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Trout AL, Rutkai I, Biose IJ, Bix GJ. Review of Alterations in Perlecan-Associated Vascular Risk Factors in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E679. [PMID: 31968632 PMCID: PMC7013765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan protein in the extracellular matrix that structurally and biochemically supports the cerebrovasculature by dynamically responding to changes in cerebral blood flow. These changes in perlecan expression seem to be contradictory, ranging from neuroprotective and angiogenic to thrombotic and linked to lipid retention. This review investigates perlecan's influence on risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and amyloid that effect Vascular contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). VCID, a comorbidity with diverse etiology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), is thought to be a major factor that drives the overall clinical burden of dementia. Accordingly, changes in perlecan expression and distribution in response to VCID appears to be injury, risk factor, location, sex, age, and perlecan domain dependent. While great effort has been made to understand the role of perlecan in VCID, additional studies are needed to increase our understanding of perlecan's role in health and in cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Trout
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ifechukwude J. Biose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.R.); (I.J.B.)
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Tran-Lundmark K, Tran PK, Paulsson-Berne G, Fridén V, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Wight TN, Kinsella MG, Borén J, Hedin U. Heparan sulfate in perlecan promotes mouse atherosclerosis: roles in lipid permeability, lipid retention, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ Res 2008; 103:43-52. [PMID: 18596265 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been proposed to be antiatherogenic through inhibition of lipoprotein retention, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Perlecan is the predominant HS proteoglycan in the artery wall. Here, we investigated the role of perlecan HS chains using apoE null (ApoE0) mice that were cross-bred with mice expressing HS-deficient perlecan (Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3)). Morphometry of cross-sections from aortic roots and en face preparations of whole aortas revealed a significant decrease in lesion formation in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice at both 15 and 33 weeks. In vitro, binding of labeled mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and human LDL to total extracellular matrix, as well as to purified proteoglycans, prepared from ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) smooth muscle cells was reduced. In vivo, at 20 minutes influx of human (125)I-LDL or mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into the aortic wall was increased in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice compared to ApoE0 mice. However, at 72 hours accumulation of (125)I-LDL was similar in ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) and ApoE0 mice. Immunohistochemistry of lesions from ApoE0/Hspg2(Delta3/Delta3) mice showed decreased staining for apoB and increased smooth muscle alpha-actin content, whereas accumulation of CD68-positive inflammatory cells was unchanged. We conclude that the perlecan HS chains are proatherogenic in mice, possibly through increased lipoprotein retention, altered vascular permeability, or other mechanisms. The ability of HS to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth may also influence development as well as instability of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tran-Lundmark K, Tran PK, Paulsson-Berne G, Fridén V, Soininen R, Tryggvason K, Wight TN, Kinsella MG, Borén J, Hedin U. Heparan Sulfate in Perlecan Promotes Mouse Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been proposed to be antiatherogenic through inhibition of lipoprotein retention, inflammation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Perlecan is the predominant HS proteoglycan in the artery wall. Here, we investigated the role of perlecan HS chains using apoE null (ApoE0) mice that were cross-bred with mice expressing HS-deficient perlecan (
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
). Morphometry of cross-sections from aortic roots and en face preparations of whole aortas revealed a significant decrease in lesion formation in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice at both 15 and 33 weeks. In vitro, binding of labeled mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and human LDL to total extracellular matrix, as well as to purified proteoglycans, prepared from ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
smooth muscle cells was reduced. In vivo, at 20 minutes influx of human
125
I-LDL or mouse triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into the aortic wall was increased in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice compared to ApoE0 mice. However, at 72 hours accumulation of
125
I-LDL was similar in ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
and ApoE0 mice. Immunohistochemistry of lesions from ApoE0/
Hspg2
Δ3/Δ3
mice showed decreased staining for apoB and increased smooth muscle α-actin content, whereas accumulation of CD68-positive inflammatory cells was unchanged. We conclude that the perlecan HS chains are proatherogenic in mice, possibly through increased lipoprotein retention, altered vascular permeability, or other mechanisms. The ability of HS to inhibit smooth muscle cell growth may also influence development as well as instability of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tran-Lundmark
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Vincent Fridén
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Raija Soininen
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Michael G. Kinsella
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Jan Borén
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
| | - Ulf Hedin
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (K.T.-L., P.-K.T., U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; the Center for Molecular Medicine (G.P.-B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (V.F., J.B.), Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.S.), Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
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Tran PK, Agardh HE, Tran-Lundmark K, Ekstrand J, Roy J, Henderson B, Gabrielsen A, Hansson GK, Swedenborg J, Paulsson-Berne G, Hedin U. Reduced perlecan expression and accumulation in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:264-70. [PMID: 16620836 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate in the extracellular matrix of the artery wall has been proposed to possess anti-atherogenic properties by interfering with lipoprotein retention, suppression of inflammation, and inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth. Previously, the amount of heparan sulfate in atherosclerotic lesions from humans and animals has been shown to be reduced but the identity or identities of the heparan sulfate molecules being down regulated in this disease are not known. In this study, atherosclerotic lesions were retrieved from 44 patients undergoing surgery for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Normal iliac arteries from organ donors were used as controls. Analysis of the specimens by gene microarray showed a selective reduction in perlecan gene expression, whereas, expression of the other heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the artery wall, agrin and collagen XVIII, remained unchanged. Expression of the large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, versican, also remained unchanged. Real-time PCR confirmed the decrease in perlecan gene expression and the unchanged expression of versican. The findings were supported by immunohistochemical analysis demonstrating a reduced accumulation of both perlecan core protein and heparan sulfate in carotid lesions. The study demonstrates a reduction of perlecan mRNA-expression and protein deposition in human atherosclerosis, which in part explains the low levels of heparan sulfate in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Libeu CP, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Wehrli S, Hernáiz MJ, Capila I, Linhardt RJ, Raffaï RL, Newhouse YM, Zhou F, Weisgraber KH. New insights into the heparan sulfate proteoglycan-binding activity of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:39138-44. [PMID: 11500500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104746200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective binding of apolipoprotein E (apoE) to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis due to inefficient clearance of lipoprotein remnants by the liver. The interaction of apoE with HSPGs has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and may play a role in neuronal repair. To identify which residues in the heparin-binding site of apoE and which structural elements of heparan sulfate interact, we used a variety of approaches, including glycosaminoglycan specificity assays, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance, and heparin affinity chromatography. The formation of the high affinity complex required Arg-142, Lys-143, Arg-145, Lys-146, and Arg-147 from apoE and N- and 6-O-sulfo groups of the glucosamine units from the heparin fragment. As shown by molecular modeling, using a high affinity binding octasaccharide fragment of heparin, these findings are consistent with a binding mode in which five saccharide residues of fully sulfated heparan sulfate lie in a shallow groove of the alpha-helix that contains the HSPG-binding site (helix 4 of the four-helix bundle of the 22-kDa fragment). This groove is lined with residues Arg-136, Ser-139, His-140, Arg-142, Lys-143, Arg-145, Lys-146, and Arg-147. In the model, all of these residues make direct contact with either the 2-O-sulfo groups of the iduronic acid monosaccharides or the N- and 6-O-sulfo groups of the glucosamine sulfate monosaccharides. This model indicates that apoE has an HSPG-binding site highly complementary to heparan sulfate rich in N- and O-sulfo groups such as that found in the liver and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Libeu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94141, USA
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