1
|
García-Martín AB, Rodríguez J, Molina-Guijarro JM, Fajardo C, Domínguez G, Hernández M, Guillén F. Induction of Extracellular Hydroxyl Radicals Production in the White-Rot Fungus Pleurotus eryngii for Dyes Degradation: An Advanced Bio-oxidation Process. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:52. [PMID: 38248961 PMCID: PMC10821177 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Among pollution remediation technologies, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are genuinely efficient since they are based on the production of strong, non-selective oxidants, mainly hydroxyl radicals (·OH), by a set of physicochemical methods. The biological counterparts of AOPs, which may be referred to as advanced bio-oxidation processes (ABOPs), have begun to be investigated since the mechanisms of induction of ·OH production in fungi are known. To contribute to the development of ABOPs, advanced oxidation of a wide number of dyes by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii, via a quinone redox cycling (QRC) process based on Fenton's reagent formation, has been described for the first time. The fungus was incubated with 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ) and Fe3+-oxalate, with and without Mn2+, leading to different ·OH production rates, around twice higher with Mn2+. Thanks to this process, the degradative capacity of the fungus increased, not only oxidising dyes it was not otherwise able to, but also increasing the decolorization rate of 20 dyes by more than 7 times in Mn2+ incubations. In terms of process efficacy, it is noteworthy that with Mn2+ the degradation of the dyes reached values of 90-100% in 2-4 h, which are like those described in some AOPs based on the Fenton reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Guillén
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (A.B.G.-M.); (J.R.); (J.M.M.-G.); (C.F.); (G.D.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinto PA, Bezerra RMF, Fraga I, Amaral C, Sampaio A, Dias AA. Solid-State Fermentation of Chestnut Shells and Effect of Explanatory Variables in Predictive Saccharification Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052572. [PMID: 35270265 PMCID: PMC8909322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chestnut shells (CNS), a recalcitrant and low-value agro-industrial waste obtained during the peeling of Castanea sativa fruits, were subjected to solid-state fermentation by six white-rot fungal strains (Irpex lacteus, Ganoderma resinaceum, Phlebia rufa, Bjerkandera adusta and two Trametes isolates). After being fermented, CNS was subjected to hydrolysis by a commercial enzymatic mix to evaluate the effect of fermentation in saccharification yield. After 48 h hydrolysis with 10 CMCase U mL−1 enzymatic mix, CNS fermented with both Trametes strains was recorded with higher saccharification yield (around 253 mg g−1 fermented CNS), representing 25% w/w increase in reducing sugars as compared to non-fermented controls. To clarify the relationships and general mechanisms of fungal fermentation and its impacts on substrate saccharification, the effects of some independent or explanatory variables in the production of reducing sugars were estimated by general predictive saccharification models. The variables considered were lignocellulolytic activities in fungal fermentation, CNS hydrolysis time, and concentration of enzymatic hydrolysis mix. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a very high significant effect (p < 0.0001) of fungal laccase and xylanase activities in the saccharification models, thus proving the key potential of these enzymes in CNS solid-state fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Pinto
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Rui M. F. Bezerra
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irene Fraga
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Amaral
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A. Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agaricales Mushroom Lignin Peroxidase: From Structure-Function to Degradative Capabilities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091446. [PMID: 34573078 PMCID: PMC8472802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biodegradation has been extensively studied in white-rot fungi, which largely belong to order Polyporales. Among the enzymes that wood-rotting polypores secrete, lignin peroxidases (LiPs) have been labeled as the most efficient. Here, we characterize a similar enzyme (ApeLiP) from a fungus of the order Agaricales (with ~13,000 described species), the soil-inhabiting mushroom Agrocybe pediades. X-ray crystallography revealed that ApeLiP is structurally related to Polyporales LiPs, with a conserved heme-pocket and a solvent-exposed tryptophan. Its biochemical characterization shows that ApeLiP can oxidize both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin model-compounds, as well as different dyes. Moreover, using stopped-flow rapid spectrophotometry and 2D-NMR, we demonstrate that ApeLiP can also act on real lignin. Characterization of a variant lacking the above tryptophan residue shows that this is the oxidation site for lignin and other high redox-potential substrates, and also plays a role in phenolic substrate oxidation. The reduction potentials of the catalytic-cycle intermediates were estimated by stopped-flow in equilibrium reactions, showing similar activation by H2O2, but a lower potential for the rate-limiting step (compound-II reduction) compared to other LiPs. Unexpectedly, ApeLiP was stable from acidic to basic pH, a relevant feature for application considering its different optima for oxidation of phenolic and nonphenolic compounds.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mushroom Ligninolytic Enzymes―Features and Application of Potential Enzymes for Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom ligninolytic enzymes are attractive biocatalysts that can degrade lignin through oxido-reduction. Laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase are the main enzymes that depolymerize highly complex lignin structures containing aromatic or aliphatic moieties and oxidize the subunits of monolignol associated with oxidizing agents. Among these enzymes, mushroom laccases are secreted glycoproteins, belonging to a polyphenol oxidase family, which have a powerful oxidizing capability that catalyzes the modification of lignin using synthetic or natural mediators by radical mechanisms via lignin bond cleavage. The high redox potential laccase within mediators can catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates and the polymerization of lignin derivatives for value-added chemicals and materials. The chemoenzymatic process using mushroom laccases has been applied effectively for lignin utilization and the degradation of recalcitrant chemicals as an eco-friendly technology. Laccase-mediated grafting has also been employed to modify lignin and other polymers to obtain novel functional groups able to conjugate small and macro-biomolecules. In this review, the biochemical features of mushroom ligninolytic enzymes and their potential applications in catalytic reactions involving lignin and its derivatives to obtain value-added chemicals and novel materials in lignin valorization are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan YQ, Xue B, Yew WS. Genetically Encodable Scaffolds for Optimizing Enzyme Function. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051389. [PMID: 33806660 PMCID: PMC7961827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme engineering is an indispensable tool in the field of synthetic biology, where enzymes are challenged to carry out novel or improved functions. Achieving these goals sometimes goes beyond modifying the primary sequence of the enzyme itself. The use of protein or nucleic acid scaffolds to enhance enzyme properties has been reported for applications such as microbial production of chemicals, biosensor development and bioremediation. Key advantages of using these assemblies include optimizing reaction conditions, improving metabolic flux and increasing enzyme stability. This review summarizes recent trends in utilizing genetically encodable scaffolds, developed in line with synthetic biology methodologies, to complement the purposeful deployment of enzymes. Current molecular tools for constructing these synthetic enzyme-scaffold systems are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Bo Xue
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; (Y.Q.T.); (B.X.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6516-8624
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saldarriaga-Hernández S, Velasco-Ayala C, Leal-Isla Flores P, de Jesús Rostro-Alanis M, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HMN, Carrillo-Nieves D. Biotransformation of lignocellulosic biomass into industrially relevant products with the aid of fungi-derived lignocellulolytic enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1099-1116. [PMID: 32526298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic material has drawn significant attention among the scientific community due to its year-round availability as a renewable resource for industrial consumption. Being an economic substrate alternative, various industries are reevaluating processes to incorporate derived compounds from these materials. Varieties of fungi and bacteria have the ability to depolymerize lignocellulosic biomass by synthesizing degrading enzymes. Owing to catalytic activity stability and high yields of conversion, lignocellulolytic enzymes derived from fungi currently have a high spectrum of industrial applications. Moreover, these materials are cost effective, eco-friendly and nontoxic while having a low energy input. Techno-economic analysis for current enzyme production technologies indicates that synthetic production is not commercially viable. Instead, the economic projection of the use of naturally-produced ligninolytic enzymes is promising. This approach may improve the economic feasibility of the process by lowering substrate expenses and increasing lignocellulosic by-product's added value. The present review will discuss the classification and enzymatic degradation pathways of lignocellulolytic biomass as well as the potential and current industrial applications of the involved fungal enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saldarriaga-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Carolina Velasco-Ayala
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Paulina Leal-Isla Flores
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Magdalena de Jesús Rostro-Alanis
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México, Zapopan C.P. 45138, Jalisco, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar A, Chandra R. Ligninolytic enzymes and its mechanisms for degradation of lignocellulosic waste in environment. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03170. [PMID: 32095645 PMCID: PMC7033530 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligninolytic enzymes play a key role in degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment. The major ligninolytic enzymes are laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes are enhanced by various mediators as well as some other enzymes (feruloyl esterase, aryl-alcohol oxidase, quinone reductases, lipases, catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase) to facilitate the process for degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment. The structurally laccase is isoenzymes with monomeric or dimeric and glycosylation levels (10–45%). This contains four copper ions of three different types. The enzyme catalyzes the overall reaction: 4 benzenediol + O2 to 4 benzosemiquinone + 2H2O. While, lignin peroxidase is a glycoprotein molecular mass of 38–46 kDa containing one mole of iron protoporphyrin IX per one mol of protein, catalyzes the H2O2 dependent oxidative depolymerization of lignin. The manganese peroxidase is a glycosylated heme protein with molecular mass of 40–50kDa. It depolymerizes the lignin molecule in the presence of manganese ion. The versatile peroxidase has broad range substrate sharing typical features of the manganese and lignin peroxidase families. Although ligninolytic enzymes have broad range of industrial application specially the degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste discharged from various industrial activities, its large scale application is still limited due to lack of limited production. Further, the extremophilic properties of ligninolytic enzymes indicated their broad prospects in varied environmental conditions. Therefore it needs more extensive research for understanding its structure and mechanisms for broad range commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (A Central) University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Liu B, Yang J, Zhang Q, He C, Jia R. Catalytic properties of a short manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17 and the role of Glu166 in the Mn 2+-independent activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:859-869. [PMID: 31226373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Il-MnP1 (GenBank: AGO86670.2) has been confirmed by sequence analysis as a short manganese peroxidase (MnP) from Irpex lacteus F17 (CCTCC AF 2014020). To investigate the catalytic properties, the oxidation of typical aromatic substrates and the pathways of guaiacol oxidation by Il-MnP1, both in the presence and absence of Mn2+ at either pH 4.0 or pH 7.4, were analyzed. Results showed that Il-MnP1 exhibited higher oxidative activity in the presence of Mn2+ than in the absence of Mn2+ toward the majority of the selected substrates at pH 4.0. Additionally, the similar product compositions suggested that the oxidation of guaiacol mainly belongs to a series of polymeric reactions of radicals initiated by Il-MnP1, whether they were in the presence and absence of Mn2+ at either pH 4.0 or 7.4. Furthermore, two variants (E166G, E166Q) were found using site-directed mutagenesis, to improve the Mn2+-independent oxidative activity significantly. The catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) of E166G and E166Q in 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol oxidation was higher than Il-MnP1 by 170 and 34 times, respectively. The study revealed certain differences in catalytic properties between Mn2+ dependent and independent oxidation by Il-MnP1. More importantly, a residue (E166) was related to the Mn2+-independent activity of a short MnP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei,Anhui Province, China
| | - Binjie Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei,Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei,Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei,Anhui Province, China
| | - Rong Jia
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei,Anhui Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Javaid R, Sabir A, Sheikh N, Ferhan M. Recent Advances in Applications of Acidophilic Fungi to Produce Chemicals. Molecules 2019; 24:E786. [PMID: 30813221 PMCID: PMC6412211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of fossil fuels is the major environmental issue today. Biomass utilization for the production of chemicals presents an alternative to simple energy generation by burning. Lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is abundant and has been used for variety of purposes. Among them, lignin polymer having phenyl-propanoid subunits linked together either through C-C bonds or ether linkages can produce chemicals. It can be depolymerized by fungi using their enzyme machinery (laccases and peroxidases). Both acetic acid and formic acid production by certain fungi contribute significantly to lignin depolymerization. Fungal natural organic acids production is thought to have many key roles in nature depending upon the type of fungi producing them. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is beneficial over physiochemical processes. Laccases, copper containing proteins oxidize a broad spectrum of inorganic as well as organic compounds but most specifically phenolic compounds by radical catalyzed mechanism. Similarly, lignin peroxidases (LiP), heme containing proteins perform a vital part in oxidizing a wide variety of aromatic compounds with H₂O₂. Lignin depolymerization yields value-added compounds, the important ones are aromatics and phenols as well as certain polymers like polyurethane and carbon fibers. Thus, this review will provide a concept that biological modifications of lignin using acidophilic fungi can generate certain value added and environmentally friendly chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Javaid
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab Quaid-e Azam Campus, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aqsa Sabir
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab Quaid-e Azam Campus, 54590 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ferhan
- Lignin Valorization & Nanomaterials Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, 53700 Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Multiple Factors Influencing the Strategy of Lignin Mycodegradation. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Patil P, Yadav GD. Comparative Studies of White-Rot Fungal Strains ( Trametes hirsuta MTCC-1171 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM-1106) for Effective Degradation and Bioconversion of Ferulic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14858-14868. [PMID: 30555994 PMCID: PMC6289575 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of ferulic acid, by two white-rot fungal strains (Trametes hirsuta MTCC-1171 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium NCIM-1106) was investigated in this study. Both strains could use ferulic acid as a sole carbon source when provided with basal mineral salt medium. T. hirsuta achieved complete degradation of ferulic acid (350 mg L-1) in 20 h, whereas P. chrysosporium degraded it (250 mg L-1) in 28 h. The metabolites produced during degradation were distinguished by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin by P. chrysosporium was also investigated. The optimum experimental conditions for bioconversion to vanillin can be summarized as follows: ferulic acid concentration 250 mg L-1, temperature 35 °C, initial pH 5.0, mycelial inoculum 0.32 ± 0.01 g L-1 dry weight, and shaking speed 150 rpm. At optimized conditions, the maximum molar yield obtained was 3.4 ± 0.1%, after 20 h of bioconversion. Considering that the degradation of ferulic acid was determined by laccase and lignin peroxidase to some extent, the possible role of ligninolytic enzymes in overall bioconversion process was also studied. These results illustrate that both strains have the potential of utilizing ferulic acid as a sole carbon source. Moreover, P. chrysosporium can also be explored for its ability to transform ferulic acid into value-added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganapati D. Yadav
- E-mail: , . Phone: +91-22-3361-1001/1111/2222. Fax: +91-22-33611002/1020
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Yao B, Su X. Linking Enzymatic Oxidative Degradation of Lignin to Organics Detoxification. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113373. [PMID: 30373305 PMCID: PMC6274955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major enzymes involved in lignin degradation are laccase, class II peroxidases (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase) and dye peroxidase, which use an oxidative or peroxidative mechanism to deconstruct the complex and recalcitrant lignin. Laccase and manganese peroxidase directly oxidize phenolic lignin components, while lignin peroxidase and versatile peroxidase can act on the more recalcitrant non-phenolic lignin compounds. Mediators or co-oxidants not only increase the catalytic ability of these enzymes, but also largely expand their substrate scope to those with higher redox potential or more complicated structures. Neither laccase nor the peroxidases are stringently selective of substrates. The promiscuous nature in substrate preference can be employed in detoxification of a range of organics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Enzyme Activities of Two Recombinant Heme-Containing Peroxidases, TvDyP1 and TvVP2, Identified from the Secretome of Trametes versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02826-17. [PMID: 29453263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02826-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametesversicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. The goal of the present work was to gain insights into the molecular biology and biochemistry of the heme-including class II and dye-decolorizing peroxidases secreted by this fungus. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of T. versicolor BRFM 1218 grown on oak wood revealed a set of 200 secreted proteins, among which were the dye-decolorizing peroxidase TvDyP1 and the versatile peroxidase TvVP2. Both peroxidases were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli, biochemically characterized, and tested for the ability to oxidize complex substrates. Both peroxidases were found to be active against several substrates under acidic conditions, and TvDyP1 was very stable over a relatively large pH range of 2.0 to 6.0, while TvVP2 was more stable at pH 5.0 to 6.0 only. The thermostability of both enzymes was also tested, and TvDyP1 was globally found to be more stable than TvVP2. After 180 min of incubation at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C, the activity of TvVP2 drastically decreased, with 10 to 30% of the initial activity retained. Under the same conditions, TvDyP1 retained 20 to 80% of its enzyme activity. The two proteins were catalytically characterized, and TvVP2 was shown to accept a wider range of reducing substrates than TvDyP1. Furthermore, both enzymes were found to be active against two flavonoids, quercetin and catechin, found in oak wood, with TvVP2 displaying more rapid oxidation of the two compounds. They were tested for the ability to decolorize five industrial dyes, and TvVP2 presented a greater ability to oxidize and decolorize the dye substrates than TvDyP1.IMPORTANCETrametesversicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. Among white-rot fungi, the basidiomycete T. versicolor has been extensively studied for its ability to degrade wood, specifically lignin, thanks to an extracellular oxidative enzymatic system. The corresponding oxidative system was previously studied in several works for classical lignin and manganese peroxidases, and in this study, two new components of the oxidative system of T. versicolor, one dye-decolorizing peroxidase and one versatile peroxidase, were biochemically characterized in depth and compared to other fungal peroxidases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kong W, Fu X, Wang L, Alhujaily A, Zhang J, Ma F, Zhang X, Yu H. A novel and efficient fungal delignification strategy based on versatile peroxidase for lignocellulose bioconversion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:218. [PMID: 28924453 PMCID: PMC5598073 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective lignin-degrading white-rot fungi are regarded to be the best lignin degraders and have been widely used for reducing the saccharification recalcitrance of lignocellulose. However, the biological delignification and conversion of lignocellulose in biorefinery is still limited. It is necessary to develop novel and more efficient bio-delignification systems. RESULTS Physisporinus vitreus relies on a new versatile peroxidase (VP)-based delignification strategy to remove enzymatic recalcitrance of corn stover efficiently, so that saccharification of corn stover was significantly enhanced to 349.1 mg/g biomass (yield of glucose) and 91.5% (hydrolysis yield of cellulose) at 28 days, as high as levels reached by thermochemical treatment. Analysis of the lignin structure using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) showed that the total abundance of lignin-derived compounds decreased by 54.0% and revealed a notable demethylation during lignin degradation by P. vitreus. Monomeric and dimeric lignin model compounds were used to confirm the ligninolytic capabilities of extracellular ligninases secreted by P. vitreus. The laccase (Lac) from P. vitreus could not oxidize nonphenolic lignin compounds and polymerized β-O-4 and 5-5' dimers to precipitate which had a negative effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover in vitro. However, the VP from P. vitreus could oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin model compounds as well as break the β-O-4 and 5-5' dimers into monomeric compounds, which were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). Moreover, we showed that addition of purified VP in vitro improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover by 14.1%. CONCLUSIONS From the highly efficient system of enzymatic recalcitrance removal by new white-rot fungus, we identified a new delignification strategy based on VP which could oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin units and break different linkages in lignin. In addition, this is the first evidence that VP could break 5-5' linkage efficiently in vitro. Moreover, VP improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover in vitro. The remarkable lignin-degradative potential makes VP attractive for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ahmad Alhujaily
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingli Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, WuHan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuying Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Afrin S, Karim Z. Isolation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose: Necessity of Enzymes over Chemicals. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Afrin
- Aligarh Muslim University; Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry; 202002 Aligarh India
| | - Zoheb Karim
- MoRe Research Örnsköldsvik AB; Box 70 891 22 Örnsköldsvik Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rais D, Zibek S. Biotechnological and Biochemical Utilization of Lignin. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 166:469-518. [PMID: 28540404 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the biosynthesis and structure of lignin. Moreover, examples of the commercial use of lignin and its promising future implementation are briefly described. Many applications are still hampered by the properties of technical lignins. Thus, the major challenge is the conversion of lignins into suitable building blocks or aromatics in order to open up new avenues for the usage of this renewable raw material. This chapter focuses on details about natural lignin degradation by fungi and bacteria, which harbor potential tools for lignin degradation and modification, which might help to develop eco-efficient processes for lignin utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Qin X, Sun X, Huang H, Bai Y, Wang Y, Luo H, Yao B, Zhang X, Su X. Oxidation of a non-phenolic lignin model compound by two Irpex lacteus manganese peroxidases: evidence for implication of carboxylate and radicals. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:103. [PMID: 28439296 PMCID: PMC5399396 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese peroxidase is one of the Class II fungal peroxidases that are able to oxidize the low redox potential phenolic lignin compounds. For high redox potential non-phenolic lignin degradation, mediators such as GSH and unsaturated fatty acids are required in the reaction. However, it is not known whether carboxylic acids are a mediator for non-phenolic lignin degradation. RESULTS The white rot fungus Irpex lacteus is one of the most potent fungi in degradation of lignocellulose and xenobiotics. Two manganese peroxidases (IlMnP1 and IlMnP2) from I. lacteus CD2 were over-expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully refolded from inclusion bodies. Both IlMnP1 and IlMnP2 oxidized the phenolic compounds efficiently. Surprisingly, they could degrade veratryl alcohol, a non-phenolic lignin compound, in a Mn2+-dependent fashion. Malonate or oxalate was found to be also essential in this degradation. The oxidation of non-phenolic lignin was further confirmed by analysis of the reaction products using LC-MS/MS. We proved that Mn2+ and a certain carboxylate are indispensable in oxidation and that the radicals generated under this condition, specifically superoxide radical, are at least partially involved in lignin oxidative degradation. IlMnP1 and IlMnP2 can also efficiently decolorize dyes with different structures. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that a carboxylic acid may mediate oxidation of non-phenolic lignin through the action of radicals. MnPs, but not LiP, VP, or DyP, are predominant peroxidases secreted by some white rot fungi such as I. lacteus and the selective lignocellulose degrader Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Our finding will help understand how these fungi can utilize MnPs and an excreted organic acid, which is usually a normal metabolite, to efficiently degrade the non-phenolic lignin. The unique properties of IlMnP1 and IlMnP2 make them good candidates for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying non-phenolic lignin compounds oxidation by MnPs and for applications in lignocellulose degradation and environmental remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Sun
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liguori R, Faraco V. Biological processes for advancing lignocellulosic waste biorefinery by advocating circular economy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:13-20. [PMID: 27131870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The actualization of a circular economy through the use of lignocellulosic wastes as renewable resources can lead to reduce the dependence from fossil-based resources and contribute to a sustainable waste management. The integrated biorefineries, exploiting the overall lignocellulosic waste components to generate fuels, chemicals and energy, are the pillar of the circular economy. The biological treatment is receiving great attention for the biorefinery development since it is considered an eco-friendly alternative to the physico-chemical strategies to increase the biobased product recovery from wastes and improve saccharification and fermentation yields. This paper reviews the last advances in the biological treatments aimed at upgrading lignocellulosic wastes, implementing the biorefinery concept and advocating circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Liguori
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; European Center "Europe Direct LUPT", Italy; Interdepartmental Center "R. d'Ambrosio, LUPT", Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abdel-Hamid AM, Solbiati JO, Cann IKO. Insights into lignin degradation and its potential industrial applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 82:1-28. [PMID: 23415151 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407679-2.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is an abundant biomass that provides an alternative source for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The depolymerization of the carbohydrate polymers in lignocellulosic biomass is hindered by lignin, which is recalcitrant to chemical and biological degradation due to its complex chemical structure and linkage heterogeneity. The role of fungi in delignification due to the production of extracellular oxidative enzymes has been studied more extensively than that of bacteria. The two major groups of enzymes that are involved in lignin degradation are heme peroxidases and laccases. Lignin-degrading peroxidases include lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP), and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP). LiP, MnP, and VP are class II extracellular fungal peroxidases that belong to the plant and microbial peroxidases superfamily. LiPs are strong oxidants with high-redox potential that oxidize the major non-phenolic structures of lignin. MnP is an Mn-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic substrates but is not capable of oxidizing the more recalcitrant non-phenolic lignin. VP enzymes combine the catalytic activities of both MnP and LiP and are able to oxidize Mn(2+) like MnP, and non-phenolic compounds like LiP. DyPs occur in both fungi and bacteria and are members of a new superfamily of heme peroxidases called DyPs. DyP enzymes oxidize high-redox potential anthraquinone dyes and were recently reported to oxidize lignin model compounds. The second major group of lignin-degrading enzymes, laccases, are found in plants, fungi, and bacteria and belong to the multicopper oxidase superfamily. They catalyze a one-electron oxidation with the concomitant four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Fungal laccases can oxidize phenolic lignin model compounds and have higher redox potential than bacterial laccases. In the presence of redox mediators, fungal laccases can oxidize non-phenolic lignin model compounds. In addition to the peroxidases and laccases, fungi produce other accessory oxidases such as aryl-alcohol oxidase and the glyoxal oxidase that generate the hydrogen peroxide required by the peroxidases. Lignin-degrading enzymes have attracted the attention for their valuable biotechnological applications especially in the pretreatment of recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. The use of lignin-degrading enzymes has been studied in various applications such as paper industry, textile industry, wastewater treatment and the degradation of herbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdel-Hamid
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, IL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu N, Liu J, Yang J, Lin Y, Yang Y, Ji L, Li M, Yuan H. Comparative analysis of the secretomes of Schizophyllum commune and other wood-decay basidiomycetes during solid-state fermentation reveals its unique lignocellulose-degrading enzyme system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:42. [PMID: 26900401 PMCID: PMC4761152 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of Schizophyllum commune encodes a diverse repertoire of degradative enzymes for plant cell wall breakdown. Recent comparative genomics study suggests that this wood decayer likely has a mode of biodegradation distinct from the well-established white-rot/brown-rot models. However, much about the extracellular enzyme system secreted by S. commune during lignocellulose deconstruction remains unknown and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, extracellular proteins of S. commune colonizing Jerusalem artichoke stalk were analyzed and compared with those of two white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and a brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. RESULTS Under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions, S. commune displayed considerably higher levels of hydrolytic enzyme activities in comparison with those of P. chrysosporium, C. subvermispora and G. trabeum. During biodegradation process, this fungus modified the lignin polymer in a way which was consistent with a hydroxyl radical attack, similar to that of G. trabeum. The crude enzyme cocktail derived from S. commune demonstrated superior performance over a commercial enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass at low enzyme loadings. Secretomic analysis revealed that compared with three other fungi, this species produced a higher diversity of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, especially hemicellulases and pectinases acting on polysaccharide backbones and side chains, and a larger set of enzymes potentially supporting the generation of hydroxyl radicals. In addition, multiple non-hydrolytic proteins implicated in enhancing polysaccharide accessibility were identified in the S. commune secretome, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and expansin-like proteins. CONCLUSIONS Plant lignocellulose degradation by S. commune involves a hydroxyl radical-mediated mechanism for lignocellulose modification in parallel with the synergistic system of various polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the complex enzyme system of S. commune holds significant potential for application in biomass saccharification. These discoveries will help unveil the diversity of natural lignocellulose-degrading mechanisms, and advance the design of more efficient enzyme mixtures for the deconstruction of lignocellulosic feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Lin
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Lei Ji
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- />National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- />State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
- />National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Palma C, Lloret L, Sepúlveda L, Contreras E. Production of versatile peroxidase from Pleurotus eryngii by solid-state fermentation using agricultural residues and evaluation of its catalytic properties. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 46:200-7. [PMID: 26444982 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1084513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in production of ligninolytic enzymes has been growing over recent years for their use in various applications such as recalcitrant pollutants bioremediation; specifically, versatile peroxidase (VP) presents a great potential due to its catalytic versatility. The proper selection of the fermentation mode and the culture medium should be an imperative to ensure a successful production by an economic and available medium that favors the process viability. VP was produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Pleurotus eryngii, using the agricultural residue banana peel as growth medium; an enzymatic activity of 10,800 U L(-1) (36 U g(-1) of substrate) was detected after 18 days, whereas only 1800 U L(-1) was reached by conventional submerged fermentation (SF) with glucose-based medium. The kinetic parameters were determined by evaluating the H2O2 and Mn(2+) concentration effects on the Mn(3+)-tartrate complex formation. The results indicated that although the H2O2 inhibitory effect was observed for the enzyme produced by both media, the reaction rates for VP obtained by SSF were less impacted. This outcome suggests the presence of substances released from banana peel during the fermentation, which might exhibit a protective effect resulting in an improved kinetic behavior of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Palma
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental , Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Santiago , Chile
| | - L Lloret
- a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental , Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Santiago , Chile
| | - L Sepúlveda
- b Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - E Contreras
- b Departamento de Ingeniería Química , Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Discovery and characterization of new O-methyltransferase from the genome of the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium for enhanced lignin degradation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 82:66-73. [PMID: 26672450 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using bioinformatic homology search tools, this study utilized sequence phylogeny, gene organization and conserved motifs to identify members of the family of O-methyltransferases from lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The heterologous expression and characterization of O-methyltransferases from P. chrysosporium were studied. The expressed protein utilized S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine p-toluenesulfonate salt (SAM) and methylated various free-hydroxyl phenolic compounds at both meta and para site. In the same motif, O-methyltransferases were also identified in other white-rot fungi including Bjerkandera adusta, Ceriporiopsis (Gelatoporia) subvermispora B, and Trametes versicolor. As free-hydroxyl phenolic compounds have been known as inhibitors for lignin peroxidase, the presence of O-methyltransferases in white-rot fungi suggested their biological functions in accelerating lignin degradation in white-rot basidiomycetes by converting those inhibitory groups into non-toxic methylated phenolic ones.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sáez-Jiménez V, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Santos JI, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Demonstration of Lignin-to-Peroxidase Direct Electron Transfer: A TRANSIENT-STATE KINETICS, DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS, EPR, AND NMR STUDY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23201-13. [PMID: 26240145 PMCID: PMC4645588 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Versatile peroxidase (VP) is a high redox-potential peroxidase of biotechnological interest that is able to oxidize phenolic and non-phenolic aromatics, Mn2+, and different dyes. The ability of VP from Pleurotus eryngii to oxidize water-soluble lignins (softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates) is demonstrated here by a combination of directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic techniques, among others. In addition, direct electron transfer between the peroxidase and the lignin macromolecule was kinetically characterized using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. VP variants were used to show that this reaction strongly depends on the presence of a solvent-exposed tryptophan residue (Trp-164). Moreover, the tryptophanyl radical detected by EPR spectroscopy of H2O2-activated VP (being absent from the W164S variant) was identified as catalytically active because it was reduced during lignosulfonate oxidation, resulting in the appearance of a lignin radical. The decrease of lignin fluorescence (excitation at 355 nm/emission at 400 nm) during VP treatment under steady-state conditions was accompanied by a decrease of the lignin (aromatic nuclei and side chains) signals in one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectra, confirming the ligninolytic capabilities of the enzyme. Simultaneously, size-exclusion chromatography showed an increase of the molecular mass of the modified residual lignin, especially for the (low molecular mass) hardwood lignosulfonate, revealing that the oxidation products tend to recondense during the VP treatment. Finally, mutagenesis of selected residues neighboring Trp-164 resulted in improved apparent second-order rate constants for lignosulfonate reactions, revealing that changes in its protein environment (modifying the net negative charge and/or substrate accessibility/binding) can modulate the reactivity of the catalytic tryptophan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- the Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P. O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain, and
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, P. O. Box 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain, and
| | - José Ignacio Santos
- the NMR Facility, SGIKER, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU Donostia, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- From the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain,
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen C, Shrestha R, Jia K, Gao PF, Geisbrecht BV, Bossmann SH, Shi J, Li P. Characterization of Dye-decolorizing Peroxidase (DyP) from Thermomonospora curvata Reveals Unique Catalytic Properties of A-type DyPs. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26205819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) comprise a new family of heme peroxidases, which has received much attention due to their potential applications in lignin degradation. A new DyP from Thermomonospora curvata (TcDyP) was identified and characterized. Unlike other A-type enzymes, TcDyP is highly active toward a wide range of substrates including model lignin compounds, in which the catalytic efficiency with ABTS (kcat(app)/Km(app) = (1.7 × 10(7)) m(-1) s(-1)) is close to that of fungal DyPs. Stopped-flow spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the transient intermediates as well as the catalytic cycle involving wild-type (wt) and mutant TcDyPs. Although residues Asp(220) and Arg(327) are found necessary for compound I formation, His(312) is proposed to play roles in compound II reduction. Transient kinetics of hydroquinone (HQ) oxidation by wt-TcDyP showed that conversion of the compound II to resting state is a rate-limiting step, which will explain the contradictory observation made with the aspartate mutants of A-type DyPs. Moreover, replacement of His(312) and Arg(327) has significant effects on the oligomerization and redox potential (E°') of the enzyme. Both mutants were found to promote the formation of dimeric state and to shift E°' to a more negative potential. Not only do these results reveal the unique catalytic property of the A-type DyPs, but they will also facilitate the development of these enzymes as lignin degraders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip F Gao
- the Protein Production Group, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | | | | | - Jishu Shi
- Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 and
| | - Ping Li
- From the Departments of Chemistry,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization and application of a novel class II thermophilic peroxidase from Myceliophthora thermophila in biosynthesis of polycatechol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 75-76:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Baratto MC, Juarez-Moreno K, Pogni R, Basosi R, Vazquez-Duhalt R. EPR and LC-MS studies on the mechanism of industrial dye decolorization by versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8683-8692. [PMID: 25567062 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of industrial dye transformation by versatile peroxidase were elucidated. Purified versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta was able to decolorize different classes of dyes including azo and phthalocyanines, but unable to transform any of the anthraquinones tested. Kinetic constants for selected dyes were determined and the transformation products were analyzed by EPR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The EPR and MS analyses of the enzymatic decolorization products showed the cleavage of the azo bond in azo dyes and the total disruption of the phthalocyaninic ring in phthalocyanine dyes. The EPR analysis on two copper-containing dyes, reactive violet 5 (azo) and reactive blue 72 (phthalocyanine), showed that the transformation can or not break the metal-ion coordination bond according the dye nature. The role of the catalytic Trp172 in the dye transformation by a long-range electron transfer pathway was confirmed and the oxidation mechanisms are proposed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sáez-Jiménez V, Acebes S, Guallar V, Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Improving the oxidative stability of a high redox potential fungal peroxidase by rational design. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124750. [PMID: 25923713 PMCID: PMC4414599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligninolytic peroxidases are enzymes of biotechnological interest due to their ability to oxidize high redox potential aromatic compounds, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. However, different obstacles prevent their use in industrial and environmental applications, including low stability towards their natural oxidizing-substrate H2O2. In this work, versatile peroxidase was taken as a model ligninolytic peroxidase, its oxidative inactivation by H2O2 was studied and different strategies were evaluated with the aim of improving H2O2 stability. Oxidation of the methionine residues was produced during enzyme inactivation by H2O2 excess. Substitution of these residues, located near the heme cofactor and the catalytic tryptophan, rendered a variant with a 7.8-fold decreased oxidative inactivation rate. A second strategy consisted in mutating two residues (Thr45 and Ile103) near the catalytic distal histidine with the aim of modifying the reactivity of the enzyme with H2O2. The T45A/I103T variant showed a 2.9-fold slower reaction rate with H2O2 and 2.8-fold enhanced oxidative stability. Finally, both strategies were combined in the T45A/I103T/M152F/M262F/M265L variant, whose stability in the presence of H2O2 was improved 11.7-fold. This variant showed an increased half-life, over 30 min compared with 3.4 min of the native enzyme, under an excess of 2000 equivalents of H2O2. Interestingly, the stability improvement achieved was related with slower formation, subsequent stabilization and slower bleaching of the enzyme Compound III, a peroxidase intermediate that is not part of the catalytic cycle and leads to the inactivation of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Acebes
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center—Centre for Genomic Regulation, Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint Barcelona Supercomputing Center—Centre for Genomic Regulation, Institute for Research in Biomedicine Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pollegioni L, Tonin F, Rosini E. Lignin-degrading enzymes. FEBS J 2015; 282:1190-213. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
| | - Fabio Tonin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
A dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus subtilis exhibiting substrate-dependent optimum temperature for dyes and β-ether lignin dimer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8245. [PMID: 25650125 PMCID: PMC4316163 DOI: 10.1038/srep08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biorefinery using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock, pretreatment to breakdown or loosen lignin is important step and various approaches have been conducted. For biological pretreatment, we screened Bacillus subtilis KCTC2023 as a potential lignin-degrading bacterium based on veratryl alcohol (VA) oxidation test and the putative heme-containing dye-decolorizing peroxidase was found in the genome of B. subtilis KCTC2023. The peroxidase from B. subtilis KCTC2023 (BsDyP) was capable of oxidizing various substrates and atypically exhibits substrate-dependent optimum temperature: 30°C for dyes (Reactive Blue19 and Reactive Black5) and 50°C for high redox potential substrates (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid [ABTS], VA, and veratryl glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether [VGE]) over +1.0 V vs. normal hydrogen electrode. At 50°C, optimum temperature for high redox potential substrates, BsDyP not only showed the highest VA oxidation activity (0.13 Umg−1) among the previously reported bacterial peroxidases but also successfully achieved VGE decomposition by cleaving Cα-Cβ bond in the absence of any oxidative mediator with a specific activity of 0.086 Umg−1 and a conversion rate of 53.5%. Based on our results, BsDyP was identified as the first bacterial peroxidase capable of oxidizing high redox potential lignin-related model compounds, especially VGE, revealing a previously unknown versatility of lignin degrading biocatalyst in nature.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ligninolytic Enzymes for Water Depollution, Coal Breakdown, and Paper Industry. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11906-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
31
|
Microbial enzyme systems for lignin degradation and their transcriptional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
32
|
Picart P, Müller C, Mottweiler J, Wiermans L, Bolm C, Domínguez de María P, Schallmey A. From gene towards selective biomass valorization: bacterial β-etherases with catalytic activity on lignin-like polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:3164-71. [PMID: 25186983 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial β-etherases, which selectively cleave the β-O-4 aryl ether linkage present in lignin, hold great promise for future applications in lignin valorization. However, very few members have been reported so far and little is known about these enzymes. By using a database mining approach, four novel bacterial β-etherases were identified, recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, and investigated together with known β-etherases in the conversion of various lignin and non-lignin-type model compounds. The resulting activities revealed the significant influence of the substituents at the phenyl ring adjacent to the ether bond. Finally, β-etherase activity on polymeric substrates, measured by using a fluorescently labeled synthetic lignin, was also proven; this underlined the applicability of the enzymes for the conversion of lignin into renewable chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Picart
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coconi-Linares N, Magaña-Ortíz D, Guzmán-Ortiz DA, Fernández F, Loske AM, Gómez-Lim MA. High-yield production of manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9283-94. [PMID: 25269601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium secretes extracellular oxidative enzymes during secondary metabolism, but lacks versatile peroxidase, an enzyme important in ligninolysis and diverse biotechnology processes. In this study, we report the genetic modification of a P. chrysosporium strain capable of co-expressing two endogenous genes constitutively, manganese peroxidase (mnp1) and lignin peroxidase (lipH8), and the codon-optimized vpl2 gene from Pleurotus eryngii. For this purpose, we employed a highly efficient transformation method based on the use of shock waves developed by our group. The expression of recombinant genes was verified by PCR, Southern blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and assays of enzymatic activity. The production yield of ligninolytic enzymes was up to four times higher in comparison to previously published reports. These results may represent significant progress toward the stable production of ligninolytic enzymes and the development of an effective fungal strain with promising biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Coconi-Linares
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Heterologous expression and physicochemical characterization of a fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Auricularia auricula-judae. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 103:28-37. [PMID: 25153532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient heterologous expression system for Auricularia auricula-judae dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) has been constructed. DNA coding for the mature protein sequence was cloned into the pET23a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. Recombinant DyP was obtained in high yield as inclusion bodies, and different parameters for its in vitro activation were optimized with a refolding yield of ∼8.5% of the E. coli-expressed DyP. Then, a single chromatographic step allowed the recovery of 17% of the refolded DyP as pure enzyme (1.5mg per liter of culture). The thermal stabilities of wild DyP from A. auricula-judae and recombinant DyP from E. coli expression were similar up to 60°C, but the former was more stable in the 62-70°C range. Stabilities against pH and H2O2 were also measured, and a remarkably high stability at extreme pH values (from pH 2 to 12) was observed. The kinetic constants of recombinant DyP for the oxidation of different substrates were determined and, when compared with those of wild DyP, no important differences were ascertained. Both enzymes showed high affinity for Reactive Blue 19 (anthraquinone dye), Reactive Black 5 (azo dye), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, with similar acidic pH optima and oxidative stabilities. Oxidation of veratryl alcohol and a nonphenolic lignin model dimer were confirmed, although as minor enzymatic activities. Interestingly, two sets of kinetic constants could be obtained for the oxidation of Reactive Blue 19 and other substrates, suggesting the existence of more than one oxidation site in this new peroxidase family.
Collapse
|
35
|
Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T, Rybczyńska K. Anthraquinone dyes decolorization capacity of anamorphic Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930 strain and its HRP-like negative mutants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:1725-36. [PMID: 24415463 PMCID: PMC4018482 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of the anamorphic fungus Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930 decolorizing, in stationary cultures, 0.01 % solutions of carminic acid and Poly R-478, were characterised by a strong increase in the activity of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP-like) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) at a low activity of lignin peroxidase. Genotypically modified mutants of B. adusta CCBAS 930: 930-5 and 930-14, with total or partial loss of decolorization capabilities relative to anthraquinonic dyes, showed inhibition of the activity of HRP-like peroxidase and MnP. Whereas, compared to the parental strain, in the mutant cultures there was an increase in the activity of lignin peroxidase and laccase. The paper presents a discussion of the role of the studied enzymatic activities in the process of decolorization of anthraquinonic dyes by the strain B. adusta CCBAS 930.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069, Lublin, Poland,
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Siddiqui KS, Ertan H, Charlton T, Poljak A, Daud Khaled A, Yang X, Marshall G, Cavicchioli R. Versatile peroxidase degradation of humic substances: Use of isothermal titration calorimetry to assess kinetics, and applications to industrial wastes. J Biotechnol 2014; 178:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
37
|
Wood and humus decay strategies by white-rot basidiomycetes correlate with two different dye decolorization and enzyme secretion patterns on agar plates. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:106-114. [PMID: 24726546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During several forays for ligninolytic fungi in different Spanish native forests, 35 white-rot basidiomycetes growing on dead wood (16 species from 12 genera) and leaf litter (19 species from 10 genera) were selected for their ability to decolorize two recalcitrant aromatic dyes (Reactive Blue 38 and Reactive Black 5) added to malt extract agar medium. In this study, two dye decolorization patterns were observed and correlated with two ecophysiological groups (wood and humus white-rot basidiomycetes) and three taxonomical groups (orders Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Agaricales). Depending on the above groups, different decolorization zones were observed on the dye-containing plates, being restricted to the colony area or extending to the surrounding medium, which suggested two different decay strategies. These two strategies were related to the ability to secrete peroxidases and laccases inside (white-rot wood Polyporales, Hymenochaetales and Agaricales) and outside (white-rot humus Agaricales) of the fungal colony, as revealed by enzymatic tests performed directly on the agar plates. Similar oxidoreductases production patterns were observed when fungi were grown in the absence of dyes, although the set of enzyme released was different. All these results suggest that the decolorization patterns observed could be related with the existence of two decay strategies developed by white-rot basidiomycetes adapted to wood and leaf litter decay in the field.
Collapse
|
38
|
Fernández-Fueyo E, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez MJ, Romero A, Hammel KE, Medrano FJ, Martínez AT. Ligninolytic peroxidase genes in the oyster mushroom genome: heterologous expression, molecular structure, catalytic and stability properties, and lignin-degrading ability. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:2. [PMID: 24387130 PMCID: PMC3902061 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of Pleurotus ostreatus, an important edible mushroom and a model ligninolytic organism of interest in lignocellulose biorefineries due to its ability to delignify agricultural wastes, was sequenced with the purpose of identifying and characterizing the enzymes responsible for lignin degradation. RESULTS Heterologous expression of the class II peroxidase genes, followed by kinetic studies, enabled their functional classification. The resulting inventory revealed the absence of lignin peroxidases (LiPs) and the presence of three versatile peroxidases (VPs) and six manganese peroxidases (MnPs), the crystal structures of two of them (VP1 and MnP4) were solved at 1.0 to 1.1 Å showing significant structural differences. Gene expansion supports the importance of both peroxidase types in the white-rot lifestyle of this fungus. Using a lignin model dimer and synthetic lignin, we showed that VP is able to degrade lignin. Moreover, the dual Mn-mediated and Mn-independent activity of P. ostreatus MnPs justifies their inclusion in a new peroxidase subfamily. The availability of the whole POD repertoire enabled investigation, at a biochemical level, of the existence of duplicated genes. Differences between isoenzymes are not limited to their kinetic constants. Surprising differences in their activity T50 and residual activity at both acidic and alkaline pH were observed. Directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic/structural information were combined to explain the catalytic and stability properties of the most interesting isoenzymes, and their evolutionary history was analyzed in the context of over 200 basidiomycete peroxidase sequences. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the P. ostreatus genome shows a lignin-degrading system where the role generally played by LiP has been assumed by VP. Moreover, it enabled the first characterization of the complete set of peroxidase isoenzymes in a basidiomycete, revealing strong differences in stability properties and providing enzymes of biotechnological interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kenneth E Hammel
- US Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Medrano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bao X, Huang X, Lu X, Li JJ. Improvement of hydrogen peroxide stability of Pleurotus eryngii versatile ligninolytic peroxidase by rational protein engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 54:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Daniel G. Fungal and Bacterial Biodegradation: White Rots, Brown Rots, Soft Rots, and Bacteria. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7008, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carabajal M, Kellner H, Levin L, Jehmlich N, Hofrichter M, Ullrich R. The secretome of Trametes versicolor grown on tomato juice medium and purification of the secreted oxidoreductases including a versatile peroxidase. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Lundell T, Floudas D, Nagy LG, Barrasa JM, Hibbett DS, Martínez AT. Lignin-degrading peroxidases in Polyporales: an evolutionary survey based on 10 sequenced genomes. Mycologia 2013; 105:1428-44. [PMID: 23921235 DOI: 10.3852/13-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of three representative Polyporales (Bjerkandera adusta, Phlebia brevispora and a member of the Ganoderma lucidum complex) were sequenced to expand our knowledge on the diversity of ligninolytic and related peroxidase genes in this Basidiomycota order that includes most wood-rotting fungi. The survey was completed by analyzing the heme-peroxidase genes in the already available genomes of seven more Polyporales species representing the antrodia, gelatoporia, core polyporoid and phlebioid clades. The study confirms the absence of ligninolytic peroxidase genes from the manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and versatile peroxidase (VP) families, in the brown-rot fungal genomes (all of them from the antrodia clade), which include only a limited number of predicted low redox-potential generic peroxidase (GP) genes. When members of the heme-thiolate peroxidase (HTP) and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) superfamilies (up to a total of 64 genes) also are considered, the newly sequenced B. adusta appears as the Polyporales species with the highest number of peroxidase genes due to the high expansion of both the ligninolytic peroxidase and DyP (super)families. The evolutionary relationships of the 111 genes for class-II peroxidases (from the GP, MnP, VP, LiP families) in the 10 Polyporales genomes is discussed including the existence of different MnP subfamilies and of a large and homogeneous LiP cluster, while different VPs mainly cluster with short MnPs. Finally, ancestral state reconstructions showed that a putative MnP gene, derived from a primitive GP that incorporated the Mn(II)-oxidation site, is the precursor of all the class-II ligninolytic peroxidases. Incorporation of an exposed tryptophan residue involved in oxidative degradation of lignin in a short MnP apparently resulted in evolution of the first VP. One of these ancient VPs might have lost the Mn(II)-oxidation site being at the origin of all the LiP enzymes, which are found only in species of the order Polyporales.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hirai H, Misumi K, Suzuki T, Kawagishi H. Improvement of manganese peroxidase production by the hyper lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 by recombinant expression of the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase gene. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:708-11. [PMID: 23884595 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The manganese peroxidase (MnP) gene (mnp4) promoter of Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 was used to drive expression of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (als), which is a key heme biosynthesis enzyme. The expression plasmid pMnP4pro-als was transformed into P. sordida YK-624 uracil auxotrophic mutant UV-64, and 14 recombinant als expressing-transformants were generated. Average cumulative MnP activities in the transformants were 1.18-fold higher than that of control transformants. In particular, transformants A-14 and A-61 showed significantly higher MnP activity (approximately 2.8-fold) than wild type. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the increased MnP activity was caused by elevated recombinant als expression. These results suggest that the production of MnP is improved by high expression of als.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hirai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Salvachúa D, Prieto A, Mattinen ML, Tamminen T, Liitiä T, Lille M, Willför S, Martínez AT, Martínez MJ, Faulds CB. Versatile peroxidase as a valuable tool for generating new biomolecules by homogeneous and heterogeneous cross-linking. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:303-11. [PMID: 23608497 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The modification and generation of new biomolecules intended to give higher molecular-mass species for biotechnological purposes, can be achieved by enzymatic cross-linking. The versatile peroxidase (VP) from Pleurotus eryngii is a high redox-potential enzyme with oxidative activity on a wide variety of substrates. In this study, VP was successfully used to catalyze the polymerization of low molecular mass compounds, such as lignans and peptides, as well as larger macromolecules, such as protein and complex polysaccharides. Different analytical, spectroscopic, and rheological techniques were used to determine structural changes and/or variations of the physicochemical properties of the reaction products. The lignans secoisolariciresinol and hydroxymatairesinol were condensed by VP forming up to 8 unit polymers in the presence of organic co-solvents and Mn(2+). Moreover, 11 unit of the peptides YIGSR and VYV were homogeneously cross-linked. The heterogeneous cross-linking of one unit of the peptide YIGSR and several lignan units was also achieved. VP could also induce gelation of feruloylated arabinoxylan and the polymerization of β-casein. These results demonstrate the efficacy of VP to catalyze homo- and hetero-condensation reactions, and reveal its potential exploitation for polymerizing different types of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Salvachúa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brown ME, Barros T, Chang MCY. Identification and characterization of a multifunctional dye peroxidase from a lignin-reactive bacterium. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:2074-81. [PMID: 23054399 DOI: 10.1021/cb300383y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass represents a renewable feedstock that has not yet been fully tapped because of the difficulty in accessing the carbon in its structural biopolymers. Lignin is an especially challenging substrate, but select microbes have evolved complex systems of enzymes for its breakdown through a radical-mediated oxidation process. Fungal systems are well-characterized for their ability to depolymerize lignin, but the ability of bacteria to react with this substrate remains elusive. We have therefore focused on elucidating strategies used by lignin-reactive soil bacteria and describing their oxidative enzyme systems. We now report the identification and characterization of an unusual C-type dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 (DyP2), which belongs to a family of heme peroxidases reported to be involved in bacterial lignin degradation. Biochemical studies indicate that DyP2 has novel function for this family, with versatile and high activity both as a peroxidase and Mn peroxidase (k(cat)/K(M) ≈ 10(5)-10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). It also has a Mn-dependent oxidase mode of action that expands its substrate scope. Crystallographic studies of DyP2 at 2.25 Å resolution show the existence of a Mn binding pocket and support its key role in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Tiago Barros
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Michelle C. Y. Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720-1460, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Substrate oxidation by dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from wood- and litter-degrading agaricomycetes compared to other fungal and plant heme-peroxidases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5839-49. [PMID: 23111597 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic and physicochemical properties of representative fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) of wood- (WRF) and litter-decomposing white-rot fungi (LDF) are summarized and compared, including one recombinant Mycetinis scorodonius DyP (rMscDyP; LDF), the wild-type Auricularia auricula-judae DyP (AauDyP; WRF), and two new DyPs secreted by the jelly fungi Exidia glandulosa (EglDyP; WRF) and Mycena epipterygia (MepDyP; LDF). Homogeneous preparations of these DyPs were obtained after different steps of fast protein liquid chromatography, and they increase the total number of characterized fungal DyP proteins to eight. The peptide sequences of AauDyP, MepDyP, and EglDyP showed highest homologies (52-56%) to the DyPs of M. scorodonius. Five out of the eight characterized fungal DyPs were used to evaluate their catalytic properties compared to classic fungal and plant heme peroxidases, namely lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PchLiP; WRF), versatile peroxidase of Bjerkandera adusta (BadVP; WRF), and generic peroxidases of Coprinopsis cinerea (CiP) and Glycine max (soybean peroxidase=SBP). All DyPs tested possess unique properties regarding the stability at low pH values: 50-90% enzymatic activity remained after 4-h exposition at pH 2.5, and the oxidation of nonphenolic aromatic substrates (lignin model compounds) was optimal below pH 3. Furthermore, all DyPs efficiently oxidized recalcitrant dyes (e.g., Azure B) as well as the phenolic substrate 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. Thus, DyPs combine features of different peroxidases on the functional level and may be part of the biocatalytic system secreted by fungi for the oxidation of lignin and/or toxic aromatic compounds.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pozdnyakova N, Makarov O, Chernyshova M, Turkovskaya O, Jarosz-Wilkolazka A. Versatile peroxidase of Bjerkandera fumosa: substrate and inhibitor specificity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012. [PMID: 23199738 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor and substrate specificities of versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera fumosa (VPBF) were studied. Two different effects were found: NaN(3), Tween-80, anthracene, and fluorene decreased the activity of VPBF, but p-aminobenzoic acid increased it. A mixed mechanism of effector influence on the activity of this enzyme was shown. The catalytic properties of VPBF in the oxidation of mono- and polycyclic aromatic compounds were studied also. 2,7-Diaminofluorene, ABTS, veratryl alcohol, and syringaldazine can be oxidized by VPBF in two ways: either directly by the enzyme or by diffusible chelated Mn(3+) as an oxidizing agent. During VPBF oxidation of 2,7-diaminofluorene, both with and without Mn(2+), biphasic kinetics with apparent saturation in both micromolar and millimolar ranges were obtained. In the case of ABTS, inhibition of VPBF activity by an excess of substrate was observed. Direct oxidation of p-aminobenzoic acid by versatile peroxidase was found for the first time. The oxidation of three- and four-ring PAHs by VPBF was investigated, and the oxidation of anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, and fluoranthene was shown. The products of PAH oxidation (9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and 9-fluorenone) catalyzed by VPBF were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pozdnyakova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 410049 Saratov, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Morales M, Mate MJ, Romero A, Martínez MJ, Martínez ÁT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ. Two oxidation sites for low redox potential substrates: a directed mutagenesis, kinetic, and crystallographic study on Pleurotus eryngii versatile peroxidase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41053-67. [PMID: 23071108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Versatile peroxidase shares with manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase the ability to oxidize Mn(2+) and high redox potential aromatic compounds, respectively. Moreover, it is also able to oxidize phenols (and low redox potential dyes) at two catalytic sites, as shown by biphasic kinetics. A high efficiency site (with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and p-hydroquinone catalytic efficiencies of ∼70 and ∼700 s(-1) mM(-1), respectively) was localized at the same exposed Trp-164 responsible for high redox potential substrate oxidation (as shown by activity loss in the W164S variant). The second site, characterized by low catalytic efficiency (∼3 and ∼50 s(-1) mM(-1) for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and p-hydroquinone, respectively) was localized at the main heme access channel. Steady-state and transient-state kinetics for oxidation of phenols and dyes at the latter site were improved when side chains of residues forming the heme channel edge were removed in single and multiple variants. Among them, the E140G/K176G, E140G/P141G/K176G, and E140G/W164S/K176G variants attained catalytic efficiencies for oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) at the heme channel similar to those of the exposed tryptophan site. The heme channel enlargement shown by x-ray diffraction of the E140G, P141G, K176G, and E140G/K176G variants would allow a better substrate accommodation near the heme, as revealed by the up to 26-fold lower K(m) values (compared with native VP). The resulting interactions were shown by the x-ray structure of the E140G-guaiacol complex, which includes two H-bonds of the substrate with Arg-43 and Pro-139 in the distal heme pocket (at the end of the heme channel) and several hydrophobic interactions with other residues and the heme cofactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Morales
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBBR) and Poly R-478 dyes by Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAn anamorphic Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS 930 strain isolated from soil was found to decolorize two anthraquinonic dyes: Remazol Brilliant Blue R and Poly R-478. The reduction in the level of phenolic compounds in liquid B. adusta cultures containing RBBR and Poly R-478 was correlated with decolorization of studied dyes, which suggested their biodegradation. It was shown that this process was coupled with induction of secondary metabolism (idiophase) and peak peroxidase activity in culture medium, and the appearance of aerial mycelium. Decolorization of dyes depended on the presence of glucose (cometabolism).
Collapse
|
50
|
Tripathi A, Upadhyay RC, Singh S. Extracellular Ligninolytic Enzymes in Bjerkandera adusta and Lentinus squarrosulus. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:381-7. [PMID: 23997328 PMCID: PMC3460110 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ligninolytic enzyme activities were determined in two white-rot fungi, Bjerkandera adusta and Lentinus squarrosulus. To investigate the activity of extracellular enzymes, cultures were incubated over a period of 20 days in nutrient rich medium (NRM) and nutrient poor medium under static and shaking conditions. Enzymatic activity was varied with media and their incubation conditions. The highest level of Aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) was detected under shaking condition of both medium while Manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was best in NRM under both conditions. AAO is the main oxidases enzyme in B. adusta while laccase plays important role in L. squarrosulus. MnP is the main peroxidase enzyme in both varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astha Tripathi
- Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173213 India
| | - R. C. Upadhyay
- Directorate of Mushroom Research, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173213 India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
| |
Collapse
|