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Zhou Y, Jiang R, Jiang Y, Fu Y, Manafhan Y, Zhu J, Jia E. Exploration of N6-Methyladenosine Profiles of mRNAs and the Function of METTL3 in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192980. [PMID: 36230944 PMCID: PMC9563305 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: N6-methylladenosine (m6A) modification has not been fully studied in atherosclerosis. The objectives of this study were to investigate differentially expressed m6A methylated peaks and mRNAs, along with the regulatory role of methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) in pathological processes of atherosclerosis. Methods: The pathological models of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) were induced in vitro. The differentially expressed mRNAs and m6A peaks were identified by RNA-Seq and meRIP-Seq. The potential mechanisms were analyzed via bioinformatic assays. Methylases expression was tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) in HCASMCs, and by immunohistochemical assays in 40 human coronary arteries. The knockdown of METTL3 expression in cells was performed by siRNA transfection, and cell proliferation and migration were detected after transfection. Results: We identified 5121 m6A peaks and 883 mRNAs that were expressed differentially in the pathological processes of HCASMCs. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the different m6A peaks were associated with cell growth and cell adhesion, and the 883 genes showed that the extracellular matrix and PI3K/AKT pathway regulate the processes of HCASMCs. Additionally, 10 hub genes and 351 mRNAs with differential methylation and expression levels were found. METTL3 was upregulated in the arteries with atherosclerotic lesions and in the proliferation and migration model of HCASMCs, and pathological processes of HCASMCs could be inhibited by the knockdown of METTL3. The mechanisms behind regulation of migration and proliferation reduced by siMETTL3 are concerned with protein synthesis and energy metabolism. Conclusions: These results revealed a new m6A epigenetic method to regulate the progress of atherosclerosis, which suggest approaches for potential therapeutic interventions that target METTL3 for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Rongli Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yali Jiang
- The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture,Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yahong Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yerbolat Manafhan
- Department of Hypertension, Yili Friendship Hospital, Stalin Road 92, Yining 835000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
| | - Jinfu Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
| | - Enzhi Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (J.Z.); (E.J.); Tel.: +86-13951623205 (E.J.); +86-13809049659 (J.Z.); +86-13899798859 (Y.M.)
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2
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Mironov AA, Beznoussenko GV. Opinion: On the Way towards the New Paradigm of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2152. [PMID: 35216269 PMCID: PMC8879789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multicausal disease characterized by the formation of cholesterol-containing plaque in the pronounced intima nearest to the heart's elastic-type arteries that have high levels of blood circulation. Plaques are formed due to arterial pressure-induced damage to the endothelium in areas of turbulent blood flow. It is found in the majority of the Western population, including young people. This denies the monogenic mechanism of atherogenesis. In 1988, Orekhov et al. and Kawai et al. discovered that the presence of atherogenic (modified, including oxidized ones) LDLs is necessary for atherogenesis. On the basis of our discovery, suggesting that the overloading of enterocytes with lipids could lead to the formation of modified LDLs, we proposed a new hypothesis explaining the main factors of atherogenesis. Indeed, when endothelial cells are damaged and then pass through the G2 phase of their cell cycle they secrete proteins into their basement membrane. This leads to thickening of the basement membrane and increases its affinity to LDL especially for modified ones. When the enterocyte transcytosis pathway is overloaded with fat, very large chylomicrons are formed, which have few sialic acids, circulate in the blood for a long time, undergo oxidation, and can induce the production of autoantibodies. It is the sialic acids that shield the short forks of the polysaccharide chains to which autoantibodies are produced. Here, these data are evaluated from the point of view of our new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy;
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3
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Moukette B, Barupala NP, Aonuma T, Sepulveda M, Kawaguchi S, Kim IM. Interactions between noncoding RNAs as epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:309-348. [PMID: 34752338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the foremost cause of mortality in the United States and worldwide. It is estimated that CVDs account for approximately 17.8 million deaths each year. Despite the advances made in understanding cellular mechanisms and gene mutations governing the pathophysiology of CVDs, they remain a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. A major segment of mammalian genomes encodes for genes that are not further translated into proteins. The roles of the majority of such noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have been puzzling for a long time. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are dynamically expressed in different cell types and have a comprehensive selection of regulatory roles at almost every step involved in DNAs, RNAs and proteins. Indeed, ncRNAs regulate gene expression through epigenetic interactions, through direct binding to target sequences, or by acting as competing endogenous RNAs. The profusion of ncRNAs in the cardiovascular system suggests that they may modulate complex regulatory networks that govern cardiac physiology and pathology. In this review, we summarize various functions of ncRNAs and highlight the recent literature on interactions between ncRNAs with an emphasis on cardiovascular disease regulation. Furthermore, as the broad-spectrum of ncRNAs potentially establishes new avenues for therapeutic development targeting CVDs, we discuss the innovative prospects of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moukette
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nipuni P Barupala
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tatsuya Aonuma
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Marisa Sepulveda
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Satoshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Il-Man Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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4
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Kim M, Kim HB, Park DS, Cho KH, Hyun DY, Kee HJ, Hong YJ, Jeong MH. A model of atherosclerosis using nicotine with balloon overdilation in a porcine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13695. [PMID: 34211091 PMCID: PMC8249376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are important experimental animals for cardiovascular research. Few porcine coronary atherosclerosis models have been developed; however, their induction requires more than six months. We developed a porcine coronary artery atherosclerosis model using nicotine injection with a balloon overdilation. A coronary balloon was placed in the porcine coronary artery and overdilated to induce a mechanical injury. Nicotine was administrated via intramuscular injection every day, and changes in the coronary artery were observed after four weeks. Coronary angiography revealed nicotine injection with a balloon overdilation group showed narrowing of the coronary artery at the injury site. The combination of balloon and nicotine significantly increased the intimal hyperplasia in optical coherence tomography analysis. Proliferated tunica media were noted in the nicotine injection with balloon overdilation groups and lack of collagen was observed in the tunica media at eight weeks. Quantitative analysis showed increased smooth muscle actin alpha (SMA), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in the nicotine injection with balloon overdilation groups. Immunohistochemistry results showed CD68-positive cells displayed SMA- and KLF4-positive reactivity in the border zone of the intimal hyperplasia. Our results show that nicotine injection with balloon overdilation can induce atherosclerotic lesions within one month, which can serve as an alternative pig animal model for the development of coronary stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munki Kim
- The Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center of Chonnam, National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Byul Kim
- The Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center of Chonnam, National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Park
- The Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center of Chonnam, National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.,Korea Cardiovascular Stent Research Institute, Jangsung, 57248, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hoon Cho
- Division of Cardiology of Chonnam, National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center Nominated By Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hyun
- Division of Cardiology of Chonnam, National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center Nominated By Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kee
- The Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center of Chonnam, National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- Division of Cardiology of Chonnam, National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center Nominated By Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center of Chonnam, National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea. .,Korea Cardiovascular Stent Research Institute, Jangsung, 57248, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Cardiology of Chonnam, National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Convergence Research Center Nominated By Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Zhu B, Liu J, Zhao Y, Yan J. lncRNA-SNHG14 Promotes Atherosclerosis by Regulating ROR α Expression through Sponge miR-19a-3p. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3128053. [PMID: 32908577 PMCID: PMC7468621 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3128053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cardiovascular disease with high prevalence, disability, and mortality. The balance between proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a key role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found a significant decrease in the expression of lncRNA-SNHG14 in atherosclerotic plaque tissues of ApoE-/- mice. Overexpression of lncRNA-SNHG14 can inhibit VSMC proliferation while promoting apoptosis. There is a potential reciprocal regulatory relationship between lncRNASNHG14 and miR-19a-3p, which inhibit each other's expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, the luciferase reporter gene analysis results showed that there was a direct interaction between miR-19a-3p and the 3'UTR of RORα. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the level of RORα mRNA was significantly increased in the aortas treated with miR-19a-3p and SNHG14 compared with that treated with miR-19a-3p alone. In conclusion, we demonstrated that lncRNA-SNHG14 regulates the apoptosis/proliferation balance of VSMCs in atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Computational Biology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Male
- Mathematical Concepts
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoliang Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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Wang Y, Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Asonye E, Sahin B, Jaw JE, Sin DD, Seidman MA, Leeper NJ, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:876-887. [PMID: 30786740 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the most abundant cells in human atherosclerotic lesions and are suggested to contribute at least 50% of atheroma foam cells. In mice, SMCs contribute fewer total lesional cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of SMCs to total foam cells in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, and the utility of these mice to model human SMC foam cell biology and interventions. Approach and Results- Using flow cytometry, foam cells in the aortic arch of ApoE-/- mice were characterized based on the expression of leukocyte-specific markers. Nonleukocyte foam cells increased from 37% of total foam cells in 27-week-old to 75% in 57-week-old male ApoE-/- mice fed a chow diet and were ≈70% in male and female ApoE-/- mice following 6 weeks of Western diet feeding. A similar contribution to total foam cells by SMCs was found using SMC-lineage tracing ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet for 6 or 12 weeks. Nonleukocyte foam cells contributed a similar percentage of total atheroma cholesterol and exhibited lower expression of the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) when compared with leukocyte-derived foam cells. Conclusions- Consistent with previous studies of human atheromas, we present evidence that SMCs contribute the majority of atheroma foam cells in ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet and a chow diet for longer periods. Reduced expression of ABCA1, also seen in human intimal SMCs, suggests a common mechanism for formation of SMC foam cells across species, and represents a novel target to enhance atherosclerosis regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Joshua A Dubland
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sima Allahverdian
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Enyinnaya Asonye
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Basak Sahin
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jen Erh Jaw
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.A.S.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Gordon A Francis
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wang R, Wu W, Li W, Huang S, Li Z, Liu R, Shan Z, Zhang C, Li W, Wang S. Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome Promotes Foam Cell Formation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Atherogenesis Via HMGB1. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e008596. [PMID: 30371306 PMCID: PMC6404867 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed at investigating whether NLRP3 (the Nod like receptor family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 protein) inflammasome activation induced HMGB1 (high mobility group box‐1 protein) secretion and foam cell formation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. Methods and Results VSMCs or ApoE−/− mice were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and/or ATP or LPS and high‐fat diet to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation. HMGB1 distribution and foam cell formation in VSMCs were characterized. Liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression were determined. The impact of NLRP3 or receptor for advanced glycation end product silencing, ZYVAD‐FMK (caspase‐1 inhibitor), glycyrrhizin (HMGB1 inhibitor) or receptor for advanced glycation end product antagonist peptide on HMGB1 secretion, foam cell formation, liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression was examined. Expression level of HMGB1 in human atherosclerosis obliterans arterial tissues was characterized. Our results found that NLRP3 inflammasome activation promoted foam cell formation and HMGB1 secretion in VSMCs. Extracellular HMGB1 was a key signal molecule in inflammasome activation‐mediated foam cell formation. Furthermore, inflammasome activation‐induced HMGB1 activity and foam cell formation were achieved by receptor for advanced glycation end product/liver X receptor α /ATP‐binding cassette transporter glycyrrhizin. Experiments in vivo found glycyrrhizin significantly attenuated the LPS/high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis and serum HMGB1 levels in mice. Finally, levels of HMGB1 and NLRP3 were increased in tunica media adjacent to intima of atherosclerosis obliteran arteries. Conclusions Our results revealed that HMGB1 is a key downstream signal molecule of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and plays an important role in VSMCs foam cell formation and atherogenesis by downregulating liver X receptor α and ATP‐binding cassette transporter expression through receptor for advanced glycation end product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Weibin Wu
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wen Li
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shuichuan Huang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zilun Li
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- 2 Laboratory of General Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen Shan
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Wen Li
- 2 Laboratory of General Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shenming Wang
- 1 Division of Vascular Surgery Guangdong Key Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
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9
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Allahverdian S, Chaabane C, Boukais K, Francis GA, Bochaton-Piallat ML. Smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:540-550. [PMID: 29385543 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge suggests that intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in native atherosclerotic plaque derive mainly from the medial arterial layer. During this process, SMCs undergo complex structural and functional changes giving rise to a broad spectrum of phenotypes. Classically, intimal SMCs are described as dedifferentiated/synthetic SMCs, a phenotype characterized by reduced expression of contractile proteins. Intimal SMCs are considered to have a beneficial role by contributing to the fibrous cap and thereby stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. However, intimal SMCs can lose their properties to such an extent that they become hard to identify, contribute significantly to the foam cell population, and acquire inflammatory-like cell features. This review highlights mechanisms of SMC plasticity in different stages of native atherosclerotic plaque formation, their potential for monoclonal or oligoclonal expansion, as well as recent findings demonstrating the underestimated deleterious role of SMCs in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 166 Burrard Building, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Chiraz Chaabane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet-1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Boukais
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 166 Burrard Building, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gordon A Francis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Room 166 Burrard Building, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet-1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Summerhill V, Orekhov A. Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:279-297. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ghatge M, Nair J, Sharma A, Vangala RK. Integrative gene ontology and network analysis of coronary artery disease associated genes suggests potential role of ErbB pathway gene EGFR. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4253-4264. [PMID: 29328373 PMCID: PMC5802197 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality in India, more importantly the young Indians. Combinatorial and integrative approaches to evaluate pathways and genes to gain an improved understanding and potential biomarkers for risk assessment are required. Therefore, 608 genes from the CADgene database version 2.0, classified into 12 functional classes representing the atherosclerotic disease process, were analyzed. Homology analysis of the unique list of gene ontologies (GO) from each functional class gave 8 GO terms represented in 11 and 10 functional classes. Using disease ontology analysis 80 genes belonging to 8 GO terms, using FunDO suggested that 29 of them were identified to be associated with CAD. Extended network analysis of these genes using STRING version 9.1 gave 328 nodes and 4,525 interactions of which the top 5% had a node degree of ≥75 associated with pathways including the ErbB signaling pathway with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene as the central hub. Evaluation of EFGR protein levels in age and gender-matched 342 CAD patients vs. 342 control subjects demonstrated significant differences [controls=149.76±2.47 pg/ml and CAD patients stratified into stable angina (SA)=161.65±3.40 pg/ml and myocardial infarction (MI)=171.51±4.26 pg/ml]. Logistic regression analysis suggested that increased EGFR levels exhibit 3-fold higher risk of CAD [odds ratio (OR) 3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96–6.28, P≤0.001], upon adjustment for hypertension, diabetes and smoking. A unit increase in EGFR levels increased the risk by 2-fold for SA (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.25–5.33, P=0.01) and 3.8-fold for MI (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.94–7.52, P≤0.001) following adjustment. Thus, the use of ontology mapping and network analysis in an integrative manner aids in the prioritization of biomarkers of complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madankumar Ghatge
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Jiny Nair
- Mary and Garry Weston Functional Genomics Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Rajani Kanth Vangala
- Tata Proteomics and Coagulation Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
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12
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Ho-Tin-Noé B, Vo S, Bayles R, Ferrière S, Ladjal H, Toumi S, Deschildre C, Ollivier V, Michel JB. Cholesterol crystallization in human atherosclerosis is triggered in smooth muscle cells during the transition from fatty streak to fibroatheroma. J Pathol 2017; 241:671-682. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Ho-Tin-Noé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Sophie Vo
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Richard Bayles
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Stephen Ferrière
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Hayette Ladjal
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Sondes Toumi
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Catherine Deschildre
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Véronique Ollivier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science; INSERM Unit 1148 Paris France
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13
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Lhoták Š, Gyulay G, Cutz JC, Al-Hashimi A, Trigatti BL, Richards CD, Igdoura SA, Steinberg GR, Bramson J, Ask K, Austin RC. Characterization of Proliferating Lesion-Resident Cells During All Stages of Atherosclerotic Growth. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003945. [PMID: 27528409 PMCID: PMC5015311 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Monocyte recruitment leads to accumulation of macrophage foam cells and contributes to atherosclerotic lesion growth. Recent studies have reported that lesion‐resident macrophages can proliferate and represent a major cellular component during lesion development. This study was designed to assess whether the rate of macrophage proliferation changes during well‐established stages of lesion growth and to characterize other populations of proliferating cells within these lesions. Methods and Results Using murine models of atherosclerosis (Apoe−/− and LDLr−/− mice) and human coronary artery lesions, in situ proliferation of lesion‐resident cells at different stages of growth was assessed by staining for Ki67 and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In early lesions, close to half of all actively growing macrophages were proliferating in situ. BrdU pulse labeling allowed for accurate identification of in situ proliferating macrophages compared to those derived from monocyte recruitment. Local macrophage proliferation declined as lesions advanced. Interestingly, intimal inflammatory cell infiltrates containing proliferating T lymphocytes were identified during the active phase of lesion growth and correlated with apoptotic cell death. Inflammatory cell infiltrates were completely resolved in advanced lesions and replaced with the necrotic core. Conclusions Our findings indicate that atherosclerotic lesions contain locally proliferating macrophages primarily during early and intermediate stages of lesion growth. Furthermore, T‐lymphocyte‐enriched inflammatory cell infiltrates represent a novel subset of proliferating cells within the atherosclerotic lesion that correlate with apoptosis and precede the necrotic core. These findings have novel implications in understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may implicate proliferating T lymphocytes as a contributing factor to lesion progression and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Lhoták
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gyulay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Al-Hashimi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bramson
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Wohlschlaeger J, Bertram S, Theegarten D, Hager T, Baba HA. [Coronary atherosclerosis and progression to unstable plaques : Histomorphological and molecular aspects]. Herz 2016. [PMID: 26216542 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-015-4341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis causes clinical symptoms through luminal narrowing by stenosis or by precipitating thrombi that obstruct blood flow to the myocardium (coronary artery disease), central nervous system (ischemic stroke) or lower extremities (peripheral vascular disease). The most common of these manifestations of atherosclerosis is coronary artery disease, clinically presenting as either stable angina or acute coronary syndromes. Atherosclerosis is a mainly lipoprotein-driven disease, which is associated with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques at specific sites of the vascular system through inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis and calcification. In most cases, plaque rupture of a so-called thin-cap fibroatheroma leads to contact of the necrotic core material of the underlying atherosclerotic plaque with blood, resulting in the formation of a thrombus with acute occlusion of the affected (coronary) artery. The atherosclerotic lesions that can cause acute coronary syndromes by formation of a thrombotic occlusion encompass (1) thin-cap fibroatheroma, (2) plaque erosion and (3) so-called calcified nodules in calcified and tortuous arteries of aged individuals. The underlying pathomechanisms remain incompletely understood so far. In this review, the mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland.
- Institut für Pathologie, Evang.-luth. Diakonissenanstalt zu Flensburg, Flensburg, Deutschland.
| | - S Bertram
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - D Theegarten
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - T Hager
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
| | - H A Baba
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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15
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Dubland JA, Francis GA. So Much Cholesterol: the unrecognized importance of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic foam cell formation. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:155-61. [PMID: 26836481 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) form the thickened intimal layer in atherosclerosis-prone arteries in early life, and provide the initial site for retention and uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins. Here we review current knowledge regarding the importance of SMCs in the deposition of cholesterol in atherosclerotic plaque. RECENT FINDINGS SMCs were found to comprise at least 50% of total foam cells in human coronary artery atherosclerosis, and exhibit a selective loss of expression of the cholesterol efflux promoter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Cholesterol loading induced a loss of SMC gene expression and an increase in macrophage and proinflammatory marker expression by cultured mouse and human arterial SMCs, with reversal of these effects upon removal of the excess cholesterol. Mice engineered to track all cells of SMC lineage indicated that, at most, SMCs make up about one-third of total cells in atherosclerotic plaque in these animals. SUMMARY SMCs appear to be the origin of the majority of foam cells in human atherosclerotic plaque. Recent studies suggest a renaissance of research on the role of SMCs in atherosclerosis is needed to make the next leap forward in the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Dubland
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Cellular mechanisms of human atherosclerosis: Role of cell-to-cell communications in subendothelial cell functions. Tissue Cell 2015; 48:25-34. [PMID: 26747411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken in order to extend of our earlier work, focusing on the analysis of roles of cell-to-cell communications in the regulation of the subendothelial cell function. In present study, we have found that the expression of connexin43 (Cx43) is dramatically reduced in human atherosclerotic lesions, compared with undiseased intima. In atherosclerotic lesions, the number of so-called 'connexin plaques' was found to be lower in lipid-laden cells than in cells which were free from lipid inclusions. In primary cell culture, subendothelial intimal cells tended to create multicellular structures in the form of clusters. Cluster creation was accompanied by the formation of gap junctions between cells; the degree of gap junctional communication correlated with the density of cells in culture. We found that atherosclerosis-related processes such as DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and accumulation of intracellular cholesterol correlated with the degree of cell-to-cell communication. The relation of DNA and protein synthesis with cell-to-cell communication could be described as "bell-shaped". We further incubated cells, cultured from undiseased subendothelial intima, with various forms of modified LDL causing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. After the incubation of intimal cells with modified LDL, intercellular communication has "dropped" considerably. The findings indicate that intracellular lipid accumulation might be a reason for a decrease of the number of gap junctions. The findings also suggest that the disintegration of cellular network is associated with foam cell formation, the process known as a key event of atherogenesis.
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17
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Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Intimal pericytes as the second line of immune defence in atherosclerosis. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:583-93. [PMID: 26516412 PMCID: PMC4620069 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. The initiation and growth of atherosclerotic plaques is accompanied by recruitment of inflammatory and precursor cells from the bloodstream and their differentiation towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. This process is orchestrated by the production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human arterial intima consists of structurally distinct leaflets, with a proteoglycan-rich layer lying immediately below the endothelial lining. Recent studies reveal the important role of stellate pericyte-like cells (intimal pericytes) populating the proteoglycan-rich layer in the development of atherosclerosis. During the pathologic process, intimal pericytes may participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells by producing signalling molecules and play a role in the antigen presentation. Intimal pericytes are also involved in lipid accumulation and the formation of foam cells. This review focuses on the role of pericyte-like cells in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Ekaterina A Ivanova, Department of Development and Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuve, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Quantitative analysis of the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in different types of atherosclerotic lesions in the human aorta. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Rosenfeld ME. Macrophage proliferation in atherosclerosis: an historical perspective. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:e21-2. [PMID: 25169935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Rosenfeld
- From the Departments of Pathology and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
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20
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Perrotta I, Aquila S, Mazzulla S. Expression profile and subcellular localization of GAPDH in the smooth muscle cells of human atherosclerotic plaque: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study with biological therapeutic perspectives. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1145-1157. [PMID: 24851941 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has long been considered a classical glycolytic enzyme involved exclusively in cytosolic energy production. Several recent studies, however, have demonstrated that GAPDH is a multifunctional protein whose presence and activity can be regulated by disease states and/or experimental manipulation. Expression levels of GAPDH have been shown to be altered in certain tumors as well as in proliferating and differentiating cells. Since dedifferentiation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are important features of human atherosclerosis, we have characterized the expression profile of GAPDH in the SMCs of atherosclerotic plaques and its putative interrelationship with the synthetic/proliferative status of these cells utilizing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody, a valuable marker of cell proliferation. Western blot data revealed that GAPDH was significantly upregulated in atherosclerotic plaque specimens. Immunohistochemical stains demonstrated that GAPDH accumulated in the nucleus of dedifferentiated SMCs that also showed positive immunoreactivity for PCNA, but remained cytoplasmatic in the contractile SMCs (PCNA-negative), thus reflecting the proliferative, structural and synthetic differences between them. We suggest that, in human atherosclerotic plaque, GAPDH might exert additional functions that are independent of its well-documented glycolytic activity and might play key roles in development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- 1Department of Biology,Ecology and Earth Science (Di.B.E.S.T.),University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
| | - Saveria Aquila
- 2Centro Sanitario - Department of Pharmacy and Sciences of Health and Nutrition,University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
| | - Sergio Mazzulla
- 1Department of Biology,Ecology and Earth Science (Di.B.E.S.T.),University of Calabria - Arcavacata,Rende 87036,Cosenza,Italy
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21
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Chistiakov DA. The complexity of cell composition of the intima of large arteries: focus on pericyte-like cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:438-51. [PMID: 25016615 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, which are also known as Rouget cells or perivascular cells, are considered to represent a likely distinct pool of vascular cells that are extremely branched and located mostly in the periphery of the vascular system. The family of pericytes is a heterogeneous cell population that includes pericytes and pericyte-like cells. Accumulated data indicate that networks of pericyte-like cells exist in normal non-atherosclerotic intima, and that pericyte-like cells can be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions from the very early stages of disease. The pathogenic role of arterial pericytes and pericyte-like cells also might be important in advanced and complicated atherosclerotic lesions via realizing mechanisms of vascular remodelling, ectopic ossification, intraplaque neovascularization, and probably thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Ladich E, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression. Heart Lung Circ 2013; 22:399-411. [PMID: 23541627 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture with luminal thrombosis is the most common mechanism responsible for the majority of acute coronary syndromes and sudden coronary death. The precursor lesion of plaque rupture is thought to be a thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) or "vulnerable plaque". TCFA is characterised by a necrotic core with an overlying thin fibrous cap (≤65 μm) that is infiltrated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Intraplaque haemorrhage is a major contributor to the enlargement of the necrotic core. Haemorrhage is thought to occur from leaky vasa vasorum that invades the intima from the adventitia as the intima enlarges. The early atherosclerotic plaque progression from pathologic intimal thickening (PIT) to a fibroatheroma is thought to be the result of macrophage infiltration. PIT is characterised by the presence of lipid pools which consist of proteoglycan with lipid insudation. The conversion of the lipid pool to a necrotic core is poorly understood but is thought to occur as a result of macrophage infiltration which releases matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) along with macrophage apoptosis that leads to the formation of a acellular necrotic core. The fibroatheroma has a thick fibrous cap that begins to thin over time through macrophage MMP release and apoptotic death of smooth muscle cells converting the fibroatheroma into a TCFA. Other causes of thrombosis include plaque erosion which is less frequent than plaque rupture but is a common cause of thrombosis in young individuals especially women <50 years of age. The underlying lesion morphology in plaque erosion consists of PIT or a thick cap fibroatheroma. Calcified nodule is the least frequent cause of thrombosis, which occurs in older individuals with heavily calcified and tortious arteries.
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23
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Orekhov AN, Andreeva ER, Andrianova IV, Bobryshev YV. Peculiarities of cell composition and cell proliferation in different type atherosclerotic lesions in carotid and coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:436-43. [PMID: 20692661 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased cell proliferation in early atherosclerotic lesions is recognized as an essential event in atherogenesis but the levels of cell proliferation in the different stages of atherosclerotic plague formation in different types of human large arteries are still insufficiently studied. In the present work, we studied intima thickness and proliferation of newly "infiltrated" hematogenous and resident cells in atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid and coronary arteries and compared these parameters with those in the aorta, which we reported in an earlier publication (Orekhov et al. [8]). Analysis of intima thickness and proliferation in grossly unaffected intima and in different types of atherosclerotic lesions (initial lesions, fatty streaks, lipofibrous plaques, and fibrous plaques) revealed that, although there were similar tendencies in the change of the infiltration levels of hematogenous cells and proliferation in different types of arteries, there were significant quantitative differences between different types of arteries. Hematogenous cells in lipofibrous plaques of the coronary and carotid arteries were found to account for a third and almost for a half of the total cell population, respectively, while atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, as shown by us previously, contain no more than 15% of hematogenous cells. This suggests that the contribution of hematogenous cells to the development of atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries appears to be more significant than in the aorta. Despite the differences in the numbers of accumulating hematogenous cells in the intima, a similar "bell-shaped" dependence of cell numbers on the lesion type, involved the following sequence: unaffected intima--initial lesions--fatty streaks--lipofibrous plaques--fibrous plaques, was detected in the coronary and carotid arteries. The visualization of PCNA-positive cells in atherosclerotic and unaffected zones of the coronary and carotid arteries revealed similar patterns of the distribution of proliferating cells. The maximum numbers of PCNA-positive resident cells were identified in lipofibrous plaques. The changes in the total cell numbers were found to be accompanied by the changes in the numbers of both proliferating resident cells and proliferating hematogenous cells. According to our knowledge, this is the first report that provides factual data about the similarities and differences in cell composition and proliferation between different types of large arteries in which the development of atherosclerosis is of crucial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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24
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Manolakou P, Angelopoulou R, Bakoyiannis C, Psathas E, Bastounis E, Kavantzas N, Patsouris E. Cellular proliferation in complicated versus uncomplicated atherosclerotic lesions: Total cell population, foam cells and newly formed microvessels. Tissue Cell 2009; 41:408-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Zhu SN, Chen M, Jongstra-Bilen J, Cybulsky MI. GM-CSF regulates intimal cell proliferation in nascent atherosclerotic lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2141-9. [PMID: 19752185 PMCID: PMC2757868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of intimal cell proliferation to the formation of early atherosclerotic lesions is poorly understood. We combined 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine pulse labeling with sensitive en face immunoconfocal microscopy analysis, and quantified intimal cell proliferation and Ly-6Chigh monocyte recruitment in low density lipoprotein receptor–null mice. Cell proliferation begins in nascent lesions preferentially at their periphery, and proliferating cells accumulate in lesions over time. Although intimal cell proliferation increases in parallel to monocyte recruitment as lesions grow, proliferation continues when monocyte recruitment is inhibited. The majority of proliferating intimal cells are dendritic cells expressing CD11c and major histocompatibility complex class II and 33D1, but not CD11b. Systemic injection of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) markedly increased cell proliferation in early lesions, whereas function-blocking anti–GM-CSF antibody inhibited proliferation. These findings establish GM-CSF as a key regulator of intimal cell proliferation in lesions, and demonstrate that both proliferation and monocyte recruitment contribute to the inception of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ning Zhu
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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26
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Panchenko MP, Silva N, Stone JR. Up-regulation of a hydrogen peroxide-responsive pre-mRNA binding protein in atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia. Cardiovasc Pathol 2008; 18:167-72. [PMID: 18508286 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of investigation have implicated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as an important endogenous mediator of cell proliferation in the vessel wall. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNP-C), a nuclear pre-mRNA binding protein that plays roles in vertebrate cell proliferation and differentiation, has been identified as a component of a vascular cell signaling pathway activated by low physiologic levels of H(2)O(2). The expression of hnRNP-C in human arteries has not previously been assessed. METHODS Segments of human proximal internal carotid arteries were evaluated for the expression of hnRNP-C by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In normal proximal internal carotid arteries, hnRNP-C is expressed predominantly by the endothelium, with significantly lower expression by medial smooth muscle. In preatherosclerotic intimal hyperplasia, hnRNP-C is up-regulated in the artery wall, due to the robust expression by the intimal smooth muscle cells, without up-regulation in the medial smooth muscle cells. In arteries with atherosclerotic lesions, there is strong expression of hnRNP-C not only by intimal cells but also by medial smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS The H(2)O(2) responsive pre-mRNA binding protein hnRNP-C is up-regulated in atherosclerosis and in preatherosclerotic intimal hyperplasia in humans, supporting the hypothesis that H(2)O(2) is a regulator of vascular cell proliferation in these conditions. These data also suggest that hnRNP-C may be useful as a marker of vascular cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail P Panchenko
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Dupasquier CMC, Dibrov E, Kneesh AL, Cheung PKM, Lee KGY, Alexander HK, Yeganeh BK, Moghadasian MH, Pierce GN. Dietary flaxseed inhibits atherosclerosis in the LDL receptor-deficient mouse in part through antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2394-402. [PMID: 17616740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01104.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary flaxseed has been shown to have potent antiatherogenic effects in rabbits. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiatherogenic capacity of flaxseed in an animal model that more closely represents the human atherosclerotic condition, the LDL receptor-deficient mouse (LDLrKO), and to identify the cellular mechanisms for these effects. LDLrKO mice were administered a regular diet (RG), a 10% flaxseed-supplemented diet (FX), or an atherogenic diet containing 2% cholesterol alone (CH) or supplemented with 10% flaxseed (CF), 5% flaxseed (CF5), 1% flaxseed (CF1), or 5% coconut oil (CS) for 24 wk. LDLrKO mice fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet exhibited a rise in plasma cholesterol without a change in triglycerides and an increase in atherosclerotic plaque formation. The CS mice exhibited elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and saturated fatty acids and an increase in plaque development. Supplementation of the cholesterol-enriched diet with 10% (wt/wt) ground flaxseed lowered plasma cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, increased plasma ALA, and inhibited plaque formation in the aorta and aortic sinus compared with mice fed a diet supplemented with only dietary cholesterol. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the inflammatory markers IL-6, mac-3, and VCAM-1 was increased in aortic tissue from CH and CS mice. This expression was significantly reduced or normalized when flaxseed was included in the diet. Our results demonstrate that dietary flaxseed can inhibit atherosclerosis in the LDLrKO mouse through a reduction of circulating cholesterol levels and, at a cellular level, via antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M C Dupasquier
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Canada
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Homma S, Troxclair DA, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Strong JP. Histological topographical comparisons of atherosclerosis progression in juveniles and young adults. Atherosclerosis 2007; 197:791-8. [PMID: 17869259 PMCID: PMC2696014 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histologically topographic comparisons on atherosclerosis progression among three anatomical sites, mid-thoracic and lower abdominal aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were performed using a young population (age 15-34 years) from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. METHODS AND RESULTS The histological classification based on the American Heart Association grading scheme showed that in the thoracic aorta type 2 lesions (numerous macrophage foam cells with fine particles but no pools of extracellular lipid) appeared in the first 10-year age group, with no significant change in prevalence in the next 10 years. Lesions greater than type 2 were rarely seen in the thoracic aorta. Although type 2 lesions appeared later in the LAD than in the aorta, the lesions within the LAD progressed rapidly to more advanced lesions (types 4 and 5) or atheroma. Lesion development in the abdominal aorta was intermediate to lesion development in the thoracic aorta and the LAD. CONCLUSIONS The most striking topographic difference on lesion progression among the three anatomical sites was the vulnerability of type 2 lesions to progress into advanced lesions. The histology study, including immunohistochemistry limited to the type 2 lesions suggested that lesion progression was related to the intimal thickness and the amount of collagen but not to the number of macrophage foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Homma
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Pathology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Blanc-Brude OP, Teissier E, Castier Y, Lesèche G, Bijnens AP, Daemen M, Staels B, Mallat Z, Tedgui A. IAP Survivin Regulates Atherosclerotic Macrophage Survival. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:901-7. [PMID: 17255535 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258794.57872.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammatory macrophage apoptosis is critical to atherosclerotic plaque formation, but its mechanisms remain enigmatic. We hypothesized that inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin regulates macrophage death in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed discrete survivin expression in human aorta lipid streaks but virtually none in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, despite increased XIAP and cIAP2 levels. Survivin was detected in CD68-positive macrophages infiltrating human lipid streaks by immunohistochemistry. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, only rare macrophages outside the necrotic core or occasional fibrous cap smooth muscle cells expressed survivin. In vitro, macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated mouse macrophage survivin expression, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Conversely, prolonged oxidized low-density lipoprotein treatment abolished macrophage survivin expression and triggered apoptosis after 12 hours, despite enhanced XIAP and cIAP2 expression. Adenoviral overexpression of survivin conferred macrophages with sustained resistance to apoptosis after oxidized low-density lipoprotein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or staurosporine challenge. CONCLUSIONS Survivin is a critical modulator of atherosclerotic macrophage apoptosis under dual control by growth factors and oxidized lipids accumulating in atheroma. In early lipid streaks, growth factor-stimulated survivin expression may contribute to macrophage accumulation and survival, but dysregulation of survivin expression caused by recurrent oxidized low-density lipoprotein exposure may favor apoptosis in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, despite upregulated cIAP2 and XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier P Blanc-Brude
- Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire Inserm-Lariboisère U689, Hôpital Lariboisière, 41 boulevard de la Chapelle, F-75475, Paris Cedex 10, France.
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Jongstra-Bilen J, Haidari M, Zhu SN, Chen M, Guha D, Cybulsky MI. Low-grade chronic inflammation in regions of the normal mouse arterial intima predisposed to atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2073-83. [PMID: 16894012 PMCID: PMC2118407 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions develop in regions of arterial curvature and branch points, which are exposed to disturbed blood flow and have unique gene expression patterns. The cellular and molecular basis for atherosclerosis susceptibility in these regions is not completely understood. In the intima of atherosclerosis-predisposed regions of the wild-type C57BL/6 mouse aorta, we quantified increased expression of several proinflammatory genes that have been implicated in atherogenesis, including vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 (VCAM-1) and a relative abundance of dendritic cells, but only occasional T cells. In contrast, very few intimal leukocytes were detected in regions resistant to atherosclerosis; however, abundant macrophages, including T cells, were found throughout the adventitia (Adv). Considerably lower numbers of intimal CD68+ leukocytes were found in inbred atherosclerosis-resistant C3H and BALB/c mouse strains relative to C57BL/6 and 129; however, leukocyte distribution throughout the Adv of all strains was similar. The predominant mechanism for the accumulation of intimal CD68+ cells was continued recruitment of bone marrow–derived blood monocytes, suggestive of low-grade chronic inflammation. Local proliferation of intimal leukocytes was low. Intimal CD68+ leukocytes were reduced in VCAM-1–deficient mice, suggesting that mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in the intima of normal aorta are analogous to those in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Jongstra-Bilen
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Noa M, Mas R. Protective Effect of Policosanol on Atherosclerotic Plaque on Aortas in Monkeys. Arch Med Res 2005; 36:441-7. [PMID: 16099319 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policosanol is a cholesterol-lowering drug isolated from sugar cane wax with concomitant antiplatelet effects. Previous studies have shown that policosanol prevents lipofundin-induced atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits and rats, including foam cell formation, as well as the development of foam cells in carrageenan-induced granulomas in rats. Policosanol also inhibits smooth muscle cells proliferation induced on rabbit cuffed artery and on forceps-induced arterial wall damage. Furthermore, policosanol administered long term lowered serum cholesterol and prevented the development of atherosclerotic lesions in Macaca arctoides monkeys. The present study was undertaken to determine whether policosanol could change some characteristic features of atherosclerotic lesions, such as macrophage number and immunohistochemical localization of apoA-1 and apoB in aortas of M. arctoides monkeys. METHODS Fourteen adult male monkeys weighing 6-10 kg and receiving a low fat, protein-rich diet were randomly distributed in three groups: control group (six monkeys) and two other groups (four monkeys/group) treated with policosanol (2.5 and 25 mg/kg) for 54 weeks. Samples of arteries were examined by light microscopy. Monoclonal antibodies were used to evaluate the presence of macrophage, apoA-1 and apoB. RESULTS Policosanol reduced the presence of macrophages and the occurrence of apoB, whereas increased apoA-1 localization in aortic atherosclerotic lesions compared with control monkeys. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the policosanol potential benefit on plaque composition and stability and could explain the protective effects of policosanol on atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Noa
- Center of Natural Products, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana City, Cuba.
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Park SH, Kim DS, Kim WG, Ryoo IJ, Lee DH, Huh CH, Youn SW, Yoo ID, Park KC. Terrein: a new melanogenesis inhibitor and its mechanism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 61:2878-85. [PMID: 15558216 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Terrein is a bioactive fungal metabolite whose effects are almost unknown. In this study, we found for the first time that terrein has a strong hypopigmentary effect in a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. Treatment of Mel-Ab cells with terrein (10-100 microM) for 4 days significantly reduced melanin levels in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, terrein at the same concentration also reduced tyrosinase activity. We then investigated whether terrein influences the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway and the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which is required for tyrosinase expression. Terrein was found to induce sustained ERK activation and MITF down-regulation, and luciferase assays showed that terrein inhibits MITF promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate the correlation between ERK pathway activation and a decreased MITF transcriptional level, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the ERK pathway, was applied before terrein treatment and found to abrogate the terrein-induced MITF attenuation. Terrein also reduced the tyrosinase protein level for at least 72 h. These results suggest that terrein reduces melanin synthesis by reducing tyrosinase production via ERK activation, and that this is followed by MITF down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Park
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, 300 Gumi-Dong, Bundang-Gu, 463-707, Seongnam-Si, Kyoungki-Do, Korea
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Edo MD, Roldán M, Andrés V. Cyclin-dependent protein kinases as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gonçalves I, Moses J, Pedro LM, Dias N, Fernandes e Fernandes J, Nilsson J, Ares MPS. Echolucency of carotid plaques correlates with plaque cellularity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003; 26:32-8. [PMID: 12819645 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the relationship between carotid plaque echolucency and cellularity. METHODS Carotid plaques (14 symptomatic and 16 asymptomatic) were snap frozen after endarterectomy and defined on the basis of their grey-scale-median (GSM), obtained from pre-operative high-definition ultrasonography, as either echolucent (<32) or echogenic (>or=32). DNA and total soluble protein were determined to assess cellularity. RESULTS After correcting for wet weight, symptomatic plaques had significantly more DNA (0.400 +/- 0.07 vs 0.335 +/- 0.07 mg/g; p = 0.03) and soluble protein (34.1 +/- 6.6 vs 29.7 +/- 3.4 mg/g; p = 0.03) than asymptomatic plaques. Predominantly echolucent (Grey-Weale classification) plaques had more DNA (0.404 +/- 0.06 vs 0.332 +/- 0.08 mg/g; p = 0.03) than echogenic plaques. Plaques with GSM < 32 also had more DNA (0.386 +/- 0.08 vs 0.319 +/- 0.06 mg/g; p = 0.04) and soluble protein (34.7 +/- 7.3 vs 29.6 +/- 4.2 mg/g; p = 0.03) than those with GSM >or= 32. Inverse relations were found between GSM and plaque DNA (r = -0.47; p = 0.02) and soluble protein (r = -0.45; p = 0.02) as well as between age and DNA (r = 0.39; p = 0.04) and soluble protein (r = -0.50; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Echolucency of carotid plaques as assessed by ultrasonography reflects plaque cellularity. This observation support the notion that ultrasonography can be used to identify high-risk plaques and evaluate effect of interventions on plaque structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gonçalves
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Wallenberg-laboratory, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden.
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Martínez-González J, Berrozpe M, Varela O, Badimon L. Heterogeneity of smooth muscle cells in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques: intimal smooth muscle cells expressing a fibroblast surface protein are highly activated by platelet-released products. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:939-49. [PMID: 11737236 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vascular disease, smooth muscle cells (SMC) undergo phenotypic modulation and may acquire properties resembling those of fibroblasts in tissue wound healing. AIMS We aimed to show the differential expression of a fibroblast surface protein (FSP) by SMC in atherosclerotic lesions. RESULTS In early human coronary atherosclerotic lesions the expression of FSP in the intima was absent. In contrast, 29 of 29 middle/advanced lesions contained intimal SMC expressing high levels of FSP. Fibroblast surface protein positive SMC were negative for desmin but expressed variable levels of alpha-SM actin, SM caldesmon, SM myosin heavy chain and vimentin. Explants from advanced atherosclerotic lesions yielded two main SMC subpopulations. SMC over-expressing FSP exhibited higher in vitro mitogenic response (premitotic DNA synthesis) to sera (2- to 8-fold) and platelet-released products (8- to 26-fold), especially from thrombin-activated platelets, than FSP-negative SMC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the expression of FSP in SMC could indicate an activated phenotype, and the presence of highly positive FSP cells in the atherosclerotic lesions might be indicative of an increased SMC responsiveness to processes that locally generate thrombin and activate platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez-González
- IIBB/CSIC-Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de Sant Pau, Avda. Sant Antoni Maria Claret #167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Hundal RS, Salh BS, Schrader JW, Gómez-Muñoz A, Duronio V, Steinbrecher UP. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits macrophage apoptosis through activation of the PI 3-kinase/PKB pathway. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Ares MP, Nilsson J. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10:191-3. [PMID: 10327290 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199904000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lutgens E, Daemen M, Kockx M, Doevendans P, Hofker M, Havekes L, Wellens H, de Muinck ED. Atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: from proliferative to atheromatous stage. Circulation 1999; 99:276-83. [PMID: 9892595 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.2.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study documents (1) the progression of atherosclerosis along the entire arterial tree in APOE*3-Leiden mice after 1, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of a high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFC) diet and (2) the amount and phenotype of DNA-synthesizing and apoptotic cells in different lesion types after 6 months of HFC diet. METHODS AND RESULTS Diet duration was correlated with a craniocaudal progression of lesion development and with an increase in severity of the lesion. Typically, the lesions contained smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes and were covered by an intact endothelium. Whereas DNA synthesis (BrdU uptake) was usually elevated in type II lesions (8.6+/-0.8% versus 1.0+/-0.2% in the nondiseased arterial wall; P<0.05), apoptosis was found primarily in advanced lesions (type IV, 1.3+/-0.1% and type V, 1.2+/-0.2% versus 0.04+/-0.04% in the nondiseased arterial wall [P<0.05]). Cell phenotyping revealed that the majority of DNA synthesis and apoptosis was confined to the macrophage-derived foam cell (68.6+/-3. 0% and 82.2+/-4.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that in APOE*3-Leiden mice, duration of an HFC diet is associated with (1) a craniocaudal progression of lesion development and (2) an increased complexity of atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, DNA synthesis is predominant in early lesions, whereas apoptosis is present mainly in more advanced lesions. Both parameters of cell turnover are confined primarily to the macrophage-derived foam cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lutgens
- Departments of Cardiology and Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands
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