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Li X, Gao B, Gao B, Li X, Xia X. Transcriptome profiling reveals dysregulation of inflammatory and protein synthesis genes in PCOS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16596. [PMID: 39025980 PMCID: PMC11258128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the differential expression genes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), clarify their functions and pathways, as well as the protein-protein interaction network, identify HUB genes, and explore the pathological mechanism. PCOS microarray datasets were screened from the GEO database. Common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs) were obtained using GEO2R and Venn analysis. Enrichment and pathway analyses were conducted using the DAVID online tool, with results presented in bubble charts. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed using the STRING tool. HUB genes were identified using Cytoscape software and further interpreted with the assistance of the GeneCards database. A total of two sets of co-DEGs (108 and 102), key proteins (15 and 55), and hub genes (10 and 10) were obtained. The co-DEGs: (1) regulated inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix, TNF, and IL-17 signaling pathways; (2) regulated ribosomes and protein translation, ribosome and immune pathways. The key proteins: (1) regulated inflammation, immunity, transcription, matrix metabolism, proliferation/differentiation, energy, and repair; (2) regulated ubiquitination, enzymes, companion proteins, respiratory chain components, and fusion proteins. The Hub genes: (1) encoded transcription factors and cytokines, playing vital roles in development and proliferation; (2) encoded ribosomes and protein synthesis, influencing hormone and protein synthesis, associated with development and infertility. The dysregulated expression of inflammation and protein synthesis genes in PCOS may be the key mechanism underlying its onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilian Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Biao Gao
- Teaching and Research Support Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Bingsi Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xian Xia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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2
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Enikeev AD, Komelkov AV, Axelrod ME, Galetsky SA, Kuzmichev SA, Tchevkina EM. CRABP1 and CRABP2 Protein Levels Correlate with Each Other but Do Not Correlate with Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells to Retinoic Acid. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:217-229. [PMID: 33832420 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) binding proteins, CRABP1 and CRABP2, are molecular chaperones that mediate intracellular activity of RA, the key promoter of cell differentiation with tumor suppressor activity. One of the main functions of CRABP2 is delivery and transfer of RA to the nuclear receptors RAR/RXR, which leads to activation of the transcription of a wide range of retinoid-responsive genes. The functions of CRABP1 are less studied but are apparently associated with sequestration of RA in cytoplasm and limitation of its transcriptional activity, suggesting involvement of this protein in the development of RA resistance. The mechanisms regulating activity of CRABP1 are also poorly understood. Comparison of the CRABP1 level in tumor cell lines of various origins, performed for the first time here, showed absence of the CRABP1 protein in the cell lines of tumors considered to be RA-resistant, and pronounced production of this protein in the RA-sensitive cells. However, analysis carried out with a panel of breast cancer cell lines with different levels of RA-sensitivity showed that there was no correlation between the production of CRABP1 protein and the sensitivity of the cells to RA. At the same time, we found strong correlation between the expression of CRABP1 and CRABP2 proteins in all studied cell types, regardless of their origin and RA-sensitivity/resistance. Moreover, suppression of the CRABP1 level in both RA-sensitive and RA-resistant cells was shown in the cells with cells with knockdown of CRABP2 gene. The revealed CRABP2-dependent regulation of CRABP1 production is a new mechanism of the intracellular retinoic signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel D Enikeev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Andrey V Komelkov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - Maria E Axelrod
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Sergey A Galetsky
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kuzmichev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Elena M Tchevkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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3
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Jiao X, Liu R, Huang J, Lu L, Li Z, Xu L, Li E. Cellular Retinoic-Acid Binding Protein 2 in Solid Tumor. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:507-516. [PMID: 32013828 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200203150721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway is crucial for many biological processes. The RA transporter, Cellular Retinoic-Acid Binding Protein 2 (CRABP2), is abnormally expressed in various tumor types. CRABP2 presents significant effects on tumorous behaviors and functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The tumorigenesis mechanism of CRABP2, as both suppressor and promotor, is complicated, therefore, there remains the need for further investigation. Elucidating the regulating mechanisms in a specific stage of the tumor could facilitate CRABP2 to be a biomarker in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Besides, clarifying the pathways of CRABP2 in cancer development will contribute to the gene-targeted therapy. In this review, we summarized the expression, distribution, and mechanism of CRABP2 in solid tumors. Illuminating the CRABP2 signaling pathway may benefit understanding the retinoid signaling pathway, providing a useful biomarker for future clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biological Transport
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/diagnosis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tretinoin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Jiao
- Cell biology and genetics department, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lichun Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zibo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Jayes FL, Liu B, Feng L, Aviles-Espinoza N, Leikin S, Leppert PC. Evidence of biomechanical and collagen heterogeneity in uterine fibroids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215646. [PMID: 31034494 PMCID: PMC6488189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are common benign tumors of the myometrium but their molecular pathobiology remains elusive. These stiff and often large tumors contain abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), including large amounts of collagen, and can lead to significant morbidities. After observing structural multiformities of uterine fibroids, we aimed to explore this heterogeneity by focusing on collagen and tissue stiffness. Methods For 19 fibroids, ranging in size from 3 to 11 centimeters, from eight women we documented gross appearance and evaluated collagen content by Masson trichrome staining. Collagen types were determined in additional samples by serial extraction and gel electrophoresis. Biomechanical stiffness was evaluated by rheometry. Results Fibroid slices displayed different gross morphology and some fibroids had characteristics of two or more patterns: classical whorled (n = 8); nodular (n = 9); interweaving trabecular (n = 9); other (n = 1). All examined fibroids contained at least 37% collagen. Tested samples included type I, III, and V collagen of different proportions. Fibroid stiffness was not correlated with the overall collagen content (correlation coefficient 0.22). Neither stiffness nor collagen content was correlated with fibroid size. Stiffness among fibroids ranged from 3028 to 14180 Pa (CV 36.7%; p<0.001, one-way ANOVA). Stiffness within individual fibroids was also not uniform and variability ranged from CV 1.6 to 42.9%. Conclusions The observed heterogeneity in structure, collagen content, and stiffness highlights that fibroid regions differ in architectural status. These differences might be associated with variations in local pressure, biomechanical signaling, and altered growth. We conclude the design of all fibroid studies should account for such heterogeneity because samples from different regions have different characteristics. Our understanding of fibroid pathophysiology will greatly increase through the investigation of the complexity of the chemical and biochemical signaling in fibroid development, the correlation of collagen content and mechanical properties in uterine fibroids, and the mechanical forces involved in fibroid development as affected by the various components of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike L. Jayes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Betty Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Duke University School of Medicine and Duke University School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nydea Aviles-Espinoza
- Bone and Matrix Biology in Development and Disease, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergey Leikin
- Bone and Matrix Biology in Development and Disease, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phyllis C. Leppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Chuang TD, Khorram O. Regulation of Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins by MicroRNAs in Uterine Leiomyoma. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:250-258. [PMID: 29642801 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118768692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether miR-93, miR-29c, and miR-200c, which we previously reported to be downregulated in leiomyomas, target cell cycle regulatory proteins that influence cell proliferation. Based on TargetScan algorithm 3 cell cycle regulatory proteins namely, E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and CDK2 which were predicted to be targets of these miRNAs were further analyzed. In 30 hysterectomy specimens, we found the expression of E2F1 and CCND1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased in leiomyoma as compared to matched myometrium, with no significant changes in CDK2 mRNA levels. There was a significant increase in the abundance of all 3 proteins in leiomyoma in comparison with matched myometrium. Using luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated E2F1 and CCND1 are targets of miR-93 and CDK2 is a target of miR-29c and miR-200c. We confirmed these findings through transfection studies in which transfection of primary leiomyoma cells with miR-93 resulted in a significant decrease in the expression of E2F1 and CCND1 mRNA and protein levels, whereas knockdown of miR-93 had the opposite effect. Similarly, overexpression of miR-29c and miR-200c in leiomyoma cells inhibited the expression of CDK2 protein and mRNA, whereas knockdown of this microRNAs (miRNA) had the opposite effect. Transfection of miR-29c, miR-200c, and miR-93 in primary leiomyoma cells resulted in a time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and cell motility. These results collectively indicate that the 3 miRNAs known to be downregulated in fibroid tumors are critical in regulation of cell proliferation because of their effects on 3 key cell cycle regulatory proteins, which are overexpressed in uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Der Chuang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and LA-Biomed Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Omid Khorram
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and LA-Biomed Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
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6
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Islam MS, Akhtar MM, Segars JH, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Molecular targets of dietary phytochemicals for possible prevention and therapy of uterine fibroids: Focus on fibrosis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3583-3600. [PMID: 28609115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1245649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (myomas or leiomyomas) are common benign tumors of reproductive aged women. Fibroids are clinically apparent in 20-50% of women, and cause abnormal uterine bleeding, abdominal pain and discomfort, pregnancy complications and infertility. Unfortunately, limited numbers of medical treatment are available but no effective preventive strategies exist. Moreover, the benefits of medical treatments are tempered by lack of efficacy or serious adverse side effects. Fibrosis has recently been recognized as a key pathological event in leiomyoma development and growth. It is defined by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM plays important role in making bulk structure of leiomyoma, and ECM-rich rigid structure is believed to be a cause of abnormal bleeding and pelvic pain/pressure. Dietary phytochemicals are known to regulate fibrotic process in different biological systems, and being considered as potential tool to manage human health. At present, very few dietary phytochemicals have been studied in uterine leiomyoma, and they are mostly known for their antiproliferative effects. Therefore, in this review, our aim was to introduce some dietary phytochemicals that could target fibrotic processes in leiomyoma. Thus, this review could serve as useful resource to develop antifibrotic drugs for possible prevention and treatment of uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy.,b Biotechnology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany , University of Rajshahi , Rajshahi , Bangladesh
| | - Most Mauluda Akhtar
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy.,c Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - James H Segars
- d Howard W. and Georgeanna Seegar Jones Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Mario Castellucci
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Pasquapina Ciarmela
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy.,e Department of Information Engineering , Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona , Italy
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Ryuno H, Naguro I, Kamiyama M. ASK family and cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 66:72-84. [PMID: 28552579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major problem in public health and is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many types of cancer cells exhibit aberrant cellular signal transduction in response to stress, which often leads to oncogenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascades are one of the important intracellular stress signaling pathways closely related to cancer. The key molecules in MAPK signal cascades that respond to various types of stressors are apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members; ASK1, ASK2 and ASK3. ASK family members are activated by a wide variety of stressors, and they regulate various cellular responses, such as cell proliferation, inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss both the oncogenic and anti-oncogenic roles of the ASK family members in various contexts of cancer development with deeper insights into the involvement of ASK family members in cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ryuno
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Kamiyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Fischer-Huchzermeyer S, Dombrowski A, Hagel C, Mautner VF, Schittenhelm J, Harder A. The Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein 2 Promotes Survival of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1623-1632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chuang TD, Khorram O. Expression Profiling of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs and Their Differential Expression in Leiomyoma Using Next-Generation RNA Sequencing. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:246-255. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117711265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Der Chuang
- LA-Biomed Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Omid Khorram
- LA-Biomed Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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10
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CRABP-II enhances pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion by stabilizing interleukin 8 expression. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52432-52444. [PMID: 28881741 PMCID: PMC5581040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study shows that cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP-II) is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pre-cancerous lesions, but not detected in normal pancreatic tissues. In this study, we show that deletion of CRABP-II in PDAC cells by CRISPR/Cas9 does not affect cancer cell proliferation, but decreases cell migration and invasion. Gene expression microarray analysis reveals that IL-8 is one of the top genes whose expression is down-regulated upon CRABP-II deletion, while expression of MMP-2 and MMP-14, two targets of IL-8 are also significantly down-regulated. Moreover, we found that CRABP-II is able to form a complex with HuR, which binds to the 3'UTR of IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and enhances IL-8 mRNA stability. Ectopic expression of flag-CRABP-II in CRABP-II knockout cells is able to rescue the expression of IL-8, MMP-2/MMP-14 and recovers cell migration. Using the orthotopic xenograft model, we further demonstrate that CRABP-II deletion impairs tumor metastasis to nearby lymph nodes. Taken together, our results reveal a novel pathway linking CRABP-II expression to enhanced PDAC metastasis, and hence we propose CRABP-II may serve as a new PDAC therapeutic target.
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11
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Xia L, Liu Y, Fu Y, Dongye S, Wang D. Integrated analysis reveals candidate mRNA and their potential roles in uterine leiomyomas. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 43:149-156. [PMID: 27987347 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Uterine leiomyomas (UL) are the most common pelvic tumors, and the etiology and pathophysiology are not well understood. We aimed to elucidate the genes responsible for UL development. METHODS Integrated analyses of four datasets of mRNA profiling for UL were performed. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes (DEG) was used to systematically characterize the global expression profiles. The UL-specific protein-protein interaction network was constructed. RESULTS Integrated analysis led to the discovery of 2167 DEG (1042 upregulated and 1125 downregulated). The aberrant expression of NAV2, KIF5C, DCX, CAPN6, COL4A2, ALDH1A1, and DPT may play important roles in UL tumorigenesis. In addition, the dysregulation of MEST, LGALS3, and TLR3 may be involved in the progression of UL by a common mechanism. Functional annotation showed that extracellular matrix receptor interaction may be more active and cause the extracellular matrix abnormally formed in UL. Moreover, focal adhesion and cell adhesion molecules may play roles in the development of UL. Furthermore, chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were most probably involved in the development of UL. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study observed that a set of aberrantly expressed genes and the related biochemical pathways may lead to transformation of normal myometrium in pathological focuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xia
- Department of Ultrasonography, TaiShan Medical College Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, TaiShan Medical College Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Personnel Section, TaiShan Medical College Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Shengyi Dongye
- Department of Pathology, TaiShan Medical College Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Dewei Wang
- Department of Ultrasonography, TaiShan Medical College Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian, China
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12
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Chegini N, Verala J, Luo X, Xu J, Williams RS. Gene Expression Profile of Leiomyoma and Myometrium and the Effect of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760300004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Chegini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; Department of OB/GYN, University of Florida, Box 100294, Gainesville FL 32610
| | | | | | | | - R. Stan Williams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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13
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Abdelaziz M, Sherif L, ElKhiary M, Nair S, Shalaby S, Mohamed S, Eziba N, El-Lakany M, Curiel D, Ismail N, Diamond MP, Al-Hendy A. Targeted Adenoviral Vector Demonstrates Enhanced Efficacy for In Vivo Gene Therapy of Uterine Leiomyoma. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:464-74. [PMID: 26884457 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116630413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is a potentially effective non-surgical approach for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma. We demonstrated that targeted adenovirus vector, Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV, was highly effective in selectively inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of human leiomyoma cells in vitro while sparing normal myometrial cells. STUDY DESIGN An in-vivo study, to compare efficacy and safety of modified adenovirus vector Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV versus untargeted vector for treatment of leiomyoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female nude mice were implanted with rat leiomyoma cells subcutaneously. Then mice were randomized into three groups. Group 1 received Ad-LacZ (marker gene), Group 2 received untargeted Ad-TK, and Group 3 received the targeted Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK. Tumors were measured weekly for 4 weeks. Then mice were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected. Evaluation of markers of apoptosis, proliferation, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis was performed using Western Blot & Immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA. Dissemination of adenovirus was assessed by PCR. RESULTS In comparison with the untargeted vector, the targeted adenoviral vector significantly shrank leiomyoma size (P < 0.05), reduced expression of proliferation marker (PCNA) (P < 0.05), induced expression of apoptotic protein, c-PARP-1, (P < 0.05) and inhibited expression of extracellular matrix-related genes (TGF beta 3) and angiogenesis-related genes (VEGF & IGF-1) (P < 0.01). There were no detectable adenovirus in tested tissues other than leiomyoma lesions with both targeted and untargeted adenovirus. CONCLUSION Targeted adenovirus, effectively reduces tumor size in leiomyoma without dissemination to other organs. Further evaluation of this localized targeted strategy for gene therapy is needed in appropriate preclinical humanoid animal models in preparation for a future pilot human trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelaziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lotfy Sherif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa ElKhiary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sanjeeta Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shahinaz Shalaby
- Department of Pharmacology, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sara Mohamed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Noura Eziba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed El-Lakany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Clinical Microbiology Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Ha YM, Nam JO, Kang YJ. Pitavastatin Regulates Ang II Induced Proliferation and Migration via IGFBP-5 in VSMC. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:499-506. [PMID: 26557016 PMCID: PMC4637352 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.6.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), a key mediator of hypertensive, causes structural changes in the arteries (vascular remodeling), which involve alterations in cell growth, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) hypertrophy. Ang II promotes fibrotic factor like IGFBP5, which mediates the profibrotic effects of Ang II in the heart and kidneys, lung and so on. The purpose of this study was to identify the signaling pathway of IGFBP5 on cell proliferation and migration of Ang II-stimulated VSMC. We have been interested in Ang II-induced IGFBP5 and were curious to determine whether a Pitavastatin would ameliorate the effects. Herein, we investigated the question of whether Ang II induced the levels of IGFBP5 protein followed by proliferation and migration in VSMC. Pretreatment with the specific Angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1) inhibitor (Losartan), Angiotensin receptor type 2 (AT2) inhibitor (PD123319), MAPK inhibitor (U0126), ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), P38 inhibitor (SB600125) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) resulted in significantly inhibited IGFBP5 production, proliferation, and migration in Ang II-stimulated VSMC. In addition, IGFBP5 knockdown resulted in modulation of Ang II induced proliferation and migration via IGFBP5 induction. In addition, Pitavastatin modulated Ang II induced proliferation and migration in VSMC. Taken together, our results indicated that Ang II induces IGFBP5 through AT1, ERK1/2, P38, and PI3K signaling pathways, which were inhibited by Pitavastatin. These findings may suggest that Pitavastatin has an effect on vascular disease including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Ju-Ock Nam
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
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15
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Gene expression profiles of the normal myometrium after 48 and 96 hours of exposure to BPA. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-015-9404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Purohit A, Sadanandam A, Myneni P, Singh RK. Semaphorin 5A mediated cellular navigation: connecting nervous system and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:485-93. [PMID: 25263940 PMCID: PMC4261006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultraprecise wiring of neurons banks on the instructions provided by guidance cue proteins that steer them to their appropriate target tissue during neuronal development. Semaphorins are one such family of proteins. Semaphorins are known to play major physiological roles during the development of various organs including the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Their role in different pathologies including cancer remains an intense area of investigation. This review focuses on a novel member of this family of proteins, semaphorin 5A, which is much less explored in comparison to its other affiliates. Recent reports suggest that semaphorins play important roles in the pathology of cancer by affecting angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. We will firstly give a general overview of the semaphorin family and its receptors. Next, we discuss their roles in cellular movements and how that makes them a connecting link between the nervous system and cancer. Finally, we focus our discussion on semaphorin 5A to summarize the prevailing knowledge for this molecule in developmental biology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Purohit
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, London, UK
| | - Pavan Myneni
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, 985950, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA.
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Leppert PC, Jayes FL, Segars JH. The extracellular matrix contributes to mechanotransduction in uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014; 2014:783289. [PMID: 25110476 PMCID: PMC4106177 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mechanotransduction as an important signaling factor in the human uterus is just beginning to be appreciated. The ECM is not only the substance that surrounds cells, but ECM stiffness will either compress cells or stretch them resulting in signals converted into chemical changes within the cell, depending on the amount of collagen, cross-linking, and hydration, as well as other ECM components. In this review we present evidence that the stiffness of fibroid tissue has a direct effect on the growth of the tumor through the induction of fibrosis. Fibrosis has two characteristics: (1) resistance to apoptosis leading to the persistence of cells and (2) secretion of collagen and other components of the ECM such a proteoglycans by those cells leading to abundant disposition of highly cross-linked, disoriented, and often widely dispersed collagen fibrils. Fibrosis affects cell growth by mechanotransduction, the dynamic signaling system whereby mechanical forces initiate chemical signaling in cells. Data indicate that the structurally disordered and abnormally formed ECM of uterine fibroids contributes to fibroid formation and growth. An appreciation of the critical role of ECM stiffness to fibroid growth may lead to new strategies for treatment of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H. Segars
- Unit on Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Program on Pediatric and Adult Endocrinology, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Zaitseva M, Girling JE, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PAW. Common fibroid-associated genes are differentially expressed in phenotypically dissimilar cell populations isolated from within human fibroids and myometrium. Reproduction 2014; 147:683-92. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are a prevalent gynaecological condition in reproductive-aged women and are the commonest reason for hysterectomy. The cellular composition of clonal fibroids are heterogeneous, with phenotypically dissimilar cells that include smooth muscle cells (SMC), vascular SMC (VSMC) and fibroblasts. The aim of our study was to investigate genes that are commonly differentially expressed between fibroid and myometrial whole tissues in phenotypically different sub-populations of cells isolated from fibroid and myometrium. Genes to be investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry include transforming growth factor β (TGFB) and retinoic acid (RA) signalling families and steroid hormone receptors. We hypothesised that each cell population isolated from fibroid and myometrium would differ in the expression of fibroid-associated genes. We demonstrated that phenotypically different cellular constituents of uterine fibroids differentially express cellular RA-binding protein 2 (CRABP2), progesterone receptor B (PRB) and TGFB receptor 2 mRNA in fibroid-derived cells of VSMC and SMC phenotype. CRABP2 mRNA was also differentially expressed in fibroblasts and VSMC sub-populations from within clonal fibroid tumours. We conclude that differential regulation of RA, TGFB and PR pathway transcription occurs in fibroid-associated SMC and -fibroblasts and that investigation of paracrine interactions between different cell types within the fibroid microenvironment provides an important new paradigm for understanding the pathophysiology of this common disease.
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Xiao W, Hong H, Awadallah A, Yu S, Zhou L, Xin W. CRABP-II is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic molecular marker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in distinguishing from benign pancreatic conditions. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1177-83. [PMID: 24709110 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CRABP-II, a retinoic acid binding protein, shuffles retinoic acid from cytoplasm into nucleus and forms a complex with nuclear retinoic acid receptor to facilitate transcriptional activities of retinoic acid. In this study, we studied the expression patterns of CRABP-II in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) compared with those in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and precancerous lesions. We showed no detectable expressions of CRABP-II in normal pancreatic parenchyma, normal ductal epithelium, and chronic pancreatitis. In contrast, the expression of CRABP-II was readily detected in all PDACs including metastatic PDACs. CRABP-II staining was also observed and progressively increased from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia 1 to 3. In addition, when fine needle aspiration specimens were evaluated from patients with PDAC, CRABP-II was positive in 55.6% cases if cytology diagnosis was "atypia," and in 87.5% cases, if "malignancy." Our study suggests that CRABP-II is highly and specifically expressed in PDAC and is more commonly expressed in high-grade precursor cancerous lesions than in low-grade lesions. Therefore, overexpression of CRABP-II is a late event of pancreatic carcinogenesis, and it could be used as a diagnostic marker to distinguish PDAC from other benign pancreatic conditions in both resection and cytology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Hong Hong
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Shuiliang Yu
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106.
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20
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Segars JH, Parrott EC, Nagel JD, Guo XC, Gao X, Birnbaum LS, Pinn VW, Dixon D. Proceedings from the Third National Institutes of Health International Congress on Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: comprehensive review, conference summary and future recommendations. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:309-33. [PMID: 24401287 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age yet the etiology and pathogenesis of these lesions remain poorly understood. Age, African ancestry, nulliparity and obesity have been identified as predisposing factors for uterine fibroids. Symptomatic tumors can cause excessive uterine bleeding, bladder dysfunction and pelvic pain, as well as associated reproductive disorders such as infertility, miscarriage and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, there are limited noninvasive therapies for fibroids and no early intervention or prevention strategies are readily available. This review summarizes the advances in basic, applied and translational uterine fibroid research, in addition to current and proposed approaches to clinical management as presented at the 'Advances in Uterine Leiomyoma Research: 3rd NIH International Congress'. Congress recommendations and a review of the fibroid literature are also reported. METHODS This review is a report of meeting proceedings, the resulting recommendations and a literature review of the subject. RESULTS The research data presented highlights the complexity of uterine fibroids and the convergence of ethnicity, race, genetics, epigenetics and environmental factors, including lifestyle and possible socioeconomic parameters on disease manifestation. The data presented suggest it is likely that the majority of women with uterine fibroids will have normal pregnancy outcomes; however, additional research is warranted. As an alternative to surgery, an effective long-term medical treatment for uterine fibroids should reduce heavy uterine bleeding and fibroid/uterine volume without excessive side effects. This goal has not been achieved and current treatments reduce symptoms only temporarily; however, a multi-disciplined approach to understanding the molecular origins and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids, as presented in this report, makes our quest for identifying novel targets for noninvasive, possibly nonsystemic and effective long-term treatment very promising. CONCLUSIONS The Congress facilitated the exchange of scientific information among members of the uterine leiomyoma research and health-care communities. While advances in research have deepened our knowledge of the pathobiology of fibroids, their etiology still remains incompletely understood. Further needs exist for determination of risk factors and initiation of preventive measures for fibroids, in addition to continued development of new medical and minimally invasive options for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Segars
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Halder SK, Osteen KG, Al-Hendy A. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 reduces extracellular matrix-associated protein expression in human uterine fibroid cells. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:150. [PMID: 24174578 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are the most common benign tumors associated with excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins that increase fibroid tumorigenicity. Herein, we determined the expression levels of vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein in human uterine fibroids and compared these levels to those in adjacent normal myometrium. Using Western blot analysis, we found that more than 60% of uterine fibroids analyzed (25 of 40) expressed low levels of VDR. We also found that the biologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3), which functions via binding to its nuclear VDR, induced VDR in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced ECM-associated fibrotic and proteoglycans expression in immortalized human uterine fibroid cell line (HuLM). At 1-10 nM concentrations, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly induced (P < 0.05) nuclear VDR, which was further stimulated by higher concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 in HuLM cells. 1,25(OH)2D3 at 10 nM also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the protein expression of ECM-associated collagen type 1, fibronectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in HuLM cells. We also found that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced mRNA and protein expressions of proteoglycans such as fibromodulin, biglycan, and versican in HuLM cells. Moreover, the aberrant expression of structural smooth muscle actin fibers was reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner in HuLM cells. Taken together, our results suggest that human uterine fibroids express reduced levels of VDR compared to the adjacent normal myometrium and that treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 can potentially reduce the aberrant expression of major ECM-associated proteins in HuLM cells. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 might be an effective, safe, nonsurgical treatment option for human uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Halder
- Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Tal R, Segars JH. The role of angiogenic factors in fibroid pathogenesis: potential implications for future therapy. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:194-216. [PMID: 24077979 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that tumors are dependent on angiogenesis for their growth and survival. Although uterine fibroids are known to be benign tumors with reduced vascularization, recent work demonstrates that the vasculature of fibroids is grossly and microscopically abnormal. Accumulating evidence suggests that angiogenic growth factor dysregulation may be implicated in these vascular and other features of fibroid pathophysiology. METHODS Literature searches were performed in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles with content related to angiogenic growth factors and myometrium/leiomyoma. The findings are hereby reviewed and discussed. RESULTS Multiple growth factors involved in angiogenesis are differentially expressed in leiomyoma compared with myometrium. These include epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin-binding-EGF, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β and adrenomedullin. An important paradox is that although leiomyoma tissues are hypoxic, leiomyoma feature down-regulation of key molecular regulators of the hypoxia response. Furthermore, the hypoxic milieu of leiomyoma may contribute to fibroid development and growth. Notably, common treatments for fibroids such as GnRH agonists and uterine artery embolization (UAE) are shown to work at least partly via anti-angiogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenic growth factors play an important role in mechanisms of fibroid pathophysiology, including abnormal vasculature and fibroid growth and survival. Moreover, the fibroid's abnormal vasculature together with its aberrant hypoxic and angiogenic response may make it especially vulnerable to disruption of its vascular supply, a feature which could be exploited for treatment. Further experimental studies are required in order to gain a better understanding of the growth factors that are involved in normal and pathological myometrial angiogenesis, and to assess the potential of anti-angiogenic treatment strategies for uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshef Tal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
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23
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Koohestani F, Braundmeier AG, Mahdian A, Seo J, Bi J, Nowak RA. Extracellular matrix collagen alters cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of human uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75844. [PMID: 24040420 PMCID: PMC3770620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (ULs) are benign tumors occurring in the majority of reproductive aged women. Despite the high prevalence of these tumors, little is known about their etiology. A hallmark of ULs is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), primarily collagens. Collagens are known to modulate cell behavior and function singularly or through interactions with integrins and growth factor-mediated mitogenic pathways. To better understand the pathogenesis of ULs and the role of ECM collagens in their growth, we investigated the interaction of leiomyoma smooth muscle cells (LSMCs) with two different forms of collagen, non-polymerized collagen (monomeric) and polymerized collagen (fibrillar), in the absence or presence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), an abundant growth factor in ULs. Primary cultures of human LSMCS from symptomatic patients were grown on these two different collagen matrices and their morphology, cytoskeletal organization, cellular proliferation, and signaling pathways were evaluated. Our results showed that LSMCs had distinct morphologies on the different collagen matrices and their basal as well as PDGF-stimulated proliferation varied on these matrices. These differences in proliferation were accompanied by changes in cell cycle progression and p21, an inhibitory cell cycle protein. In addition we found alterations in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, cytoskeletal reorganization, and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a direct effect of ECM on the proliferation of LSMCs through interplay between the collagen matrix and the PDGF-stimulated MAPK pathway. In addition, these findings will pave the way for identifying novel therapeutic approaches for ULs that target ECM proteins and their signaling pathways in ULs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Koohestani
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Zaitseva M, Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Waldrip L, Nevzorova J, Martelotto L, Vollenhoven BJ, Rogers PAW. Aberrant expression and regulation of NR2F2 and CTNNB1 in uterine fibroids. Reproduction 2013; 146:91-102. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumour afflicting women of reproductive age. Despite the large healthcare burden caused by fibroids, there is only limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive fibroid pathophysiology. Although a large number of genes are differentially expressed in fibroids compared with myometrium, it is likely that most of these differences are a consequence of the fibroid presence and are not causal. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of NR2F2 and CTNNB1 based on their potential causal role in uterine fibroid pathophysiology. We used real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry to describe the expression of NR2F2 and CTNNB1 in matched human uterine fibroid and myometrial tissues. Primary myometrial and fibroid smooth muscle cell cultures were treated with progesterone and/or retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) conditioned media to investigate regulatory pathways for these proteins. We showed that NR2F2 and CTNNB1 are aberrantly expressed in fibroid tissue compared with matched myometrium, with strong blood vessel-specific localisation. Although the SHH pathway was shown to be active in myometrial and fibroid primary cultures, it did not regulateNR2F2orCTNNB1mRNA expression. However, progesterone and RA combined regulatedNR2F2mRNA, but notCTNNB1, in myometrial but not fibroid primary cultures. In conclusion, we demonstrate aberrant expression and regulation of NR2F2 and CTNNB1 in uterine fibroids compared with normal myometrium, consistent with the hypothesis that these factors may play a causal role uterine fibroid development.
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Nair S, Curiel DT, Rajaratnam V, Thota C, Al-Hendy A. Targeting adenoviral vectors for enhanced gene therapy of uterine leiomyomas. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2398-406. [PMID: 23820419 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is targeted adenovirus vector, Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK (Adenovirus -human somatostatin receptor subtype 2- arginine, glycine and aspartate-thymidine kinase), given in combination with ganciclovir (GCV) against immortalized human leiomyoma cells (HuLM) a potential therapy for uterine fibroids? SUMMARY ANSWER Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV, a targeted adenovirus, effectively reduces cell growth in HuLM cells and to a significantly greater extent than in human uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSM). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas), a major cause of morbidity and the most common indication for hysterectomy in premenopausal women, are well-defined tumors, making gene therapy a suitable and potentially effective non-surgical approach for treatment. Transduction of uterine fibroid cells with adenoviral vectors such as Ad-TK/GCV (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene) decreases cell proliferation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An in vitro cell culture method was set up to compare and test the efficacy of a modified adenovirus vector with different multiplicities of infection in two human immortalized cell lines for 5 days. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Immortalized human leiomyoma cells and human uterine smooth muscle cells were infected with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) (5-100 plaque-forming units (pfu)/cell) of a modified Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK vector and subsequently treated with GCV. For comparison, HuLM and UtSM cells were transfected with Ad-TK/GCV and Ad-LacZ/GCV. Cell proliferation was measured using the CyQuant assay in both cell types. Additionally, western blotting was used to assess the expression of proteins responsible for regulating proliferation and apoptosis in the cells. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Transduction of HuLM cells with Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV at 5, 10, 50 and 100 pfu/cell decreased cell proliferation by 28, 33, 45, and 84%, respectively (P < 0.05) compared with untransfected cells, whereas cell proliferation in UtSM cells transfected with the same four MOIs of Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV compared with that of untransfected cells was decreased only by 8, 23, 25, and 28%, respectively (P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that, in comparison with the untargeted vector Ad-TK, Ad-SSTR-RGD-TK/GCV more effectively reduced expression of proteins that regulate the cell cycle (Cyclin D1) and proliferation (PCNA, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen), and it induced expression of the apoptotic protein BAX, in HuLM cells. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Results from this study need to be replicated in an appropriate animal model before testing this adenoviral vector in a human trial. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Effective targeting of gene therapy to leiomyoma cells enhances its potential as a non-invasive treatment of uterine fibroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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26
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Islam MS, Protic O, Stortoni P, Grechi G, Lamanna P, Petraglia F, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Complex networks of multiple factors in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:178-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Davis BJ, Risinger JI, Chandramouli GVR, Bushel PR, Baird DD, Peddada SD. Gene expression in uterine leiomyoma from tumors likely to be growing (from black women over 35) and tumors likely to be non-growing (from white women over 35). PLoS One 2013; 8:e63909. [PMID: 23785396 PMCID: PMC3681799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) provides a unique opportunity to investigate the physiological and molecular determinants of hormone dependent tumor growth and spontaneous tumor regression. We conducted a longitudinal clinical study of premenopausal women with leiomyoma that showed significantly different growth rates between white and black women depending on their age. Growth rates for leiomyoma were on average much higher from older black women than for older white women, and we now report gene expression pattern differences in tumors from these two groups of study participants. Total RNA from 52 leiomyoma and 8 myometrial samples were analyzed using Affymetrix Gene Chip expression arrays. Gene expression data was first compared between all leiomyoma and normal myometrium and then between leiomyoma from older black women (age 35 or older) and from older white women. Genes that were found significant in pairwise comparisons were further analyzed for canonical pathways, networks and biological functions using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. Whereas our comparison of leiomyoma to myometrium produced a very large list of genes highly similar to numerous previous studies, distinct sets of genes and signaling pathways were identified in comparisons of older black and white women whose tumors were likely to be growing and non-growing, respectively. Key among these were genes associated with regulation of apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare two groups of tumors that are likely to have different growth rates in order to reveal molecular signals likely to be influential in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Davis
- Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John I. Risinger
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gadisetti V. R. Chandramouli
- Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pierre R. Bushel
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Donna Day Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shyamal D. Peddada
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen HM, Lin YH, Cheng YM, Wing LYC, Tsai SJ. Overexpression of integrin-β1 in leiomyoma promotes cell spreading and proliferation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E837-46. [PMID: 23482612 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Uterine leiomyoma, the most common tumors found in the women of the reproductive age, may cause abnormal uterine bleeding and be life threatening. Compared with myometrium, leiomyoma contains excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the pathological roles of ECM in the development of leiomyoma remain largely unknown. Integrins are the major adhesion molecules on cell surface to interact with ECM. The interactions of ECM with integrins regulate cell adhesion and initiate signals for cell growth, differentiation, and migration. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and functional role of integrin-β1 in leiomyoma pathogenesis. DESIGN Levels of integrin-β1 protein were determined by Western blotting in paired normal and leiomyomal tissues (n = 15). Knockdown of integrin-β1 and inhibition of ECM-integrin interaction by disintegrin were used to evaluate the impact of integrin-β1 in cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation. RESULTS Levels of integrin-β1 were significantly up-regulated in leiomyomal cells compared with their normal counterparts. Knockdown of integrin-β1 did not affect cell adhesion on fibronectin or laminin matrix but significantly inhibits cell spreading ability. Consistent with this notion, the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and the recruitment of paxillin to the focal contact were decreased in integrin-β1 knockdown cells, which attenuates contraction force. The inability of cell spreading leads to inhibition of cyclin D1 expression and impedes cell cycle progression. More importantly, disruption of ECM-integrin interaction by the small protein, disintegrin inhibited cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that integrin-β1 is a critical ligand to enhance cell-ECM contact force and thus promotes cell proliferation. Disruption of ECM-integrin-β1 signaling may serve as an option to inhibit the progression of leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Mei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Csatlós E, Rigó J, Laky M, Joó JG. Gene expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor 2 in human uterine fibroid tissues: a genetic study with clinical correlations. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2013; 75:185-90. [PMID: 23485847 DOI: 10.1159/000347017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We investigated insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) gene activity in human uterine fibroid tissue. Results of the genetic testing were correlated with clinical data. METHODS We obtained samples from patients treated for uterine fibroid and from patients undergoing hysterectomy due to other indications (control group). The examined group (with fibroid) contained 101 cases, while the control group was similar with 110 patients. Gene expression values were determined using the standard PCR technique. Clinical data were available from the computer database of the department. RESULTS IGF-2 gene expression was significantly higher in the fibroid group. There was no correlation between increase in gene activity and the number of tumors. History of previous uterine fibroid did not seem to predict IGF-2 gene activity in the current fibroid tumor tissue. IGF-2 gene expression did not correlate with cumulative duration of lactation following prior pregnancies. CONCLUSION IGF-2 gene activity is significantly increased in leiomyoma tissue compared to normal myometrium. Familial aggregation of uterine fibroids is not significantly associated with increased IGF-2 gene activity; other genes may have a stronger etiological role. It appears that the genetic factors potentially important in the development of familiar uterine leiomyoma are not related to the IGF-2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Csatlós
- First Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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An integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals potential targets associated with cell proliferation in uterine leiomyomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57901. [PMID: 23483937 PMCID: PMC3587425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine Leiomyomas (ULs) are the most common benign tumours affecting women of reproductive age. ULs represent a major problem in public health, as they are the main indication for hysterectomy. Approximately 40–50% of ULs have non-random cytogenetic abnormalities, and half of ULs may have copy number alterations (CNAs). Gene expression microarrays studies have demonstrated that cell proliferation genes act in response to growth factors and steroids. However, only a few genes mapping to CNAs regions were found to be associated with ULs. Methodology We applied an integrative analysis using genomic and transcriptomic data to identify the pathways and molecular markers associated with ULs. Fifty-one fresh frozen specimens were evaluated by array CGH (JISTIC) and gene expression microarrays (SAM). The CONEXIC algorithm was applied to integrate the data. Principal Findings The integrated analysis identified the top 30 significant genes (P<0.01), which comprised genes associated with cancer, whereas the protein-protein interaction analysis indicated a strong association between FANCA and BRCA1. Functional in silico analysis revealed target molecules for drugs involved in cell proliferation, including FGFR1 and IGFBP5. Transcriptional and protein analyses showed that FGFR1 (P = 0.006 and P<0.01, respectively) and IGFBP5 (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.006, respectively) were up-regulated in the tumours when compared with the adjacent normal myometrium. Conclusions The integrative genomic and transcriptomic approach indicated that FGFR1 and IGFBP5 amplification, as well as the consequent up-regulation of the protein products, plays an important role in the aetiology of ULs and thus provides data for potential drug therapies development to target genes associated with cellular proliferation in ULs.
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Balik V, Srovnal J, Sulla I, Kalita O, Foltanova T, Vaverka M, Hrabalek L, Hajduch M. MEG3: a novel long noncoding potentially tumour-suppressing RNA in meningiomas. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:1-8. [PMID: 23307326 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-1038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Meningiomas represent one of the most common types of primary intracranial tumours. However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis remain uncertain. Loss of chromosomes 22q, 1p, and 14q have been implicated in most meningiomas. Inactivation of the NF2 gene at 22q12 has been identified as an early event in their pathogenesis, whereas abnormalities of chromosome 14 have been reported in higher-grade as well as recurrent tumours. It has long been supposed that chromosome 14q32 contains a tumour suppressor gene. However, the identity of the potential 14q32 tumour suppressor remained elusive until the Maternally Expressed Gene 3 (MEG3) was recently suggested as an ideal candidate. MEG3 is an imprinted gene located at 14q32 that encodes a non-coding RNA (ncRNA). In meningiomas, loss of MEG3 expression, its genomic DNA deletion and degree of promoter methylation have been found to be associated with aggressive tumour growth. These findings indicate that MEG3 may have a significant role as a novel long noncoding RNA tumour suppressor in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Balik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Estrogen Regulates MAPK-Related Genes through Genomic and Nongenomic Interactions between IGF-I Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Signaling Pathways in Human Uterine Leiomyoma Cells. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:204236. [PMID: 23094148 PMCID: PMC3474284 DOI: 10.1155/2012/204236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and growth factors play a major role in uterine leiomyoma (UtLM) growth possibly through interactions of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) signaling. We determined the genomic and nongenomic effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on IGF-IR/MAPKp44/42 signaling and gene expression in human UtLM cells with intact or silenced IGF-IR. Analysis by RT2 Profiler PCR-array showed genes involved in IGF-IR/MAPK signaling were upregulated in UtLM cells by E2 including cyclin D kinases, MAPKs, and MAPK kinases; RTK signaling mediator, GRB2; transcriptional factors ELK1 and E2F1; CCNB2 involved in cell cycle progression, proliferation, and survival; and COL1A1 associated with collagen synthesis. Silencing (si)IGF-IR attenuated the above effects and resulted in upregulation of different genes, such as transcriptional factor ETS2; the tyrosine kinase receptor, EGFR; and DLK1 involved in fibrosis. E2 rapidly activated IGF-IR/MAPKp44/42 signaling nongenomically and induced phosphorylation of ERα at ser118 in cells with a functional IGF-IR versus those without. E2 also upregulated IGF-I gene and protein expression through a prolonged genomic event. These results suggest a pivotal role of IGF-IR and possibly other RTKs in mediating genomic and nongenomic hormone receptor interactions and signaling in fibroids and provide novel genes and targets for future intervention and prevention strategies.
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Stearns TM, Cario CL, Savage HS, Sundberg JP, Paigen B, Berndt A. Early gene expression differences in inbred mouse strains with susceptibility to pulmonary adenomas. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:455-61. [PMID: 23026400 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women, and effective preventatives are rare due to the difficulty of early detection. Specific gene expression signatures have been identified in individuals that already developed lung cancer. To identify if gene expression differences could be detected in individuals before the onset of the disease, we obtained lung tissues for microarray analysis from young, healthy mice of 9 inbred strains with known differences in their susceptibility to spontaneous pulmonary adenomas when aged. We found that the most common differentially expressed genes among all possible 36 strain comparisons showed significant associations with cancer- and inflammation-related processes. Significant expression differences between susceptible and resistant strains were detected for Aldh3a1, Cxcr1 and 7, Dpt, and Nptx1-genes with known cancer-related functions, and Cd209, Cxcr1 and 7, and Plag2g1b-genes with known inflammatory-related functions. Whereas Aldh3a1, Cd209, Dpt, and Pla2g1b had increased expression, Cxcr1 and 7, and Nptx1 had decreased expression in strains susceptible to pulmonary adenomas. Thus, our study shows that expression differences between susceptible and resistant strains can be detected in young and healthy mice without manifestation of pulmonary adenomas and, thus, may provide an opportunity of early detection. Finally, the identified genes have previously been reported for human non-small cell lung cancer suggesting that molecular pathways may be shared between these two cancer types.
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Tsiligiannis SE, Zaitseva M, Coombs PR, Shekleton P, Olshansky M, Hickey M, Vollenhoven B, Rogers PAW. Fibroid-associated heavy menstrual bleeding: correlation between clinical features, Doppler ultrasound assessment of vasculature, and tissue gene expression profiles. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:361-70. [PMID: 22995988 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112459233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of uterine fibroids (Fs), few studies have investigated the links between clinical features and the cellular or molecular mechanisms that drive F growth and development. Such knowledge will ultimately help to differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic Fs and could result in the development of more effective and individualized treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ultrasound appearance, blood flow, and angiogenic gene expression in F, perifibroid (PM), and distant myometrial (DM) tissues. We hypothesized that angiogenic gene expression would be increased in tissues and participants that showed increased blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. The study was performed using Doppler ultrasound to measure blood flow prior to hysterectomy, with subsequent tissue samples from the F, PM, and DM being investigated for angiogenic gene expression. Overall, PM blood flow (measured as peak systolic velocity [PSV]) was higher than F blood flow, although significant heterogeneity was seen in vascularity and blood flow between different Fs and their surrounding myometrium. We did not find any correlation between PSV and any other clinical or molecular parameter in this study. We identified 19 angiogenesis pathway-related genes with significant differences in expression between F and DM, and 2 genes, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and Neuropilin 2 (NRP2), that were significantly different between F and PM. These results are consistent with subtle differences between PM and DM. Understanding the differences between symptomatic versus asymptomatic Fs may eventually lead to more effective treatments that directly target the source of heavy menstrual bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E Tsiligiannis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Women's Health Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Development and validation of a three-dimensional in vitro model for uterine leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Halder SK, Sharan C, Al-Hendy A. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment shrinks uterine leiomyoma tumors in the Eker rat model. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:116. [PMID: 22302692 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common benign tumors in women of reproductive age. These tumors are three to four times more prevalent in African American women, who also have a 10 times higher incidence of hypovitaminosis D than white women. Recent studies have demonstrated the antitumor effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on several cancers, but its effects on uterine leiomyomas are still unknown. To determine the antitumor and therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on uterine leiomyomas, female Eker rats (14-16 mo old) harboring uterine leiomyomas were randomized into control and experimental groups and were given vehicle versus 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.5 μg/kg per day) subcutaneously for 3 wk, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, and the leiomyoma tumors were analyzed. Treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 significantly reduced leiomyoma tumor size in Eker rats. It also reduced leiomyoma size by suppressing cell growth and proliferation-related genes (Pcna, cyclin D1 [Ccnd1], Myc, Cdk1, Cdk2, and Cdk4), antiapoptotic genes (Bcl2 and Bcl2l1 [Bcl-x]), and estrogen and progesterone receptors. Additionally, immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of PCNA and MKI67 (a marker of proliferation) and increased expression of caspase 3 in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated Eker rat leiomyomas. Toxicity analyses using serum samples showed similar levels of SGOT, SGPT, calcium, and total bilirubin in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated and vehicle-treated control Eker rats. These results support that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an antitumor agent that may be a potential safe, nonsurgical therapeutic option for the treatment of uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Halder
- Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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Raish M, Khurshid M, Ansari MA, Chaturvedi PK, Bae SM, Kim JH, Park EK, Park DC, Ahn WS. Analysis of molecular cytogenetic alterations in uterine leiomyosarcoma by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1173-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Navarro A, Yin P, Monsivais D, Lin SM, Du P, Wei JJ, Bulun SE. Genome-wide DNA methylation indicates silencing of tumor suppressor genes in uterine leiomyoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33284. [PMID: 22428009 PMCID: PMC3302826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, represent the most common benign tumor of the female reproductive tract. Fibroids become symptomatic in 30% of all women and up to 70% of African American women of reproductive age. Epigenetic dysregulation of individual genes has been demonstrated in leiomyoma cells; however, the in vivo genome-wide distribution of such epigenetic abnormalities remains unknown. Principal Findings We characterized and compared genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA expression profiles in uterine leiomyoma and matched adjacent normal myometrial tissues from 18 African American women. We found 55 genes with differential promoter methylation and concominant differences in mRNA expression in uterine leiomyoma versus normal myometrium. Eighty percent of the identified genes showed an inverse relationship between DNA methylation status and mRNA expression in uterine leiomyoma tissues, and the majority of genes (62%) displayed hypermethylation associated with gene silencing. We selected three genes, the known tumor suppressors KLF11, DLEC1, and KRT19 and verified promoter hypermethylation, mRNA repression and protein expression using bisulfite sequencing, real-time PCR and western blot. Incubation of primary leiomyoma smooth muscle cells with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restored KLF11, DLEC1 and KRT19 mRNA levels. Conclusions These results suggest a possible functional role of promoter DNA methylation-mediated gene silencing in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma in African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Navarro
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ping Yin
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lin
- Bioinformatics Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pan Du
- Bioinformatics Core, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Serdar E. Bulun
- Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mihalich A, Viganò P, Gentilini D, Borghi MO, Vignali M, Busacca M, Di Blasio A. Interferon-inducible genes, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and interferon inducible protein 27 (IFI27) are negatively regulated in leiomyomas: implications for a role of the interferon pathway in leiomyoma development. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:216-9. [PMID: 22320196 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.588746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors in the human female pelvis and the leading indication for pelvic surgery. Lack of understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of leiomyoma has put severe limitations on the availability of alternative treatments. Using an oligonucleotide micro-array-based hybridisation analysis we observed a group of genes with a broad range of functional activity differentially expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMC) derived from leiomyomas when compared to matched myometrial cells. Among them, two IFNα inducible genes, TRAIL and IFI27, were underexpressed in leiomyoma vs. myometrial cells. Expression levels of TRAIL and IFI27 were also measured in myometrial and leiomyoma cells by real-time quantitative PCR in basal condition and after IFNα stimulation. In both cell types, the transcription of the two genes resulted induced by IFNα but the IFI27 transcription stimulation was weaker in leiomyoma than myometrial cells whereas the TRAIL transcription stimulation resulted stronger in leiomyoma respect myometrial cells. Based on this finding and on previous observations we have hypothesized that a reduced response to IFNα stimulation might be involved in leiomyoma formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mihalich
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cusano Milanino, Italy
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Güllü G, Karabulut S, Akkiprik M. Functional roles and clinical values of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 in different types of cancers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:266-80. [PMID: 22313597 PMCID: PMC3777492 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are critical regulators of the mitogenic activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGFBP5, one of these IGFBPs, has special structural features, including a nuclear transport domain, heparin-binding motif, and IGF/extracellular matrix/acid-labile subunit-binding sites. Furthermore, IGFBP5 has several functional effects on carcinogenesis and even normal cell processes, such as cell growth, death, motility, and tissue remodeling. These biological effects are sometimes related with IGF (IGF-dependent effects) and sometimes not (IGF-independent effects). The functional role of IGFBP5 is most likely determined in a cell-type and tissue-type specific manner but also depends on cell context, especially in terms of the diversity of interacting proteins and the potential for nuclear localization. Clinical findings show that IGFBP5 has the potential to be a useful clinical biomarker for predicting response to therapy and clinical outcome of cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the functional diversity and clinical importance of IGFBP5 in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Güllü
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, DMarmara University, Istanbul 34468, Turkey
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Microarray analysis in gynaecology and its findings: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 22:569-82. [PMID: 21507720 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microarray technology is a promising method for investigating gynaecological benign pathology. This systematic review examined various parameters of the design of these studies, the methods used and the gene outcome in these diseases. Electronic searches were performed in Medline (up to April 2009). An overall representation of important genes for each disease detected was performed. The results showed genes were up-regulated or down-regulated. However, studies suffer from several flaws in their design, the sample size employed and the reporting method. In conclusion, a significant amount of work has been performed on benign gynaecological diseases using microarray technology. New trial designs need to be employed that incorporate microarray reporting standards. New research directions should evolve based on these results.
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Ben-Sasson H, Ben-Meir A, Shushan A, Karra L, Rojansky N, Klein BY, Levitzki R, Ben-Bassat H. All-trans-retinoic acid mediates changes in PI3K and retinoic acid signaling proteins of leiomyomas. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2080-6. [PMID: 21354561 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect changes induced by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the expression and activation of target proteins of the retinoic acid (RA) and PI3K/Akt pathways involved in leiomyoma growth. DESIGN A study on human tissue cultures. SETTING Hadassah University Hospital. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women with uterine leiomyomas. INTERVENTION(S) Paired cultures of normal myometrium and leiomyomas, from women undergoing hysterectomy, were obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The effect of ATRA was examined on the expression and phosphorylation of relevant RA, PI3K/Akt, and Bcl2 proteins (immunochemical analysis), cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. RESULT(S) Applying our cell culture model, we demonstrated that ATRA induced changes in the expression and activation of the RA and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins in leiomyoma cells, with significant increases of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and cyclin D2 protein levels. In part of the leiomyoma cells, ATRA induced a relative increase of Bax (proapoptotic) as well as a relative decrease of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (proapoptotic). CONCLUSION(S) Our results highlight the involvement of ATRA in the RA and PI3K/Akt pathways, whose specific signaling products may influence the outcome of leiomyoma growth by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and survival. These results might be useful for the on-going research into alternative methods for treating and preventing this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ben-Sasson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Jiang Y, Suo G, Sadarangani A, Cowan B, Wang JYJ. Expression profiling of protein tyrosine kinases and their ligand activators in leiomyoma uteri. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:318-26. [PMID: 20462350 DOI: 10.3109/19396361003646109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the expression patterns of tyrosine kinases and their ligand activators between matched myometrium and leiomyoma tissues. Total RNA extracted from 42 pairs of matched leiomyomal and adjacent myometrial tissues were hybridized to a set of 840 customized oligonucleotide microarrays to compare the expression profiles of 244 selected human genes including 90 tyrosine kinases and 103 ligands. Among the 244 genes surveyed, 38 were found to exhibit differential expression between pairs of myometrium and leiomyoma tissues. Clustering analysis of the expression ratios of these 38 genes from 42 pairs of samples led to the subdivision of fibroid samples into three groups, based in principle on the expression ratios of two peptide ligands, CYR61 and EFNA4. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR measurements of an additional 32 pairs of samples further confirmed the three subgroups. The altered expression of ligand activators between myometrium and leiomyoma suggest that tyrosine kinases regulated by CYR61 and EFNA4 may be exploited as therapeutic targets to develop non-surgical treatments of symptomatic leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Moores, UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA
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Chegini N. Proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators: principal effectors of leiomyoma development as a fibrotic disorder. Semin Reprod Med 2010; 28:180-203. [PMID: 20414842 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1251476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leiomyomas are believed to derive from the transformation of myometrial smooth muscle cells/connective tissue fibroblasts. Although the identity of the molecule(s) that initiate such cellular transformation and orchestrate subsequent growth is still unknown, conventional evidence indicates that ovarian steroids are essential for leiomyoma growth. Ovarian steroid action in their target cell/tissue is mediated in part through local expression of various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. These autocrine/paracrine molecules with proinflammatory and profibrotic activities serve as major contributing factors in regulating cellular transformation, cell growth and apoptosis, angiogenesis, cellular hypertrophy, and excess tissue turnover, events central to leiomyoma growth. This review addresses the key regulatory functions of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators and their molecular mechanisms, downstream signaling that regulates cellular events that result in transformation, and commitments of specific cells into forming a cellular environment with a possible role in development and subsequent growth of leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Chegini
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Itoh Y, Ishikawa M, Naito M, Hashimoto Y. Protein Knockdown Using Methyl Bestatin−Ligand Hybrid Molecules: Design and Synthesis of Inducers of Ubiquitination-Mediated Degradation of Cellular Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5820-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja100691p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, and National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, and National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Naito
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, and National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, and National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Okamoto O, Hozumi K, Katagiri F, Takahashi N, Sumiyoshi H, Matsuo N, Yoshioka H, Nomizu M, Fujiwara S. Dermatopontin promotes epidermal keratinocyte adhesion via alpha3beta1 integrin and a proteoglycan receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:147-55. [PMID: 19928997 DOI: 10.1021/bi901066f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dermatopontin, an extracellular matrix component initially purified from bovine dermis, promoted cell adhesion of the human epidermal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). HaCaT cells spread on dermatopontin and formed actin fibers. Adhesion of HaCaT cells to dermatopontin was inhibited by both EDTA and heparin and was mediated in part by alpha3beta1 integrin. A synthetic peptide (DP-4, PHGQVVVAVRS; bovine dermatopontin residues 33-43) specifically inhibited adhesion of cells to dermatopontin, and when the DP-4 peptide was coated on the well, it promoted cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner. An active core sequence of the DP-4 peptide was localized to an eight-amino acid sequence (GQVVVAVR). These results indicate that dermatopontin is a novel epidermal cell adhesion molecule and suggest that the DP-4 sequence is critical for the cell adhesive activity of dermatopontin. Adhesion of cells to DP-4 was strongly inhibited by heparin. When HaCaT cells were treated with heparitinase I, the cells failed to adhere to DP-4 but chondroitinase ABC treatment did not influence the adhesion activity. DP-4 specifically interacted with biotinylated heparin, and this interaction was inhibited by unlabeled heparin. DP-4 peptide significantly promoted the adhesion of cells overexpressing syndecans, and syndecan bound to a DP-4 peptide affinity column. These results suggest that HaCaT cells adhere to dermatopontin through alpha3beta1 integrin and a heparan sulfate proteoglycan-type receptor, which is likely a syndecan. We conclude that dermatopontin plays a role as a multifunctional adhesion molecule for epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Okamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Mallikarjuna K, Sundaram CS, Sharma Y, Deepa PR, Khetan V, Gopal L, Biswas J, Sharma T, Krishnakumar S. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in primary retinoblastoma tumors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:449-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Norian JM, Malik M, Parker CY, Joseph D, Leppert PC, Segars JH, Catherino WH. Transforming growth factor beta3 regulates the versican variants in the extracellular matrix-rich uterine leiomyomas. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:1153-64. [PMID: 19700613 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109343310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma are common, benign tumors that are enriched in extracellular matrix. The tumors are characterized by a disoriented and loosely packed collagen fibril structure similar to other diseases with disrupted Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling. Here we characterized TGF-beta3 signaling and the expression patterns of the critical extracellular matrix component versican in leiomyoma and myometrial tissue and cell culture. We also demonstrate the regulation of the versican variants by TGF-beta3. Using leiomyoma and matched myometrium from 15 patients, messenger RNA (mRNA) from leiomyoma and myometrium was analyzed by semiquantitative real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while protein analysis was done by western blot. Transforming growth factor beta3 transcripts were increased 4-fold in leiomyoma versus matched myometrium. Phosphorylated-TGF-beta RII and phosphorylated-Smad 2/3 complex were greater in leiomyoma as documented by Western blot. The inhibitor Smad7 transcripts were decreased 0.44-fold. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich versican variants were elevated in leiomyoma versus myometrial tissue: specifically V0 (4.27 +/- 1.12) and V1 (2.01 +/- 0.27). Treatment of leiomyoma and myometrial cells with TGF-beta3 increased GAG-rich versican variant expression 7 to 12 fold. Neutralizing TGF-beta3 antibody decreased the expression of the GAG-rich versican variants 2 to 8 fold in leiomyoma cells. Taken together, the aberrant production of excessive and disorganized extracellular matrix that defines the leiomyoma phenotype involves the activation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway and excessive production of GAG-rich versican variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Norian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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van Rijk A, Sweers M, Huys E, Kersten M, Merkx G, van Kessel AG, Debiec-Rychter M, Schoenmakers EF. Characterization of a recurrent t(1;2)(p36;p24) in human uterine leiomyoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 193:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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