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Jin JY, Almon RR, DuBois DC, Jusko WJ. Modeling of corticosteroid pharmacogenomics in rat liver using gene microarrays. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:93-109. [PMID: 12808002 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.053256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid (CS) pharmacogenomics was studied using gene microarrays in rat liver. Methylprednisolone (MPL) was administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed and liver excised at 17 time points over 72 h. RNAs from individual livers were used to query Affymetrix GeneChips that contain sequences for 8000 genes. Cluster analysis revealed six temporal patterns consisting of 197 CS-responsive probes representing 143 genes. Based on our fifth-generation model of CS pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), mechanistic models were developed to describe the time pattern for each CS-responsive gene. Two clusters showed increased expression with different effect duration. PK/PD models assuming CS stimulation of mRNA synthesis were applied. Another two clusters showed an initial decline followed by delayed increase, suggesting two mechanisms might be involved jointly. The initial suppression was captured by CS inhibition of mRNA synthesis or stimulation of degradation. CS may also stimulate the production of a biosignal (transcription factors or other hormones), which can cause secondary induction of the target mRNA. One cluster showed a very abrupt increase in message followed by rapid decrease. These genes were lymphocytic in origin and were modeled combining the fast gene induction effect of CS in lymphoid cells and its direct lymphocyte trafficking effect. Another cluster showed reduction persisting for 18 h, which was described by CS inhibition of mRNA synthesis. Our results reveal the marked diversity of genes regulated by CS via a limited array of mechanisms. These PK/PD models provide quantitation of CS pharmacogenomics and new hypotheses regarding understanding of diverse mechanisms of CS receptor-gene mediated action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Y Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 565 Hochstetter Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260, USA
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Lewis EJ, Tank AW, Weiner N, Chikaraishi DM. Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA by glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP in a rat pheochromocytoma cell line. Isolation of a cDNA clone for tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Oda K, Misumi Y, Ikehara Y. Disparate effects of monensin and colchicine on intracellular processing of secretory proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 135:209-16. [PMID: 6192993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the biosynthesis and intracellular processing of three major secretory proteins, albumin, alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 2u-globulin, in cultured rat hepatocytes. The effect of secretion-blocking agents, monensin, a monovalent ionophore, and the microtubule-affecting agents colchicine and taxol was determined. In the control cells, alpha 1-protease inhibitor, a glycoprotein, was first synthesized as an endoglycosidase-H-sensitive form with Mr 51 000, and then processed to two endoglycosidase-H-resistant forms having Mr 51 000 and 56 000, the latter of which was secreted into the medium. Initially synthesized proalbumin was converted with chase to serum-type albumin, while no pro-type precursor was identified for alpha 2u-globulin. In the cells treated with colchicine or taxol, in which secretion was greatly inhibited, the fully processed alpha 1-protease inhibitor and albumin accumulated and were finally secreted into the medium. In the monensin-treated cells, however, most of the newly synthesized alpha 1-protease inhibitor and albumin were not processed to the final mature forms, resulting in accumulation of two 51 000-Mr forms and proalbumin, respectively. Moreover in treated cells, proalbumin and the endoglycosidase-H-resistant alpha 1-protease inhibitor were finally secreted into the medium. Such an effect was not caused by NH4Cl which also inhibited the secretion and is known to exert the similar effect as monensin on the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Based on these results, the use of monensin may prove valuable for more detailed analysis of intracellular processing of various proteins.
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Vandoren G, Mertens B, Heyns W, Van Baelen H, Rombauts W, Verhoeven G. Different forms of alpha 2u-globulin in male and female rat urine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 134:175-81. [PMID: 6190651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
alpha 2u-Globulin is usually considered to be present only in male rat urine. This study demonstrates that a very similar protein exists in female rat urine and compares its properties with those of the male form. Isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation reveals considerable microheterogeneity of alpha 2u-globulin in male and female rat urine. Important sex differences are noted in the banding pattern. The isoelectric point of the major male component (pI approximately equal to 5.3) is considerably higher than that of the major female components (pI approximately equal to 4.6). In addition, the female form of alpha 2u-globulin has a somewhat higher mobility on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than its male counterpart. These sex differences are preserved after purification of alpha 2u-globulin from male and female rat urine by affinity chromatography and enrichment of the major male and female components by ion-exchange chromatography. Immunologically no differences are observed between these purified components and their amino acid composition reveals only minor differences. A slightly higher carbohydrate content is observed in the major female component than in the major male component. Finally evidence is presented that oestrogen treatment suppresses the male forms of alpha 2u-globulin but has no effect on the female forms. The observed differences between the male and female forms and their different hormonal control suggest that they are encoded by different genes.
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Ritchie DG, Fuller GM. Hepatocyte-stimulating factor: a monocyte-derived acute-phase regulatory protein. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983; 408:490-502. [PMID: 6223559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb23268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yu YT, Campagnoni AT. Vitro synthesis of the four mouse myelin basic proteins: evidence for the lack of a metabolic relationship. J Neurochem 1982; 39:1559-68. [PMID: 6183399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Antakly T, Lynch KR, Nakhasi HL, Feigelson P. Cellular dynamics of the hormonal and developmental induction of hepatic alpha 2u globulin as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and specific mRNA monitoring. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1982; 165:211-24. [PMID: 6183971 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001650209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Widman LE, Chasin LA. Multihormonal induction of alpha 2u-globulin in an established rat hepatoma cell line. J Cell Physiol 1982; 112:316-26. [PMID: 6182149 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041120303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A subclone of the FU5-5 rat hepatoma cell line has been isolated which is inducible more than several hundred fold for the 20,000 dalton form of the major rat urinary protein alpha 2u-globulin. The basal relative synthetic rate (RSR) in growth medium containing 10% fetal calf serum was less than 2 X 10(-6) of total protein synthesis. Both dexamethasone and insulin were necessary for induction, and yielded a maximum induced RSR of 4-8 X 10(-3). Triiodothyronine (T3), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), rat growth hormone (GH), and estrogen, all of which have been shown to influence the induction of alpha 2u-globulin in the intact rat, were without effect on the cell line. A factor present in fetal calf serum was also necessary for maximum induction, since dexamethasone plus insulin in serum-free medium raised the RSR to only 3 X 10(-5); exogenous T3, GH, and DHT could not substitute for this serum factor. The kinetics of induction by dexamethasone were slow, with a lag of approximately 48 hr followed by a period of increasing RSR for 6-20 days. Removal of dexamethasone from induced cells led to an exponential decline in the RSR (t 1/2 15 hr). The concentrations of dexamethasone and insulin that could yield half maximum induction were 5 X 10(-8)M and 3 X 10(-11)M, respectively. Higher concentrations of insulin, although still in physiological range (10(-9)M), inhibited induction. At yet higher insulin levels, beyond the physiological range, alpha 2u-globulin synthesis returned to maximum values. The lack of DHT, T3, and GH requirement for alpha 2u-globulin induction in this cell line may mean that a regulatory aberrancy has occurred in this transformed cell line, or, alternatively, that these hormones act indirectly in the intact animal. This cell line should prove useful for the study of the molecular events associated with alpha 2u-globulin induction and for genetic approaches to the problem of multihormonal regulation of gene expression.
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Cutroneo KR, Rokowski R, Counts DF. Glucocorticoids and collagen synthesis: comparison of in vivo and cell culture studies. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1981; 1:557-68. [PMID: 7049552 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(81)80037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Rokowski RJ, Sheehy J, Cutroneo KR. Glucocorticoid-mediated selective reduction of functioning collagen messenger ribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 210:74-81. [PMID: 6117255 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(81)90165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ambellan E, Swanson M, Davidson A. Glucocorticoid binding to rat liver microsomal fractions in vitro. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 14:421-8. [PMID: 7300335 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(81)90352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Teyssot B, Houdebine LM. Role of progesterone and glucocorticoids in the transcription of the beta-casein and 28-S ribosomal genes in the rabbit mammary gland. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 114:597-608. [PMID: 7238502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Isolated mammary nuclei were incubated in the presence of HgCTP and the neosynthesized RNA was isolated with a SH-Sepharose column. The concentration of beta-casein mRNA and 28-S ribosomal RNA in the neosynthesized RNA fractions was measured using [3H]cDNA probes complementary to beta-casein mRNA and 28-S rRNA respectively. Prolactin injected into pseudopregnant animals accelerates the transcription of both genes and increases the stability of the beta-casein mRNA but not of the 28-S rRNA. Progesterone injected simultaneously with prolactin reduced considerably all these effects of prolactin, with a lower efficiency when the highest doses of prolactin were injected. These observations suggest that progesterone attenuates the transfer of prolactin information related to the lactogenesis into the mammary cell. Glucocorticoids injected with prolactin amplify the prolactin action on the expression of the beta-casein gene but not of the 28-S rRNA genes. In the absence of prolactin (a situation obtained by injecting simultaneously CB 154, a drug which inhibits pituitary prolactin secretion) glucocorticoids exhibit no effect. In the lactating rabbit glucocorticoids do not delay significantly the drop of beta-casein gene transcription rate provoked by weaning or by prolactin withdrawal obtained by injecting CB 154. A comparison of the beta-casein mRNA accumulation and the transcription rate of the beta-casein gene indicates that glucocorticoids act essentially by amplifying the activation of beta-casein transcription supported by prolactin, but not by enhancing the stability of the beta-casein mRNA.
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Iynedjian PB, Jacot MM. Glucocorticoid-dependent induction of mRNA coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in rat kidney. Its inhibition by cycloheximide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 111:89-98. [PMID: 7439191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoids induce the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) in rat kidney as a consequence of an increase in the level of the specific enzyme mRNa. The mRNA induction was characterized with respect to its time course after hormone administration and its sensitivity to cycloheximide. The level of rat kidney mRNA directing the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in wheat germ translation system nearly doubled within 2 h of a dexamethasone injection and further increased to four times the initial value at 6 h of treatment and to five times at 10 h. Cycloheximide injected 30 min prior to dexamethasone prevented the mRNA increase. When injected 5 h after dexamethasone, the inhibitor of protein synthesis blocked the rise of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA occurring normally between 5 h and 10 h after treatment with dexamethasone. Maximal inhibitions of protein synthesis on the one hand and of mRNA induction on the other were achieved at the same dose of cycloheximine, suggesting that the two effect might be related. Dexamethasone caused an increase in the functional level of several as yet unidentified mRNAs in addition to that coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The main points emerging from this study are: (a) the virtual absence of lag between dexamethasone administration and increase in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNa; (b) the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA induction by cycloheximide, suggesting a possible requirement for ongoing protein synthesis; (c) the existence in the kidney of a glucocorticoid-responsive domain comprising several distinct proteins.
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Chen CL, Feigelson P. Hormonal control of alpha 2u globulin synthesis and its mRNA in isolated hepatocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 349:28-45. [PMID: 6164324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb29512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Spence JT, Haars L, Edwards A, Bosch A, Pitot HC. Regulation of gene expression in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 349:99-110. [PMID: 6164326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb29519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The studies described in this paper demonstrate rather conclusively the efficacy of the study of the regulation of gene expression in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. The utilization of these cells in completely defined medium allows one to determine the exact environmental conditions for the regulation of the expression of specific genes. In the studies described in this work, we have demonstrated that the regulation of glucokinase involved three hormones, insulin, corticosteroids, and T3. In contrast, the regulation of an enzyme involved primarily in fatty acid metabolism, ATP-citrate lyase, required only insulin and T3 for its full expression. Cyclic GMP appeared to be involved in the regulation of glucokinase, but not ATP-citrate lyase, a fact that would be extremely difficult to demonstrate clearly in vivo. The regulation of the gluconeogenic enzyme, ornithine aminotransferase, in vitro involved only a single hormone, glucagon, the inhibition of induction by corticoid steroids demonstrable in vivo being absent in cell culture. However, the repressive effect of glucose on the induction of this enzyme was quite comparable to that seen in vivo and was not mediated through cyclic AMP or insulin, based on findings in cell culture. Thus, the requirements for and the mechanisms involved in enzyme induction and repression by hormones and glucose may be much more easily studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes than in vivo, or even in hepatoma cell lines, where relatively few genes are expressed as compared with adult liver. In addition to the regulation of enzyme levels, the characteristics of protein secretion may be investigated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and compared with the biochemical and physiological parameters in the whole organism. This was exemplified by the study of the synthesis and secretion of alpha 2u-globulin that was secreted into the culture medium in both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms but was maintained in the circulation in vivo, principally as the glycosylated form. Furthermore, the function of glycosylation in this particular instance may be deduced from a combination of the in vivo and in vitro approaches. The advantages of the use of primary hepatocyte cultures for the study of the regulation of gene expression in mammalian tissue has only recently been explored. Future investigations of the regulation of a variety of enzymes in these cultures as well as a study of the regulation of the synthesis of their messenger RNA are now possible and should provide an exciting system in which to understand at a molecular level the regulation of the expression of a number of genes.
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Haars LJ, Pitot HC. Characteristics of the carbohydrate moiety and the intermolecular associations of the high-molecular-weight forms of alpha 2u-globulin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 107:539-45. [PMID: 6156833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb06061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Haars LJ, Pitot HC. Hormonal and developmental regulation of glycosylated alpha 2u-globulin synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 201:556-63. [PMID: 6156658 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thompson EB, Dannies PS, Buckler CE, Tashjian AH. Hormonal control of tyrosine aminotransferase, prolactin, and growth hormone induction in somatic cell hybrids. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 12:193-210. [PMID: 6106733 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(80)90269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Pitot HC, Sirica AE. Methodology and utility of primary cultures of hepatocytes from experimental animals. Methods Cell Biol 1980; 21B:441-56. [PMID: 6997684 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mano K, Akbarzadeh A, Townley RG. Effect of hydrocortisone on beta-adrenergic receptors in lung membranes. Life Sci 1979; 25:1925-30. [PMID: 231168 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Haars L, Pitot H. alpha 2 micro-Globulin in the rat. The regulation of the appearance of multiple forms in vivo and in primary cultures of adult hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Glucocorticoid induction of hepatic alpha2u-globulin synthesis and messenger RNA level in castrated male rats in vivo. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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