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Echrish J, Pasca MI, Cabrera D, Yang Y, Harper AGS. Developing a Biomimetic 3D Neointimal Layer as a Prothrombotic Substrate for a Humanized In Vitro Model of Atherothrombosis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:372. [PMID: 38921252 PMCID: PMC11201422 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute cardiovascular events result from clots caused by the rupture and erosion of atherosclerotic plaques. This paper aimed to produce a functional biomimetic hydrogel of the neointimal layer of the atherosclerotic plaque that can support thrombogenesis upon exposure to human blood. A biomimetic hydrogel of the neointima was produced by culturing THP-1-derived foam cells within 3D collagen hydrogels in the presence or absence of atorvastatin. Prothrombin time and platelet aggregation onset were measured after exposure of the neointimal models to platelet-poor plasma and washed platelet suspensions prepared from blood of healthy, medication-free volunteers. Activity of the extrinsic coagulation pathway was measured using the fluorogenic substrate SN-17. Foam cell formation was observed following preincubation of the neointimal biomimetic hydrogels with oxidized LDL, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with atorvastatin. The neointimal biomimetic hydrogel was able to trigger platelet aggregation and blood coagulation upon exposure to human blood products. Atorvastatin pretreatment of the neointimal biomimetic layer significantly reduced its pro-aggregatory and pro-coagulant properties. In the future, this 3D neointimal biomimetic hydrogel can be incorporated as an additional layer within our current thrombus-on-a-chip model to permit the study of atherosclerosis development and the screening of anti-thrombotic drugs as an alternative to current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Cabrera
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK; (D.C.); (Y.Y.)
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Featherby SJ, Ettelaie C. Endothelial-derived microvesicles promote pro-migratory cross-talk with smooth muscle cells by a mechanism requiring tissue factor and PAR2 activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1365008. [PMID: 38966751 PMCID: PMC11222581 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1365008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Microvesicles (MV) released by endothelial cells (EC) following injury or inflammation contain tissue factor (TF) and mediate communication with the underlying smooth muscle cells (SMC). Ser253-phosphorylated TF co-localizes with filamin A at the leading edge of migrating SMC. In this study, the influence of endothelial-derived TF-MV, on human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC) migration was examined. Methods and Results MV derived from human coronary artery EC (HCAEC) expressing TFWt accelerated HCASMC migration, but was lower with cytoplasmic domain-deleted TF. Furthermore, incubation with TFAsp253-MV, or expression of TFAsp253 in HCASMC, reduced cell migration. Blocking TF-factor VIIa (TF-fVIIa) procoagulant/protease activity, or inhibiting PAR2 signaling on HCASMC, abolished the accelerated migration. Incubation with fVIIa alone increased HCASMC migration, but was significantly enhanced on supplementation with TF. Neither recombinant TF alone, factor Xa, nor PAR2-activating peptide (SLIGKV) influenced cell migration. In other experiments, HCASMC were transfected with peptides corresponding to the cytoplasmic domain of TF prior to stimulation with TF-fVIIa. Cell migration was suppressed only when the peptides were phosphorylated at position of Ser253. Expression of mutant forms of filamin A in HCASMC indicated that the enhancement of migration by TF but not by PDGF-BB, was dependent on the presence of repeat-24 within filamin A. Incubation of HCASMC with TFWt-MV significantly reduced the levels of Smoothelin-B protein, and upregulated FAK expression. Discussion In conclusion, Ser253-phosphorylated TF and fVIIa released as MV-cargo by EC, act in conjunction with PAR2 on SMC to promote migration and may be crucial for normal arterial homeostasis as well as, during development of vascular disease.
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Catherine Prater M, Polley KR, Cooper JA. Improvements in markers of inflammation and coagulation potential following a 5-day high-fat diet rich in cottonseed oil vs. Olive oil in healthy males. Cytokine 2024; 175:156494. [PMID: 38171039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation is believed to be a risk factor for chronic diseases and is nutritionally responsive. Cottonseed oil (CSO), which is rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fats, has been shown to lower cholesterol and other chronic disease risk factors. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the comparative responses of markers of inflammation and coagulation potential of healthy adult males consuming diets rich in CSO vs. olive oil (OO). METHODS Fifteen normal-weight males, ages 21.7 ± 2.58y, completed a randomized crossover trial. Each intervention consisted of a 3-day lead-in diet and a 5-day outpatient, controlled feeding intervention (CSO or OO). There was a 2 to 4-week washout period between interventions. The 5-day intervention diets were 35 % carbohydrate, 15 % protein, and 50 % fat, enriched with either CSO or OO (44 % of total energy from oil). At pre- and post- diet intervention visits, a fasting blood draw was collected for analysis of markers of inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP)) and coagulation potential (Tissue Factor (TF), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)). RESULTS The CSO-enriched diets reduced TNF-α (CSO: -0.12 ± 0.02 pg/ml, OO: -0.01 ± 0.05 pg/ml; p < 0.01) and TF (CSO: -0.59 ± 0.68 pg/ml, OO: 1.13 ± 0.83 pg/ml; p = 0.02) compared to OO diets. There were no differences in IL-6, CRP, or PAI-1 between diets. CONCLUSION A 5-day, CSO-enriched diet may be sufficient to reduce inflammation and coagulation potential compared to OO-enriched diets in a healthy male population which could have implications in chronic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Prater
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristine R Polley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Baaten CCFMJ, Nagy M, Bergmeier W, Spronk HMH, van der Meijden PEJ. Platelet biology and function: plaque erosion vs. rupture. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:18-31. [PMID: 37940193 PMCID: PMC10757869 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of heart disease in developed countries is coronary atherosclerosis, which is not simply a result of ageing but a chronic inflammatory process that can lead to acute clinical events upon atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion and arterial thrombus formation. The composition and location of atherosclerotic plaques determine the phenotype of the lesion and whether it is more likely to rupture or to erode. Although plaque rupture and erosion both initiate platelet activation on the exposed vascular surface, the contribution of platelets to thrombus formation differs between the two phenotypes. In this review, plaque phenotype is discussed in relation to thrombus composition, and an overview of important mediators (haemodynamics, matrix components, and soluble factors) in plaque-induced platelet activation is given. As thrombus formation on disrupted plaques does not necessarily result in complete vessel occlusion, plaque healing can occur. Therefore, the latest findings on plaque healing and the potential role of platelets in this process are summarized. Finally, the clinical need for more effective antithrombotic agents is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance C F M J Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Magdolna Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Blood Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P. Debeyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P. Debeyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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5
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Mekke JM, Sakkers TR, Verwer MC, van den Dungen NAM, Song Y, Miller CL, Finn AV, Pasterkamp G, Mokry M, den Ruijter HM, Vink A, de Kleijn DPV, de Borst GJ, Haitjema S, van der Laan SW. The accumulation of erythrocytes quantified and visualized by Glycophorin C in carotid atherosclerotic plaque reflects intraplaque hemorrhage and pre-procedural neurological symptoms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17104. [PMID: 37816779 PMCID: PMC10564864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of erythrocyte membranes within an atherosclerotic plaque may contribute to the deposition of free cholesterol and thereby the enlargement of the necrotic core. Erythrocyte membranes can be visualized and quantified in the plaque by immunostaining for the erythrocyte marker glycophorin C. Hence, we theorized that the accumulation of erythrocytes quantified by glycophorin C could function as a marker for plaque vulnerability, possibly reflecting intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH), and offering predictive value for pre-procedural neurological symptoms. We employed the CellProfiler-integrated slideToolKit workflow to visualize and quantify glycophorin C, defined as the total plaque area that is positive for glycophorin C, in single slides of culprit lesions obtained from the Athero-Express Biobank of 1819 consecutive asymptomatic and symptomatic patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy. Our assessment included the evaluation of various parameters such as lipid core, calcifications, collagen content, SMC content, and macrophage burden. These parameters were evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring method, and the resulting data was dichotomized as predefined criteria into categories of no/minor or moderate/heavy staining. In addition, the presence or absence of IPH was also scored. The prevalence of IPH and pre-procedural neurological symptoms were 62.4% and 87.1%, respectively. The amount of glycophorin staining was significantly higher in samples from men compared to samples of women (median 7.15 (IQR:3.37, 13.41) versus median 4.06 (IQR:1.98, 8.32), p < 0.001). Glycophorin C was associated with IPH adjusted for clinical confounders (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.63, 2.21; p = < 0.001). Glycophorin C was significantly associated with ipsilateral pre-procedural neurological symptoms (OR:1.27, 95%CI:1.06-1.41, p = 0.005). Sex-stratified analysis, showed that this was also the case for men (OR 1.37; 95%CI 1.12, 1.69; p = 0.003), but not for women (OR 1.15; 95%CI 0.77, 1.73; p = 0.27). Glycophorin C was associated with classical features of a vulnerable plaque, such as a larger lipid core, a higher macrophage burden, less calcifications, a lower collagen and SMC content. There were marked sex differences, in men, glycophorin C was associated with calcifications and collagen while these associations were not found in women. To conclude, the accumulation of erythrocytes in atherosclerotic plaque quantified and visualized by glycophorin C was independently associated with the presence of IPH, preprocedural symptoms in men, and with a more vulnerable plaque composition in both men and women. These results strengthen the notion that the accumulation of erythrocytes quantified by glycophorin C can be used as a marker for plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost M Mekke
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim R Sakkers
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C Verwer
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M van den Dungen
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yipei Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Clint L Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Vink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique P V de Kleijn
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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6
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Hara T, Sata M, Fukuda D. Emerging roles of protease-activated receptors in cardiometabolic disorders. J Cardiol 2023; 81:337-346. [PMID: 36195252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity-related insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, share sterile chronic inflammation as a major cause; however, the precise underlying mechanisms of chronic inflammation in cardiometabolic disorders are not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that several coagulation proteases, including thrombin and activated factor X (FXa), play an important role not only in the coagulation cascade but also in the proinflammatory responses through protease-activated receptors (PARs) in many cell types. Four members of the PAR family have been cloned (PAR 1-4). For instance, thrombin activates PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4. FXa activates both PAR-1 and PAR-2, while it has no effect on PAR-3 or PAR-4. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-1 and PAR-2 activated by thrombin or FXa promote gene expression of inflammatory molecules mainly via the NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. In obese adipose tissue and atherosclerotic vascular tissue, various stresses increase the expression of tissue factor and procoagulant activity. Recent studies indicated that the activation of PARs in adipocytes and vascular cells by coagulation proteases promotes inflammation in these tissues, which leads to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. This review briefly summarizes the role of PARs and coagulation proteases in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and describes recent findings (including ours) on the potential participation of this system in the development of cardiometabolic disorders. New insights into PARs may ensure a better understanding of cardiometabolic disorders and suggest new therapeutic options for these major health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Yamashita A, Asada Y. Underlying mechanisms of thrombus formation/growth in atherothrombosis and deep vein thrombosis. Pathol Int 2023; 73:65-80. [PMID: 36598039 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis remains a leading cause of death worldwide despite technological advances in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The traditional view of arterial thrombus formation is that it is a platelet-dependent process, whereas that of venous thrombus formation is a coagulation-dependent process. Current pathological and basic studies on atherothrombosis and venous thrombosis have revealed the diverse participation of platelet and coagulation activation mechanisms in both thrombus initiation and growth processes during clinical thrombotic events. Atherosclerotic plaque cell-derived tissue factor contributes to fibrin formation and platelet aggregation. The degree of plaque disruption and a blood flow alteration promote atherothrombotic occlusion. While blood stasis/turbulent flow due to luminal stenosis itself initiates venous thrombus formation. The coagulation factor XI-driven propagation phase of blood coagulation plays a major role in venous thrombus growth, but a minor role in hemostasis. These lines of evidence indicate that atherothrombosis onset is affected by the thrombogenic potential of atherosclerotic plaques, the plaque disruption size, and an alteration in blood flow. Upon onset of venous thrombosis, enhancement of the propagation phase of blood coagulation under blood stasis and a hypercoagulable state contribute to large thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Pathophysiology Section, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yujiro Asada
- Pathophysiology Section, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
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8
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Sotler T, Šebeštjen M. PCSK9 as an Atherothrombotic Risk Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031966. [PMID: 36768292 PMCID: PMC9916735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in lipid metabolism are among the most important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key protein in lipid metabolism that is also involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction and aherosclerotic plaque development. Studies have shown a connection between PCSK9 and various indicators of inflammation. Signalling pathways that include PCSK9 play important role in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic lesions by inducing vascular inflammation. Studies so far have suggested that PCSK9 is associated with procoagulation, enhancing the development of atherosclerosis. Experimentally, it was also found that an increased concentration of PCSK9 significantly accelerated the apoptosis of endothelial cells and reduced endothelial function, which created conditions for the development of atherosclerosis. PCSK9 inhibitors can therefore improve clinical outcomes not only in a lipid-dependent manner, but also through lipid-independent pathways. The aim of our review was to shed light on the impact of PCSK9 on these factors, which are not directly related to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Sotler
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Šebeštjen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Sasaki S, Nishihira K, Yamashita A, Fujii T, Onoue K, Saito Y, Hatakeyama K, Shibata Y, Asada Y, Ohbayashi C. Involvement of enhanced expression of classical complement C1q in atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability: C1q as an indicator of clinical outcome. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262413. [PMID: 35085285 PMCID: PMC8794146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the classical complement pathway plays a major role in regulating atherosclerosis progression, and it is believed to have both proatherogenic and atheroprotective effects. This study focused on C1q, the first protein in the classical pathway, and examined its potentialities of plaque progression and instability and its relationship with clinical outcomes. To assess the localization and quantity of C1q expression in various stages of atherosclerosis, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed using abdominal aortas from eight autopsy cases. C1q immunoreactivity in relation to plaque instability and clinical outcomes was also examined using directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) samples from 19 patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and 18 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and coronary aspirated specimens from 38 patients with acute myocardial infarction. C1q immunoreactivity was localized in the extracellular matrix, necrotic cores, macrophages and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Western blotting and real-time PCR illustrated that C1q protein and mRNA expression was significantly higher in advanced lesions than in early lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis using DCA specimens revealed that C1q expression was significantly higher in ACS plaques than in SAP plaques. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis using thrombus aspiration specimens demonstrated that histopathological C1q in aspirated coronary materials could be an indicator of poor medical condition. Our results indicated that C1q is significantly involved in atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability, and it could be considered as one of the indicators of cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoh Sasaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Onoue
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohbayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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10
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Absence of coronary angioscopy-derived in-stent thrombi is associated with major bleeding events in acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2021; 319:62-71. [PMID: 33486352 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for acute myocardial infarction is controversial because the bleeding risk outweighs the thromboembolic risk. We hypothesized that an in-stent thrombus (IS-thrombus) detected by coronary angioscopy (CAS) after stent implantation would be associated with high bleeding risk. METHODS This study included 208 patients who underwent CAS at 2 weeks after stent implantation for an acute myocardial infarction. The study was approved by the ethics committee at the Nihon University Itabashi Hospital (reference number RK-200714-10). RESULTS In 84 patients, in whom no IS-thrombus was identified in the culprit vessel using CAS, the major bleeding event rate was significantly higher than that in patients with IS-thrombi (n = 124). However, no difference was detected in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; stroke, hospitalization for a non-fatal myocardial infarction/unstable angina, target lesion revascularization, and cardiovascular death). After adjustments by the propensity score based on patient characteristics, the absence of IS-thrombi remained an independent predictor of major bleeding events (hazard ratio 4.73, 95% confidence interval 2.04-11.00, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The absence of CAS-detected IS-thrombi in the subacute phase was independently associated with future major bleeding events, but not with MACE. These findings may help optimize the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy.
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11
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue factor in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 307:80-86. [PMID: 32674807 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the formation of lipid rich plaques in the wall of medium to large sized arteries. Atherothrombosis represents the terminal manifestation of this pathology in which atherosclerotic plaque rupture or erosion triggers the formation of occlusive thrombi. Occlusion of arteries and resultant tissue ischemia in the heart and brain causes myocardial infarction and stroke, respectively. Tissue factor (TF) is the receptor for the coagulation protease factor VIIa, and formation of the TF:factor VIIa complex triggers blood coagulation. TF is expressed at high levels in atherosclerotic plaques by both macrophage-derived foam cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as extracellular vesicles derived from these cells. Importantly, TF mediated activation of coagulation is critically important for arterial thrombosis in the setting of atherosclerotic disease. The major endogenous inhibitor of the TF:factor VIIa complex is TF pathway inhibitor 1 (TFPI-1), which is also present in atherosclerotic plaques. In mouse models, increased or decreased expression of TFPI-1 has been found to alter atherosclerosis. This review highlights the contribution of TF-dependent activation of coagulation to atherthrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel Mackman
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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12
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Asada Y, Yamashita A, Sato Y, Hatakeyama K. Pathophysiology of atherothrombosis: Mechanisms of thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic plaques. Pathol Int 2020; 70:309-322. [PMID: 32166823 PMCID: PMC7317428 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity worldwide. The underlying mechanisms of atherothrombosis comprise plaque disruption and subsequent thrombus formation. Arterial thrombi are thought to mainly comprise aggregated platelets as a result of high blood velocity. However, thrombi that develop on disrupted plaques comprise not only aggregated platelets, but also large amounts of fibrin, because plaques contain large amount of tissue factor that activate the coagulation cascade. Since not all thrombi grow large enough to occlude the vascular lumen, the propagation of thrombi is also critical in the onset of adverse vascular events. Various factors such as vascular wall thrombogenicity, local hemorheology, systemic thrombogenicity and fibrinolytic activity modulate thrombus formation and propagation. Although the activation mechanisms of platelets and the coagulation cascade have been intensively investigated, the underlying mechanisms of occlusive thrombus formation on disrupted plaques remain obscure. Pathological findings derived from humans and animal models of human atherothrombosis have uncovered pathophysiological processes during thrombus formation and propagation after plaque disruption, and novel factors have been identified that modulate the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade. These findings have also provided insights into the development of novel drugs for atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Asada
- Pathophysiology Section, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Pathophysiology Section, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Miyazaki Hospital, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Jeelani H, Ganie MA, Masood A, Amin S, Kawa IA, Fatima Q, Manzoor S, Parvez T, Naikoo NA, Rashid F. Assessment of PON1 activity and circulating TF levels in relation to BMI, testosterone, HOMA-IR, HDL-C, LDL-C, CHO, SOD activity and TAC in women with PCOS: An observational study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2907-2915. [PMID: 31425955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrinopathy among premenopausal women associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and inflammation. Oxidative stress is an important component of cardio-metabolic risk seen in PCOS. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 95 women with PCOS and 95 healthy controls were included in this observational study. Serum PON1 activity and stress markers were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Circulating TF level was measured by ELISA. RESULTS We found decreased PON1 activity and increased TF levels in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls. Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, testosterone, LDL-C, MDA, PC and SOD activity were significantly increased whereas FGIR, QUICKI, HDLC, CAT and TAC were significantly decreased in PCOS women than controls. We observed a positive association of PON1 activity with FGIR, QUICKI, HDL-C and TAC, and its negative association was observed with LH, testosterone, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in PCOS women. We further observed a positive association of TF with waist, waist to hip ratio, BMI, glucose 1hr, cholesterol, LDL-C, SGPT, uric acid and SOD activity in PCOS women. CONCLUSIONS Decreased PON1 activity and raised circulating TF levels are respective indicators of pro-inflammatory and procoagulant status in PCOS women. The imbalanced oxidant/antioxidant status further supports the evidences that PCOS is an oxidant state. Further, the association of PON1 activity and TF levels with the clinical, laboratory findings and stress marker levels suggest that these factors taken together are involved in aggravating the pro-inflammatory status in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humira Jeelani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Ganie
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iram Ashaq Kawa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Qudsia Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saika Manzoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tabasum Parvez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Trust Hospital, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmad Naikoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Govt College for Women, M A Road, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Fouzia Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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14
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Posma JJ, Grover SP, Hisada Y, Owens AP, Antoniak S, Spronk HM, Mackman N. Roles of Coagulation Proteases and PARs (Protease-Activated Receptors) in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:13-24. [PMID: 30580574 PMCID: PMC6310042 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the blood coagulation cascade leads to fibrin deposition and platelet activation that are required for hemostasis. However, aberrant activation of coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Thrombi can cause tissue ischemia, and fibrin degradation products and activated platelets can enhance inflammation. In addition, coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of PARs (protease-activated receptors), including PAR1 and PAR2. Direct oral anticoagulants have recently been developed to specifically inhibit the coagulation proteases FXa (factor Xa) and thrombin. Administration of these inhibitors to wild-type mice can be used to determine the roles of FXa and thrombin in different inflammatory diseases. These results can be compared with the phenotypes of mice with deficiencies of either Par1 (F2r) or Par2 (F2rl1). However, inhibition of coagulation proteases will have effects beyond reducing PAR signaling, and a deficiency of PARs will abolish signaling from all proteases that activate these receptors. We will summarize studies that examine the roles of coagulation proteases, particularly FXa and thrombin, and PARs in different mouse models of inflammatory disease. Targeting FXa and thrombin or PARs may reduce inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Posma
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven P Grover
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henri M Spronk
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Asada Y, Yamashita A, Sato Y, Hatakeyama K. Thrombus Formation and Propagation in the Onset of Cardiovascular Events. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:653-664. [PMID: 29887539 PMCID: PMC6099067 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic plaques is considered to trigger its onset. Although the activation of platelets and coagulation pathways has been investigated intensively, the mechanisms of thrombus formation on disrupted plaques have not been understood in detail. Platelets are thought to play a central role in the formation of arterial thrombus because of rapid flow conditions; however, thrombus that develops on disrupted plaques consistently includes large amounts of fibrin in addition to aggregated platelets. While, thrombus does not always become large enough to completely occlude the vascular lumen, indicating that the propagation of thrombus is also critical for the onset of cardiovascular events. Various factors, such as vascular wall thrombogenicity, altered blood flow and imbalanced blood hemostasis, modulate thrombus formation and propagation on disrupted plaques. Pathological findings derived from humans and experimental animal models of atherothrombosis have identified important factors that affect thrombus formation and propagation, namely platelets, extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation factors, proinflammatory factors, plaque hypoxia and blood flow alteration. These findings might provide insight into the mechanisms of thrombus formation and propagation on disrupted plaques that lead to the onset of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Miyazaki Hospital, University of Miyazaki
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16
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Jones SM, Mann A, Conrad K, Saum K, Hall DE, McKinney LM, Robbins N, Thompson J, Peairs AD, Camerer E, Rayner KJ, Tranter M, Mackman N, Owens AP. PAR2 (Protease-Activated Receptor 2) Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1271-1282. [PMID: 29599135 PMCID: PMC6324171 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2)-dependent signaling results in augmented inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS PAR2 mRNA and protein expression is increased in human carotid artery and mouse aortic arch atheroma versus control carotid and aortic arch arteries, respectively. To determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on atherosclerosis, male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (8-12 weeks old) that were Par2+/+ or Par2-/- were fed a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 12 or 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and aortic root after 12 and 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency did not alter total plasma cholesterol concentrations or lipoprotein distributions. Bone marrow transplantation showed that PAR2 on nonhematopoietic cells contributed to atherosclerosis. PAR2 deficiency significantly attenuated levels of the chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl1 in the circulation and macrophage content in atherosclerotic lesions. Mechanistic studies using isolated primary vascular smooth muscle cells showed that PAR2 deficiency is associated with reduced Ccl2 and Cxcl1 mRNA expression and protein release into the supernatant resulting in less monocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PAR2 deficiency is associated with attenuation of atherosclerosis and may reduce lesion progression by blunting Ccl2- and Cxcl1-induced monocyte infiltration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Lipids/blood
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptor, PAR-1/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/deficiency
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Jones
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Adrien Mann
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Kelsey Conrad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Keith Saum
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- University of Cincinnati Medical Scientist Training Program (K.S.)
| | - David E Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Lisa M McKinney
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nathan Robbins
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Joel Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (J.T.)
| | - Abigail D Peairs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, France (E.C.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Michael Tranter
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
- Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
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17
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:709-725. [PMID: 29437578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for factor (F)VII/VIIa. The TF-FVIIa complex is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays an essential role in hemostasis. TF is expressed on perivascular cells and epithelial cells at organ and body surfaces where it forms a hemostatic barrier. TF also provides additional hemostatic protection to vital organs, such as the brain, lung, and heart. Under pathological conditions, TF can trigger both arterial and venous thrombosis. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques contain high levels of TF on macrophage foam cells and microvesicles that drives thrombus formation after plaque rupture. In sepsis, inducible TF expression on monocytes leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In cancer patients, tumors release TF-positive microvesicles into the circulation that may contribute to venous thrombosis. TF also has nonhemostatic roles. For instance, TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade generates coagulation proteases, such as FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin, which induce signaling in a variety of cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors. This review will focus on the roles of TF in protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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18
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Yamashita A, Kaku S, Iwatsuki Y, Asada Y, Funatsu T. Plasma factor Xa inhibition can predict antithrombotic effects of oral direct factor Xa inhibitors in rabbit atherothrombosis models. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:896-902. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe evaluated the relationship between antithrombotic effects and pharmacodynamic (PD) marker changes produced by the novel factor (F)Xa inhibitors darexaban (YM150) and rivaroxaban in a rabbit model of plaque disruption-induced arterial thrombosis. Animals were subjected to catheter-induced endothelial denudation via the femoral artery followed by a two-week high-cholesterol diet. Plaque disruption was induced by balloon angioplasty, and then stasis was achieved by ligation at the distal side of the injured segment. Darexaban and rivaroxaban were administered orally 1 hour (h) before and 9 h after plaque disruption, and their antithrombotic effects were evaluated 24 h after the initiation of ligation. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma FXa activity were measured using blood samples collected before and 1 h after administration. Darexaban and rivaroxaban significantly reduced thrombus formation. The thrombus weight obtained in the 30 mg/kg darexaban group was comparable to that in the 1 mg/kg rivaroxaban group (2.17 ± 0.63 and 3.23 ± 1.64 mg, respectively, vs. 8.01 ± 1.08 mg in the control group). Plasma FXa activity correlated with the antithrombotic effects of darexaban and rivaroxaban, while PT only correlated with those of darexaban. Our findings suggest that the degree of plasma FXa inhibition may be useful for predicting antithrombotic effects of darexaban and rivaroxaban in arterial thrombosis. PT may also be useful in evaluating antithrombotic effects of darexaban in particular.
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19
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Mean platelet volume to platelet count ratio predicts in-hospital complications and long-term mortality in type A acute aortic dissection. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016; 27:653-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulate Platelets and Facilitate Thrombus Formation through Platelet CLEC-2: Implications in Atherothrombosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139357. [PMID: 26418160 PMCID: PMC4587843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet receptor CLEC-2 is involved in thrombosis/hemostasis, but its ligand, podoplanin, is expressed only in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We investigated CLEC-2 ligands in vessel walls. Recombinant CLEC-2 bound to early atherosclerotic lesions and normal arterial walls, co-localizing with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry showed that recombinant CLEC-2, but not an anti-podoplanin antibody, bound to VSMCs, suggesting that CLEC-2 ligands other than podoplanin are present in VSMCs. VSMCs stimulated platelet granule release and supported thrombus formation under flow, dependent on CLEC-2. The time to occlusion in a FeCl3-induced animal thrombosis model was significantly prolonged in the absence of CLEC-2. Because the internal elastic lamina was lacerated in our FeCl3-induced model, we assume that the interaction between CLEC-2 and its ligands in VSMCs induces thrombus formation. Protein arrays and Biacore analysis were used to identify S100A13 as a CLEC-2 ligand in VSMCs. However, S100A13 is not responsible for the above-described VSMC-induced platelet activation, because S100A13 is not expressed on the surface of normal VSMCs. S100A13 was released upon oxidative stress and expressed in the luminal area of atherosclerotic lesions. Suspended S100A13 did not activate platelets, but immobilized S100A13 significantly increased thrombus formation on collagen-coated surfaces. Taken together, we proposed that VSMCs stimulate platelets through CLEC-2, possibly leading to thrombus formation after plaque erosion and stent implantation, where VSMCs are exposed to blood flow. Furthermore, we identified S100A13 as one of the ligands on VSMCs.
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21
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Korjian S, Daaboul Y, Halaby R, Goldhaber SZ, Cohen AT, Singh K, Susheela AT, Harrington RA, Hull RD, Hernandez AF, Gibson CM. Extended-Duration Thromboprophylaxis Among Acute Medically Ill Patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 21:227-32. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248415601894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute medical illnesses are associated with a prolonged elevation in inflammatory markers that predisposes patients to thrombosis beyond the duration of their hospital stay. In parallel, both observational and randomized data have demonstrated a rate of postdischarge venous thromboembolic events that often exceeds that observed in the hospital setting. Despite this significant residual risk of venous thromboembolic events following discharge among acute medically ill patients, no therapeutic strategies have been recommended to address this unmet need. Available randomized trials have demonstrated the efficacy of extending the duration of thromboprophylaxis with available anticoagulants; however, the efficacy is offset, at least in part, by an increase in bleeding events. Identification of the optimal therapeutic strategies, treatment duration, and risk assessment tools that reconcile both efficacy and safety of extended-duration thromboprophylaxis among acute medically ill patients is an area of ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Korjian
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yazan Daaboul
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rim Halaby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Z. Goldhaber
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander T. Cohen
- Department of Haematology, Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kiran Singh
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ammu T. Susheela
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A. Harrington
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Russell D. Hull
- Department of Medicine, Foothills Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrian F. Hernandez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C. Michael Gibson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids in medium to large sized arteries. Atherothrombosis is a term used to describe formation of a thrombus after rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombosis can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking and hypertension all of which increase tissue factor (TF) expression. High levels of TF are present in atherosclerotic plaques due to expression by macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and the presence of cell-derived TF-positive microvesicles (MVs). In addition, hyperlipidemia leads to the formation of oxidized LDL, which induces TF expression in circulating monocytes and the release of TF-positive MVs. The major source of TF that drives thrombosis after plaque rupture is TF within the plaque. However, TF in the blood on monocytes and MVs may also contribute the thrombosis. Inhibition of the TF/factor VIIa complex is unlikely to be an effective strategy to reduce atherothrombosis due the essential role of the complex in hemostasis. However, selective blockade of pathologic TF without affecting protective TF may be effective in reducing atherothrombosis. For instance, statins have been shown to reduce TF expression in the plaque and in circulating monocytes, which would be expected to reduce thrombosis. Further studies are needed to determine safe strategies to reduce pathologic TF expression and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Group,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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23
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Matsuura Y, Yamashita A, Iwakiri T, Sugita C, Okuyama N, Kitamura K, Asada Y. Vascular wall hypoxia promotes arterial thrombus formation via augmentation of vascular thrombogenicity. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:158-72. [PMID: 25833755 DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions represent a hypoxic milieu. However, the significance of this milieu in atherothrombosis has not been established. We aimed to assess the hypothesis that vascular wall hypoxia promotes arterial thrombus formation. We examined the relation between vascular wall hypoxia and arterial thrombus formation using a rabbit model in which arterial thrombosis was induced by 0.5 %-cholesterol diet and repeated balloon injury of femoral arteries. Vascular wall hypoxia was immunohistochemically detected by pimonidazole hydrochloride, a hypoxia marker. Rabbit neointima and THP-1 macrophages were cultured to analyse prothrombotic factor expression under hypoxic conditions (1 % O2). Prothrombotic factor expression and nuclear localisation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 were immunohistochemically assessed using human coronary atherectomy plaques. Hypoxic areas were localised in the macrophage-rich deep portion of rabbit neointima and positively correlated with the number of nuclei immunopositive for HIF-1α and NF-κB p65, and tissue factor (TF) expression. Immunopositive areas for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and fibrin in thrombi were significantly correlated with hypoxic areas in arteries. TF and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression was increased in neointimal tissues and/or macrophages cultured under hypoxia, and both were suppressed by inhibitors of either HIF-1 or NF-κB. In human coronary plaques, the number of HIF-1α-immunopositive nuclei was positively correlated with that of NF-κB-immunopositive nuclei and TF-immunopositive and PAI-1-immunopositive area, and it was significantly higher in thrombotic plaques. Vascular wall hypoxia augments the thrombogenic potential of atherosclerotic plaque and thrombus formation on plaques via prothrombotic factor upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yujiro Asada
- Yujiro Asada, MD, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan, Tel.: + 81 985 85 2810, Fax: + 81 985 85 7614, E-mail:
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Okuyama N, Matsuda S, Yamashita A, Moriguchi-Goto S, Sameshima N, Iwakiri T, Matsuura Y, Sato Y, Asada Y. Human Coronary Thrombus Formation Is Associated With Degree of Plaque Disruption and Expression of Tissue Factor and Hexokinase II. Circ J 2015; 79:2430-8. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Okuyama
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Shuntaro Matsuda
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Sayaka Moriguchi-Goto
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Naoki Sameshima
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Takashi Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yunosuke Matsuura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuichiro Sato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Miyazaki University Hospital, University of Miyazaki
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Koch M, Zernecke A. The hemostatic system as a regulator of inflammation in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:735-44. [PMID: 25491152 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. As part of a tightly connected cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation, there is growing evidence that the coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We here discuss the presence of coagulation factors in atherosclerotic lesions and the overall effects of hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability on atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we focus on the unifying common pathway of coagulation, which can be initiated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, and discuss the functions of the coagulation factors FX, thrombin, and FXIII as regulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis. In particular, we review the non-hemostatic and immune-modulatory functions of these factors in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as monocytes/macrophages, but also other cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells, that may control the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Their multiple roles in coagulation, but also their non-hemostatic functions in different cell types in inflammation and immunity, may harbor great potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Koch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is considered the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. An estimated 200 million prescriptions are issued per year for statins to treat hypercholesterolemia. Importantly, statins have additional beneficial effects independent of their effects on lipids. Recent studies have shown that statins reduce thrombosis via multiple pathways, including inhibiting platelet activation and reducing the pathologic expression of the procoagulant protein tissue factor. Many of the antithrombotic effects of statins are attributed to inhibiting prenylation of RhoA and effects on other intracellular signaling molecules such as NF-κB and KLF2. These antithrombotic activities of statins likely contribute to the ability of statins to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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27
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Freestone B, Krishnamoorthy S, Lip GYH. Assessment of endothelial dysfunction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 8:557-71. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wen D, Du X, Dong JZ, Zhou XL, Ma CS. Value of D-dimer and C reactive protein in predicting inhospital death in acute aortic dissection. Heart 2013; 99:1192-7. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is abundantly present in atherosclerotic plaques and it is the primary source of TF that triggers the rapid activation of the coagulation cascade after plaque rupture. While much of this TF is associated with monocyte/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, recent studies suggests TF-positive microparticles (MPs) are the most abundant source in plaques. Further, while intravascular TF is largely absent in healthy patients, cardiovascular disease patients have increased TF expression in circulating monocytes, which can result in increased levels of TF-positive MPs. This brief review describes how TF is the primary initiator of atherothrombosis and how TF-positive MPs may serve as a biomarker to identify patients at greater risk of forming an occlusive thrombus. In addition, currently used therapeutics, such as statins and inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, may have additional benefits by reducing TF expression and subsequent thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Yunoki K, Naruko T, Sugioka K, Inaba M, Itoh A, Haze K, Yoshiyama M, Ueda M. Thrombus Aspiration Therapy and Coronary Thrombus Components in Patients with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20:524-37. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.17608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Yang Z, Ming XF. mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:58-68. [PMID: 23107260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders such as type-II diabetes and an accelerating aging population globally will remain the major contributors to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. It is well known that aging is highly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence also shows that obesity and metabolic diseases accelerate aging process. Studies in experimental animal models demonstrate similarity of metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes in metabolic diseases and old age, e.g. insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic low grade inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and heart failure, as well as vascular dysfunctions. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms linking metabolic stress, aging, and ultimately cardiovascular diseases are still elusive. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is a well known regulator of metabolism and lifespan in model organisms, its central role in linking metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases is recently emerging. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the role of mTOR signalling as a molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases. The therapeutic potentials of targeting mTOR signalling to protect against metabolic and age-associated cardiovascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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32
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Hag AMF, Pedersen SF, Christoffersen C, Binderup T, Jensen MM, Jørgensen JT, Skovgaard D, Ripa RS, Kjaer A. (18)F-FDG PET imaging of murine atherosclerosis: association with gene expression of key molecular markers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50908. [PMID: 23226424 PMCID: PMC3511408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To study whether 18F-FDG can be used for in vivo imaging of atherogenesis by examining the correlation between 18F-FDG uptake and gene expression of key molecular markers of atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. Methods Nine groups of apoE−/− mice were given normal chow or high-fat diet. At different time-points, 18F-FDG PET/contrast-enhanced CT scans were performed on dedicated animal scanners. After scans, animals were euthanized, aortas removed, gamma counted, RNA extracted from the tissue, and gene expression of chemo (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, cluster of differentiation molecule (CD)-68, osteopontin (OPN), lectin-like oxidized LDL-receptor (LOX)-1, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and tissue factor (TF) was measured by means of qPCR. Results The uptake of 18F-FDG increased over time in the groups of mice receiving high-fat diet measured by PET and ex vivo gamma counting. The gene expression of all examined markers of atherosclerosis correlated significantly with 18F-FDG uptake. The strongest correlation was seen with TF and CD68 (p<0.001). A multivariate analysis showed CD68, OPN, TF, and VCAM-1 to be the most important contributors to the uptake of 18F-FDG. Together they could explain 60% of the 18F-FDG uptake. Conclusion We have demonstrated that 18F-FDG can be used to follow the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. The gene expression of ten molecular markers representing different molecular processes important for atherosclerosis was shown to correlate with the uptake of 18F-FDG. Especially, the gene expressions of CD68, OPN, TF, and VCAM-1 were strong predictors for the uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Fisker Hag
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Owens AP, Mackman N. Sources of tissue factor that contribute to thrombosis after rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. Thromb Res 2012; 129 Suppl 2:S30-3. [PMID: 22444158 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia leads to the formation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), vessel dysfunction, atherosclerotic disease, and ultimately to plaque rupture and thrombosis. OxLDL induces tissue factor (TF) expression in various cell types, including monocytes and macrophages. High levels of TF are present in atherosclerotic plaques and this represents that major source of TF that triggers thrombosis after plaque rupture. In addition, increased levels of "circulating TF" are observed in hyperlipidemic animals and patients. This is due to induced TF expression in monocytes and release of monocyte-derived, TF(+) microparticles, which represents a minor source of TF that likely contributes to thrombosis after plaques rupture. This review will summarize the connections between hyperlipidemia and TF expression within atherosclerotic plaques and circulating monocytes, as well as its inhibition by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillip Owens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Drive Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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The Interface between Inflammation and Coagulation in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:860301. [PMID: 22518344 PMCID: PMC3299274 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The intimate connection between coagulation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular disease has moved more and more into focus of clinical research. This paper focuses on the essential components of this interplay in the settings of cardiovascular disease and acute coronary syndrome. Tissue factor, the main initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, plays a central role via causing a proinflammatory response through activation of coagulation factors and thereby initiating coagulation and downstream cellular signalling pathways. Regarding activated clotting factors II, X, and VII, protease-activated receptors provide the molecular link between coagulation and inflammation. Hereby, PAR-1 displays deleterious as well as beneficial properties. Unravelling these interrelations may help developing new strategies to ameliorate the detrimental reciprocal aggravation of inflammation and coagulation.
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González F, Kirwan JP, Rote NS, Minium J. Elevated Circulating Levels of Tissue Factor in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012; 19:66-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1076029612436673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank González
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and PathoBiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Neal S. Rote
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Judi Minium
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Positive feedback loops for factor V and factor VII activation supply sensitivity to local surface tissue factor density during blood coagulation. Biophys J 2012; 101:1816-24. [PMID: 22004734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation is triggered not only by surface tissue factor (TF) density but also by surface TF distribution. We investigated recognition of surface TF distribution patterns during blood coagulation and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. For these investigations, we employed 1), an in vitro reaction-diffusion experimental model of coagulation; and 2), numerical simulations using a mathematical model of coagulation in a three-dimensional space. When TF was uniformly immobilized over the activating surface, the clotting initiation time in normal plasma increased from 4 min to >120 min, with a decrease in TF density from 100 to 0.7 pmol/m(2). In contrast, surface-immobilized fibroblasts initiated clotting within 3-7 min, independently of fibroblast quantity and despite a change in average surface TF density from 0.5 to 130 pmol/m(2). Experiments using factor V-, VII-, and VIII-deficient plasma and computer simulations demonstrated that different responses to these two TF distributions are caused by two positive feedback loops in the blood coagulation network: activation of the TF-VII complex by factor Xa, and activation of factor V by thrombin. This finding suggests a new role for these reactions: to supply sensitivity to local TF density during blood coagulation.
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Hatakeyama K, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Ishikawa T, Nishihira K, Tsujimoto Y, Shibata Y, Ozaki Y, Asada Y. Podoplanin expression in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of human aortas. Thromb Res 2012; 129:e70-6. [PMID: 22283975 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic lesion is a key mechanism of cardiovascular events. Podoplanin (Aggrus), expressed on the surface of several tumor cells, is an endogenous ligand for C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), and is involved in tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and its malignant potency. Podoplanin, which is also expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells, facilitates blood/lymphatic vessel separation. However, podoplanin expression in atherosclerotic lesion has not been investigated. To clarify podoplanin expression in atherosclerotic lesion and to assess its importance for the onset of cardiovascular events, we examined podoplanin expression in abdominal aortas obtained from 31 autopsy cases. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that podoplanin was localized to smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Moreover, podoplanin immunoreactivity was increased in advanced atherosclerotic lesions containing necrotic core, many macrophages and smooth muscle cells, compared with early lesions composed of smooth muscle cells and small numbers of macrophages. Furthermore, Western-blot and real time-PCR analyses showed that podoplanin expression was significantly enhanced in advanced atherosclerotic lesions, compared with early lesions. These results suggest that podoplanin contributes to thrombotic property of advanced stages of atherosclerosis and that it might be a novel molecular target for an anti-thrombus drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692 Japan.
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Ming XF, Montani JP, Yang Z. Perspectives of Targeting mTORC1-S6K1 in Cardiovascular Aging. Front Physiol 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22291661 PMCID: PMC3265748 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population aging is accelerating and age-associated diseases including cardiovascular diseases become more challenging. The underlying mechanisms of aging and age-associated cardiovascular dysfunction remain elusive. There are substantial evidences demonstrating a pivotal role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and its down-stream effector S6K1 signaling in mammalian lifespan regulation and age-related diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and cancer. The role of mTORC1–S6K1 in age-related cardiovascular diseases is, however, largely unknown and the available experimental results are controversial. This review article primarily summarizes the most recent advances toward understanding the role of mTORC1–S6K1 in cardiovascular aging and discusses the future perspectives of targeting mTORC1–S6K1 signaling as a healthy lifespan extension modality in anti-aging and anti-cardiovascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Ming
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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Parunov LA, Fadeeva OA, Balandina AN, Soshitova NP, Kopylov KG, Kumskova MA, Gilbert JC, Schaub RG, McGinness KE, Ataullakhanov FI, Panteleev MA. Improvement of spatial fibrin formation by the anti-TFPI aptamer BAX499: changing clot size by targeting extrinsic pathway initiation. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1825-34. [PMID: 21696535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a major regulator of clotting initiation and a promising target for pro- and anticoagulation therapy. The aptamer BAX499 (formerly ARC19499) is a high-affinity specific TFPI antagonist designed to improve hemostasis. However, it is not clear how stimulation of coagulation onset by inactivating TFPI will affect spatial and temporal clot propagation. OBJECTIVE To examine the BAX499 effect on clotting in a spatial, reaction-diffusion experimental system in comparison with that of recombinant activated factor VII (rVIIa). METHODS Clotting in plasma activated by immobilized tissue factor (TF) was monitored by videomicroscopy. RESULTS BAX499 dose-dependently improved coagulation in normal and hemophilia A plasma activated with TF at 2 pmole m(-2) by shortening lag time and increasing clot size by up to ~2-fold. The effect was TFPI specific as confirmed by experiments in TFPI-depleted plasma with or without TFPI supplementation. Clotting improvement was half-maximal at 0.7 nm of BAX499 and reached a plateau at 10 nm, remaining there at concentrations up to 1000 nm. The BAX499 effect decreased with TF surface density increase. RVIIa improved clotting in hemophilia A plasma activated with TF at 2 or 20 pmole m(-2) , both by shortening lag time and increasing spatial velocity of clot propagation; its effects were strongly concentration dependent. CONCLUSIONS BAX499 significantly improves spatial coagulation by inhibiting TFPI in a spatially localized manner that is different to that observed with rVIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Parunov
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow, Russia
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Wen D, Zhou XL, Li JJ, Hui RT. Biomarkers in aortic dissection. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:688-95. [PMID: 21237193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity, which is characterized by acute onset and rapid progress. Mechanically, it has been considered that circulating blood flows into the media of the aorta through the rupture of the intima forming true and false lumens. Generally, its pathologic process is considered as follows: initially, inflammatory reaction, inflammatory cells infiltration in aortic wall, and then apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, degenerating of aortic media, elastin fracture, and degradation. At last, the ingredients of the aorta are destroyed and lead to aortic dilatation, aneurysm formation, dissection and rupture. Currently, several biomarkers in peripheral blood including C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), soluble elastin fragments (sELAF), D-dimer, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1), genetic markers and so on, have been demonstrated to play a major role in evaluation of AD, for example, making early diagnosis and classifying of AD. Additionally, those markers may also guide our treatment therapies and predict the prognosis. The aims of this review mainly focus on the clinical implications of the biomarkers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, China
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A rabbit model of thrombosis on atherosclerotic lesions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:424929. [PMID: 21253503 PMCID: PMC3021877 DOI: 10.1155/2011/424929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombus formation on a disrupted atherosclerotic plaque is a key event that leads to atherothrombosis. Because thrombus is induced by chemical or physical injury of normal arteries in most animal models of thrombosis, the mechanisms of thrombogenesis and thrombus growth in atherosclerotic vessels should be investigated in diseased arteries of appropriate models. Pathological findings of human atherothrombosis suggest that tissue factor, an initiator of the coagulation cascade, significantly affects enhanced platelet aggregation and fibrin formation after plaque disruption. We established a rabbit model of atherothrombosis based on human pathology in which differences in thrombus formation between normal and atherosclerotic arteries, factors contributing to thrombus growth, and mechanisms of plaque erosion can be investigated. Emerging transgenic and stem cell technologies should also provide an invaluable rabbit experimental model in the near future.
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Macey MG, Wolf SI, Lawson C. Microparticle formation after exposure of blood to activated endothelium under flow. Cytometry A 2010; 77:761-8. [PMID: 20653016 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increased numbers of circulating microparticles (MPs) are indicative of poor clinical outcome in a number of inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis. Platelets and megakaryocytes are a major source of MP and are identified by presence of CD42b on the MP surface. MP shed from activated platelets can be identified by presence of P-selectin (CD62P). Tissue factor (TF) is the principal initiator of blood coagulation and its activity has been identified in MPs derived from patient plasma, which may contribute to thrombosis. Here, we have investigated by flow cytometry the expression of TF and CD62P on MP after exposure of diluted whole blood to TNF-activated endothelial cells (EC) both under static conditions and in our newly established model of flow. MPs were significantly increased in blood subjected to flow and this was further enhanced after exposure of blood to TNF-activated EC. MP surface expression of CD62P or TF was upregulated following exposure to TNF-activated EC under flow compared with flow with nonactivated EC or after static coculture with and without prior EC activation. These data strongly suggest that interactions of blood with inflamed EC can modulate production of CD62P and TF bearing MP under flow conditions, and thus may contribute to a prothrombotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion G Macey
- Department of Haematology, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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Demetz G, Seitz I, Stein A, Steppich B, Groha P, Brandl R, Schömig A, Ott I. Tissue Factor-Factor VIIa complex induces cytokine expression in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:466-71. [PMID: 20708733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Within atherosclerotic lesions Tissue Factor (TF)-Factor VIIa (FVIIa) not only contributes to thrombotic events but also alters vascular remodeling through enhancement of migration. Moreover, the TF-FVIIa-FXa complex activates protease-activated receptors (PAR). TF/FVIIa/PAR-2 signaling has also been shown to promote proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Since coagulation factors promote inflammation which plays a major role during atherosclerosis as well as tumor metastasis this study sought to investigate the effects of FVIIa on the inflammatory response in vascular cells. METHODS/RESULTS FVIIa induces interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC), which was correlated to the expression of TF and PAR-2 as shown by immunoassay and qRT-PCR. The effect was dose-dependent and required TF, the proteolytic activity of FVIIa and PAR-2. Secondary effects of downstream coagulation factors were excluded. No proinflammatory FVIIa effect was observed in endothelial cells (EC) and mononuclear cells (MNC), expressing either TF or PAR-2. In atherosclerotic lesions mRNA expression of PAR-1, PAR-2 and IL-8 was elevated compared to healthy vessels indicating a role for PAR-1 and PAR-2 signaling in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION In addition to the procoagulant and promigratory role of the TF-FVIIa complex we identify a proinflammatory role of FVIIa in human SMC dependent on expression of TF and PAR-2 that provides yet another link between coagulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Demetz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum und 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Sumi T, Yamashita A, Matsuda S, Goto S, Nishihira K, Furukoji E, Sugimura H, Kawahara H, Imamura T, Kitamura K, Tamura S, Asada Y. Disturbed blood flow induces erosive injury to smooth muscle cell-rich neointima and promotes thrombus formation in rabbit femoral arteries. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1394-402. [PMID: 20230423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plaque erosion is a cause of atherothrombosis that preferentially occurs on smooth muscle cell (SMC)- and proteoglycan-rich rather than lipid-rich plaques. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether disturbed blood flow induces erosive injury and thrombus formation on SMC-rich neointima. METHODS Three weeks after balloon injury, SMC-rich neointima with increased tissue factor (TF) activity developed in rabbit femoral arteries that were narrowed with a vascular occluder to disturb blood flow after stenosis. Neointimal injury and thrombus formation were assessed at 15, 30, and 180 min after the vascular narrowing. RESULTS Endothelial detachment, platelet adhesion and neointimal cell apoptosis became evident at the post-stenotic regions of all femoral arteries (n = 5) within 15 min of narrowing. Mural thrombi composed of platelet and fibrin developed after 30 min, and then occlusive thrombi were generated in three out of five vessels after 180 min. The identical vascular narrowing of normal femoral arteries also induced endothelial detachment with small platelet thrombi at post-stenotic regions, but fibrin and occlusive thrombi did not develop. Computational simulation analysis indicated that oscillatory shear stress contributes to the development of erosive damage to the neointima. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that disturbed post-stenotic blood flow can induce erosive injury in SMC-rich plaques and promote thrombus formation that results in vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Takahashi M, Yamashita A, Moriguchi-Goto S, Sugita C, Matsumoto T, Matsuda S, Sato Y, Kitazawa T, Hattori K, Shima M, Asada Y. Inhibition of factor XI reduces thrombus formation in rabbit jugular vein under endothelial denudation and/or blood stasis. Thromb Res 2010; 125:464-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Increased responsiveness of human coronary artery endothelial cells in inflammation and coagulation. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2009:146872. [PMID: 20107610 PMCID: PMC2810452 DOI: 10.1155/2009/146872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of anti-inflammatory plant extracts, such as black tea extract (BTE) and resveratrol (RSV) could modulate cell activation leading to atherosclerosis, however there is little comparative information about how different endothelial cell types are affected by these compounds. In order to compare human endothelial cells derived from different origins (umbilical vein or HUVEC, coronary artery or HCAEC, microvascular or HMVEC) and their interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responsiveness, IL-6 ELISA, RT-PCR, tissue factor assay, and prostacyclin responses using 6-keto PGF1α ELISA were determined. The IL-1β-induced IL-6 levels were dose-dependent with highest responses seen in HCAEC. Significant inhibition of IL-1β responses was achieved with BTE and RSV, with the largest decrease of IL-6 and TF seen in HCAEC. Prostacyclin levels were highest in HUVEC and were inhibited by RSV in all cell types. The differences between the endothelial cell types could account for greater susceptibility of coronary arteries to inflammation and atherogenesis.
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Abstract
TF (tissue factor) is the main trigger of the coagulation cascade; by binding Factor VIIa it activates Factor IX and Factor X, thereby resulting in fibrin formation. Various stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors and biogenic amines, induce TF expression and activity in vascular cells. Downstream targets of these mediators include diverse signalling molecules such as MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and PKC (protein kinase C). In addition, TF can be detected in the bloodstream, known as circulating or blood-borne TF. Many cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and smoking, are associated with increased expression of TF. Furthermore, in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, elevated levels of circulating TF are found. Apart from its role in thrombosis, TF has pro-atherogenic properties, as it is involved in neointima formation by inducing vascular smooth muscle cell migration. As inhibition of TF action appears to be an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, therapeutic strategies are under investigation to specifically interfere with the action of TF or, alternatively, promote the effects of TFPI (TF pathway inhibitor).
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Lv B, Wang H, Tang Y, Fan Z, Xiao X, Chen F. High-mobility group box 1 protein induces tissue factor expression in vascular endothelial cells via activation of NF-kappaB and Egr-1. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102:352-9. [PMID: 19652887 DOI: 10.1160/th08-11-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), an abundant nuclear protein, was recently established as a proinflammatory mediator of experimental sepsis. Although extracellular HMGB1 has been found in atherosclerotic plaques, its potential role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis remains elusive. In the present study, we determined whether HMGB1 induces tissue factor (TF) expression in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages. Our data showed that HMGB1 stimulated ECs to express TF (but not TF pathway inhibitor) mRNA and protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Blockade of cell surface receptors (including TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE) with specific neutralising antibodies partially reduced HMGB1-induced TF expression. Moreover, HMGB1 increased expression of Egr-1 and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (c-Rel/p65) in ECs. Taken together, our data suggest that HMGB1 induces TF expression in vascular endothelial cells via cell surface receptors (TLR4, TLR2, and RAGE), and through activation of transcription factors (NF-kappaB and Egr-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
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Yamashita A, Matsuda S, Matsumoto T, Moriguchi-Goto S, Takahashi M, Sugita C, Sumi T, Imamura T, Shima M, Kitamura K, Asada Y. Thrombin generation by intimal tissue factor contributes to thrombus formation on macrophage-rich neointima but not normal intima of hyperlipidemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:418-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Macey MG, Wolf SI, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Lawson C. Expression of blood coagulation factors on monocytes after exposure to TNF-treated endothelium in a novel whole blood model of arterial flow. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:133-41. [PMID: 19699743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated blood monocytes are a major source of tissue factor (TF), the principal initiator of blood coagulation. TF can be shed from the monocyte surface in association with microparticles (MPs) and increased numbers of circulating MPs are indicative of poor clinical outcome in a number of inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis. The mechanisms coupling inflammation with aberrant TF production/activity remain obscure but the protease-activated receptor (PAR) family has been implicated. We have previously shown (i) that freshly isolated human monocytes express low levels of cell surface PAR-2, (ii) that cell surface PAR-2 is rapidly upregulated from intracellular stores following mechanical stimulation, and (iii) that PAR-2 stimulation results in elevation of intracellular calcium and cytokine release. Here, we have investigated the expression of PAR-2 on monocytes exposed to TNF-activated endothelial cells both under static conditions and in our newly-established model of arterial flow, using diluted whole blood. Monocyte surface PAR-2 expression was upregulated following static exposure to activated EC and with laminar (atheroprotective) arterial flow there was a further increase in monocyte PAR-2 expression. We have also shown under arterial flow conditions that exposure to TNF-stimulated EC resulted in a significant increase in expression of TF on monocytes compared to that on cells exposed to quiescent EC. These data strongly suggest that direct or indirect interactions with inflamed EC can modulate expression of PAR-2 and TF on the monocyte cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion G Macey
- Department of Haematology, The Royal London Hospital, Pathology and Pharmacy Building, 80, Newark Street, London E1 2ES, United Kingdom.
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