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Strøbech JE, Giuriatti P, Stagaard R, De Sepulveda P, Nielsen SR, Erler JT. FES null mice demonstrate a reduction in neutrophil dependent pancreatic cancer metastatic burden. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1096499. [PMID: 36969004 PMCID: PMC10034081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1096499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have a dismal 5-year survival rate of less than 10%, predominantly due to delayed diagnosis and a lack of effective treatment options. In the PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME), neutrophils are among the immune cell types that are most prevalent and are linked to a poor clinical prognosis. However, treatments that target tumor-associated neutrophils are limited despite recent developments in our understanding of neutrophil function in cancer. The feline sarcoma oncogene (FES) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase previously associated with leukemia and hematopoietic homeostasis. Here we describe a newly derived FES null mouse with no distinct phenotype and no defects in hematopoietic homeostasis including neutrophil viability. The immune cell composition and neutrophil population were analyzed with flow cytometry, colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, and a neutrophil viability assay, while the response to PDAC was examined with an in vivo cancer model. In an experimental metastasis model, the FES null model displayed a reduced PDAC hepatic metastatic burden and a reduction in neutrophils granulocytes. Accordingly, our results indicate FES as a potential target for PDAC TME modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Strøbech
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jan E. Strøbech, ; Janine T. Erler,
| | - Pietro Giuriatti
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Stagaard
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulo De Sepulveda
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, Institute Paoli-Calmettes, Marseilles, France
| | - Sebastian R. Nielsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T. Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jan E. Strøbech, ; Janine T. Erler,
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2
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Ou Z, Dolmatova E, Mandavilli R, Qu H, Gafford G, White T, Valdivia A, Lassègue B, Hernandes MS, Griendling KK. Myeloid Poldip2 Contributes to the Development of Pulmonary Inflammation by Regulating Neutrophil Adhesion in a Murine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025181. [PMID: 35535614 PMCID: PMC9238549 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Lung injury, a severe adverse outcome of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, is attributed to excessive neutrophil recruitment and effector response. Poldip2 (polymerase δ-interacting protein 2) plays a critical role in regulating endothelial permeability and leukocyte recruitment in acute inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that myeloid Poldip2 is involved in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed lungs. Methods and Results After characterizing myeloid-specific Poldip2 knockout mice, we showed that at 18 hours post-lipopolysaccharide injection, bronchoalveolar lavage from myeloid Poldip2-deficient mice contained fewer inflammatory cells (8 [4-16] versus 29 [12-57]×104/mL in wild-type mice) and a smaller percentage of neutrophils (30% [28%-34%] versus 38% [33%-41%] in wild-type mice), while the main chemoattractants for neutrophils remained unaffected. In vitro, Poldip2-deficient neutrophils responded as well as wild-type neutrophils to inflammatory stimuli with respect to neutrophil extracellular trap formation, reactive oxygen species production, and induction of cytokines. However, neutrophil adherence to a tumor necrosis factor-α stimulated endothelial monolayer was inhibited by Poldip2 depletion (225 [115-272] wild-type [myePoldip2+/+] versus 133 [62-178] myeloid-specific Poldip2 knockout [myePoldip2-/-] neutrophils) as was transmigration (1.7 [1.3-2.1] versus 1.1 [1.0-1.4] relative to baseline transmigration). To determine the underlying mechanism, we examined the surface expression of β2-integrin, its binding to soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. Surface expression of β2-integrins was not affected by Poldip2 deletion, whereas β2-integrins and Pyk2 were less activated in Poldip2-deficient neutrophils. Conclusions These results suggest that myeloid Poldip2 is involved in β2-integrin activation during the inflammatory response, which in turn mediates neutrophil-to-endothelium adhesion in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Ou
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Elena Dolmatova
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Rohan Mandavilli
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Hongyan Qu
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Georgette Gafford
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Taylor White
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA
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3
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de Pins B, Mendes T, Giralt A, Girault JA. The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 in Brain Function and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:749001. [PMID: 34690733 PMCID: PMC8527176 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.749001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly enriched in forebrain neurons. Pyk2 is closely related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which plays an important role in sensing cell contacts with extracellular matrix and other extracellular signals controlling adhesion and survival. Pyk2 shares some of FAK’s characteristics including recruitment of Src-family kinases after autophosphorylation, scaffolding by interacting with multiple partners, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Pyk2, however, has the unique property to respond to increases in intracellular free Ca2+, which triggers its autophosphorylation following stimulation of various receptors including glutamate NMDA receptors. Pyk2 is dephosphorylated by the striatal-enriched phosphatase (STEP) that is highly expressed in the same neuronal populations. Pyk2 localization in neurons is dynamic, and altered following stimulation, with post-synaptic and nuclear enrichment. As a signaling protein Pyk2 is involved in multiple pathways resulting in sometimes opposing functions depending on experimental models. Thus Pyk2 has a dual role on neurites and dendritic spines. With Src family kinases Pyk2 participates in postsynaptic regulations including of NMDA receptors and is necessary for specific types of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory tasks. The diverse functions of Pyk2 are also illustrated by its role in pathology. Pyk2 is activated following epileptic seizures or ischemia-reperfusion and may contribute to the consequences of these insults whereas Pyk2 deficit may contribute to the hippocampal phenotype of Huntington’s disease. Pyk2 gene, PTK2B, is associated with the risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Studies of underlying mechanisms indicate a complex contribution with involvement in amyloid toxicity and tauopathy, combined with possible functional deficits in neurons and contribution in microglia. A role of Pyk2 has also been proposed in stress-induced depression and cocaine addiction. Pyk2 is also important for the mobility of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. The implication of Pyk2 in various pathological conditions supports its potential interest for therapeutic interventions. This is possible through molecules inhibiting its activity or increasing it through inhibition of STEP or other means, depending on a precise evaluation of the balance between positive and negative consequences of Pyk2 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit de Pins
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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4
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Martin MJ, Estravís M, García-Sánchez A, Dávila I, Isidoro-García M, Sanz C. Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis: An Updated Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E442. [PMID: 32325630 PMCID: PMC7231115 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disorder that affects up to 15-20% of the population and is characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions with intense itching. As a heterogeneous disease, multiple factors have been suggested to explain the nature of atopic dermatitis (AD), and its high prevalence makes it necessary to periodically compile and update the new information available. In this systematic review, the focus is set at the genetic and epigenetic studies carried out in the last years. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted in three scientific publication databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus). The search was restricted to publications indexed from July 2016 to December 2019, and keywords related to atopic dermatitis genetics and epigenetics were used. RESULTS A total of 73 original papers met the inclusion criteria established, including 9 epigenetic studies. A total of 62 genes and 5 intergenic regions were described as associated with AD. CONCLUSION Filaggrin (FLG) polymorphisms are confirmed as key genetic determinants for AD development, but also epigenetic regulation and other genes with functions mainly related to the immune system and extracellular matrix, reinforcing the notion of skin homeostasis breakage in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Martin
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Immunoallergy, Salamanca University Hospital, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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5
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Hasan S, Rahman WU, Sebo P, Osicka R. Distinct Spatiotemporal Distribution of Bacterial Toxin-Produced Cellular cAMP Differentially Inhibits Opsonophagocytic Signaling. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060362. [PMID: 31226835 PMCID: PMC6628411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid phagocytes have evolved to rapidly recognize invading pathogens and clear them through opsonophagocytic killing. The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis and the edema toxin (ET) of Bacillus anthracis are both calmodulin-activated toxins with adenylyl cyclase activity that invade host cells and massively increase the cellular concentrations of a key second messenger molecule, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). However, the two toxins differ in the kinetics and mode of cell entry and generate different cAMP concentration gradients within the cell. While CyaA rapidly penetrates cells directly across their plasma membrane, the cellular entry of ET depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis and translocation of the enzymatic subunit across the endosomal membrane. We show that CyaA-generated membrane-proximal cAMP gradient strongly inhibits the activation and phosphorylation of Syk, Vav, and Pyk2, thus inhibiting opsonophagocytosis. By contrast, at similar overall cellular cAMP levels, the ET-generated perinuclear cAMP gradient poorly inhibits the activation and phosphorylation of these signaling proteins. Hence, differences in spatiotemporal distribution of cAMP produced by the two adenylyl cyclase toxins differentially affect the opsonophagocytic signaling in myeloid phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Hasan
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Waheed Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, v. v. i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Maxson ME, Naj X, O'Meara TR, Plumb JD, Cowen LE, Grinstein S. Integrin-based diffusion barrier separates membrane domains enabling the formation of microbiostatic frustrated phagosomes. eLife 2018; 7:34798. [PMID: 29553370 PMCID: PMC5897098 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans hyphae can reach enormous lengths, precluding their internalization by phagocytes. Nevertheless, macrophages engulf a portion of the hypha, generating incompletely sealed tubular phagosomes. These frustrated phagosomes are stabilized by a thick cuff of F-actin that polymerizes in response to non-canonical activation of integrins by fungal glycan. Despite their continuity, the surface and invaginating phagosomal membranes retain a strikingly distinct lipid composition. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is present at the plasmalemma but is not detectable in the phagosomal membrane, while PtdIns(3)P and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 co-exist in the phagosomes yet are absent from the surface membrane. Moreover, endo-lysosomal proteins are present only in the phagosomal membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching revealed the presence of a diffusion barrier that maintains the identity of the open tubular phagosome separate from the plasmalemma. Formation of this barrier depends on Syk, Pyk2/Fak and formin-dependent actin assembly. Antimicrobial mechanisms can thereby be deployed, limiting the growth of the hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Maxson
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xenia Naj
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Plumb
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Shared genetic origin of asthma, hay fever and eczema elucidates allergic disease biology. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1752-1757. [PMID: 29083406 PMCID: PMC5989923 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, hay fever (or allergic rhinitis) and eczema (or atopic
dermatitis) often coexist in the same individuals1, partly because of a shared genetic origin2–4. To
identify shared risk variants, we performed a genome-wide association study
(GWAS, n=360,838) of a broad allergic disease phenotype that
considers the presence of any one of these three diseases. We identified 136
independent risk variants (P<3x10-8),
including 73 not previously reported, which implicate 132 nearby genes in
allergic disease pathophysiology. Disease-specific effects were detected for
only six variants, confirming that most represent shared risk factors.
Tissue-specific heritability and biological process enrichment analyses suggest
that shared risk variants influence lymphocyte-mediated immunity. Six target
genes provide an opportunity for drug repositioning, while for 36 genes CpG
methylation was found to influence transcription independently of genetic
effects. Asthma, hay fever and eczema partly coexist because they share many
genetic risk variants that dysregulate the expression of immune-related
genes.
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8
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Wang L, Learoyd J, Duan Y, Leff AR, Zhu X. Hematopoietic Pyk2 regulates migration of differentiated HL-60 cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2010; 7:26. [PMID: 20507587 PMCID: PMC2892486 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Pyk2 is a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that belongs to the focal adhesion kinase family and has been implicated in neutrophil spreading and respiratory burst activity caused by TNF-α. However, the role of Pyk2 in neutrophil migration is incompletely defined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Pyk2 regulates the migration of neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 cells subsequent to β2-integrin mediated cell adhesion. Methods HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate into neutrophil-like cells (dHL60) by incubation in medium containing 1.25% DMSO for up to 4 days. Pyk2 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation was measured by Western blot analysis. Adhesion of dHL60 cells to plated fibrinogen was measured by residual myeloperoxidase activity. dHL60 cell migration was evaluated using a 96-well chemoTx chamber. Results Western blot analysis demonstrated that hematopoietic Pyk2 was predominantly expressed after HL60 cell differentiation. Pyk2 was tyrosine phosphorylated upon adhesion of dHL60 cells to plated fibrinogen in the presence of fMLP. By contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 was insignificant in dHL60 cells treated in suspension with fMLP. Antibodies against CD18 blocked both phosphorylation of Pyk2 and adhesion of dHL60 cells to fibrinogen, demonstrating that phosphorylation of Pyk2 was β2-integrin dependent. TAT-Pyk2-CT, a dominant negative fusion protein in which the TAT protein transduction domain was fused to the c-terminal Pyk2, attenuated fMLP-stimulated spreading, migration and phosphorylation of endogenous Pyk2 without blocking adhesion of dHL-60 cells to fibrinogen. Similarly, silencing of Pyk2 expression by siRNA in dHL60 cells also attenuated dHL60 cell migration caused by fMLP. Phospho-Pyk2 was evenly distributed around cell membrane circumferentially in unstimulated dHL-60 cells adherent to plated fibrinogen. In dHL60 cells treated with fMLP to cause cell spreading and polarization, Pyk2 was concentrated at the leading edge of pseudopods or at the trailing edge of uropods during migration of neutrophilic dHL-60 cells. Conclusions We conclude that Pyk2 is activated by β2-integrin adhesion. The activated concentration of Pyk2 and colocalization with F-actin in pseudopodia suggests that Pyk2 may regulate cell spreading and migration in dHL60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Solomkin JS, Robinson CT, Cave CM, Umanskiy K, Matlin K, Williams MA, Lentsch AB. FORMATION OF FOCAL ADHESION-LIKE STRUCTURES IN CIRCULATING HUMAN NEUTROPHILS AFTER SEVERE INJURY. Shock 2006; 25:440-5. [PMID: 16680007 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000209559.77198.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in injury to the lung, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, often seen after major trauma. We evaluated the role of integrin-linked focal adhesions in the primed state, previously identified in peripheral blood neutrophils from severely injured patients. Immunoblot analysis of Triton-insoluble cell fractions revealed that total paxillin content was unchanged in comparison with that found in neutrophils from healthy volunteers, but phosphorylation of paxillin on tyrosine residue 118 was increased by more than 2-fold. Immunoprecipitation with antipaxillin and immunoblotting for proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and for fgr showed significantly more colocalization. Densitometric analysis of total phosphotyrosine profiles also demonstrated significantly more in patient cells as compared with healthy cells. When allowed to adhere to fibronectin-coated plates, healthy and patient cells demonstrate a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation from that found in suspension-phase cells. Differential interference contrast microscopy of healthy neutrophils adherent to fibronectin matrices demonstrated rounded cells, without evidence of spreading; spreading was induced by addition of TNF-alpha. Patient neutrophils spread spontaneously, a response not further enhanced by TNF-alpha. Confocal imaging using anti-Pyk2 demonstrated aggregation of Pyk2 into punctate structures in patient but not in healthy cells. We conclude that neutrophils from severely injured patients are in a primed state, characterized by formation of focal adhesion-like structures. The identification of such structures in a clinical disease setting where they likely participate in unwanted consequences provides a novel area for study of regulation of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Solomkin
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA.
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10
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Kuan YH, Lin RH, Tsao LT, Chen YL, Tzeng CC, Wang JP. Inhibition of phospholipase D activation by CYL-26z in formyl peptide-stimulated neutrophils involves the blockade of RhoA activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:901-10. [PMID: 16024001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
5-[4-Acridin-9-ylamino]phenyl]-5-methyl-3-methylenedihydrofuran-2-one (CYL-26z) inhibited the formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) activity, which was assessed by the production of phosphatidylethanol (PEt) in the presence of ethanol, in rat neutrophils (IC50 1.2+/-0.2 microM). CYL-26z caused a slight but significant attenuation of the global protein tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by fMLP only at concentrations of CYL-26z up to 30 microM. CYL-26z blocked the membrane recruitment of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) at concentrations of CYL-26z > or =3 microM, but failed to affect the membrane association of PKC-betaI and -betaII. The translocation of RhoA to the membrane was attenuated by CYL-26z (IC50 3.8+/-0.8 microM) in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils, whereas CYL-26z caused no significant inhibition of the membrane recruitment of ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf). CYL-26z inhibited the activation of RhoA and dissociation of the RhoA-Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) complex in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils (IC50 1.8+/-1.0 microM and 1.8+/-0.9 microM, respectively). In a cell-free system, CYL-26z effectively attenuated the membrane association of RhoA in response to GTPgammaS (IC50 1.3+/-0.5 microM). In contrast, the GTPgammaS-stimulated translocation of Arf to membrane was suppressed only at concentrations of CYL-26z up to 30 microM. CYL-26z inhibited the fMLP-stimulated membrane expression of CD11b, CD45 and CD63, and the release of lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase. These results indicate that CYL-26z inhibited the fMLP-stimulated PLD activity, mainly through the blockade of RhoA activation, and degranulation in rat neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Yan SR, Bortolussi R, Issekutz TB, Issekutz AC. Increased chemoattractant induced neutrophil oxidative burst, accelerated apoptosis, and dysregulated tyrosine phosphorylation associated with lifelong bacterial infections. Clin Immunol 2005; 117:36-47. [PMID: 16019263 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A boy with lifelong recurrent bacterial infection at cutaneous and mucosal sites was investigated. PMN oxidative burst to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and zymosan was normal but was increased 20- to 50-fold upon C5a or formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP) chemoattractant stimulation, accompanied by accelerated PMN apoptosis. His PMNs showed increased constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of 21-, 25-, and 44-kDa proteins, and of src-family kinases (p59(hck), p58(fgr), and p53/56(lyn)). Phosphorylation was abnormally enhanced following fMLP stimulation. Expression and activity of the major PMN tyrosine phosphatases, i.e., CD45, CD148, and SHP-1 and -2, was normal. However, dephosphorylation of phospho-p58(fgr) and phospho-p53/56(lyn) by lysates of patient's PMNs was enhanced. Thus, another phosphatase may be overactive, perhaps dephosphorylating a regulatory (inhibitory) site on a protein tyrosine kinase, accounting for the abnormal PMN tyrosine phosphorylation and function. With age (now 13 years), T-cell lymphopenia and loss of T-cell responses developed. This appears to be a unique primary immunodeficiency with abnormal PMN oxidative and apoptotic responses to chemoattractants, dysregulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation, serious bacterial infection, and T-lymphocyte attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Rong Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhao T, Bokoch GM. Critical role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in reversion of the adhesion-mediated suppression of reactive oxygen species generation by human neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:8049-55. [PMID: 15944312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of innate immune defense against invading microorganisms during infection and inflammation. The tightly regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through activation of NADPH oxidase is a major weapon used by neutrophils and other phagocytic leukocytes to combat such pathogens. Cellular adhesion signals play important physiological roles in regulating the activation of NADPH oxidase and subsequent ROS formation. We previously showed that the initial suppression of the oxidase response of chemoattractant-stimulated adherent neutrophils is mediated via inhibition of Vav1-induced activation of the NADPH oxidase regulatory GTPase Rac2 by adhesion signals. In this study we show that prior exposure of neutrophils to a number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, including TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and platelet-activating factor, overcomes the adhesion-mediated suppression of ROS formation. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (pyk2) activity is enhanced under these conditions, correlating with the restoration of Vav1 and Rac2 activities. Both dominant negative pyk2 and a pyk2-selective inhibitor prevented restoration of ROS production induced by TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and platelet-activating factor, and this loss of pyk2 activity resulted in decreased Vav1 tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent Rac2 activation. Our studies identify pyk2 as a critical regulatory component and a molecular switch to overcome the suppression of leukocyte oxidant generation by cell adhesion. This activity constitutes a mechanism by which cytokines might lead to rapid elimination of invading pathogens by adherent neutrophils under normal conditions or enhance tissue damage in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieming Zhao
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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13
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Di Cioccio V, Strippoli R, Bizzarri C, Troiani G, Cervellera MN, Gloaguen I, Colagrande A, Cattozzo EM, Pagliei S, Santoni A, Colotta F, Mainiero F, Bertini R. Key role of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in interleukin-8 (CXCL8/IL-8)-mediated human neutrophil chemotaxis. Immunology 2004; 111:407-15. [PMID: 15056377 PMCID: PMC1782435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways leading to CXCL8/IL-8-induced human neutrophil migration have not been fully characterized. The present study demonstrates that CXCL8 induces tyrosine phosphorylation as well as enzymatic activity of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), in human neutrophils. Induction of Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation by CXCL8 is regulated by Src PTK activation, whereas it is unaffected by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Inhibition of Pyk2 activation by PP1, a Src PTK inhibitor, is paralleled by the inhibition of CXCL8-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis. Among CXCL8 receptors, Src protein tyrosine kinase activation selectively regulates CXCR1-mediated polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis. Overexpression of PykM, the kinase-dead mutant of Pyk2, blocks CXCL8-induced chemotaxis of HL-60-derived PMN-like cells, thus pinpointing the key role of Pyk2 in CXCL8-induced chemotaxis.
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Weineisen M, Sjöbring U, Fällman M, Andersson T. Streptococcal M5 protein prevents neutrophil phagocytosis by interfering with CD11b/CD18 receptor-mediated association and signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 172:3798-807. [PMID: 15004185 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococci (GAS) are common human pathogens that express major surface-associated virulence factors designated M proteins. In this study, we explored directly the cellular mechanisms behind their supposed ability to prevent phagocytosis. Isolated human neutrophils killed an M-negative GAS mutant (DeltaM5), but not the wild-type parent strain (M5). After 3 h, 3-4 times as many DeltaM5 as M5 bacteria were associated with the neutrophils, and more DeltaM5 than M5 bacteria were ingested. However, there was no statistically significant difference between DeltaM5 and M5 bacteria in regard to the percentage of the neutrophil-associated bacteria that were ingested, indicating that M5 protein prevents an adhesion receptor-dependent association with neutrophils and not the phagocytic machinery per se. Different Abs against CD11b/CD18 (CR3) blocked adhesion and killing of DeltaM5 bacteria, whereas the blocking of two other complement receptors, CD11c/CD18 (CR4) and CD35 (CR1), did not. The CD11b/CD18-mediated killing of DeltaM5 bacteria resulted in protein tyrosine phosphorylations and Cdc42 activation. Furthermore, inhibition of CD11b/CD18 receptor engagement or tyrosine kinase activity blocked the DeltaM5-induced activation of Cdc42 as well as the killing of these bacteria. We conclude that M5 protein interferes with the CD11b/CD18-dependent association between GAS and neutrophils, and thereby blocks subsequent ingestion of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Weineisen
- Experimental Pathology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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15
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Kasper B, Brandt E, Bulfone-Paus S, Petersen F. Platelet factor 4 (PF-4)-induced neutrophil adhesion is controlled by src-kinases, whereas PF-4-mediated exocytosis requires the additional activation of p38 MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Blood 2003; 103:1602-10. [PMID: 14592823 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various chemokines that are functionally active on neutrophils, platelet factor 4 (PF-4; CXCL4) appears to have a specialized role. Lacking typical chemokine activities, PF-4 stimulates neutrophils to undergo firm adhesion to endothelial cells and, in the presence of an appropriate costimulus like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), PF-4 induces exocytosis of secondary granule contents. Analyzing the individual contribution of PF-4 and its costimuli in the control of these functions at the signaling level, we demonstrate that TNF-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (but not extracellular regulated kinase [Erk] kinases) acts as general and essential costimulatory signal in PF-4-dependent neutrophil exocytosis. This was shown by the use of a specific inhibitor (SB203580), by biologic (lipopolysaccharide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) and pharmacologic (anisomycin) activators of p38 MAP kinase, and by phosphorylation studies. Furthermore, TNF-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) represents an additional essential signaling component in this process as demonstrated by studies with its inhibitor wortmannin as well as by analysis of the phosphorylation of AKT kinase. PF-4, however, directly activates src-kinases and PF-4-induced adherence as well as PF-4/TNF-mediated exocytosis was inhibited by an src-kinase inhibitor PP1. Taken together, neutrophil exocytosis and adherence are regulated on p38 MAP kinase, PI 3-kinase, and src-kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Kasper
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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16
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Han H, Fuortes M, Nathan C. Critical role of the carboxyl terminus of proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) in the activation of human neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor: separation of signals for the respiratory burst and degranulation. J Exp Med 2003; 197:63-75. [PMID: 12515814 PMCID: PMC2193795 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transduction of Tat-tagged fusion proteins confirmed a hypothesis based on pharmacologic inhibitors (Fuortes, M., M. Melchior, H. Han, G.J. Lyon, and C. Nathan. 1999. J. Clin. Invest. 104:327-335) that proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) plays a critical role in the activation of adherent human neutrophils, and allowed an analysis of individual Pyk2 domains not possible with chemical inhibitors. Acting as a dominant negative, the COOH terminus of Pyk2 fused to a Tat peptide (Tat-CT), but not other regions of Pyk2, specifically inhibited the respiratory burst of cells responding to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Salmonella, or Listeria, while sparing responses induced by phorbol ester. Tat-CT suppressed TNF-triggered cell spreading and the phosphorylation of endogenous Pyk2 and the associated tyrosine kinase Syk without blocking the ability of neutrophils to degranulate and kill bacteria. Thus, separate signals control the respiratory burst and degranulation, and a normal rate of killing of some bacteria can be sustained by granule products in conjunction with a minimal residual respiratory burst. Inhibition of select inflammatory functions without impairment of antibacterial activity may commend the Pyk2 pathway as a potential target for antiinflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsil Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Programs in Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Lachance G, Levasseur S, Naccache PH. Chemotactic factor-induced recruitment and activation of Tec family kinases in human neutrophils. Implication of phosphatidynositol 3-kinases. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21537-41. [PMID: 11940595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascades in the initiation and regulation of the functional responsiveness of human neutrophils is well established. On the other hand, the link between the G protein-coupled receptors (to which the receptors for chemotactic factors belong) and the activation of tyrosine kinases is very poorly characterized. Based on previous observations indicating that the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibition by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and the recent description of pleckstrin homology domain-containing tyrosine kinases (the Tec family), we have examined the potential implication of the latter in the responses of human neutrophils to chemotactic factors. The results obtained indicate firstly that several members of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases are expressed in human neutrophils, including Tec, Btk, and Bmx. Stimulation of the cells with fMet-Leu-Phe led to a rapid activation of Tec as indicated by its translocation to a membrane fraction and to increases in its in situ level of tyrosine phosphorylation and its capacity to tyrosine phosphorylate itself or an exogenous substrate (SAM68-GST) in in vitro kinase assays. The activation of Tec was inhibited by pertussis toxin as well as by wortmannin. The results of this study provide direct evidence for the implication of Tec family kinases in the responses of human neutrophils to chemotactic factors. They also suggest that one of the links between G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases depends on the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the generation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Lachance
- Canadian Institutes for Health Research Group on the Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation, Centre de recherche en rhumatologie et immunologie, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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18
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Borgquist JD, Quinn MT, Swain SD. Adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins modulates bovine neutrophil responses to inflammatory mediators. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Borgquist
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Marsh Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Marsh Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Steve D. Swain
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Marsh Laboratory, Montana State University, Bozeman
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Gilbert C, Rollet-Labelle E, Naccache PH. Preservation of the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in human neutrophil lysates. II. A sequential lysis protocol for the analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signalling. J Immunol Methods 2002; 261:85-101. [PMID: 11861068 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In stimulated neutrophils, the majority of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are concentrated in Triton X-100 or NP-40 insoluble fractions. Most immunobiochemical studies, whose objective is to study the functional relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation are, however, performed using the supernatants of cells lysed in non-ionic detergent-containing buffers (RIPA lysis buffers). This observation prompted us to develop an alternative lysis protocol. We established a procedure involving the sequential lysis of neutrophils in buffers of increasing tonicities that not only preserved and solubilized tyrosine phosphorylated proteins but also retained their enzymatic activities. The sequential lysis of neutrophils in hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic buffers containing non-ionic detergents resulted in the solubilisation of a significant fraction of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Furthermore, we observed that in monosodium urate crystals-stimulated neutrophils, Lyn activity was enhanced in the soluble fraction recovered from the hypertonic fraction, but not from that of the first hypotonic lysis. The distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins between the NP-40 soluble and insoluble fractions was both substrate- and agonist-dependent. In neutrophils stimulated with fMet-Leu-Phe, MSU crystals or by CD32 ligation, the tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were mostly insoluble. On the other hand, in GM-CSF-treated cells, the phosphoproteins were more equally distributed between the two fractions. The results of this study provide a new experimental procedure for the investigation of tyrosine phosphorylation pathways in activated human neutrophils which may also be applicable to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, CIHR group on the Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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20
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Keogh RJ, Houliston RA, Wheeler-Jones CPD. Human endothelial Pyk2 is expressed in two isoforms and associates with paxillin and p130Cas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1470-7. [PMID: 11820787 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the focal adhesion kinase family. Many stimuli can initiate phosphorylation and activation of Pyk2 but its specific activators and downstream targets are still largely unidentified and little is known of the mechanisms or role of Pyk2 activation in endothelial cells. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), we show that (1) Pyk2 is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues 402, 580, and 881 in response to stimulation with G-protein-coupled receptor agonists (GPCAs), vascular endothelial growth factor, and the cytokine interleukin-1alpha; (2) HUVEC express mRNA for two isoforms of Pyk2 which do not appear to be regulated transcriptionally by GPCAs, growth factors, or cytokines; and (3) Pyk2 is localised to the cytosol and associates through its C-terminus with the cytoskeletal protein paxillin and the adapter molecule p130Cas in phosphorylation-independent interactions. These results demonstrate that Pyk2 is rapidly activated and associates with structural and adapter proteins suggesting that it is an important kinase involved in mediating acute responses in endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Keogh
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
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21
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Ochi S, Miyawaki T, Matsuda H, Oda M, Nagahama M, Sakurai J. Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces rabbit neutrophil adhesion. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:237-45. [PMID: 11782516 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-1-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, which is one of the main agents involved in the development of gas gangrene, stimulates O(2)(-)production in neutrophils. Exposure of rabbit neutrophils to the alpha-toxin induced firm adhesion of the cells to fibrinogen and fibronectin. Incubation of rabbit neutrophils and neutrophil lysates with alpha-toxin led to the production of diacylglycerol (DG) and L-alpha-phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively. The toxin-induced DG and PA formation preceded the toxin-induced adhesion of the neutrophils to fibrinogen and fibronectin, and the production of O(2)(-). Pertussis toxin inhibited the alpha-toxin-induced formation of PA, the adhesion of the neutrophils to fibrinogen and production. GTP gamma S stimulated the events induced by the alpha-toxin, whereas GDP beta S inhibited them. The alpha-toxin stimulated phosphorylation of a protein with a molecular mass of about 40 kDa. In addition, treatment of the cells with 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) stimulated cell adhesion, production of and phosphorylation of the 40 kDa protein, but had no effect on the formation of PA. The events induced by the presence of OAG and PDBu were not inhibited by pertussis toxin. Protein kinase C inhibitors, H-7, staurosporine and chelerythrine, blocked alpha-toxin-induced adhesion, production of O(2)(-)and phosphorylation of the 40 kDa protein. These observations suggested that alpha-toxin-stimulated adhesion to the matrix and production were due to the formation of DG, through activation of phospholipid metabolism by a pertussis-toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein, followed by activation of protein kinase C by DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Ochi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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22
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Kang W, Saito H, Fukatsu K, Hidemura A, Koyama H, Sakamoto T, Maekawa K. Effects of tyrosine kinase signaling inhibition on survival after cecal ligation and puncture in diet-restricted mice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:291-7; discussion 298. [PMID: 11688932 DOI: 10.1177/0148607101025006291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition impairs host immunity, resulting in high mortality and morbidity due to infections. Phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is a key step in the signaling of many cellular functions, including immune cell functions. Malnutrition may affect this signaling in response to surgical insults. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of PTK inhibition on mortality in ad libitum and in diet-restricted mice after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of peritoneal cells from these animals was evaluated. METHODS Survival study: Mice (n = 45) received chow, 146 g/kg per day (ad libitum) or 36.5 g/kg per day (diet-restricted), for 7 days. Two hours before CLP, one-half the mice in each group were given a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG 556 (3.0 mg/kg i.p.), and the others received vehicle. Survival was observed up to 7 days after CLP. Effects of AG 556 on survival with a lesser degree of malnutrition (chow 73 g/kg per day) were also examined (n = 41). Measurement of tyrosine phosphorylation: mice (n = 20) were assigned to the ad libitum and diet-restricted (chow 36.5 g/kg per day) groups. Peritoneal cells were harvested either before or 2 hours after glycogen injection. Glycogen treatment elicits polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity. The cells were incubated with or without N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Tyrosine phosphorylation in the cells was examined using flow cytometry, laser scanning cytometry, and Western blotting. RESULTS Diet restriction significantly reduced survival compared with the ad libitum group. AG 556 treatment decreased the survival of ad libitum, but not in diet-restricted mice in both survival experiments. Stimulation of peritoneal cells with fMLP increased tyrosine phosphorylation in the ad libitum group (23% increase before glycogen and 18% after glycogen), but not in the diet-restricted group (-9% before glycogen and 3% after glycogen). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of tyrosine kinase signaling impairs the ability of a well-nourished host to survive CLP-induced sepsis, while having no effects on survival in diet-restricted mice. Peritoneal cells from diet-restricted animals are unable to increase PTK phosphorylation in response to stimulation, which may be the mechanism underlying impaired host defense during malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kang
- Surgical Center, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Kim RD, Darling CE, Roth TP, Ricciardi R, Chari RS. Activator protein 1 activation following hypoosmotic stress in HepG2 cells is actin cytoskeleton dependent. J Surg Res 2001; 100:176-82. [PMID: 11592789 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following hypoosmotic stress-induced cell volume change, the actin cytoskeleton reorganizes itself. The role of this reorganization in the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-OH-kinase/protein kinase B/activator protein 1 (PI-3-K/PKB/AP-1) proliferative signaling cascade is unknown. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) participates in the cytoskeleton-based activation of PI-3-K. We hypothesized that hypoosmotic stress-induced activation of PKB and AP-1 in HepG2 cells is dependent on an intact actin cytoskeleton and subsequent FAK phosphorylation. METHODS HepG2 cells were incubated for 1 h with or without 20 microM cytochalasin D, an actin disrupter, and were then exposed for up to 30 min to hypoosmotic medium (200 mOsm/L) to induce swelling. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (1.4 nM) and medium alone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Western blots measured cytoplasmic phosphorylated or total FAK and PKB. EMSAs measured nuclear AP-1. All experiments were performed in triplicate. RESULTS Exposure to hypoosmotic stress resulted in activation of the following signaling messengers in a sequential fashion: (1) phosphorylation of FAK occurred by 2 min, (2) phosphorylation of PKB occurred by 10 min, (3) nuclear translocation of AP-1 occurred by 30 min. All three signaling events were abolished when these cells were pretreated with cytochalasin D. CONCLUSION Actin reorganization following hypoosmotic stress is essential for the FAK-mediated activation of the PI-3-K/PKB/AP-1 proliferative cascade. These data delineate a possible mechanism by which the cell swelling-induced cytoskeletal changes can initiate proliferative signal transduction in human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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24
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Avdi NJ, Nick JA, Whitlock BB, Billstrom MA, Henson PM, Johnson GL, Worthen GS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in human neutrophils. Integrin involvement in a pathway leading from cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2189-99. [PMID: 11053415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007527200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensity and duration of an inflammatory response depends on the balance of factors that favor perpetuation versus resolution. At sites of inflammation, neutrophils adherent to other cells or matrix components are exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Although TNFalpha has been implicated in induction of pro-inflammatory responses, it may also inhibit the intensity of neutrophilic inflammation by promoting apoptosis. Since TNFalpha is not only an important activator of the stress-induced pathways leading to p38 MAPk and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but also a potent effector of apoptosis, we investigated the effects of TNFalpha on the JNK pathway in adherent human neutrophils and the potential involvement of this pathway in neutrophil apoptosis. Stimulation with TNFalpha was found to result in beta2 integrin-mediated activation of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and Syk, and activation of a three-part MAPk module composed of MEKK1, MKK7, and/or MKK4 and JNK1. JNK activation was attenuated by blocking antibodies to beta2 integrins, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein, and tyrphostin A9, a Pyk2-specific inhibitor, and piceatannol, a Syk-specific inhibitor. Exposure of adherent neutrophils to TNFalpha led to the rapid onset of apoptosis that was demonstrated by augmented annexin V binding and caspase-3 cleavage. TNFalpha-induced increases in annexin V binding to neutrophils were attenuated by blocking antibodies to beta2 integrins, and the caspase-3 cleavage was attenuated by tyrphostin A9. Hence, exposure of adherent neutrophils to TNFalpha leads to utilization of the JNK-signaling pathways that may contribute to diverse functional responses including induction of apoptosis and subsequent resolution of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Avdi
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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25
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Pyk2 and Syk participate in functional activation of granulocytic HL-60 cells in a different manner. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe roles of the protein tyrosine kinases Pyk2 (also called RAFTK or CAK β) and Syk in the process of functional activation of human myeloid cells were examined. During granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the amounts of Pyk2 and β2 integrin increased, whereas the amount of Syk was abundant before differentiation and did not change during differentiation. When the granulocytic cells were stimulated withN-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 occurred promptly and subsequent association of Pyk2 with β2 integrin was detected. In contrast, Syk was not tyrosine phosphorylated by fMLP stimulation but constitutively associated with β2 integrin. Stimulation with fMLP also caused the alteration of β2 integrin to an activated form, a finding that was confirmed by the observation of fMLP-induced cell attachment on fibrinogen-coated dishes and inhibition of this attachment by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. Cell attachment to fibrinogen caused the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 and the initial tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, which was also inhibited by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Pyk2 and Syk represented kinase activities to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of several molecules in the anti-β2 integrin immunoprecipitates of the attached cells. These results showed that Pyk2 is involved in the functional activation of granulocytic cells in 2 signaling pathways: an fMLP receptor–mediated “inside-out” signaling pathway that might cause β2 integrin activation and a subsequent β2 integrin–mediated “outside-in” signaling pathway. Syk was activated in relation to cell attachment to fibrinogen as a result of “outside-in” signaling, although it was already associated with β2 integrin before fMLP stimulation.
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26
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Abstract
The roles of the protein tyrosine kinases Pyk2 (also called RAFTK or CAK β) and Syk in the process of functional activation of human myeloid cells were examined. During granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the amounts of Pyk2 and β2 integrin increased, whereas the amount of Syk was abundant before differentiation and did not change during differentiation. When the granulocytic cells were stimulated withN-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 occurred promptly and subsequent association of Pyk2 with β2 integrin was detected. In contrast, Syk was not tyrosine phosphorylated by fMLP stimulation but constitutively associated with β2 integrin. Stimulation with fMLP also caused the alteration of β2 integrin to an activated form, a finding that was confirmed by the observation of fMLP-induced cell attachment on fibrinogen-coated dishes and inhibition of this attachment by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. Cell attachment to fibrinogen caused the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 and the initial tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, which was also inhibited by pretreatment with anti-β2 integrin antibody. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Pyk2 and Syk represented kinase activities to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of several molecules in the anti-β2 integrin immunoprecipitates of the attached cells. These results showed that Pyk2 is involved in the functional activation of granulocytic cells in 2 signaling pathways: an fMLP receptor–mediated “inside-out” signaling pathway that might cause β2 integrin activation and a subsequent β2 integrin–mediated “outside-in” signaling pathway. Syk was activated in relation to cell attachment to fibrinogen as a result of “outside-in” signaling, although it was already associated with β2 integrin before fMLP stimulation.
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27
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Mócsai A, Jakus Z, Vántus T, Berton G, Lowell CA, Ligeti E. Kinase pathways in chemoattractant-induced degranulation of neutrophils: the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activated by Src family kinases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4321-31. [PMID: 10754332 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation pathways in fMLP-induced exocytosis of the different secretory compartments (primary and secondary granules, as well as secretory vesicles) of neutrophils. Genistein, a broad specificity tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked the exocytosis of primary and secondary granules, but had only a marginal effect on the release of secretory vesicles. Genistein also inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), raising the possibility that inhibition of ERK and/or p38 MAPK might be responsible for the effect of the drug on the degranulation response. Indeed, SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, decreased the release of primary and secondary granules, but not that of secretory vesicles. However, blocking the ERK pathway with PD98059 had no effect on any of the exocytic responses tested. PP1, an inhibitor of Src family kinases, also attenuated the release of primary and secondary granules, and neutrophils from mice deficient in the Src family kinases Hck, Fgr, and Lyn were also defective in secondary granule release. Furthermore, activation of p38 MAPK was blocked by both PP1 and the hck-/-fgr-/-lyn-/- mutation. Taken together, our data indicate that fMLP-induced degranulation of primary and secondary granules of neutrophils is mediated by p38 MAPK activated via Src family tyrosine kinases. Although piceatannol, a reportedly selective inhibitor of Syk, also prevented degranulation and activation of p38 MAPK, no fMLP-induced phosphorylation of Syk could be observed, raising doubts about the specificity of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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Rollet-Labelle E, Gilbert C, Naccache PH. Modulation of human neutrophil responses to CD32 cross-linking by serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors: cross-talk between serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1020-8. [PMID: 10623852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation was studied in human neutrophils. The direct effects of calyculin and okadaic acid, potent inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A serine/threonine phosphatases, on the patterns of neutrophil phosphorylation, and their effects on the responses of neutrophils to CD32 cross-linking were monitored. After a 2-min incubation with 10-6 M calyculin, a transient tyrosine phosphorylation of a subset of proteins, among which Cbl and Syk, was observed. After a longer incubation (>5 min) with calyculin, concomitant with an accumulation of serine and threonine phosphorylation, neutrophil responses to CD32 cross-linking were selectively altered. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl in response to CD32 cross-linking was inhibited by calyculin, and this inhibition was linked with a slower electrophoretic mobility of Cbl as a consequence of its phosphorylation on serine/threonine residues. However, tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and of the receptor itself were not affected. Furthermore, the mobilization of intracellular calcium stimulated by CD32 cross-linking was totally abrogated by calyculin. Finally, the stimulation of superoxide production observed in response to CD32 cross-linking was enhanced in calyculin-treated cells. These results suggest that serine/threonine phosphorylation events regulate the signaling pathways activated by CD32 cross-linking in neutrophils and identify a novel mechanism of modulation of the functional responsiveness of human neutrophils to CD32 cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rollet-Labelle
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec (CHUQ), Quebec, Canada
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Ohashi H, Takei M, Kita H, Gleich GJ, Serizawa I, Fukamachi H. β2 Integrin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 in platelet-activating factor-activated eosinophils. Allergol Int 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1592.2000.00188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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