) Oxidation by the Multicopper Oxidase Complex Mnx: A Binuclear Activation Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11369-11380. [PMID: 28712284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial protein complex Mnx contains a multicopper oxidase (MCO) MnxG that, unusually, catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of Mn(II) to MnO2 biomineral, via a Mn(III) intermediate. Although Mn(III)/Mn(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III) reduction potentials are expected to be high, we find a low reduction potential, 0.38 V (vs Normal Hydrogen Electrode, pH 7.8), for the MnxG type 1 Cu2+, the electron acceptor. Indeed the type 1 Cu2+ is not reduced by Mn(II) in the absence of molecular oxygen, indicating that substrate oxidation requires an activation step. We have investigated the enzyme mechanism via electronic absorption spectroscopy, using chemometric analysis to separate enzyme-catalyzed MnO2 formation from MnO2 nanoparticle aging. The nanoparticle aging time course is characteristic of nucleation and particle growth; rates for these processes followed expected dependencies on Mn(II) concentration and temperature, but exhibited different pH optima. The enzymatic time course is sigmoidal, signaling an activation step, prior to turnover. The Mn(II) concentration and pH dependence of a preceding lag phase indicates weak Mn(II) binding. The activation step is enabled by a pKa > 8.6 deprotonation, which is assigned to Mn(II)-bound H2O; it induces a conformation change (consistent with a high activation energy, 106 kJ/mol) that increases Mn(II) affinity. Mnx activation is proposed to decrease the Mn(III/II) reduction potential below that of type 1 Cu(II/I) by formation of a hydroxide-bridged binuclear complex, Mn(II)(μ-OH)Mn(II), at the substrate site. Turnover is found to depend cooperatively on two Mn(II) and is enabled by a pKa 7.6 double deprotonation. It is proposed that turnover produces a Mn(III)(μ-OH)2Mn(III) intermediate that proceeds to the enzyme product, likely Mn(IV)(μ-O)2Mn(IV) or an oligomer, which subsequently nucleates MnO2 nanoparticles. We conclude that Mnx exploits manganese polynuclear chemistry in order to facilitate an otherwise difficult oxidation reaction, as well as biomineralization. The mechanism of the Mn(III/IV) conversion step is elucidated in an accompanying paper .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Soldatova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Christine A Romano
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bradley M Tebo
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Thomas G Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Cortes L, Roberts BR, Wedd AG, Xiao Z. Molecular Aspects of a Robust Assay for Ferroxidase Function of Ceruloplasmin. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5275-5284. [PMID: 28414228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is one of the most complex multicopper oxidase enzymes and plays an essential role in the metabolism of iron in mammals. Ferrous ion supplied by the ferroportin exporter is converted by Cp to ferric ion that is accepted by plasma metallo-chaperone transferrin. Study of the enzyme at the atomic and molecular level has been hampered by the lack of a suitable ferrous substrate. We have developed the classic chromophoric complex FeIIHx(Tar)2 (H2Tar, 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol; x = 0-2; overall charge omitted) as a robust substrate for evaluation of the ferroxidase function of Cp and related enzymes. The catalysis can be followed conveniently in real time by monitoring the solution absorbance at 720 nm, a fingerprint of FeIIHx(Tar)2. The complex is oxidized to its ferric form FeIIIHx(Tar)2 via the overall reaction sequence FeIIHx(Tar)2 → FeII-Cp → FeIII-Cp → FeIIIHx(Tar)2: i.e., Fe(II) is transferred formally from FeIIHx(Tar)2 to the substrate docking/oxidation (SDO) site(s) in Cp, followed by oxidation to product Fe(III) that is trapped again by the ligand. Each Tar ligand in the above bis-complex coordinates the metal center in a meridional tridentate mode involving a pH-sensitive -OH group (pKa > 12), and this imposes rapid Fe(II) and Fe(III) transfer kinetics to facilitate the catalytic process. The formation constants of both the ferrous and ferric complexes at pH 7.0 were determined (log β2' = 13.6 and 21.6, respectively), as well as an average dissociation constant of the SDO site(s) in Cp (log KD' = -7.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortes
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Di Bella LM, Alampi R, Biundo F, Toscano G, Felice MR. Copper chelation and interleukin-6 proinflammatory cytokine effects on expression of different proteins involved in iron metabolism in HepG2 cell line. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 18:1. [PMID: 28118841 PMCID: PMC5259844 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-017-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background In vertebrates, there is an intimate relationship between copper and iron homeostasis. Copper deficiency, which leads to a defect in ceruloplasmin enzymatic activity, has a strong effect on iron homeostasis resulting in cellular iron retention. Much is known about the mechanisms underlying cellular iron retention under “normal” conditions, however, less is known about the effect of copper deficiency during inflammation. Results We show that copper deficiency and the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 have different effects on the expression of proteins involved in iron and copper metabolism such as the soluble and glycosylphosphtidylinositol anchored forms of ceruloplasmin, hepcidin, ferroportin1, transferrin receptor1, divalent metal transporter1 and H-ferritin subunit. We demonstrate, using the human HepG2 cell line, that in addition to ceruloplasmin isoforms, copper deficiency affects other proteins, some posttranslationally and some at the transcriptional level. The addition of interleukin-6, moreover, has different effects on expression of ferroportin1 and ceruloplasmin, in which ferroportin1 is decreased while ceruloplasmin is increased. These effects are stronger when a copper chelating agent and IL-6 are used simultaneously. Conclusions These results suggest that copper chelation has effects not only on ceruloplasmin but also on other proteins involved in iron metabolism, sometimes at the mRNA level and, in inflammatory conditions, the functions of ferroportin and ceruloplasmin may be independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marco Di Bella
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.,Inter University National Group of Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio, 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Alampi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Flavia Biundo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Toscano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Felice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
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Tao L, Simonov AN, Romano CA, Butterfield CN, Fekete M, Tebo BM, Bond AM, Spiccia L, Martin LL, Casey WH. Biogenic Manganese-Oxide Mineralization is Enhanced by an Oxidative Priming Mechanism for the Multi-Copper Oxidase, MnxEFG. Chemistry 2016; 23:1346-1352. [PMID: 27726210 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In a natural geochemical cycle, manganese-oxide minerals (MnOx ) are principally formed through a microbial process, where a putative multicopper oxidase MnxG plays an essential role. Recent success in isolating the approximately 230 kDa, enzymatically active MnxEFG protein complex, has advanced our understanding of biogenic MnOx mineralization. Here, the kinetics of MnOx formation catalyzed by MnxEFG are examined using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and the first electrochemical characterization of the MnxEFG complex is reported using Fourier transformed alternating current voltammetry. The voltammetric studies undertaken using near-neutral solutions (pH 7.8) establish the apparent reversible potentials for the Type 2 Cu sites in MnxEFG immobilized on a carboxy-terminated monolayer to be in the range 0.36-0.40 V versus a normal hydrogen electrode. Oxidative priming of the MnxEFG protein complex substantially enhances the enzymatic activity, as found by in situ electrochemical QCM analysis. The biogeochemical significance of this enzyme is clear, although the role of an oxidative priming of catalytic activity might be either an evolutionary advantage or an ancient relic of primordial existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandr N Simonov
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christine A Romano
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Cristina N Butterfield
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA.,Current address: Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Monika Fekete
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Bradley M Tebo
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Leone Spiccia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - William H Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Ruta LL, Popa CV, Nicolau I, Farcasanu IC. Calcium signaling and copper toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24514-24526. [PMID: 27094270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To respond to metal surpluses, cells have developed intricate ways of defense against the excessive metallic ions. To understand the ways in which cells sense the presence of toxic concentration in the environment, the role of Ca2+ in mediating the cell response to high Cu2+ was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. It was found that the cell exposure to high Cu2+ was accompanied by elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ with patterns that were influenced not only by Cu2+ concentration but also by the oxidative state of the cell. When Ca2+ channel deletion mutants were used, it was revealed that the main contributor to the cytosolic Ca2+ pool under Cu2+ stress was the vacuolar Ca2+ channel, Yvc1, also activated by the Cch1-mediated Ca2+ influx. Using yeast mutants defective in the Cu2+ transport across the plasma membrane, it was found that the Cu2+-dependent Ca2+ elevation could correlate not only with the accumulated metal, but also with the overall oxidative status. Moreover, it was revealed that Cu2+ and H2O2 acted in synergy to induce Ca2+-mediated responses to external stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia L Ruta
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudia V Popa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana C Farcasanu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri 90-92, Bucharest, Romania.
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Varfolomeeva EY, Semenova EV, Sokolov AV, Aplin KD, Timofeeva KE, Vasilyev VB, Filatov MV. Ceruloplasmin decreases respiratory burst reaction during pregnancy. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:909-19. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1197395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Upadhyay P, Shrivastava R, Agrawal PK. Bioprospecting and biotechnological applications of fungal laccase. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 28330085 PMCID: PMC4703590 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase belongs to a small group of enzymes called the blue multicopper oxidases, having the potential ability of oxidation. It belongs to enzymes, which have innate properties of reactive radical production, but its utilization in many fields has been ignored because of its unavailability in the commercial field. There are diverse sources of laccase producing organisms like bacteria, fungi and plants. In fungi, laccase is present in Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, Basidiomycetes and is particularly abundant in many white-rot fungi that degrade lignin. Laccases can degrade both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. They also have the ability to detoxify a range of environmental pollutants. Due to their property to detoxify a range of pollutants, they have been used for several purposes in many industries including paper, pulp, textile and petrochemical industries. Some other application of laccase includes in food processing industry, medical and health care. Recently, laccase has found applications in other fields such as in the design of biosensors and nanotechnology. The present review provides an overview of biological functions of laccase, its mechanism of action, laccase mediator system, and various biotechnological applications of laccase obtained from endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, G. B. Pant Engineering College, Ghurdauri, Pauri, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, HP, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, G. B. Pant Engineering College, Ghurdauri, Pauri, Uttarakhand, India.
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36
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Serum copper to zinc ratio: Relationship with aging and health status. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 151:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Identification and characterization of laccase-type multicopper oxidases involved in dye-decolorization by the fungus Leptosphaerulina sp. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:74. [PMID: 26268358 PMCID: PMC4535763 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal laccases are multicopper oxidases (MCOs) with high biotechnological potential due to their capability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic contaminants using oxygen from the air. Albeit the numerous laccase-like genes described in ascomycete fungi, ascomycete laccases have been less thoroughly studied than white-rot basidiomycetous laccases. A variety of MCO genes has recently been discovered in plant pathogenic ascomycete fungi, however little is known about the presence and function of laccases in these fungi or their potential use as biocatalysts. We aim here to identify the laccase-type oxidoreductases that might be involved in the decolorization of dyes by Leptosphaerulina sp. and to characterize them as potential biotechnological tools. Results A Leptosphaerulina fungal strain, isolated from lignocellulosic material in Colombia, produces laccase as the main ligninolytic oxidoreductase activity during decolorization of synthetic organic dyes. Four laccase-type MCO genes were partially amplified from the genomic DNA using degenerate primers based on laccase-specific signature sequences. The phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of Lac1, Lac4 and Lac3 with ascomycete laccases, whereas Lac2 grouped with fungal ferroxidases (together with other hypothetical laccases). Lac3, the main laccase produced by Leptosphaerulina sp. in dye decolorizing and laccase-induced cultures (according to the shotgun analysis of both secretomes) was purified and characterized in this study. It is a sensu-stricto laccase able to decolorize synthetic organic dyes with high efficiency particularly in the presence of natural mediator compounds. Conclusions The searching for laccase-type MCOs in ascomycetous families where their presence is poorly known, might provide a source of biocatalysts with potential biotechnological interest and shed light on their role in the fungus. The information provided by the use of genomic and proteomic tools must be combined with the biochemical evaluation of the enzyme to prove its catalytic activity and applicability potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0192-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Brissos V, Ferreira M, Grass G, Martins LO. Turning a Hyperthermostable Metallo-Oxidase into a Laccase by Directed Evolution. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Brissos
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maura Ferreira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr
Institute of Microbiology, DZIF, Partner Site of German Center for Infection Research, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich DE 80937, Germany
| | - Lígia O. Martins
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Kostevich VA, Sokolov AV, Grudinina NA, Zakharova ET, Samygina VR, Vasilyev VB. Interaction of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with ceruloplasmin: role of labile copper ions. Biometals 2015; 28:817-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Peng Z, Dittmer NT, Lang M, Brummett LM, Braun CL, Davis LC, Kanost MR, Gorman MJ. Multicopper oxidase-1 orthologs from diverse insect species have ascorbate oxidase activity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 59:58-71. [PMID: 25701385 PMCID: PMC4387078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of enzymes can be classified by their substrate specificity; for example, ferroxidases oxidize ferrous iron, ascorbate oxidases oxidize ascorbate, and laccases oxidize aromatic substrates such as diphenols. Our previous work on an insect multicopper oxidase, MCO1, suggested that it may function as a ferroxidase. This hypothesis was based on three lines of evidence: RNAi-mediated knock down of Drosophila melanogaster MCO1 (DmMCO1) affects iron homeostasis, DmMCO1 has ferroxidase activity, and DmMCO1 has predicted iron binding residues. In our current study, we expanded our focus to include MCO1 from Anopheles gambiae, Tribolium castaneum, and Manduca sexta. We verified that MCO1 orthologs have similar expression profiles, and that the MCO1 protein is located on the basal surface of cells where it is positioned to oxidize substrates in the hemolymph. In addition, we determined that RNAi-mediated knock down of MCO1 in A. gambiae affects iron homeostasis. To further characterize the enzymatic activity of MCO1 orthologs, we purified recombinant MCO1 from all four insect species and performed kinetic analyses using ferrous iron, ascorbate and two diphenols as substrates. We found that all of the MCO1 orthologs are much better at oxidizing ascorbate than they are at oxidizing ferrous iron or diphenols. This result is surprising because ascorbate oxidases are thought to be specific to plants and fungi. An analysis of three predicted iron binding residues in DmMCO1 revealed that they are not required for ferroxidase or laccase activity, but two of the residues (His374 and Asp380) influence oxidation of ascorbate. These two residues are conserved in MCO1 orthologs from insects and crustaceans; therefore, they are likely to be important for MCO1 function. The results of this study suggest that MCO1 orthologs function as ascorbate oxidases and influence iron homeostasis through an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Minglin Lang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Lisa M Brummett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Caroline L Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Lawrence C Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Maureen J Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Zakharova ET, Samygina VR, Panasenko OM, Vasilyev VB. Interaction of ceruloplasmin with eosinophil peroxidase as compared to its interplay with myeloperoxidase: Reciprocal effect on enzymatic properties. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:800-11. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1005615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Jones SM, Solomon EI. Electron transfer and reaction mechanism of laccases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:869-83. [PMID: 25572295 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are part of the family of multicopper oxidases (MCOs), which couple the oxidation of substrates to the four electron reduction of O2 to H2O. MCOs contain a minimum of four Cu's divided into Type 1 (T1), Type 2 (T2), and binuclear Type 3 (T3) Cu sites that are distinguished based on unique spectroscopic features. Substrate oxidation occurs near the T1, and electrons are transferred approximately 13 Å through the protein via the Cys-His pathway to the T2/T3 trinuclear copper cluster (TNC), where dioxygen reduction occurs. This review outlines the electron transfer (ET) process in laccases, and the mechanism of O2 reduction as elucidated through spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational data. Marcus theory is used to describe the relevant factors which impact ET rates including the driving force, reorganization energy, and electronic coupling matrix element. Then, the mechanism of O2 reaction is detailed with particular focus on the intermediates formed during the two 2e(-) reduction steps. The first 2e(-) step forms the peroxide intermediate, followed by the second 2e(-) step to form the native intermediate, which has been shown to be the catalytically relevant fully oxidized form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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43
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Microbial enzyme systems for lignin degradation and their transcriptional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Zakahrova ET, Kostevich VA, Samygina VR, Vasilyev VB. Lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, and ceruloplasmin: complementary gearwheels cranking physiological and pathological processes. Biometals 2014; 27:815-28. [PMID: 24966132 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper-containing plasma protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) forms a complex with lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein, and with the heme-containing myeloperoxidase (Mpo). In case of inflammation, Lf and Mpo are secreted from neutrophil granules. Among the plasma proteins, Cp seems to be the preferential partner of Lf and Mpo. After an intraperitoneal injection of Lf to rodents, the "Cp-Lf" complex has been shown to appear in their bloodstream. Cp prevents the interaction of Lf with protoplasts of Micrococcus luteus. Upon immunoprecipitation of Cp, the blood plasma becomes depleted of Lf and in a dose-dependent manner loses the capacity to inhibit the peroxidase activity of Mpo, but not the Mpo-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate in the (pseudo)halogenating cycle. Antimicrobial effect against E. coli displayed by a synergistic system that includes Lf and Mpo-H2O2-chloride, but not thiocyanate, as the substrate for Mpo is abrogated when Cp is added. Hence, Cp can be regarded as an anti-inflammatory factor that restrains the halogenating cycle and redirects the synergistic system Mpo-H2O2-chloride/thiocyanate to production of hypothiocyanate, which is relatively harmless for the human organism. Structure and functions of the "2Cp-2Lf-Mpo" complex and binary complexes Cp-Lf and 2Cp-Mpo in inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Sokolov
- N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Pavlov Street 12, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia,
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Scheiber IF, Mercer JF, Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of copper in brain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1138] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Adamsson Eryd S, Sjögren M, Smith JG, Nilsson PM, Melander O, Hedblad B, Engström G. Ceruloplasmin and atrial fibrillation: evidence of causality from a population-based Mendelian randomization study. J Intern Med 2014; 275:164-71. [PMID: 24118451 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammatory diseases and inflammatory markers secreted by the liver, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and ceruloplasmin, have been associated with incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Genetic studies have not supported a causal relationship between CRP and AF, but the relationship between ceruloplasmin and AF has not been studied. The purpose of this Mendelian randomization study was to explore whether genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding ceruloplasmin are associated with elevated ceruloplasmin levels, and whether such genetic polymorphisms are also associated with the incidence of AF. DESIGN Genetic polymorphisms in the ceruloplasmin gene (CP) were genotyped in a population-based cohort study of men from southern Sweden (Malmö Preventive Project; n = 3900). Genetic polymorphisms associated with plasma ceruloplasmin concentration were also investigated for association with incident AF (n = 520) during a mean follow-up of 29 years in the same cohort. Findings were replicated in an independent case-control sample (The Malmö AF cohort; n = 2247 cases, 2208 controls). RESULTS A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs11708215, minor allele frequency 0.12) located in the CP gene promoter was strongly associated with increased levels of plasma ceruloplasmin (P = 9 × 10(-10) ) and with AF in both the discovery cohort [hazard ratio 1.24 per risk allele, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.44, P = 0.006] and the replication cohort (odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a causal role of ceruloplasmin in AF pathophysiology and suggest that ceruloplasmin might be a mediator in a specific inflammatory pathway that causally links inflammatory diseases and incidence of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adamsson Eryd
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Samygina VR, Sokolov AV, Bourenkov G, Petoukhov MV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB, Bartunik H, Svergun DI. Ceruloplasmin: macromolecular assemblies with iron-containing acute phase proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67145. [PMID: 23843990 PMCID: PMC3700992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-containing ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp) forms binary and ternary complexes with cationic proteins lactoferrin (Lf) and myeloperoxidase (Mpo) during inflammation. We present an X-ray crystal structure of a 2Cp-Mpo complex at 4.7 Å resolution. This structure allows one to identify major protein-protein interaction areas and provides an explanation for a competitive inhibition of Mpo by Cp and for the activation of p-phenylenediamine oxidation by Mpo. Small angle X-ray scattering was employed to construct low-resolution models of the Cp-Lf complex and, for the first time, of the ternary 2Cp-2Lf-Mpo complex in solution. The SAXS-based model of Cp-Lf supports the predicted 1:1 stoichiometry of the complex and demonstrates that both lobes of Lf contact domains 1 and 6 of Cp. The 2Cp-2Lf-Mpo SAXS model reveals the absence of interaction between Mpo and Lf in the ternary complex, so Cp can serve as a mediator of protein interactions in complex architecture. Mpo protects antioxidant properties of Cp by isolating its sensitive loop from proteases. The latter is important for incorporation of Fe(3+) into Lf, which activates ferroxidase activity of Cp and precludes oxidation of Cp substrates. Our models provide the structural basis for possible regulatory role of these complexes in preventing iron-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya R. Samygina
- Institute of Crystallography RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Structural Biology Unit, CICbioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maria O. Pulina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine NWB RAMS, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Hans Bartunik
- Research Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute, Hamburg, Germany
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Multi-copper oxidases and human iron metabolism. Nutrients 2013; 5:2289-313. [PMID: 23807651 PMCID: PMC3738974 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-copper oxidases (MCOs) are a small group of enzymes that oxidize their substrate with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to two water molecules. Generally, multi-copper oxidases are promiscuous with regards to their reducing substrates and are capable of performing various functions in different species. To date, three multi-copper oxidases have been detected in humans—ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen. Each of these enzymes has a high specificity towards iron with the resulting ferroxidase activity being associated with ferroportin, the only known iron exporter protein in humans. Ferroportin exports iron as Fe2+, but transferrin, the major iron transporter protein of blood, can bind only Fe3+ effectively. Iron oxidation in enterocytes is mediated mainly by hephaestin thus allowing dietary iron to enter the bloodstream. Zyklopen is involved in iron efflux from placental trophoblasts during iron transfer from mother to fetus. Release of iron from the liver relies on ferroportin and the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin which is found in blood in a soluble form. Ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen show distinctive expression patterns and have unique mechanisms for regulating their expression. These features of human multi-copper ferroxidases can serve as a basis for the precise control of iron efflux in different tissues. In this manuscript, we review the biochemical and biological properties of the three human MCOs and discuss their potential roles in human iron homeostasis.
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A multicopper oxidase is required for copper resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:3724-33. [PMID: 23772064 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00546-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most important bacterial pathogens. Recent work has revealed that the natural bactericidal properties of copper are utilized by the host immune system to combat infections with bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. However, M. tuberculosis employs multiple mechanisms to reduce the internal copper amount by efflux and sequestration, which are required for virulence of M. tuberculosis. Here, we describe an alternative mechanism of copper resistance by M. tuberculosis. Deletion of the rv0846c gene increased the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to copper at least 10-fold, establishing Rv0846c as a major component of copper resistance in M. tuberculosis. In vitro assays showed that Rv0846c oxidized organic substrates and Fe(II). Importantly, mutation of the predicted copper-coordinating cysteine 486 resulted in inactive Rv0846c protein which did not protect M. tuberculosis against copper stress. Hence, Rv0846c is a multicopper oxidase of M. tuberculosis and was renamed mycobacterial multicopper oxidase (MmcO). MmcO is membrane associated, probably by lipidation after export across the inner membrane by the twin-arginine translocation system. However, mutation of the lipidation site did not affect the oxidase activity or the copper protective function of MmcO. Our study revealed MmcO as an important copper resistance mechanism of M. tuberculosis, which possibly acts by oxidation of toxic Cu(I) in the periplasm.
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