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Rendulić T, Perpelea A, Ortiz JPR, Casal M, Nevoigt E. Mitochondrial membrane transporters as attractive targets for the fermentative production of succinic acid from glycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae009. [PMID: 38587863 PMCID: PMC11014245 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-1A derivative able to produce succinic acid (SA) from glycerol with net CO2 fixation. Apart from an engineered glycerol utilization pathway that generates NADH, the strain was equipped with the NADH-dependent reductive branch of the TCA cycle (rTCA) and a heterologous SA exporter. However, the results indicated that a significant amount of carbon still entered the CO2-releasing oxidative TCA cycle. The current study aimed to tune down the flux through the oxidative TCA cycle by targeting the mitochondrial uptake of pyruvate and cytosolic intermediates of the rTCA pathway, as well as the succinate dehydrogenase complex. Thus, we tested the effects of deletions of MPC1, MPC3, OAC1, DIC1, SFC1, and SDH1 on SA production. The highest improvement was achieved by the combined deletion of MPC3 and SDH1. The respective strain produced up to 45.5 g/L of SA, reached a maximum SA yield of 0.66 gSA/gglycerol, and accumulated the lowest amounts of byproducts when cultivated in shake-flasks. Based on the obtained data, we consider a further reduction of mitochondrial import of pyruvate and rTCA intermediates highly attractive. Moreover, the approaches presented in the current study might also be valuable for improving SA production when sugars (instead of glycerol) are the source of carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Rendulić
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreea Perpelea
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Elke Nevoigt
- School of Science, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Shao W, Zhang Y, Chen C, Xing Y. Function of the Mitochondrial Transport Protein BcMtp1 in Regulating Vegetative Development, Asexual Reproduction, Stress Response, Fungicide Sensitivity, and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010025. [PMID: 36675846 PMCID: PMC9864816 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In model fungi, mitochondrial transport proteins (MTPs), also known as "mitochondrial carriers" (MC), are known to facilitate the exchange of biochemical substances across the mitochondrial inner membrane. In this study, we characterized an MTP in Botrytis cinerea homologous to the known MTPs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae designated BcMtp1. The BcMtp1 deletion mutant phenotype was strikingly defective in vegetative development, conidiation, and sclerotia production. In addition, ΔBcMtp1 showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and cell wall biogenesis inhibitors. In the pathogenicity assay, ΔBcMtp1 displayed compromised virulence on various host-plant tissues. The BcMtp1 deletion mutant phenotype was rescued by transforming the wild-type BcMtp1 variant into the mutant. Together, these data indicate that BcMtp1 is critical for vegetative development, asexual reproduction, stress tolerance, and virulence of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Shao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yujun Xing
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (Y.X.)
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Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose evolutionary past includes a whole-genome duplication event, is characterized by a mosaic genome configuration with substantial apparent genetic redundancy. This apparent redundancy raises questions about the evolutionary driving force for genomic fixation of “minor” paralogs and complicates modular and combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies. While isoenzymes might be important in specific environments, they could be dispensable in controlled laboratory or industrial contexts. The present study explores the extent to which the genetic complexity of the central carbon metabolism (CCM) in S. cerevisiae, here defined as the combination of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and a limited number of related pathways and reactions, can be reduced by elimination of (iso)enzymes without major negative impacts on strain physiology. Cas9-mediated, groupwise deletion of 35 of the 111 genes yielded a “minimal CCM” strain which, despite the elimination of 32% of CCM-related proteins, showed only a minimal change in phenotype on glucose-containing synthetic medium in controlled bioreactor cultures relative to a congenic reference strain. Analysis under a wide range of other growth and stress conditions revealed remarkably few phenotypic changes from the reduction of genetic complexity. Still, a well-documented context-dependent role of GPD1 in osmotolerance was confirmed. The minimal CCM strain provides a model system for further research into genetic redundancy of yeast genes and a platform for strategies aimed at large-scale, combinatorial remodeling of yeast CCM.
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Mota MN, Múgica P, Sá-Correia I. Exploring Yeast Diversity to Produce Lipid-Based Biofuels from Agro-Forestry and Industrial Organic Residues. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070687. [PMID: 35887443 PMCID: PMC9315891 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of yeast diversity for the sustainable production of biofuels, in particular biodiesel, is gaining momentum in recent years. However, sustainable, and economically viable bioprocesses require yeast strains exhibiting: (i) high tolerance to multiple bioprocess-related stresses, including the various chemical inhibitors present in hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass and residues; (ii) the ability to efficiently consume all the major carbon sources present; (iii) the capacity to produce lipids with adequate composition in high yields. More than 160 non-conventional (non-Saccharomyces) yeast species are described as oleaginous, but only a smaller group are relatively well characterised, including Lipomyces starkeyi, Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, Cutaneotrichosporonoleaginosus and Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum. This article provides an overview of lipid production by oleaginous yeasts focusing on yeast diversity, metabolism, and other microbiological issues related to the toxicity and tolerance to multiple challenging stresses limiting bioprocess performance. This is essential knowledge to better understand and guide the rational improvement of yeast performance either by genetic manipulation or by exploring yeast physiology and optimal process conditions. Examples gathered from the literature showing the potential of different oleaginous yeasts/process conditions to produce oils for biodiesel from agro-forestry and industrial organic residues are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N. Mota
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Múgica
- BIOREF—Collaborative Laboratory for Biorefineries, Rua da Amieira, Apartado 1089, São Mamede de Infesta, 4465-901 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Miniero DV, Monné M, Di Noia MA, Palmieri L, Palmieri F. Evidence for Non-Essential Salt Bridges in the M-Gates of Mitochondrial Carrier Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095060. [PMID: 35563451 PMCID: PMC9104175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers, which transport metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors across the mitochondrial inner membrane, have six transmembrane α-helices enclosing a translocation pore with a central substrate binding site whose access is controlled by a cytoplasmic and a matrix gate (M-gate). The salt bridges formed by the three PX[DE]XX[RK] motifs located on the odd-numbered transmembrane α-helices greatly contribute to closing the M-gate. We have measured the transport rates of cysteine mutants of the charged residue positions in the PX[DE]XX[RK] motifs of the bovine oxoglutarate carrier, the yeast GTP/GDP carrier, and the yeast NAD+ transporter, which all lack one of these charged residues. Most single substitutions, including those of the non-charged and unpaired charged residues, completely inactivated transport. Double mutations of charged pairs showed that all three carriers contain salt bridges non-essential for activity. Two double substitutions of these non-essential charge pairs exhibited higher transport rates than their corresponding single mutants, whereas swapping the charged residues in these positions did not increase activity. The results demonstrate that some of the residues in the charged residue positions of the PX[DE]XX[KR] motifs are important for reasons other than forming salt bridges, probably for playing specific roles related to the substrate interaction-mediated conformational changes leading to the M-gate opening/closing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.V.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.D.N.)
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.V.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.D.N.)
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Di Noia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.V.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.D.N.)
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.V.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.D.N.)
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.V.M.); (M.M.); (M.A.D.N.)
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (F.P.)
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Nguyen NT, Nguyen TT, Park KS. Oxidative Stress Related to Plasmalemmal and Mitochondrial Phosphate Transporters in Vascular Calcification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030494. [PMID: 35326144 PMCID: PMC8944874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for maintaining cellular function but excess of Pi leads to serious complications, including vascular calcification. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenic progression of calcific changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Pi-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and its detrimental consequences remain unclear. Type III Na+-dependent Pi cotransporter, PiT-1/-2, play a significant role in Pi uptake of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pi influx via PiT-1/-2 increases the abundance of PiT-1/-2 and depolarization-activated Ca2+ entry due to its electrogenic properties, which may lead to Ca2+ and Pi overload and oxidative stress. At least four mitochondrial Pi transporters are suggested, among which the phosphate carrier (PiC) is known to be mainly involved in mitochondrial Pi uptake. Pi transport via PiC may induce hyperpolarization and superoxide generation, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, together with generation of cytosolic ROS. Increase in net influx of Ca2+ and Pi and their accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix synergistically increases oxidative stress and osteogenic differentiation, which could be prevented by suppressing either Ca2+ or Pi overload. Therapeutic strategies targeting plasmalemmal and mitochondrial Pi transports can protect against Pi-induced oxidative stress and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Medical Doctor Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
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Learning from Yeast about Mitochondrial Carriers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102044. [PMID: 34683364 PMCID: PMC8539049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play an important role in both energetic and synthetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The flow of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is controlled by a set of highly selective carrier proteins localised in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As defects in the transport of these molecules may affect cell metabolism, mutations in genes encoding for mitochondrial carriers are involved in numerous human diseases. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our understanding of many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, the yeast is also exceptionally well suited for investigation of mitochondrial carriers. This article reviews the advantages of using yeast to study mitochondrial carriers with the focus on addressing the involvement of these carriers in human diseases.
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Ferramosca A, Zara V. Mitochondrial Carriers and Substrates Transport Network: A Lesson from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168496. [PMID: 34445202 PMCID: PMC8395155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most widely used model organisms for investigating various aspects of basic cellular functions that are conserved in human cells. This organism, as well as human cells, can modulate its metabolism in response to specific growth conditions, different environmental changes, and nutrient depletion. This adaptation results in a metabolic reprogramming of specific metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial carriers play a fundamental role in cellular metabolism, connecting mitochondrial with cytosolic reactions. By transporting substrates across the inner membrane of mitochondria, they contribute to many processes that are central to cellular function. The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes 35 members of the mitochondrial carrier family, most of which have been functionally characterized. The aim of this review is to describe the role of the so far identified yeast mitochondrial carriers in cell metabolism, attempting to show the functional connections between substrates transport and specific metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, lipid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and amino acids synthesis. Analysis of the literature reveals that these proteins transport substrates involved in the same metabolic pathway with a high degree of flexibility and coordination. The understanding of the role of mitochondrial carriers in yeast biology and metabolism could be useful for clarifying unexplored aspects related to the mitochondrial carrier network. Such knowledge will hopefully help in obtaining more insight into the molecular basis of human diseases.
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Kreimendahl S, Schwichtenberg J, Günnewig K, Brandherm L, Rassow J. The selectivity filter of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. BMC Biol 2020; 18:156. [PMID: 33121519 PMCID: PMC7596997 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The uptake of newly synthesized nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol is mediated by a complex of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins comprising a central pore-forming component and associated receptor proteins. Distinct fractions of proteins initially bind to the receptor proteins and are subsequently transferred to the pore-forming component for import. The aim of this study was the identification of the decisive elements of this machinery that determine the specific selection of the proteins that should be imported. Results We identified the essential internal targeting signal of the members of the mitochondrial metabolite carrier proteins, the largest protein family of the mitochondria, and we investigated the specific recognition of this signal by the protein import machinery at the mitochondrial outer surface. We found that the outer membrane import receptors facilitated the uptake of these proteins, and we identified the corresponding binding site, marked by cysteine C141 in the receptor protein Tom70. However, in tests both in vivo and in vitro, the import receptors were neither necessary nor sufficient for specific recognition of the targeting signals. Although these signals are unrelated to the amino-terminal presequences that mediate the targeting of other mitochondrial preproteins, they were found to resemble presequences in their strict dependence on a content of positively charged residues as a prerequisite of interactions with the import pore. Conclusions The general import pore of the mitochondrial outer membrane appears to represent not only the central channel of protein translocation but also to form the decisive general selectivity filter in the uptake of the newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kreimendahl
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Schwichtenberg
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas Brandherm
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Wang J, Ledesma-Amaro R, Wei Y, Ji B, Ji XJ. Metabolic engineering for increased lipid accumulation in Yarrowia lipolytica - A Review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 313:123707. [PMID: 32595069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Current energy security and climate change policies encourage the development and utilization of bioenergy. Oleaginous yeasts provide a particularly attractive platform for the sustainable production of biofuels and industrial chemicals due to their ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids. In particular, microbial lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs) produced from renewable feedstocks have attracted considerable attention because they can be directly used in the production of biodiesel and oleochemicals analogous to petrochemicals. As an oleaginous yeast that is generally regarded as safe, Yarrowia lipolytica has been extensively studied, with large amounts of data on its lipid metabolism, genetic tools, and genome sequencing and annotation. In this review, we highlight the newest strategies for increasing lipid accumulation using metabolic engineering and summarize the research advances on the overaccumulation of lipids in Y. lipolytica. Finally, perspectives for future engineering approaches are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of State Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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Fernie AR, Cavalcanti JHF, Nunes-Nesi A. Metabolic Roles of Plant Mitochondrial Carriers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1013. [PMID: 32650612 PMCID: PMC7408384 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MC) are a large family (MCF) of inner membrane transporters displaying diverse, yet often redundant, substrate specificities, as well as differing spatio-temporal patterns of expression; there are even increasing examples of non-mitochondrial subcellular localization. The number of these six trans-membrane domain proteins in sequenced plant genomes ranges from 39 to 141, rendering the size of plant families larger than that found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and comparable with Homo sapiens. Indeed, comparison of plant MCs with those from these better characterized species has been highly informative. Here, we review the most recent comprehensive studies of plant MCFs, incorporating the torrent of genomic data emanating from next-generation sequencing techniques. As such we present a more current prediction of the substrate specificities of these carriers as well as review the continuing quest to biochemically characterize this feature of the carriers. Taken together, these data provide an important resource to guide direct genetic studies aimed at addressing the relevance of these vital carrier proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Instiute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - João Henrique F. Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Educação, Agricultura e Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Humaitá 69800-000, Amazonas, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nozawa A, Ito D, Ibrahim M, Santos HJ, Tsuboi T, Tozawa Y. Characterization of mitochondrial carrier proteins of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum based on in vitro translation and reconstitution. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102160. [PMID: 32574727 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the mitochondrial carrier (MC) family of membrane transporters play important roles in cellular metabolism. We previously established an in vitro reconstitution system for membrane transporters based on wheat germ cell-free translation system. We have now applied this reconstitution system to the comparative analysis of MC proteins from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We synthesized twelve putative P. falciparum MCs and determined the transport activities of four of these proteins including PF3D7_1037300 protein (ADP/ATP translocator), PF3D7_1004800 protein (ADP/ATP translocator), PF3D7_1202200 protein (phosphate carrier), and PF3D7_1241600 protein (S-adenosylmethionine transporter). In addition, we tested the effect of cardiolipin on the activity of MC proteins. The transport activities of the yeast MCs, ScAac2p, ScGgc1p, ScDic1p, ScPic1p, and ScSam5p, which localize to the mitochondrial inner membrane, were increased by cardiolipin supplementation, whereas that of ScAnt1p, which localizes to the peroxisome membrane, was not significantly affected. Together, this indicates that the functional properties of the reconstituted MCs reflect the lipid content of their native membranes. Except for PF3D7_1241600 protein, these P. falciparum proteins manifested cardiolipin-dependent transport activities. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that PF3D7_1241600 protein is not mainly localized to the mitochondria of P. falciparum cells. We thus revealed the functions of four MC proteins of the malaria parasite and the effects of cardiolipin on their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
| | - Herbert J Santos
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Yuzuru Tozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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13
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Cunningham CN, Rutter J. 20,000 picometers under the OMM: diving into the vastness of mitochondrial metabolite transport. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50071. [PMID: 32329174 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic compartmentalization enabled by mitochondria is key feature of many cellular processes such as energy conversion to ATP production, redox balance, and the biosynthesis of heme, urea, nucleotides, lipids, and others. For a majority of these functions, metabolites need to be transported across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane by dedicated carrier proteins. Here, we examine the substrates, structural features, and human health implications of four mitochondrial metabolite carrier families: the SLC25A family, the mitochondrial ABCB transporters, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), and the sideroflexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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14
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Kardos J, Dobolyi Á, Szabó Z, Simon Á, Lourmet G, Palkovits M, Héja L. Molecular Plasticity of the Nucleus Accumbens Revisited-Astrocytic Waves Shall Rise. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7950-7965. [PMID: 31134458 PMCID: PMC6834761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Part of the ventral striatal division, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) drives the circuit activity of an entire macrosystem about reward like a "flagship," signaling and leading diverse conducts. Accordingly, NAc neurons feature complex inhibitory phenotypes that assemble to process circuit inputs and generate outputs by exploiting specific arrays of opposite and/or parallel neurotransmitters, neuromodulatory peptides. The resulting complex combinations enable versatile yet specific forms of accumbal circuit plasticity, including maladaptive behaviors. Although reward signaling and behavior are elaborately linked to neuronal circuit activities, it is plausible to propose whether these neuronal ensembles and synaptic islands can be directly controlled by astrocytes, a powerful modulator of neuronal activity. Pioneering studies showed that astrocytes in the NAc sense citrate cycle metabolites and/or ATP and may induce recurrent activation. We argue that the astrocytic calcium, GABA, and Glu signaling and altered sodium and chloride dynamics fundamentally shape metaplasticity by providing active regulatory roles in the synapse- and network-level flexibility of the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Kardos
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1086, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szabó
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Simon
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Guillaume Lourmet
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1086, Hungary
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 58, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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15
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Scarcia P, Gorgoglione R, Messina E, Fiermonte G, Blank LM, Wierckx N, Palmieri L, Agrimi G. Mitochondrial carriers of
Ustilago maydis
and
Aspergillus terreus
involved in itaconate production: same physiological role but different biochemical features. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:728-739. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
| | - Eugenia Messina
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology‐iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology‐ABBt RWTH Aachen University Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences IBG‐1: Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich Germany
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
- CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM) Bari Italy
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics University of Bari ALDO MORO Italy
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16
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Gorgoglione R, Porcelli V, Santoro A, Daddabbo L, Vozza A, Monné M, Di Noia MA, Palmieri L, Fiermonte G, Palmieri F. The human uncoupling proteins 5 and 6 (UCP5/SLC25A14 and UCP6/SLC25A30) transport sulfur oxyanions, phosphate and dicarboxylates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:724-733. [PMID: 31356773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes 53 members of the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), also called the mitochondrial carrier family. In this work, two members of this family, UCP5 (BMCP1, brain mitochondrial carrier protein 1 encoded by SLC25A14) and UCP6 (KMCP1, kidney mitochondrial carrier protein 1 encoded by SLC25A30) have been thoroughly characterized biochemically. They were overexpressed in bacteria, purified and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Their transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that UCP5 and UCP6 transport inorganic anions (sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate and phosphate) and, to a lesser extent, a variety of dicarboxylates (e.g. malonate, malate and citramalate) and, even more so, aspartate and (only UCP5) glutamate and tricarboxylates. Both carriers catalyzed a fast counter-exchange transport and a very low uniport of substrates. Transport was saturable and inhibited by mercurials and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors at various degrees. The transport affinities of UCP5 and UCP6 were higher for sulfate and thiosulfate than for any other substrate, whereas the specific activity of UCP5 was much higher than that of UCP6. It is proposed that a main physiological role of UCP5 and UCP6 is to catalyze the export of sulfite and thiosulfate (the H2S degradation products) from the mitochondria, thereby modulating the level of the important signal molecule H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Santoro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Di Noia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70126 Bari, Italy
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17
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Punzi G, Porcelli V, Ruggiu M, Hossain MF, Menga A, Scarcia P, Castegna A, Gorgoglione R, Pierri CL, Laera L, Lasorsa FM, Paradies E, Pisano I, Marobbio CMT, Lamantea E, Ghezzi D, Tiranti V, Giannattasio S, Donati MA, Guerrini R, Palmieri L, Palmieri F, De Grassi A. SLC25A10 biallelic mutations in intractable epileptic encephalopathy with complex I deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:499-504. [PMID: 29211846 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a plethora of inherited neuromuscular disorders sharing defects in mitochondrial respiration, but largely different from one another for genetic basis and pathogenic mechanism. Whole exome sequencing was performed in a familiar trio (trio-WES) with a child affected by severe epileptic encephalopathy associated with respiratory complex I deficiency and mitochondrial DNA depletion in skeletal muscle. By trio-WES we identified biallelic mutations in SLC25A10, a nuclear gene encoding a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. Genetic and functional analyses conducted on patient fibroblasts showed that SLC25A10 mutations are associated with reduction in RNA quantity and aberrant RNA splicing, and to absence of SLC25A10 protein and its transporting function. The yeast SLC25A10 ortholog knockout strain showed defects in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial DNA content, similarly to what observed in the patient skeletal muscle, and growth susceptibility to oxidative stress. Albeit patient fibroblasts were depleted in the main antioxidant molecules NADPH and glutathione, transport assays demonstrated that SLC25A10 is unable to transport glutathione. Here, we report the first recessive mutations of SLC25A10 associated to an inherited severe mitochondrial neurodegenerative disorder. We propose that SLC25A10 loss-of-function causes pathological disarrangements in respiratory-demanding conditions and oxidative stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Punzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Ruggiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Md F Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro L Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luna Laera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco M Lasorsa
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paradies
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Pisano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo M T Marobbio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria A Donati
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital "A. Meyer", 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital "A. Meyer", 50139 Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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18
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Song P, Yuan K, Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Zhang S, Wen JP, Huang H. Effects of Cotton Seed Powder as the Seed Medium Nitrogen Source on the Morphology and Pneumocandin B 0 Yield of Glarea lozoyensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2352. [PMID: 30364147 PMCID: PMC6191469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocandin B0 is an important antifungal drug precursor produced by filamentous fungus Glarea lozoyensis. The high broth viscosity of cultures of this organism results in lower oxygen solubility and higher energy consumption for agitation and aeration, which mostly caused by the morphologies of filamentous fungi in submerged culture. In this study, the effects of different seed medium nitrogen sources on morphology and fermentation behavior of G. lozoyensis were investigated, and cotton seed powder resulted in small, compact pellets. Moreover, pneumocandin B0 yield in Erlenmeyer flasks were increased by 22.9%. Furthermore, pneumocandin B0 yield in a 50-L fermenter reached 2,100 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen maintained above 30%. Additionally, activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and malic enzyme (ME) were increased by 87.5, 50, 41.6, and 10.7%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of using cotton seed powder for controlling the fungal morphology and improving the product yield in pneumocandin fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaboration Innovation Center of Chinese Medical Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Zara V, Ferramosca A, Günnewig K, Kreimendahl S, Schwichtenberg J, Sträter D, Çakar M, Emmrich K, Guidato P, Palmieri F, Rassow J. Mimivirus-Encoded Nucleotide Translocator VMC1 Targets the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5233-5245. [PMID: 30261167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mimivirus (Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus) was the first giant DNA virus identified in an amoeba species. Its genome contains at least 979 genes. One of these, L276, encodes a nucleotide translocator with similarities to mitochondrial metabolite carriers, provisionally named viral mitochondrial carrier 1 (VMC1). In this study, we investigated the intracellular distribution of VMC1 upon expression in HeLa cells and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that VMC1 is specifically targeted to mitochondria and to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Newly synthesized VMC1 binds to the mitochondrial outer-membrane protein Tom70 and translocates through the import channel formed by the β-barrel protein Tom40. Derivatization of the four cysteine residues inside Tom40 by N-ethylmaleimide caused a delay in translocation but not a complete occlusion. Cell viability was not reduced by VMC1. Neither the mitochondrial membrane potential nor the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species was affected. Similar to endogenous metabolite carriers, mimivirus-encoded VMC1 appears to act as a specific translocator in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Due to its permeability for deoxyribonucleotides, VMC1 confers to the mitochondria an opportunity to contribute nucleotides for the replication of the large DNA genome of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreimendahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Schwichtenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dina Sträter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mahmut Çakar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Emmrich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Guidato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Monné M, Daddabbo L, Gagneul D, Obata T, Hielscher B, Palmieri L, Miniero DV, Fernie AR, Weber APM, Palmieri F. Uncoupling proteins 1 and 2 (UCP1 and UCP2) from Arabidopsis thaliana are mitochondrial transporters of aspartate, glutamate, and dicarboxylates. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4213-4227. [PMID: 29371401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 58 members of the solute carrier family SLC25, also called the mitochondrial carrier family, many of which have been shown to transport specific metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors across the mitochondrial membrane. Here, two Arabidopsis members of this family, AtUCP1 and AtUCP2, which were previously thought to be uncoupling proteins and hence named UCP1/PUMP1 and UCP2/PUMP2, respectively, are assigned with a novel function. They were expressed in bacteria, purified, and reconstituted in phospholipid vesicles. Their transport properties demonstrate that they transport amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, cysteine sulfinate, and cysteate), dicarboxylates (malate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate), phosphate, sulfate, and thiosulfate. Transport was saturable and inhibited by mercurials and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors to various degrees. AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 catalyzed a fast counterexchange transport as well as a low uniport of substrates, with transport rates of AtUCP1 being much higher than those of AtUCP2 in both cases. The aspartate/glutamate heteroexchange mediated by AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 is electroneutral, in contrast to that mediated by the mammalian mitochondrial aspartate glutamate carrier. Furthermore, both carriers were found to be targeted to mitochondria. Metabolite profiling of single and double knockouts shows changes in organic acid and amino acid levels. Notably, AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 are the first reported mitochondrial carriers in Arabidopsis to transport aspartate and glutamate. It is proposed that the primary function of AtUCP1 and AtUCP2 is to catalyze an aspartateout/glutamatein exchange across the mitochondrial membrane and thereby contribute to the export of reducing equivalents from the mitochondria in photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,the Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - David Gagneul
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- the Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and
| | - Björn Hielscher
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.,the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- the Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- the Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- From the Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy, .,the Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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21
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Scarcia P, Palmieri L, Agrimi G, Palmieri F, Rottensteiner H. Three mitochondrial transporters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are essential for ammonium fixation and lysine biosynthesis in synthetic minimal medium. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:54-60. [PMID: 28784321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 encode three transporters that are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this study, the roles of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 in the assimilation of nitrogen and in the biosynthesis of lysine have been investigated. Both the odc1Δodc2Δ double knockout and the yhm2Δ mutant grew similarly as the YPH499 wild-type strain on synthetic minimal medium (SM) containing 2% glucose and ammonia as the main nitrogen source. In contrast, the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ triple knockout exhibited a marked growth defect under the same conditions. This defect was fully restored by the individual expression of YHM2, ODC1 or ODC2 in the triple deletion strain. Furthermore, the lack of growth of yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ on 2% glucose SM was rescued by the addition of glutamate, but not glutamine, to the medium. Using lysine-prototroph YPH499-derived strains, the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ knockout (but not the odc1Δodc2Δ and yhm2Δ mutants) also displayed a growth defect in lysine biosynthesis on 2% glucose SM, which was rescued by the addition of lysine and, to a lesser extent, by the addition of 2-aminoadipate. Additional analysis of the triple mutant showed that it is not respiratory-deficient and does not display mitochondrial DNA instability. These results provide evidence that only the simultaneous absence of YHM2, ODC1 and ODC2 impairs the export from the mitochondrial matrix of i) 2-oxoglutarate which is necessary for the synthesis of glutamate and ammonium fixation in the cytosol and ii) 2-oxoadipate which is required for lysine biosynthesis in the cytosol. Finally, the data presented allow one to suggest that the yhm2Δodc1Δodc2Δ triple knockout is suitable in complementation studies aimed at assessing the pathogenic potential of human SLC25A21 (ODC) mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - L Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - G Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - F Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - H Rottensteiner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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22
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Biological Demalication and Deacetification of Musts and Wines: Can Wine Yeasts Make the Wine Taste Better? FERMENTATION-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Monné M, Daddabbo L, Giannossa LC, Nicolardi MC, Palmieri L, Miniero DV, Mangone A, Palmieri F. Mitochondrial ATP-Mg/phosphate carriers transport divalent inorganic cations in complex with ATP. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:369-380. [PMID: 28695448 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-Mg/phosphate carriers (APCs) modulate the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool size. In this study the concentration-dependent effects of Mg2+ and other divalent cations (Me2+) on the transport of [3H]ATP in liposomes reconstituted with purified human and Arabidopsis APCs (hAPCs and AtAPCs, respectively, including some lacking their N-terminal domains) have been investigated. The transport of Me2+ mediated by these proteins was also measured. In the presence of a low external concentration of [3H]ATP (12 μM) and increasing concentrations of Me2+, Mg2+ stimulated the activity (measured as initial transport rate of [3H]ATP) of hAPCs and decreased that of AtAPCs; Fe2+ and Zn2+ stimulated markedly hAPCs and moderately AtAPCs; Ca2+ and Mn2+ markedly AtAPCs and moderately hAPCs; and Cu2+ decreased the activity of both hAPCs and AtAPCs. All the Me2+-dependent effects correlated well with the amount of ATP-Me complex present. The transport of [14C]AMP, which has a much lower ability of complexation than ATP, was not affected by the presence of the Me2+ tested, except Cu2+. Furthermore, the transport of [3H]ATP catalyzed by the ATP/ADP carrier, which is known to transport only free ATP and ADP, was inhibited by all the Me2+ tested in an inverse relationship with the formation of the ATP-Me complex. Finally, direct measurements of Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ showed that they are cotransported with ATP by both hAPCs and AtAPCs. It is likely that in vivo APCs transport free ATP and ATP-Mg complex to different degrees, and probably trace amounts of other Me2+ in complex with ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lucia Daddabbo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Nicolardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Valeria Miniero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annarosa Mangone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy. .,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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24
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Zeman I, Neboháčová M, Gérecová G, Katonová K, Jánošíková E, Jakúbková M, Centárová I, Dunčková I, Tomáška L, Pryszcz LP, Gabaldón T, Nosek J. Mitochondrial Carriers Link the Catabolism of Hydroxyaromatic Compounds to the Central Metabolism in Candida parapsilosis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:4047-4058. [PMID: 27707801 PMCID: PMC5144973 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis metabolizes hydroxyderivatives of benzene and benzoic acid to compounds channeled into central metabolism, including the mitochondrially localized tricarboxylic acid cycle, via the 3-oxoadipate and gentisate pathways. The orchestration of both catabolic pathways with mitochondrial metabolism as well as their evolutionary origin is not fully understood. Our results show that the enzymes involved in these two pathways operate in the cytoplasm with the exception of the mitochondrially targeted 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase (Osc1p) and 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase (Oct1p) catalyzing the last two reactions of the 3-oxoadipate pathway. The cellular localization of the enzymes indicates that degradation of hydroxyaromatic compounds requires a shuttling of intermediates, cofactors, and products of the corresponding biochemical reactions between cytosol and mitochondria. Indeed, we found that yeast cells assimilating hydroxybenzoates increase the expression of genes SFC1, LEU5, YHM2, and MPC1 coding for succinate/fumarate carrier, coenzyme A carrier, oxoglutarate/citrate carrier, and the subunit of pyruvate carrier, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis uncovered distinct evolutionary trajectories for sparsely distributed gene clusters coding for enzymes of both pathways. Whereas the 3-oxoadipate pathway appears to have evolved by vertical descent combined with multiple losses, the gentisate pathway shows a striking pattern suggestive of horizontal gene transfer to the evolutionarily distant Mucorales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Neboháčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Gérecová
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Kornélia Katonová
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Jánošíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Jakúbková
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Centárová
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Dunčková
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - L'ubomír Tomáška
- Department of Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
| | - Leszek P Pryszcz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals I de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 842 15, Slovak Republic
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25
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Curcio R, Muto L, Pierri CL, Montalto A, Lauria G, Onofrio A, Fiorillo M, Fiermonte G, Lunetti P, Vozza A, Capobianco L, Cappello AR, Dolce V. New insights about the structural rearrangements required for substrate translocation in the bovine mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Palmieri F, Monné M. Discoveries, metabolic roles and diseases of mitochondrial carriers: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2362-78. [PMID: 26968366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) are a superfamily of nuclear-encoded proteins that are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and transport numerous metabolites, nucleotides, cofactors and inorganic anions. Their unique sequence features, i.e., a tripartite structure, six transmembrane α-helices and a three-fold repeated signature motif, allow MCs to be easily recognized. This review describes how the functions of MCs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana (listed in the first table) were discovered after the genome sequence of S. cerevisiae was determined in 1996. In the genomic era, more than 50 previously unknown MCs from these organisms have been identified and characterized biochemically using a method consisting of gene expression, purification of the recombinant proteins, their reconstitution into liposomes and transport assays (EPRA). Information derived from studies with intact mitochondria, genetic and metabolic evidence, sequence similarity, phylogenetic analysis and complementation of knockout phenotypes have guided the choice of substrates that were tested in the transport assays. In addition, the diseases associated to defects of human MCs have been briefly reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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27
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Effect of malate on docosahexaenoic acid production from Schizochytrium sp. B4D1. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mani J, Meisinger C, Schneider A. Peeping at TOMs-Diverse Entry Gates to Mitochondria Provide Insights into the Evolution of Eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:337-51. [PMID: 26474847 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for eukaryotic life and more than 95% of their proteins are imported as precursors from the cytosol. The targeting signals for this posttranslational import are conserved in all eukaryotes. However, this conservation does not hold true for the protein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane that serves as entry gate for essentially all precursor proteins. Only two of its subunits, Tom40 and Tom22, are conserved and thus likely were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Tom7 is found in representatives of all supergroups except the Excavates. This suggests that it was added to the core of the translocase after the Excavates segregated from all other eukaryotes. A comparative analysis of the biochemically and functionally characterized outer membrane translocases of yeast, plants, and trypanosomes, which represent three eukaryotic supergroups, shows that the receptors that recognize the conserved import signals differ strongly between the different systems. They present a remarkable example of convergent evolution at the molecular level. The structural diversity of the functionally conserved import receptors therefore provides insight into the early evolutionary history of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Wasylenko TM, Ahn WS, Stephanopoulos G. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is the primary source of NADPH for lipid overproduction from glucose in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng 2015; 30:27-39. [PMID: 25747307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oleaginous microbes represent an attractive means of converting a diverse range of feedstocks into oils that can be transesterified to biodiesel. However, the mechanism of lipid overproduction in these organisms is incompletely understood, hindering the development of strategies for engineering superior biocatalysts for "single-cell oil" production. In particular, it is unclear which pathways are used to generate the large quantities of NADPH required for overproduction of the highly reduced fatty acid species. While early studies implicated malic enzyme as having a key role in production of lipogenic NADPH in oleaginous fungi, several recent reports have cast doubts as to whether malic enzyme may contribute to production of lipogenic NADPH in the model oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. To address this problem we have used (13)C-Metabolic Flux Analysis to estimate the metabolic flux distributions during lipid accumulation in two Y. lipolytica strains; a control strain and a previously published engineered strain capable of producing lipids at roughly twice the yield. We observe a dramatic rearrangement of the metabolic flux distribution in the engineered strain which supports lipid overproduction. The NADPH-producing flux through the oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway is approximately doubled in the engineered strain in response to the roughly two-fold increase in fatty acid biosynthesis, while the flux through malic enzyme does not differ significantly between the two strains. Moreover, the estimated rate of NADPH production in the oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway is in good agreement with the estimated rate of NADPH consumption in fatty acid biosynthesis in both strains. These results suggest the oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway is the primary source of lipogenic NADPH in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Wasylenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Woo Suk Ahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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30
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Booty LM, King MS, Thangaratnarajah C, Majd H, James AM, Kunji ERS, Murphy MP. The mitochondrial dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers do not transport glutathione. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:621-8. [PMID: 25637873 PMCID: PMC4332691 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione carries out vital protective roles within mitochondria, but is synthesised in the cytosol. Previous studies have suggested that the mitochondrial dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers were responsible for glutathione uptake. We set out to characterise the putative glutathione transport by using fused membrane vesicles of Lactococcus lactis overexpressing the dicarboxylate and 2-oxoglutarate carriers. Although transport of the canonical substrates could be measured readily, an excess of glutathione did not compete for substrate uptake nor could transport of glutathione be measured directly. Thus these mitochondrial carriers do not transport glutathione and the identity of the mitochondrial glutathione transporter remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Booty
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Martin S King
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Chancievan Thangaratnarajah
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Homa Majd
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew M James
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Edmund R S Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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31
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Monné M, Palmieri F. Antiporters of the mitochondrial carrier family. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:289-320. [PMID: 24745987 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic transport protein family SLC25 consists of mitochondrial carriers (MCs) that are recognized on the sequence level by a threefold repeated and conserved signature motif. The majority of MCs characterized so far catalyzes strict exchanges of substrates across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The substrates are nucleotides, metabolic intermediates, and cofactors that are required in cytoplasmic and matrix metabolism. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the antiport mechanism(s) of MCs that has been deduced from determining transport characteristics and by analyzing structural, sequence, and mutagenesis data. The mode of transport varies among different MCs with respect to how the substrate translocation depends on the electrical and pH gradients across the mitochondrial inner membrane, for example, the ADP/ATP carrier is electrogenic (electrophoretic), the GTP/GDP carrier is dependent on the pH gradient, the aspartate/glutamate carrier is dependent on both, and the oxoglutarate/malate carrier is independent of them. The structure of the bovine ADP/ATP carrier consists of a six-transmembrane α-helix bundle with a pseudo-threefold symmetry and a closed matrix gate. By using this structure as a template in homology modeling, residues engaged in substrate binding and the formation of a cytoplasmic gate in MCs have been proposed. The functional importance of the residues of the binding site, the matrix, and the cytoplasmic gates is supported by transport activities of different MCs with single point mutations. Cumulative evidence has been used to postulate a general transport mechanism for MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Flipphi M, Oestreicher N, Nicolas V, Guitton A, Vélot C. The Aspergillus nidulans acuL gene encodes a mitochondrial carrier required for the utilization of carbon sources that are metabolized via the TCA cycle. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 68:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Todisco S, Di Noia MA, Castegna A, Lasorsa FM, Paradies E, Palmieri F. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene YPR011c encodes a mitochondrial transporter of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate and 3'-phospho-adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:326-34. [PMID: 24296033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 35 members of the mitochondrial carrier family, nearly all of which have been functionally characterized. In this study, the identification of the mitochondrial carrier for adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) is described. The corresponding gene (YPR011c) was overexpressed in bacteria. The purified protein was reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles and its transport properties and kinetic parameters were characterized. It transported APS, 3'-phospho-adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, sulfate and phosphate almost exclusively by a counter-exchange mechanism. Transport was saturable and inhibited by bongkrekic acid and other inhibitors. To investigate the physiological significance of this carrier in S. cerevisiae, mutants were subjected to thermal shock at 45°C in the presence of sulfate and in the absence of methionine. At 45°C cells lacking YPR011c, engineered cells (in which APS is produced only in mitochondria) and more so the latter cells, in which the exit of mitochondrial APS is prevented by the absence of YPR011cp, were less thermotolerant. Moreover, at the same temperature all these cells contained less methionine and total glutathione than wild-type cells. Our results show that S. cerevisiae mitochondria are equipped with a transporter for APS and that YPR011cp-mediated mitochondrial transport of APS occurs in S. cerevisiae under thermal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Todisco
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Massimo Lasorsa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
The mitochondrion relies on compartmentalization of certain enzymes, ions and metabolites for the sake of efficient metabolism. In order to fulfil its activities, a myriad of carriers are properly expressed, targeted and folded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Among these carriers, the six-transmembrane-helix mitochondrial SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) proteins facilitate transport of solutes with disparate chemical identities across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although their proper function replenishes building blocks needed for metabolic reactions, dysfunctional SLC25 proteins are involved in pathological states. It is the purpose of the present review to cover the current knowledge on the role of SLC25 transporters in health and disease.
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Whittaker MM, Whittaker JW. Expression and purification of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier protein YGR257Cp (Mtm1p). Protein Expr Purif 2013; 93:77-86. [PMID: 24184947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier YGR257Cp (Mtm1p) is an integral membrane protein that plays an essential role in mitochondrial iron homeostasis and respiratory functions, but its carrier substrate has not previously been identified. Large amounts of pure protein are required for biochemical characterization, including substrate screening. Functional complementation of a Saccharomyces knockout by expression of TwinStrep tagged YGR257Cp demonstrates that an affinity tag does not interfere with protein function, but the expression level is very low. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris improves the yield but the product is heterogeneous. Expression has been screened in several Escherichia coli hosts, optimizing yield by modifying induction conditions and supplementing with rare tRNAs to overcome codon bias in the eukaryotic gene. Detection of an additional N-terminal truncation product in E. coli reveals the presence of a secondary intracistronic translation initiation site, which can be eliminated by silent mutagenesis of an alternative (Leu) initiation codon, resulting in production of a single, full-length polypeptide (∼30% of the total protein) as insoluble inclusion bodies. Purified inclusion bodies were successfully refolded and affinity purified, yielding approximately 40mg of pure, soluble product per liter of culture. Refolded YGR257Cp binds pyridoxal 5'-phosphate tightly (KD<1μM), supporting a new hypothesis that the mitochondrial carrier YGR237Cp and its homologs function as high affinity PLP transporters in mitochondria, providing the first evidence for this essential transport function in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei M Whittaker
- Institute for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
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Mitochondrial glutamate carriers from Drosophila melanogaster: biochemical, evolutionary and modeling studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1245-55. [PMID: 23850633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carriers are members of a family of transport proteins that mediate solute transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Two isoforms of the glutamate carriers, GC1 and GC2 (encoded by the SLC25A22 and SLC25A18 genes, respectively), have been identified in humans. Two independent mutations in SLC25A22 are associated with severe epileptic encephalopathy. In the present study we show that two genes (CG18347 and CG12201) phylogenetically related to the human GC encoding genes are present in the D. melanogaster genome. We have functionally characterized the proteins encoded by CG18347 and CG12201, designated as DmGC1p and DmGC2p respectively, by overexpression in Escherichia coli and reconstitution into liposomes. Their transport properties demonstrate that DmGC1p and DmGC2p both catalyze the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Computational approaches have been used in order to highlight residues of DmGC1p and DmGC2p involved in substrate binding. Furthermore, gene expression analysis during development and in various adult tissues reveals that CG18347 is ubiquitously expressed in all examined D. melanogaster tissues, while the expression of CG12201 is strongly testis-biased. Finally, we identified mitochondrial glutamate carrier orthologs in 49 eukaryotic species in order to attempt the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the glutamate carrier function. Comparison of the exon/intron structure and other key features of the analyzed orthologs suggests that eukaryotic glutamate carrier genes descend from an intron-rich ancestral gene already present in the common ancestor of lineages that diverged as early as bilateria and radiata.
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Monné M, Miniero DV, Iacobazzi V, Bisaccia F, Fiermonte G. The mitochondrial oxoglutarate carrier: from identification to mechanism. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2013; 45:1-13. [PMID: 23054077 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) belongs to the mitochondrial carrier protein family whose members are responsible for the exchange of metabolites, cofactors and nucleotides between the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. Initially, OGC was characterized by determining substrate specificity, kinetic parameters of transport, inhibitors and molecular probes that form covalent bonds with specific residues. It was shown that OGC specifically transports oxoglutarate and certain carboxylic acids. The substrate specificity combination of OGC is unique, although many of its substrates are also transported by other mitochondrial carriers. The abundant recombinant expression of bovine OGC in Escherichia coli and its ability to functionally reconstitute into proteoliposomes made it possible to deduce the individual contribution of each and every residue of OGC to the transport activity by a complete set of cys-scanning mutants. These studies give experimental support for a substrate binding site constituted by three major contact points on the even-numbered α-helices and identifies other residues as important for transport function through their crucial positions in the structure for conserved interactions and the conformational changes of the carrier during the transport cycle. The results of these investigations have led to utilize OGC as a model protein for understanding the transport mechanism of mitochondrial carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Monné M, Palmieri F, Kunji ERS. The substrate specificity of mitochondrial carriers: mutagenesis revisited. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 30:149-59. [PMID: 23121155 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.737936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers transport inorganic ions, nucleotides, amino acids, keto acids and cofactors across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Structurally they consist of three domains, each containing two transmembrane α-helices linked by a short α-helix and loop. The substrate binds to three major contact points in the central cavity. The class of substrate (e.g., adenine nucleotides) is determined by contact point II on transmembrane α-helix H4 and the type of substrate within the class (e.g., ADP, coenzyme A) by contact point I in H2, whereas contact point III on H6 is most usually a positively charged residue, irrespective of the type or class. Two salt bridge networks, consisting of conserved and symmetric residues, are located on the matrix and cytoplasmic side of the cavity. These residues are part of the gates that are involved in opening and closing of the carrier during the transport cycle, exposing the central substrate binding site to either side of the membrane in an alternating way. Here we revisit the plethora of mutagenesis data that have been collected over the last two decades to see if the residues in the proposed binding site and salt bridge networks are indeed important for function. The analysis shows that the major contact points of the substrate binding site are indeed crucial for function and in defining the specificity. The matrix salt bridge network is more critical for function than the cytoplasmic salt bridge network in agreement with its central position, but neither is likely to be involved in substrate recognition directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Li SL, Lin Q, Li XR, Xu H, Yang YX, Qiao DR, Cao Y. Biodiversity of the oleaginous microorganisms in Tibetan Plateau. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:627-34. [PMID: 24031873 PMCID: PMC3768830 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipids, which are also known as single cell oils (SCO), are produced by oleaginous microorganisms including oleaginous bacteria, yeast, fungus and algae through converting carbohydrates into lipids under certain conditions. Due to its unique environment having extremely low temperature and anoxia, the Tibetan Plateau is amongst the regions with numerous rare ecotypes such as arid desert, salt marsh, alpine permafrost, hot spring, and lawn. By using a rapid, convenient screening method, we identified 31 strains of oleaginous microorganisms from different habitats in the Tibetan Plateau, which include wetlands, lawn, hot spring, alpine permafrost, and saline-alkali soil. Molecular identity analysis showed that they belong to 15 different species, 7 of which are reported for the first time as lipid-producing microorganisms, that is, Cladosporium sp., Gibberella fujikuro, Ochrobactrum sp., Plectosphaerella sp., Tilletiopsis albescens, Backusella ctenidia, and Davidiella tassiana. The distribution of the oleaginous microorganisms varies with habitats. 11 strains were found in hot spring (35.5%), 10 in farmland (32.3%), 6 in lawn (19.4%), 2 in sand (6.4%), 1 in wetland (3.2%), and 1 in permafrost (3.2%). Carbon utilization analysis indicated that most of these filamentous fungi can use xylose and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as carbon source, where Backusella ctenidia, Fusarium sp. and Gibberella fujikuroi have the strongest capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Lin Li
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610064 , P.R. China
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The human gene SLC25A17 encodes a peroxisomal transporter of coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+. Biochem J 2012; 443:241-7. [PMID: 22185573 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The essential cofactors CoA, FAD and NAD+ are synthesized outside the peroxisomes and therefore must be transported into the peroxisomal matrix where they are required for important processes. In the present study we have functionally identified and characterized SLC25A17 (solute carrier family 25 member 17), which is the only member of the mitochondrial carrier family that has previously been shown to be localized in the peroxisomal membrane. Recombinant and purified SLC25A17 was reconstituted into liposomes. Its transport properties and kinetic parameters demonstrate that SLC25A17 is a transporter of CoA, FAD, FMN and AMP, and to a lesser extent of NAD+, PAP (adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate) and ADP. SLC25A17 functioned almost exclusively by a counter-exchange mechanism, was saturable and was inhibited by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and other mitochondrial carrier inhibitors. It was expressed to various degrees in all of the human tissues examined. Its main function is probably to transport free CoA, FAD and NAD+ into peroxisomes in exchange for intraperoxisomally generated PAP, FMN and AMP. The present paper is the first report describing the identification and characterization of a transporter for multiple free cofactors in peroxisomes.
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Haferkamp I, Schmitz-Esser S. The plant mitochondrial carrier family: functional and evolutionary aspects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:2. [PMID: 22639632 PMCID: PMC3355725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in respiration and energy production and are involved in multiple eukaryotic but also in several plant specific metabolic pathways. Solute carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane connect the internal metabolism with that of the surrounding cell. Because of their common basic structure, these transport proteins affiliate to the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF). Generally, MCF proteins consist of six membrane spanning helices, exhibit typical conserved domains and appear as homodimers in the native membrane. Although structurally related, MCF proteins catalyze the specific transport of various substrates, such as nucleotides, amino acids, dicarboxylates, cofactors, phosphate or H(+). Recent investigations identified MCF proteins also in several other cellular compartments and therefore their localization and physiological function is not only restricted to mitochondria. MCF proteins are a characteristic feature of eukaryotes and bacterial genomes lack corresponding sequences. Therefore, the evolutionary origin of MCF proteins is most likely associated with the establishment of mitochondria. It is not clear whether the host cell, the symbiont, or the chimerical organism invented the ancient MCF sequence. Here, we try to explain the establishment of different MCF proteins and focus on the characteristics of members from plants, in particular from Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Haferkamp
- Zelluläre Physiologie/Membrantransport, Technische Universität KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ilka Haferkamp, Biologie, Zelluläre Physiologie/Membrantransport, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 22, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany. e-mail:
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Nozawa A, Fujimoto R, Matsuoka H, Tsuboi T, Tozawa Y. Cell-free synthesis, reconstitution, and characterization of a mitochondrial dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier of Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:612-7. [PMID: 21986531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, was recently shown to operate a branched pathway of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolism. To identify and characterize membrane transporters required for such TCA metabolism in the parasite, we isolated a cDNA for a dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier homolog (PfDTC), synthesized the encoded protein with the use of a cell-free translation system, and determined the substrate specificity of its transport activity with a proteoliposome reconstitution system. PfDTC was found to mediate efficient oxoglutarate-malate, oxoglutarate-oxaloacetate, or oxoglutarate-oxoglutarate exchange across the liposome membrane. Our results suggest that PfDTC may mediate the oxoglutarate-malate exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane required for the branched pathway of TCA metabolism in the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nozawa
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center and Venture Business Laboratory, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Palmieri F, Pierri CL, De Grassi A, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR. Evolution, structure and function of mitochondrial carriers: a review with new insights. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:161-81. [PMID: 21443630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial carriers (MC) constitute a large family (MCF) of inner membrane transporters displaying different substrate specificities, patterns of gene expression and even non-mitochondrial organelle localization. In Arabidopsis thaliana 58 genes encode these six trans-membrane domain proteins. The number in other sequenced plant genomes varies from 37 to 125, thus being larger than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and comparable with that of Homo sapiens. In addition to displaying highly similar secondary structures, the proteins of the MCF can be subdivided into subfamilies on the basis of substrate specificity and the presence of specific symmetry-related amino acid triplets. We assessed the predictive power of these triplets by comparing predictions with experimentally determined data for Arabidopsis MCs, and applied these predictions to the not yet functionally characterized mitochondrial carriers of the grass, Brachypodium distachyon, and the alga, Ostreococcus lucimarinus. We additionally studied evolutionary aspects of the plant MCF by comparing sequence data of the Arabidopsis MCF with those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens, then with those of Brachypodium distachyon and Ostreococcus lucimarinus, employing intra- and inter-genome comparisons. Finally, we discussed the importance of the approaches of global gene expression analysis and in vivo characterizations in order to address the relevance of these vital carrier proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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A novel subfamily of mitochondrial dicarboxylate carriers from Drosophila melanogaster: Biochemical and computational studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Facchinelli F, Weber APM. The metabolite transporters of the plastid envelope: an update. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:50. [PMID: 22645538 PMCID: PMC3355759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The engulfment of a photoautotrophic cyanobacterium by a primitive mitochondria-bearing eukaryote traces back to more than 1.2 billion years ago. This single endosymbiotic event not only provided the early petroalgae with the metabolic capacity to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, but also introduced a plethora of other metabolic routes ranging from fatty acids and amino acids biosynthesis, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation to secondary compounds synthesis. This implicated the integration and coordination of the newly acquired metabolic entity with the host metabolism. The interface between the host cytosol and the plastidic stroma became of crucial importance in sorting precursors and products between the plastid and other cellular compartments. The plastid envelope membranes fulfill different tasks: they perform important metabolic functions, as they are involved in the synthesis of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and galactolipids. In addition, since most genes of cyanobacterial origin have been transferred to the nucleus, plastidial proteins encoded by nuclear genes are post-translationally transported across the envelopes through the TIC-TOC import machinery. Most importantly, chloroplasts supply the photoautotrophic cell with photosynthates in form of reduced carbon. The innermost bilayer of the plastidic envelope represents the permeability barrier for the metabolites involved in the carbon cycle and is literally stuffed with transporter proteins facilitating their transfer. The intracellular metabolite transporters consist of polytopic proteins containing membrane spans usually in the number of four or more α-helices. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that connecting the plastid with the host metabolism was mainly a process driven by the host cell. In Arabidopsis, 58% of the metabolite transporters are of host origin, whereas only 12% are attributable to the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. This review focuses on the metabolite transporters of the inner envelope membrane of plastids, in particular the electrochemical potential-driven class of transporters. Recent advances in elucidating the plastidial complement of metabolite transporters are provided, with an update on phylogenetic relationship of selected proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchinelli
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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Castegna A, Scarcia P, Agrimi G, Palmieri L, Rottensteiner H, Spera I, Germinario L, Palmieri F. Identification and functional characterization of a novel mitochondrial carrier for citrate and oxoglutarate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17359-70. [PMID: 20371607 PMCID: PMC2878499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers are a family of transport proteins that shuttle metabolites, nucleotides, and coenzymes across the mitochondrial membrane. The function of only a few of the 35 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial carriers still remains to be uncovered. In this study, we have functionally defined and characterized the S. cerevisiae mitochondrial carrier Yhm2p. The YHM2 gene was overexpressed in S. cerevisiae, and its product was purified and reconstituted into liposomes. Its transport properties, kinetic parameters, and targeting to mitochondria show that Yhm2p is a mitochondrial transporter for citrate and oxoglutarate. Reconstituted Yhm2p also transported oxaloacetate, succinate, and fumarate to a lesser extent, but virtually not malate and isocitrate. Yhm2p catalyzed only a counter-exchange transport that was saturable and inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents but not by 1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylate (a powerful inhibitor of the citrate/malate carrier). The physiological role of Yhm2p is to increase the NADPH reducing power in the cytosol (required for biosynthetic and antioxidant reactions) and probably to act as a key component of the citrate-oxoglutarate NADPH redox shuttle between mitochondria and cytosol. This protein function is based on observations documenting a decrease in the NADPH/NADP(+) and GSH/GSSG ratios in the cytosol of DeltaYHM2 cells as well as an increase in the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio in their mitochondria compared with wild-type cells. Our proposal is also supported by the growth defect displayed by the DeltaYHM2 strain and more so by the DeltaYHM2DeltaZWF1 strain upon H(2)O(2) exposure, implying that Yhm2p has an antioxidant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castegna
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Hanspeter Rottensteiner
- the Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Iolanda Spera
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Germinario
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- From the Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
- the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Harris DM, Westerlaken I, Schipper D, van der Krogt ZA, Gombert AK, Sutherland J, Raamsdonk LM, van den Berg MA, Bovenberg RAL, Pronk JT, Daran JM. Engineering of Penicillium chrysogenum for fermentative production of a novel carbamoylated cephem antibiotic precursor. Metab Eng 2009; 11:125-37. [PMID: 19271269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum was successfully engineered to produce a novel carbamoylated cephalosporin that can be used as a synthon for semi-synthetic cephalosporins. To this end, genes for Acremonium chrysogenum expandase/hydroxylase and Streptomyces clavuligerus carbamoyltransferase were expressed in a penicillinG high-producing strain of P.chrysogenum. Growth of the engineered strain in the presence of adipic acid resulted in production of adipoyl-7-amino-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (ad7-ACCCA) and of several adipoylated pathway intermediates. A combinatorial chemostat-based transcriptome study, in which the ad7-ACCCA-producing strain and a strain lacking key genes in beta-lactam synthesis were grown in the presence and absence of adipic acid, enabled the dissection of transcriptional responses to adipic acid per se and to ad7-ACCCA production. Transcriptome analysis revealed that adipate catabolism in P.chrysogenum occurs via beta-oxidation and enabled the identification of putative genes for enzymes involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathways. Several of the genes that showed a specifically altered transcript level in ad7-ACCCA-producing cultures were previously implicated in oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Harris
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Marobbio CMT, Giannuzzi G, Paradies E, Pierri CL, Palmieri F. alpha-Isopropylmalate, a leucine biosynthesis intermediate in yeast, is transported by the mitochondrial oxalacetate carrier. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28445-53. [PMID: 18682385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804637200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alpha-isopropylmalate (alpha-IPM), which is produced in mitochondria, must be exported to the cytosol where it is required for leucine biosynthesis. Recombinant and reconstituted mitochondrial oxalacetate carrier (Oac1p) efficiently transported alpha-IPM in addition to its known substrates oxalacetate, sulfate, and malonate and in contrast to other di- and tricarboxylate transporters as well as the previously proposed alpha-IPM transporter. Transport was saturable with a half-saturation constant of 75 +/- 4 microm for alpha-IPM and 0.31 +/- 0.04 mm for beta-IPM and was inhibited by the substrates of Oac1p. Though not transported, alpha-ketoisocaproate, the immediate precursor of leucine in the biosynthetic pathway, inhibited Oac1p activity competitively. In contrast, leucine, alpha-ketoisovalerate, valine, and isoleucine neither inhibited nor were transported by Oac1p. Consistent with the function of Oac1p as an alpha-IPM transporter, cells lacking the gene for this carrier required leucine for optimal growth on fermentable carbon sources. Single deletions of other mitochondrial carrier genes or of LEU4, which is the only other enzyme that can provide the cytosol with alpha-IPM (in addition to Oac1p) exhibited no growth defect, whereas the double mutant DeltaOAC1DeltaLEU4 did not grow at all on fermentable substrates in the absence of leucine. The lack of growth of DeltaOAC1DeltaLEU4 cells was partially restored by adding the leucine biosynthetic cytosolic intermediates alpha-ketoisocaproate and alpha-IPM to these cells as well as by complementing them with one of the two unknown human mitochondrial carriers SLC25A34 and SLC25A35. Oac1p is important for leucine biosynthesis on fermentable carbon sources catalyzing the export of alpha-IPM, probably in exchange for oxalacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo M T Marobbio
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Easlon E, Tsang F, Skinner C, Wang C, Lin SJ. The malate-aspartate NADH shuttle components are novel metabolic longevity regulators required for calorie restriction-mediated life span extension in yeast. Genes Dev 2008; 22:931-44. [PMID: 18381895 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1648308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that increased mitochondrial metabolism and the concomitant decrease in NADH levels mediate calorie restriction (CR)-induced life span extension. The mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form) and NADH, and it is unclear how CR relays increased mitochondrial metabolism to multiple cellular pathways that reside in spatially distinct compartments. Here we show that the mitochondrial components of the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle (Mdh1 [malate dehydrogenase] and Aat1 [aspartate amino transferase]) and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (Gut2, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) are novel longevity factors in the CR pathway in yeast. Overexpressing Mdh1, Aat1, and Gut2 extend life span and do not synergize with CR. Mdh1 and Aat1 overexpressions require both respiration and the Sir2 family to extend life span. The mdh1Deltaaat1Delta double mutation blocks CR-mediated life span extension and also prevents the characteristic decrease in the NADH levels in the cytosolic/nuclear pool, suggesting that the malate-aspartate shuttle plays a major role in the activation of the downstream targets of CR such as Sir2. Overexpression of the NADH shuttles may also extend life span by increasing the metabolic fitness of the cells. Together, these data suggest that CR may extend life span and ameliorate age-associated metabolic diseases by activating components of the NADH shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Easlon
- Section of Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Molecular identification of three Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier isoforms: organ distribution, bacterial expression, reconstitution into liposomes and functional characterization. Biochem J 2008; 410:621-9. [PMID: 18039180 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome revealed three potential homologues of mammalian and yeast mitochondrial DICs (dicarboxylate carriers) designated as DIC1, DIC2 and DIC3, each belonging to the mitochondrial carrier protein family. DIC1 and DIC2 are broadly expressed at comparable levels in all the tissues investigated. DIC1-DIC3 have been reported previously as uncoupling proteins, but direct transport assays with recombinant and reconstituted DIC proteins clearly demonstrate that their substrate specificity is unique to plants, showing the combined characteristics of the DIC and oxaloacetate carrier in yeast. Indeed, the Arabidopsis DICs transported a wide range of dicarboxylic acids including malate, oxaloacetate and succinate as well as phosphate, sulfate and thiosulfate at high rates, whereas 2-oxoglutarate was revealed to be a very poor substrate. The role of these plant mitochondrial DICs is discussed with respect to other known mitochondrial carrier family members including uncoupling proteins. It is proposed that plant DICs constitute the membrane component of several metabolic processes including the malate-oxaloacetate shuttle, the most important redox connection between the mitochondria and the cytosol.
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