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Abstract
The human endometrium is essential in providing the site for implantation and maintaining the growth and survival of the conceptus. An unreceptive endometrium and disrupted maternal-conceptus interactions can cause infertility due to pregnancy loss or later pregnancy complications. Despite this, the role of uterine glands in first trimester human pregnancy is little understood. An established organoid protocol was used to generate and comprehensively analyze 3-dimensional endometrial epithelial organoid (EEO) cultures from human endometrial biopsies. The derived EEO expand long-term, are genetically stable, and can be cryopreserved. Using endometrium from 2 different donors, EEO were derived and then treated with estrogen (E2) for 2 d or E2 and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for 6 d. EEO cells were positive for the gland marker, FOXA2, and exhibited appropriate hormonal regulation of steroid hormone receptor expression. Real-time qPCR and bulk RNA-sequencing analysis revealed effects of hormone treatment on gene expression that recapitulated changes in proliferative and secretory phase endometrium. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that several different epithelial cell types are present in the EEO whose proportion and gene expression changed with hormone treatment. The EEO model serves as an important platform for studying the physiology and pathology of the human endometrium.
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2
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Miguel CA, Raggio MC, Villar MJ, Gonzalez SL, Coronel MF. Anti-allodynic and anti-inflammatory effects of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:100-110. [PMID: 30680838 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a disabling condition induced by several frequently used chemotherapeutic drugs including the front-line agent oxaliplatin (OXA). Symptoms are predominantly sensory with the development of neuropathic pain. Alternative dosing protocols and treatment discontinuation are the only available therapeutic strategies. The aim of our work was to evaluate the potential of a synthetic derivative of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPGC), in the prevention and treatment of OXA-evoked painful neuropathy. We also evaluated glial activation at the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord levels as a possible target mechanism underlying HPGC actions. Male rats were injected with OXA and HPGC following a prophylactic (HPGCp) or therapeutic (HPGCt) scheme (starting either before or after chemotherapy). The development of hypersensitivity and allodynic pain and the expression of neuronal and glial activation markers were evaluated. When compared to control animals, those receiving OXA showed a significant decrease in paw mechanical and thermal thresholds, with the development of allodynia. Animals treated with HPGCp showed patterns of response similar to those detected in control animals, while those treated with HPGCt showed a suppression of both hypersensitivities after HPGC administration. We also observed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of activating transcription factor 3, the transcription factor (c-fos), glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium binding adaptor protein 1, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in DRG and spinal cord of OXA-injected animals, and significantly lower levels in rats receiving OXA and HPGC. These results show that HPGC administration reduces neuronal and glial activation markers and is able to both prevent and suppress OXA-induced allodynia, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza A Miguel
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Raggio
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Villar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad Austral - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana L Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Coronel
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Erkenbrack EM, Maziarz JD, Griffith OW, Liang C, Chavan AR, Nnamani MC, Wagner GP. The mammalian decidual cell evolved from a cellular stress response. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005594. [PMID: 30142145 PMCID: PMC6108454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among animal species, cell types vary greatly in terms of number and kind. The number of cell types found within an organism differs considerably between species, and cell type diversity is a significant contributor to differences in organismal structure and function. These observations suggest that cell type origination is a significant source of evolutionary novelty. The molecular mechanisms that result in the evolution of novel cell types, however, are poorly understood. Here, we show that a novel cell type of eutherians mammals, the decidual stromal cell (DSC), evolved by rewiring an ancestral cellular stress response. We isolated the precursor cell type of DSCs, endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESFs), from the opossum Monodelphis domestica. We show that, in opossum ESFs, the majority of decidual core regulatory genes respond to decidualizing signals but do not regulate decidual effector genes. Rather, in opossum ESFs, decidual transcription factors function in apoptotic and oxidative stress response. We propose that rewiring of cellular stress responses was an important mechanism for the evolution of the eutherian decidual cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Erkenbrack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jamie D. Maziarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Oliver W. Griffith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cong Liang
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arun R. Chavan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mauris C. Nnamani
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Günter P. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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4
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Reis FM, Morsch DM, Rocha AL, Carneiro MM, Spritzer PM. The Early Genes c-fos and c-jun: Potential Targets to Modulate Estrogen Action in Endometriosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402650900100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common estrogen-dependent disorder. C-fos and c-jun are early transcription factors probably related to estradiol-dependent cell proliferation. C-fos gene expression is higher in endometriotic implants compared to normal endometrium and the distribution of c-Fos protein is higher in the stroma of endometriotic tissue. C-Jun expression is also more abundant in ectopic endometrial tissue. These findings point to an increased estrogen signaling in endometriosis and suggest that c-fos and c-jun could be potential targets to emerging treatments designed to affect selectively the endometriotic tissue, such as tissue-specific gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Reis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Débora M. Morsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, and Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil
| | - Ana L. Rocha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Márcia M. Carneiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Poli M. Spritzer
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, and Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil
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Łupicka M, Socha BM, Szczepańska AA, Korzekwa AJ. Prolactin role in the bovine uterus during adenomyosis. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 58:1-13. [PMID: 27591979 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyosis is uterine dysfunction defined as the presence of endometrial glands within the myometrium. It is suggested that adenomyosis is estrogen-dependent pathology, and prolactin (PRL) also affects its development. In the uterus of ruminants, PRL stimulates gland proliferation and function. We hypothesized that in the bovine uterus, the expression of PRL and its receptors (PRLRs) during adenomyosis is disturbed and modulated by estradiol (E2). Uterine tissues were collected postmortem from cows; epithelial, stromal, and myometrial cells were isolated; and cultured and treated with E2. Material was divided into 2 groups: control (nonadenomyotic) and uteri with adenomyosis. In adenomyotic uterine tissue, PRL and its long-form receptor protein were increased, as determined by Western blotting. Immunohistostaining showed that during adenomyosis, PRL and its receptors are highly expressed in adenomyotic lesions. In cultured myometrial cells, protein expression of PRL and its receptors was increased during adenomyosis. Estradiol decreased PRLRs protein expression in nonadenomyotic stromal cells and in adenomyotic myometrial cells, and increased PRL secretion by adenomyotic myometrial cells. Moreover, PRL secretion was increased in untreated epithelial and stromal cells during adenomyosis. On the other hand, in stromal cells, PRLRs messenger RNA and protein expression was decreased, as determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Obtained results show that significant changes in PRL and PRLRs expression are observed in uterine tissue and cells during adenomyosis, which were also affected by E2. These data suggest involvement of PRL in adenomyosis development and the link between PRL and E2 actions during the dysfunction in cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Łupicka
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B M Socha
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A A Szczepańska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A J Korzekwa
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ren CE, Zhu X, Li J, Lyle C, Dowdy S, Podratz KC, Byck D, Chen HB, Jiang SW. Microarray analysis on gene regulation by estrogen, progesterone and tamoxifen in human endometrial stromal cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5864-85. [PMID: 25782154 PMCID: PMC4394510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial stromal cells represent a major cellular component of human uterine endometrium that is subject to tight hormonal regulation. Through cell-cell contacts and/or paracrine mechanisms, stromal cells play a significant role in the malignant transformation of epithelial cells. We isolated stromal cells from normal human endometrium and investigated the morphological and transcriptional changes induced by estrogen, progesterone and tamoxifen. We demonstrated that stromal cells express appreciable levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors and undergo different morphological changes upon hormonal stimulation. Microarray analysis indicated that both estrogen and progesterone induced dramatic alterations in a variety of genes associated with cell structure, transcription, cell cycle, and signaling. However, divergent patterns of changes, and in some genes opposite effects, were observed for the two hormones. A large number of genes are identified as novel targets for hormonal regulation. These hormone-responsive genes may be involved in normal uterine function and the development of endometrial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-E Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261043, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China.
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Christian Lyle
- Department of Biology, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31419, USA.
| | - Sean Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Karl C Podratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - David Byck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Hai-Bin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
- Curtis and Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute, Department of Laboratory Oncology Research, Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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7
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Gene expression of leptin and long leptin receptor isoform in endometriosis: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:879618. [PMID: 23634146 PMCID: PMC3619696 DOI: 10.1155/2013/879618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, leptin/BMI ratio in serum and peritoneal fluid and gene expression of leptin and long form leptin receptor (OB-RL) were assessed in eutopic and ectopic endometria of women with endometriosis and controls. Increased serum leptin/BMI ratio was found in endometriosis patients. Leptin and OB-RL gene expression was significantly higher in ectopic versus eutopic endometrium of patients and controls. A positive, significant correlation was observed between leptin and OB-RL transcripts in ectopic endometria and also in eutopic endometria in endometriosis and control groups. A negative and significant correlation was found between OB-RL mRNA expression and peritoneal fluid leptin/BMI ratio only in endometriosis. These data suggest that, through a modulatory interaction with its active receptor, leptin might play a role in the development of endometrial implants.
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Morsch DM, Carneiro MM, Lecke SB, Araújo FC, Camargos AF, Reis FM, Spritzer PM. c-fos gene and protein expression in pelvic endometriosis: a local marker of estrogen action. J Mol Histol 2009; 40:53-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-009-9212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Pan H, Sheng JZ, Tang L, Zhu R, Zhou TH, Huang HF. Increased expression of c-fos protein associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein expression in the endometrium of endometriotic patients. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1000-7. [PMID: 17888430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate c-fos and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in the endometrium from women with or without endometriosis throughout the menstrual cycle, and to explore the correlation of c-fos expression with MMP-9 expression and 17beta-E(2) levels in serum. DESIGN Molecular studies in human tissue. SETTING A women's hospital in China. PATIENT(S) Fifty-five premenopausal women (25 with endometriosis and 30 without endometriosis) undergoing laparoscopic surgery or hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S) Eutopic and ectopic endometrium tissue were obtained at the time of surgery. Peripheral sera were also collected on the same day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunohistochemical localization of c-fos in the endometrium, c-fos and MMP-9 protein levels in the endometrium, and 17beta-E(2) levels in the serum. RESULT(S) c-fos protein was predominantly located in the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells. c-fos and MMP-9 protein levels in paired eutopic and ectopic endometria from women with endometriosis were significantly higher than those in the endometrium from women without endometriosis. No significant difference in c-fos or MMP-9 protein levels was observed between paired eutopic and ectopic endometria. c-fos protein levels in endometrium positively correlated with endometrial MMP-9 levels and serum 17beta-E(2) levels. CONCLUSION(S) Expression of c-fos in the human endometrium may be regulated by 17beta-E(2), and c-fos may be involved in development of endometriosis by promoting MMP-9 gene expression and subsequently the invasive potential of endometrial explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Makker A, Singh MM. Endometrial receptivity: Clinical assessment in relation to fertility, infertility, and antifertility. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:699-746. [PMID: 16710862 DOI: 10.1002/med.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fertility in humans and other mammalian species depends absolutely on synchronous events that render the developing blastocyst and the receiving uterus competent for implantation. Endometrial receptivity is defined as the period during which the endometrial epithelium acquires functional, but transient, ovarian steroid-dependent status supportive to blastocyst acceptance and implantation. Once inside the uterus, the blastocyst is surrounded by an intact luminal epithelium, which is considered to act as barrier to its attachment, except for this short period of high endometrial receptivity to blastocyst signal(s). Its transport and permeability properties, in conjunction with cellular action of the endometrium and the embryo, have been suggested to influence creation and maintenance of informational and nutritional status of uterine luminal milieu. This period, also termed as the 'window of implantation,' is limited to days 20-24 of menstrual cycle in humans. However, establishment of endometrial receptivity is still a biological mystery that remains unsolved despite marked advances in our understanding of endometrial physiology following extensive research associated with its development and function. This review deals with various structural, biochemical, and molecular events in the endometrium coordinated within the implantation window that constitute essential elements in the repertoire that signifies endometrial receptivity and is aimed to achieve a better understanding of its relationship to fertility, infertility, and for the development of targeted antifertility agents for human use and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
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11
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Abstract
O câncer de próstata (CP) é uma das principais causas de doença e morte, representando no Brasil a segunda causa de óbitos por câncer em homens. A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é uma doença progressiva de alta prevalência, com evidências histológicas em 50% dos homens aos 50 anos e 90% aos 80 anos de idade. A patogênese das neoplasias prostáticas tem sido associada à ação dos androgênios e a seu receptor nuclear específico, embora os mecanismos moleculares que envolvem os processos de proliferação, diferenciação e apoptose não estejam bem estabelecidos, assim como os mecanismos de transformação neoplásica e carcinogênese. Co-ativadores e co-repressores podem também contribuir para a carcinogênese prostática, ligando-se diretamente aos receptores nucleares, recrutando proteínas adicionais e interagindo com a maquinaria transcricional para aumentar a transcrição de genes-alvo. Polimorfismos do receptor de androgênios e da 5alfa redutase tipo 2 foram identificados e poderiam estar associados com risco para CP. Genes reguladores do ciclo celular e da apoptose, bem como fatores de crescimento, também participam de processos relacionados com a tumorigênese prostática. Assim, alterações no padrão da expressão gênica do tecido normal podem levar ao desenvolvimento do fenótipo maligno e potencialmente estes genes podem servir como marcadores de prognóstico. Com o advento de novas tecnologias moleculares, o número de genes marcadores potenciais para o CP cresce dia a dia, mas os dados atuais requerem ainda validação com maior número de amostras e correlação com o processo da doença. Trazê-los do ambiente de laboratório para o uso clínico requer uma análise rigorosa e há, portanto, um longo caminho ainda a percorrer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Simoni Brum
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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12
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Reis FM, Lhullier C, Edelweiss MI, Spritzer PM. In vivo assessment of the regulation of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and EGF receptor in the human endometrium by medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Assist Reprod Genet 2005; 22:19-24. [PMID: 15807218 PMCID: PMC3455388 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-005-0816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study evaluated the in vivo effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the localization of immunoreactive transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and their common receptor (EGF-R) in the human endometrium. METHODS The study design was a randomized clinical trial enrolling 36 healthy women with regular menstrual cycles. The participants were randomly assigned into three groups: groups 1 (n = 11) and 2 (n = 17) received placebo and were submitted to endometrial biopsy during the proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycle, respectively; group 3 (n = 8) received MPA (10 mg/day) for 10 days followed by endometrial biopsy, which was performed during the secretory phase. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize TGFalpha, EGF, and EGF-R in the endometrial tissue. RESULTS TGFalpha was present markedly in the luminal and glandular epithelia but also in the periglandular stroma, with a distribution pattern similar in the three experimental groups. EGF immunostaing was equally distributed in epithelial and stromal layers of the endometrium and remained unchanged in endometrial samples from women treated with MPA compared to placebo. EGF-R was expressed only in the epithelium. The intensity of EGF-R immunostaining was higher in secretory than in proliferative endometrium and was further increased by administration of MPA (p < 0.05, chi-square test). CONCLUSION The present results suggest that the progestogen-induced in vivo differentiation of secretory endometrium does not require dramatic changes in the expression of EGF or TGFalpha, whereas EGF-R may be up regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Reis
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cintia Lhullier
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Edelweiss
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Brum IS, Morsch DM, Pozzobon A, Boeri VA, Geib G, Spritzer PM. Androgen-Dependent Expression of c-jun and c-fos in Human Non-Transformed Epithelial Prostatic Cells: Association with Cell Proliferation. Horm Res Paediatr 2003; 60:209-14. [PMID: 14614224 DOI: 10.1159/000074033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 07/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the gene expression of C-FOS and C-JUN and on the proliferation of human non-transformed epithelial prostatic (HNTEP) cells. METHODS Cell proliferation (MTT) and C-FOS and C-JUN mRNA expression (RT-PCR) were determined in cells treated with DHT (10(-8), 10(-10), and 10(-13)M) or with control medium. RESULTS DHT 10(-13) M had a significant stimulatory effect on cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and C-FOS and C-JUN gene expression when compared to cells treated with higher concentrations of this hormone (10(-10) and 10(-8)M) or with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the increase in C-FOS and C-JUN expression and cell growth in HNTEP cells is maximal with the lowest DHT concentration (10(-13)M). These proto-oncogenes may play a role in the control of hormone responsiveness and cell proliferation in HNTEP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma S Brum
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Maldonado V, Castilla JA, Martínez L, Herruzo A, Concha Á, Fontes J, Mendoza N, García-Peña ML, Mendoza JL, Magán R, Ortiz Á, González E. Expression of transcription factors in endometrium during natural cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20:474-81. [PMID: 14714827 PMCID: PMC3455640 DOI: 10.1023/b:jarg.0000006710.64788.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The sex steroid control of the endometrial cycle is mediated by transcription factors, four of which are the estrogen and progesterone receptors, c-jun and c-fos, all expressed by the endometrium. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of the transcription factors in the different endometrial compartments during natural cycles. METHODS We studied 53 reproductively-normal women, of whom 26 were in the proliferative phase and 27 in the secretory phase. An endometrial biopsy was performed and serum values of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone were determined. We studied the expression of transcription factors using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS A correlation between estrogen receptor and c-jun and c-fos expression was observed in stroma and epithelia, and progesterone receptor expression correlated with c-jun expression in epithelia. C-jun and c-fos presented greater expression in the proliferative phase than in the secretory phase, in the stroma and in both epithelia. No relation was found between estradiol serum levels and any transcription factor, but progesterone serum levels correlated significantly with most such factors. CONCLUSION The two proto-oncogenes could play a decisive role in regulating the endometrial cycle; they could mediate the effects induced by sex steroid, and could be related to other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Maldonado
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Luis Martínez
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Herruzo
- Departamento de Especialidades Médico Quirúrgicas, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ángel Concha
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Fontes
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Mendoza
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Mendoza
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Magán
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Águeda Ortiz
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Unidad de Reproducción, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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15
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Oliveira IO, Lhullier C, Brum IS, Spritzer PM. The 5alpha-reductase type 1, but not type 2, gene is expressed in anagen hairs plucked from the vertex area of the scalp of hirsute women and normal individuals. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:1447-54. [PMID: 14502380 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003001000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of the genes for type 1 (SDR5A1) and type 2 (SDR5A2) 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes in scalp hairs plucked from 33 hirsute patients (20 with polycystic ovary syndrome and 13 with idiopathic hirsutism) and compare it with that of 10 men and 15 normal women. SDR5A1 and SDR5A2 expression was estimated by RT-PCR using the gene of the ubiquitously expressed protein 2-microglobulin as an internal control. The results are expressed as arbitrary units in relation to beta2-microglobulin absorbance (mean SEM). SDR5A2 expression was not detected in any hair samples analyzed in this study. No differences were found in SDR5A1 mRNA levels between men and normal women (0.78+/-0.05 vs 0.74+/-0.06, respectively). SDR5A1 gene expression in the cells of hair plucked from the scalp of normal women (0.85+/-0.04) and of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (0.78+/-0.05) and idiopathic hirsutism (0.80+/-0.06) was also similar. These results indicate that SDR5A1 gene expression in the follicular keratinocytes from the vertex area of the scalp seems not to be related to the differences in hair growth observed between normal men and women and hirsute patients. Further studies are needed to investigate the expression of the 5alpha-reductase genes in other scalp follicular compartments such as dermal papillae, and also in hair follicles from other body sites, in order to elucidate the mechanism of androgen action on the hair growth process and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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16
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Oliveira IO, Lhullier C, Brum IS, Spritzer PM. Gene expression of type 2 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in scalp hairs of hirsute women. Steroids 2003; 68:641-9. [PMID: 12957669 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(03)00093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are the main hormonal regulators of human hair growth and they are related to clinical conditions such as hirsutism. The aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression of androgen receptor (AR) and type 2 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) in keratinocytes of plucked scalp hairs from hirsute patients and normal subjects. We studied 58 women with hirsutism (31 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 27 with idiopathic hirsutism (IH)); 15 control women; and 10 control men. Hirsutism was assessed by a modified Ferriman-Gallwey method. Hormonal status was assessed between days 2 and 10 of the menstrual cycle or on any day when the patients were amenorrheic. AR and type 2 17 beta-HSD mRNA levels were estimated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AR expression was similar in all groups. Type 2 17 beta-HSD gene expression in untreated hirsute patients was lower (2.1+/-0.10) than in normal women (3.1+/-0.17), and similar to men (1.8+/-0.22). Comparing hirsute patients, type 2 17 beta-HSD expression was higher in treated PCOS (3.0+/-0.34 versus 2.2+/-0.13) and IH patients (2.5+/-0.19 versus 2.0+/-0.15); hirsutism score was lower (P=0.003, PCOS; P=0.003, IH); and SHBG levels were higher (P=0.001, PCOS; P=0.024, IH) in treated patients. The free androgen index was lower in treated women (P=0.024 for the IH group). In conclusion, the lower expression of type 2 17 beta-HSD mRNA in scalp hairs of untreated hirsute patients suggests androgen metabolism disturbances with predominance of more potent androgens, as occurs in men. The enzyme's higher gene expression in treated hirsute patients could be an indirect evidence of restored enzyme activity and intracellular androgen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms of the actions of oestrogens and progestins have evolved from the simple concept of nuclear receptor-mediated regulation of transcription to a highly sophisticated, finely tuned interplay between various coregulators, other signaling cascades and transcription factors. The net result of these complex regulatory mechanisms is a steroid-, cell-, or tissue-specific action of oestrogens and progestins, their antagonists or selective modulators of their receptors. In this review, we have attempted to shed some light on the regulation of the actions of oestrogens and progestins on the human endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Punyadeera
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute of Growth and Development (GROW), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Varma R, Mascarenhas L. Endometrial effects of etonogestrel (Implanon) contraceptive implant. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2001; 13:335-41. [PMID: 11396660 DOI: 10.1097/00001703-200106000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The subdermal contraceptive implant etonogestrel (Implanon; NV Organon International, Oss, The Netherlands) exerts complex effects on the endometrium. These include direct effects on the endometrium through endometrial progestin target sites, and indirect effects through suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The resulting effects are categorized by alterations in endometrial histology, endometrial thickness, dysmenorrhoea and menstrual bleeding pattern. The exact mechanism of action of progestins on the endometrium has not been determined. The contraceptive effect in Implanon users is mainly due to inhibition of ovulation. Current research is concentrating on the potential of the progestin implant to modify endometrial vascular, angiogenic, steroid receptor and proto-oncogene function. These processes may be involved in the causation of progestin-induced breakthrough bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Varma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Luton and Dunstable NHS Trust, Luton, UK.
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19
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Silva IS, Morsch DM, Urnauer L, Spritzer PM. Androgen-induced cell growth and c-myc expression in human non-transformed epithelial prostatic cells in primary culture. Endocr Res 2001; 27:153-69. [PMID: 11428707 DOI: 10.1081/erc-100107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We assessed androgen-induced cell growth and c-myc expression in human non-transformed epithelial prostatic (HNTEP) cells in primary culture. Prostatic tissue was obtained from 48 retropubic prostatectomy patients (age: 61-77years) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (malignant tumors excluded). HNTEP cells were treated with testosterone or DHT, alone or in association with hydroxyflutamide. DHT action on c-myc mRNA was examined using Northern blots and RT-PCR. RT-PCR also was used to verify if HNTEP cells expressed the androgen receptor gene. Cell proliferation was assessed on days 3 and 6. Testosterone (2 x 10(-11) M) and DHT (10(-13)M) caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in cell proliferation on both days. Addition of hydroxyflutamide (10(-6) M) to DHT abolished cell proliferation. HNTEP cells expressed androgen receptor (AR) gene and the treatment with DHT increased AR mRNA levels. C-myc expression was maximal at 30 min and 1 h with DHT (10(-13) M). C-myc seems to play a key role in the control of hormone responsiveness and cell proliferation in epithelial prostatic cells. The detection of androgen receptor gene expression and the increase in this expression with the addition of androgen shows that the HTNEP cells maintain functional characteristics and hormone dependence, and that they are a fruitful in vitro model for studying steroid hormone action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Silva
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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