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Thin films of functionalized carbon nanotubes support long-term maintenance and cardio-neuronal differentiation of canine induced pluripotent stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 40:102487. [PMID: 34740869 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. However, their feeder-free maintenance in undifferentiated states remains challenging. In recent past extensive studies have been directed using pristine or functionalized carbon nanotube in tissue engineering. Here we proposed thin films of functionalized carbon nanotubes (OH-single-walled CNTs [SWCNTs] and OH-multiwalled CNTs [MWCNTs]), as alternatives for the feeder-free in vitro culture of canine iPSCs (ciPSCs), considered as the cellular model. The ciPSC colonies could maintain their dome-shaped compactness and other characteristics when propagated on CNT films. Concomitantly, high cell viability and upregulation of pluripotency-associated genes and cell adhesion molecules were observed, further supported by molecular docking. Moreover, CNTs did not have profound toxic effects compared to feeder cultures as evident by cytocompatibility studies. Further, cardiac and neuronal differentiation of ciPSCs was induced on these films to determine their influence on the differentiation process. The cells retained differentiation potential and the nanotopographical features of the substrates provided positive cues to enhance differentiation to both lineages as evident by immunocytochemical staining and marker gene expression. Overall, OH-SWCNT provided better cues, maintained pluripotency, and induced the differentiation of ciPSCs. These results indicate that OH-functionalized CNT films could be used as alternatives for the feeder-free maintenance of ciPSCs towards prospective utilization in regenerative medicine.
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Nah AS, Chay KO. Roles of paxillin phosphorylation in IL-3 withdrawal-induced Ba/F3 cell apoptosis. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:241-248. [PMID: 30604146 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-00779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ba/F3, a mouse pro-B cell line, is dependent on IL-3 for its survival and proliferation. IL-3 withdrawal causes cells to round, stop in G1 phase, then undergo apoptosis. Additionally, IL-3 is known to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, a scaffold and signaling protein. We previously determined that overexpression of paxillin prohibited Ba/F3 cell apoptosis induced by IL-3 withdrawal. OBJECTIVE Address whether phosphorylation is essential for the anti-apoptotic effect of overexpressed paxillin. METHODS Mutations were introduced into paxillin cDNA at five phosphorylation sites-Y31F, Y40F, Y118F, Y181F, S273A, or S273D. After overexpression of paxillin mutants in Ba/F3 cells, the apoptotic proportions of cell populations were measured by an annexin V conjugation assay while cells were undergoing IL-3 withdrawal. RESULTS The anti-apoptotic effect of paxillin overexpression was abolished by site-directed mutagenesis replacing Y31, Y40, Y118, and Y181 with phenylalanine, and S273 with aspartic acid. In contrast, the mutation replacing S273 with alanine had no effect on the anti-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSION The above results suggest that paxillin-mediated phosphorylation at Y31, Y40, Y118, and Y181 is essential for the anti-apoptotic effect of paxillin overexpression in Ba/F3 cells and contributes to the cell survival signaling pathway triggered by IL-3. Conversely, phosphorylation at S273 is involved in the negative regulation of the anti-apoptotic action of overexpressed paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Sun Nah
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Chonnam National University, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Oh Chay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Chonnam National University, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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Frugtniet BA, Martin TA, Zhang L, Jiang WG. Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (nWASP) is implicated in human lung cancer invasion. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:224. [PMID: 28351346 PMCID: PMC5369017 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers with survival much lower in patients diagnosed with distal metastases. It is therefore imperative to identify pathways involved in lung cancer invasion and metastasis and to consider the therapeutic potential of agents that can interfere with these molecular pathways. This study examines nWASP expression in human lung cancer tissues and explores the effect of nWASP inhibition and knockdown on lung cancer cell behaviour. Methods QPCR has been used to measure nWASP transcript expression in human lung cancer tissues. The effect of wiskostatin, an nWASP inhibitor, on A-549 and SK-MES-1 lung carcinoma cell growth, adhesion, migration and invasion was also examined using several in vitro functional assays, including ECIS, and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of nWASP knockdown using siRNA on particular behaviours of lung cancer cells was also examined. Results Patients with high levels of nWASP expression in tumour tissues have significantly lower survival rates. nWASP transcript levels were found to correlate with lymph node involvement (p = 0.042). nWASP inhibition and knockdown was shown to significantly impair lung cancer cell growth. nWASP inhibition also affected other cell behaviours, in SK-MES-1 invasion and A-549 cell motility, adhesion and migration. Paxillin and FAK activity are reduced in lung cancer cell lines following wiskostatin and nWASP knockdown as shown by immunofluorescence and western blot. Conclusions These findings highlight nWASP as an important potential therapeutic target in lung cancer invasion and demonstrate that inhibiting nWASP activity using the inhibitor wiskostatin can significantly alter cell behaviour in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Frugtniet
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tracey A Martin
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Beijing Cancer Institute, Key Laboratories of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Moazzam M, Ye L, Sun PH, Kynaston H, Jiang WG. Knockdown of WAVE3 impairs HGF induced migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:51. [PMID: 26052252 PMCID: PMC4458333 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) and WAVE (WASP Verpolin homologous) family of proteins are structurally related and responsible for regulation of actin polymerization through their interaction with actin related proteins 2&3 (ARP 2/3). WAVE-3 has exhibited an association with disease progression and poorer prognosis of certain malignancies. In the current study, we determined the role of WAVE-3 in hepatocyte growth factor induced cellular changes including cell matrix interaction, invasion and cellular motility, and pathways that may be responsible for the changes in prostate cancer cells. Methods We used hammer head ribozymes to knock down the expression of WAVE-3 in PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. In vitro cellular functional assays including growth, invasion, adhesion, motility and invasion, were performed to assess the effects of WAVE-3 knock down. Further experimentation was performed to investigate the role of different pathway through expression and phosphorylation status of various intermediate proteins. Results WAVE-3 knockdown reduced invasive potential and motility of prostate cancer cells. Following addition of HGF, control cells showed significantly increased invasion and motility (p value <0.5) and marked increase in cellular growth. However, WAVE-3 knockdown cell line failed to show any increase in these trends (p value <0.5) except increased growth compared with control cells. Further experiments revealed that HGF-induced activation of Paxillin was weakened by the knockdown of WAVE-3. Our study also indicated that reduced invasiveness following WAVE-3 knockdown, may be related to reduce activity of MMP-2. Conclusions Our studies suggest a vital role of WAVE-3 in HGF induced invasion and migration in which Paxillin and MMP-2 are involved. Further study will shed light on its potential as therapeutic target to suppress local invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0203-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moazzam
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff, UK ; Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Ping-Hui Sun
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff, UK ; Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Howard Kynaston
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis & Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff, UK ; Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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Lee TJ, Park S, Bhang SH, Yoon JK, Jo I, Jeong GJ, Hong BH, Kim BS. Graphene enhances the cardiomyogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:174-80. [PMID: 25152405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has drawn attention as a substrate for stem cell culture and has been reported to stimulate the differentiation of multipotent adult stem cells. Here, we report that graphene enhances the cardiomyogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at least in part, due to nanoroughness of graphene. Large-area graphene on glass coverslips was prepared via the chemical vapor deposition method. The coating of the graphene with vitronectin (VN) was required to ensure high viability of the hESCs cultured on the graphene. hESCs were cultured on either VN-coated glass (glass group) or VN-coated graphene (graphene group) for 21 days. The cells were also cultured on glass coated with Matrigel (Matrigel group), which is a substrate used in conventional, directed cardiomyogenic differentiation systems. The culture of hESCs on graphene promoted the expression of genes involved in the stepwise differentiation into mesodermal and endodermal lineage cells and subsequently cardiomyogenic differentiation compared with the culture on glass or Matrigel. In addition, the culture on graphene enhanced the gene expression of cardiac-specific extracellular matrices. Culture on graphene may provide a new platform for the development of stem cell therapies for ischemic heart diseases by enhancing the cardiomyogenic differentiation of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Lee
- Engineering Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeom Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jae Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Soo Kim
- Engineering Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioengineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Deakin NO, Pignatelli J, Turner CE. Diverse roles for the paxillin family of proteins in cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:362-70. [PMID: 23226574 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The paxillin family of intracellular scaffold proteins includes paxillin, Hic-5, and leupaxin, and all have been identified as key regulators of the cellular migration machinery in both 2- and 3-dimensional microenvironments. Herein, we provide insight into the roles of these proteins during tumorigenesis and metastasis, highlighting their functions in cancer initiation as well as tumor cell dissemination and survival. Furthermore, we speculate on the potential of paxillin family proteins as both future prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Herold CI, Chadaram V, Peterson BL, Marcom PK, Hopkins J, Kimmick GG, Favaro J, Hamilton E, Welch RA, Bacus S, Blackwell KL. Phase II Trial of Dasatinib in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Using Real-Time Pharmacodynamic Tissue Biomarkers of Src Inhibition to Escalate Dosing. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6061-70. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Focal adhesion kinase functions as an akt downstream target in migration of colorectal cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:281-90. [PMID: 19956390 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is a complex process that, besides its various physiological functions in embryogenesis and adult tissues, plays a crucial role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The focus of this study is the involvement and collaboration of Akt, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Src kinases in migration and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. We show that all three kinases can be found in one protein complex; nevertheless, the interaction between Akt and Src is indirect and mediated by FAK. Interestingly, induced Akt signaling causes an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK, but this increase is attenuated by the Src inhibitor SU6656. We also show that active Akt strongly stimulates cell migration, but this phenomenon is fully blocked by FAK knockdown or partly by inhibition of Src kinase. In addition, we found that all three kinases were indispensable for the successful invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Altogether, the presented data bring new insights into the mechanism how the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway can influence migration of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Because FAK is indispensable for cell movements and functions downstream of Akt, our results imply FAK kinase as a potential key molecule during progression of tumors with active PI3-K/Akt signaling.
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Deakin NO, Turner CE. Distinct roles for paxillin and Hic-5 in regulating breast cancer cell morphology, invasion, and metastasis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:327-41. [PMID: 21148292 PMCID: PMC3031464 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-09-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reveals novel roles for the focal adhesion proteins paxillin and Hic-5 in regulating breast cancer invasion strategies and metastasis. Depletion of paxillin promotes a hypermesenchymal phenotype while dysregulating 3D adhesion dynamics. In contrast, RNAi of Hic-5 induces a hyperamoeboid phenotype with dysregulated RhoA/pMLC signaling. Individual metastatic tumor cells exhibit two interconvertible modes of cell motility during tissue invasion that are classified as either mesenchymal or amoeboid. The molecular mechanisms by which invasive breast cancer cells regulate this migratory plasticity have yet to be fully elucidated. Herein we show that the focal adhesion adaptor protein, paxillin, and the closely related Hic-5 have distinct and unique roles in the regulation of breast cancer cell lung metastasis by modulating cell morphology and cell invasion through three-dimensional extracellular matrices (3D ECMs). Cells depleted of paxillin by RNA interference displayed a highly elongated mesenchymal morphology, whereas Hic-5 knockdown induced an amoeboid phenotype with both cell populations exhibiting reduced plasticity, migration persistence, and velocity through 3D ECM environments. In evaluating associated signaling pathways, we determined that Rac1 activity was increased in cells devoid of paxillin whereas Hic-5 silencing resulted in elevated RhoA activity and associated Rho kinase–induced nonmuscle myosin II activity. Hic-5 was essential for adhesion formation in 3D ECMs, and analysis of adhesion dynamics and lifetime identified paxillin as a key regulator of 3D adhesion assembly, stabilization, and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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10
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Abshire MY, Thomas KS, Owen KA, Bouton AH. Macrophage motility requires distinct α5β1/FAK and α4β1/paxillin signaling events. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:251-7. [PMID: 21084629 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0710395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages function as key inflammatory mediators at sites of infection and tissue damage. Integrin and growth factor receptors facilitate recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to sites of inflammation in response to numerous extracellular stimuli. We have shown recently that FAK plays a role in regulating macrophage chemotaxis and invasion. As FAK is an established downstream mediator of integrin signaling, we sought to define the molecular circuitry involving FAK and the predominant β1 integrin heterodimers expressed in these cells-α4β1 and α5β1. We show that α4β1 and α5β1 integrins are required for efficient haptotactic and chemotactic invasion and that stimulation of these integrin receptors leads to the adoption of distinct morphologies associated with motility. FAK is required downstream of α5β1 for haptotaxis toward FN and chemotaxis toward M-CSF-1 and downstream of α4β1 for the adoption of a polarized phenotype. The scaffolding molecule paxillin functions independently of FAK to promote chemotaxis downstream of α4β1. These studies expand our understanding of β1 integrin signaling networks that regulate motility and invasion in macrophages and thus, provide important new insights into mechanisms by which macrophages perform their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Abshire
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Lan CCE, Liu IH, Fang AH, Wen CH, Wu CS. Hyperglycaemic conditions decrease cultured keratinocyte mobility: implications for impaired wound healing in patients with diabetes. Br J Dermatol 2009; 159:1103-15. [PMID: 18717678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to complications including poor wound healing. Proper keratinocyte migration and proliferation are the crucial steps during re-epithelialization. We hypothesize that the impaired wound healing in patients with DM is due to the disruption of proper re-epithelialization. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the effects of high glucose on keratinocytes in terms of cell migration and proliferation. METHODS Keratinocytes were cultivated in normal and high glucose conditions. Their viability was evaluated by MTS assay. Transwell migration and in vitro scratch assays were used to evaluate their mobility. The mRNA expressions and activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were determined. The mRNA of their respective physiological inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2, was also evaluated. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting were used to examine the expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pp125(FAK)). The impacts of high glucose on keratinocyte proliferation were assessed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay. RESULTS High glucose treatment did not affect keratinocyte viability up to 3 days. In contrast, the mobility of keratinocytes, the activities and gene expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, the expression of pp125(FAK), and the cell proliferation after 5 days were significantly downregulated after hyperglycaemic treatments while the mRNA expression of TIMP-1 increased. CONCLUSIONS Under hyperglycaemic conditions, keratinocytes demonstrate reduced migration and decreased proliferation capacities. These impairments of keratinocyte functions are likely to result in inadequate re-epithelialization. These defective physiological events provide a reasonable explanation for the poor wound healing commonly observed in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Jones RJ, Young O, Renshaw L, Jacobs V, Fennell M, Marshall A, Green TP, Elvin P, Womack C, Clack G, Dixon JM. Src inhibitors in early breast cancer: a methodology, feasibility and variability study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:211-21. [PMID: 18409068 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early clinical trials of anticancer agents may be enriched by robust biomarkers of activity. Surrogate measures used in trials of cytotoxic agents, such as tumor size regression, may not be informative when investigating targeted agents that act principally to inhibit invasion or proliferation. This study aimed to determine the validity of invasion-related biomarkers of activity for AZD0530, a potent Src inhibitor currently in clinical development. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin are downstream phosphorylation substrates of Src and mediate tumor cell adhesion and invasiveness. These were therefore selected as biologically relevant markers of Src inhibition. Early breast cancer was chosen as a model as multiple samples can be collected during standard treatment and there is an intervening period in which experimental intervention can be applied. Tumor tissue was collected from diagnostic core biopsies and subsequent surgical tumor excision samples in 29 women with early breast cancer attending a single center. Protein levels were assessed quantitatively by Luminex and qualitatively by immunohistochemistry. AZD0530 inhibited tumor growth in a manner independent of dose and inhibited phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin in a dose-dependent manner in a Calu-6 xenograft model. In the clinical study, agreement of within-visit and also of between-visit measurements was high and the estimated number of patients required to detect a drug effect would be low enough to allow use of these markers as endpoints in future dose selection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jones
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, CRUK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Serrels A, Macpherson IRJ, Evans TRJ, Lee FY, Clark EA, Sansom OJ, Ashton GH, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Identification of potential biomarkers for measuring inhibition of Src kinase activity in colon cancer cells following treatment with dasatinib. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:3014-22. [PMID: 17148760 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of Src kinase expression have been found in a variety of human epithelial cancers. Most notably in colon cancer, elevated Src expression correlates with malignant potential and is also associated with metastatic disease. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a novel, orally active, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that targets Src family kinases and is currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of solid tumors. However, the effects of dasatinib on epithelial tumors are not fully understood. We show that concentrations of dasatinib that inhibit Src activity do not inhibit proliferation in 10 of 12 colon cancer cells lines. However, inhibition of integrin-dependent adhesion and migration by dasatinib correlated with inhibition of Src activity, suggesting that dasatinib may have anti-invasive or anti-metastatic activity and antiproliferative activity in epithelial tumors. Using phospho-specific antibodies, we show that inhibition of Src activity in colon cancer cell lines correlates with reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin on specific Src-dependent phosphorylation sites. We have validated the use of phospho-specific antibodies against Src Tyr(419) and paxillin Tyr(118) as biomarkers of dasatinib activity in vivo. Colon carcinoma-bearing mice treated with dasatinib showed a decrease in both phospho-Src Tyr(419) and phospho-paxillin Tyr(118) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which correlated with inhibition of Src activity in the colon tumors. Thus, peripheral blood mononuclear cells may provide a useful surrogate tissue for biomarker studies with dasatinib using inhibition of Src Tyr(419) and paxillin Tyr(118) phosphorylation as read-outs of Src activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Angelucci A, Schenone S, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Festuccia C, Vicentini C, Botta M, Bologna M. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines c-Src inhibitors reduce epidermal growth factor-induced migration in prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:2838-45. [PMID: 16973347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During its biological progression, prostate cancer frequently develops dependence on growth factor receptors and their downstream signalling messengers, including c-Src. Evidence for this supports the choice of c-Src as a therapeutic target in the prevention of tumour spreading. Two new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines c-Src inhibitors, SI35 and SI40, were used to investigate the role of c-Src in the control of the aggressive phenotype of prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3. SI molecules reduced the proliferation of PC3 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of approximately 50 microM. PC3 cells responded to the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by increasing their migratory ability, and this effect was strongly reduced by the addition of SI at concentrations less than IC50. Further observations demonstrated that SI molecules modulated cell morphology and their adhesive capacity on different physiological substrates. The action of SI molecules appeared to involve, in parallel with c-Src inhibition, the down-modulation of the active forms of paxillin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Our data suggest a promising role for pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines c-Src inhibitors in the control of a highly invasive tumour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Angelucci
- Dip. Scienze Chirurgiche, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Hopkins AM, Bruewer M, Brown GT, Pineda AA, Ha JJ, Winfree LM, Walsh SV, Babbin BA, Nusrat A. Epithelial cell spreading induced by hepatocyte growth factor influences paxillin protein synthesis and posttranslational modification. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 287:G886-98. [PMID: 15191880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00065.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Superficial wounds in the gastrointestinal tract rapidly reseal by coordinated epithelial cell migration facilitated by cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor released in the wound vicinity. However, the mechanisms by which HGF promotes physiological and pathophysiologic epithelial migration are incompletely understood. Using in vitro models of polarized T84 and Caco-2 intestinal epithelia, we report that HGF promoted epithelial spreading and RhoA GTPase activation in a time-dependent manner. Inducible expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged dominant-negative RhoA significantly attenuated HGF-induced spreading. HGF expanded a zone of partially flattened cells behind the wound edge containing basal F-actin fibers aligned in the direction of spreading. Concomitantly, plaques positive for the focal adhesion protein paxillin were enhanced. HGF induced an increase in the translation of paxillin and, to a lesser extent, beta1-integrin. This was independent of cell-matrix adhesion through beta1-integrin. Subcellular fractionation revealed increased cosedimentation of paxillin with plasma membrane-containing fractions following HGF stimulation, without corresponding enhancements in paxillin coassociation with beta1 integrin or actin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin was reduced by HGF and was sensitive to the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. With these taken together, we propose that HGF upregulates a free cytosolic pool of paxillin that is unaffiliated with either the cytoskeleton or focal cell-matrix contacts. Thus early spreading responses to HGF may partly relate to increased paxillin availability for incorporation into, and turnover within, dynamic cytoskeletal/membrane complexes whose rapid and transient adhesion to the matrix drives migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Hopkins
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Univ., Rm. 105E, Whitehead Research Bldg., 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Subauste MC, Pertz O, Adamson ED, Turner CE, Junger S, Hahn KM. Vinculin modulation of paxillin-FAK interactions regulates ERK to control survival and motility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 165:371-81. [PMID: 15138291 PMCID: PMC2172187 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200308011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells lacking vinculin are highly metastatic and motile. The reasons for this finding have remained unclear. Both enhanced survival and motility are critical to metastasis. Here, we show that vinculin null (vin-/-) cells and cells expressing a vinculin Y822F mutant have increased survival due to up-regulated activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). This increase is shown to result from vinculin's modulation of paxillin-FAK interactions. A vinculin fragment (amino acids 811-1066) containing the paxillin binding site restored apoptosis and suppressed ERK activity in vin-/- cells. Both vinY822F and vin-/- cells exhibit increased interaction between paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and increased paxillin and FAK phosphorylation. Transfection with paxillin Y31FY118F dominant-negative mutant in these cells inhibits ERK activation and restores apoptosis. The enhanced motility of vin-/- and vinY822F cells is also shown to be due to a similar mechanism. Thus, vinculin regulates survival and motility via ERK by controlling the accessibility of paxillin for FAK interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Subauste
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Moissoglu K, Gelman IH. v-Src rescues actin-based cytoskeletal architecture and cell motility and induces enhanced anchorage independence during oncogenic transformation of focal adhesion kinase-null fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:47946-59. [PMID: 14500722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302720200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to integrate signals from extracellular matrix and growth factor receptors requires the integrity of Tyr397, a major autophosphorylation site that mediates the Src homology 2-dependent binding of Src family kinases. However, the precise roles played by FAK in specific Src-induced pathways, especially as they relate to oncogenic transformation, remain unclear. Here, we investigate the role of FAK in v-Src-induced oncogenic transformation by transducing temperature-sensitive v-Src (ts72v-Src) into p53-null FAK+/+ or FAK-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF). At the permissive temperature (PT), ts72v-Src induced abundant tyrosine phosphorylation, morphological transformation and cytoskeletal rearrangement in FAK-/- MEF, including the restoration of cell polarity, typical focal adhesion complexes, and longitudinal F-actin stress fibers. v-Src rescued the haptotactic, linear directional, and invasive motility defects of FAK-/- cells to levels found in FAK+/+ or FAK+/+-[ts72v-Src] cells, and, in the case of monolayer wound healing motility, there was an enhancement. Src activation failed to increase the high basal tyrosine phosphorylation of the Crk-associated substrate, CAS, found in FAK-/- MEF, indicating that CAS phosphorylation alone is insufficient to induce motility in the absence of FAK- or v-Src-induced cytoskeletal remodeling. Compared with FAK+/+[ts72v-Src] controls, FAK-/-[ts72v-Src] clones exhibited 7-10-fold higher anchorage-independent proliferation that could not be attributed to variations in either v-Src protein level or stability. Re-expression of FAK diminished the colony-forming activities of FAK-/-[ts72v-Src] without altering ts72v-Src expression levels, suggesting that FAK attenuates Src-induced anchorage independence. Our data also indicate that the enhanced Pyk2 level found in FAK-/- MEF plays no role in v-Src-induced anchorage independence. Overall, our data indicate that FAK, although dispensable, attenuates v-Src-induced oncogenic transformation by modulating distinct signaling and cytoskeletal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstadinos Moissoglu
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Jones RJ, Avizienyte E, Wyke AW, Owens DW, Brunton VG, Frame MC. Elevated c-Src is linked to altered cell-matrix adhesion rather than proliferation in KM12C human colorectal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1128-35. [PMID: 12402152 PMCID: PMC2376185 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2002] [Revised: 08/14/2002] [Accepted: 08/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression and/or activity of c-Src, the prototype of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases, is associated with the development of human colon cancer. However, despite the known pleiotropic effects of these kinases in promoting (a) cell growth downstream of growth factor receptors, and (b) the dynamic regulation of integrin adhesions in fibroblast model systems, their precise role in epithelial cancer cells is unknown. Here we addressed whether elevated expression and activity of cellular Src alters cell proliferation and/or cell-matrix adhesion in cancer cells from the Fidler model of colorectal metastasis. Although elevated Src correlates with ability to metastasise to the liver after intrasplenic injection, we found that this was not linked to enhanced growth, either in vitro or in vivo as sub-cutaneous tumours. However, elevated Src was associated with enhanced attachment to extracellular matrix. In addition, adhesion to fibronectin, was suppressed by agents that inhibited Src activity, while enforced elevation of Src in non-metastatic cells was sufficient to stimulate adhesion to fibronectin and enhanced assembly of adhesion complexes, without influencing cell growth. Thus, we conclude that one role of elevated Src in human colon cancer cells is to modulate integrin-dependent cell-matrix attachment and formation of adhesion structures, which may, in turn, influence cell motility and integrin-dependent cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jones
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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Boyer B, Bourgeois Y, Poupon MF. Src kinase contributes to the metastatic spread of carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:2347-56. [PMID: 11948418 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2001] [Revised: 12/20/2001] [Accepted: 01/08/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Src kinase during carcinoma metastasis has been explored by using the NBT-II rat carcinoma cell line, which can be induced to scatter in vitro through Src activity. Here we show that Src activity was not required for growth of tumors derived from NBT-II cells injected into nude mice. In contrast, the presence of micrometastases was strictly dependent on Src, since the percentage of mice bearing metastases was dramatically reduced by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Src (SrcK-) or of Csk, the natural inhibitor of Src. Furthermore, metastatic cells originating from NBT-II cells displayed a Src activity higher than the parental cells, confirming that Src gives a selective advantage during the metastatic process. Finally, anatomopathological analysis of the primary tumors arising from NBT-II cells expressing Csk or SrcK- constructs revealed a highly differentiated epithelial phenotype contrasting with the poor differentiation of tumors derived from parental cells. The differentiated phenotype correlated with the presence of desmosomes at the cell periphery and the absence of vimentin intermediate filaments. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Src activity correlates with the loss of epithelial differentiation concomitantly with the increase of the metastatic potential of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Boyer
- UMR 146 CNRS, Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, Bâtiment 110 Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Parinandi NL, Roy S, Shi S, Cummings RJ, Morris AJ, Garcia JG, Natarajan V. Role of Src kinase in diperoxovanadate-mediated activation of phospholipase D in endothelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 396:231-43. [PMID: 11747302 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that oxidant-induced activation of phospholipase D (PLD) in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is regulated by protein tyrosine kinases. To further understand the regulation of oxidant-induced PLD activation, we investigated the role of Src kinase. Treatment of bovine pulmonary artery ECs (BPAECs) with a model oxidant, diperoxovanadate (DPV), at 5 microM concentration, for 30 min, stimulated PLD activity (four- to eightfold), which was attenuated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and by Src kinase-specific inhibitors PP-1 and PP-2, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, BPAECs exposed to DPV (5 microM) for 2 min showed activation of Src kinase as observed by increased tyrosine phosphorylation and autophosphorylation in Src immunoprecipitates, which was attenuated by PP-2. Src immunoprecipitates of cell lysates from control BPAECs exhibited PLD activity in cell-free preparations, which was Arf- and Rho-sensitive and was enhanced at 2 min of DPV (5 microM) treatment. Also, Western blots of Src immunoprecipitates of control cells revealed the presence of PLD(1) and PLD(2), suggesting the association of PLD with Src kinase under basal conditions. However, exposure of cells to DPV (5 microM) for 2 min enhanced the association of PLD(2) but not PLD(1) with Src. Western blotting of immunoprecipitates of PLD(1) and PLD(2) isoforms of control BPAECs revealed the presence of Src under basal conditions and exposure of cells to DPV (5 microM) for 2 min enhanced the association of PLD(2) with Src in PLD(2) immunoprecipitates. Transient expression of a dominant negative mutant of Src in BPAECs attenuated DPV- but not TPA-induced PLD activation. In cell-free preparations, Src did not phosphorylate either PLD(1) or PLD(2) compared to protein kinase Calpha or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These data show for the first time a direct association of Src with PLD in ECs and regulation of PLD in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Parinandi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Wang YH, Li F, Schwartz JH, Flint PJ, Borkan SC. c-Src and HSP72 interact in ATP-depleted renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C1667-75. [PMID: 11600431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.5.c1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of cell contact sites during ischemia contributes to the loss of organ function in acute renal failure. Because prior heat stress protects cell contact sites in ATP-depleted renal epithelial cells in vitro, we hypothesized that heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), the major inducible cytoprotectant in mammalian cells, interacts with protein kinases that regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. ATP depletion increased the content of Tyr(416) Src, the activated form of this kinase. c-Src activation was associated with an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation state of beta-catenin, paxillin, and vinculin, three c-Src substrate proteins that localize to and regulate cell contact sites. Prior heat stress inhibited c-Src activation and decreased the degree of tyrosine phosphorylation of all three Src substrates during ATP depletion and/or early recovery. HSP72 coimmunoprecipitated with c-Src only in cells subjected to heat stress. ATP depletion markedly increased the interaction between HSP72 and c-Src, supporting the hypothesis that HSP72 regulates Src kinase activity. These results suggest that alterations in the tyrosine phosphorylation state of proteins located at the cell-cell and cell-matrix interface mediate, at least in part, the functional state of these structures during ATP depletion and may be modulated by interactions between HSP72 and c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tufts University and New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Parr C, Davies G, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, Mason MD, Jiang WG. The HGF/SF-induced phosphorylation of paxillin, matrix adhesion, and invasion of prostate cancer cells were suppressed by NK4, an HGF/SF variant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:1330-7. [PMID: 11478803 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) plays a crucial role in cancer cell migration, matrix adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis, via the phosphorylation of the c-met tyrosine kinase. This study examined the ability of NK4, a recently discovered HGF/SF variant, to inhibit the influence of HGF/SF on cell-matrix interaction, paxillin phosphorylation, and invasion of prostate cancer cells. HGF/SF was shown to dramatically enhance tumour cell motility, invasion, cell-matrix adhesion, together with an increase in the degree of paxillin phosphorylation and formation of focal adhesion complexes. However, these HGF/SF-induced effects were suppressed by the presence of NK4. NK4 effectively inhibited the degree of HGF/SF-induced paxillin phosphorylation and matrix adhesion. As a consequence, the matrix invasion of these prostate cancer cells was also suppressed by NK4. In conclusion, this study shows that these HGF/SF-enhanced events, which are critical steps in metastasis, can be inhibited through the addition of NK4, thus warranting further in vivo studies on the implication of NK4 as a potential antimetastasis agent in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Parr
- Department of Surgery, Department of Oncology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14-4XN, United Kingdom.
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