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Shkundin A, Halaris A. IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions. J Pers Med 2024; 14:488. [PMID: 38793070 PMCID: PMC11122344 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), an essential CXC chemokine, significantly influences psychoneuroimmunological processes and affects neurological and psychiatric health. It exerts a profound effect on immune cell activation and brain function, suggesting potential roles in both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. IL-8 production is stimulated by several factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to promote inflammation and disease progression. Additionally, CXCL8 gene polymorphisms can alter IL-8 production, leading to potential differences in disease susceptibility, progression, and severity across populations. IL-8 levels vary among neuropsychiatric conditions, demonstrating sensitivity to psychosocial stressors and disease severity. IL-8 can be detected in blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, making it a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum biomarker. This review highlights the need for further research on the diverse effects of IL-8 and the associated implications for personalized medicine. A thorough understanding of its complex role could lead to the development of more effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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2
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Di Giorgio E, Cortolezzis Y, Gualandi N, Agostini F, Rapozzi V, Xodo LE. NRF2 interacts with distal enhancer and inhibits nitric oxide synthase 2 expression in KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119606. [PMID: 37852325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a pleiotropic free radical produced by three nitric oxide synthases (NOS1-3), of which inducible NOS2 is involved in tumor initiation and progression. In this study, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and qRT-PCR experiments combined with bioinformatic analyses showed that NRF2 is a repressor of NOS2 gene by maintaining a distal enhancer located 22 kb downstream of TSS in an inactive state. Deletion of NRF2 leads to activation of the enhancer, which exerts a pioneering function before it is fully activated. Specifically, NRF2 controls the expression of NOS2 in response to intracellular oxidative stress and extracellular oxygen pressure. We found that abrogation of NOS2 expression by siRNAs partially reduced the ability of WT Panc-1 cells to form 3D spheroids, but strongly reduced the formation of 3D spheroids by NRF2-depleted Panc-1 cells. Mechanistically, this effect correlates with the finding that NOS2 and nitric oxide stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NRF2-depleted Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. We also found that knockdown of NOS2 leads to blockade of 3D matrigel invasion of NRF2-depleted PDAC cells, demonstrating that a short-circuit in the reciprocal regulation of NOS2 and NRF2 attenuates the malignancy of PDAC cells. In summary, we show for the first time that: (i) NRF2 is a suppressor of NOS2 in pancreatic cancer cells; (ii) NRF2 binds to and inactivates an enhancer located 22 kb downstream of TSS of the NOS2 gene; (iii) activation of NOS2 requires suppression of NRF2; (iv) NOS2 is required for NRF2-depleted Panc-1 cells to maintain their malignancy and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Di Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Ylenia Cortolezzis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Nicolò Gualandi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Agostini
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi E Xodo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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3
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Lei P, Yu H, Ma J, Du J, Fang Y, Yang Q, Zhang K, Luo L, Jin L, Wu W, Sun D. Cell membrane nanomaterials composed of phospholipids and glycoproteins for drug delivery in inflammatory bowel disease: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126000. [PMID: 37532186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious chronic intestinal disorder with an increasing global incidence. However, current treatment strategies, such as anti-inflammatory drugs and probiotics, have limitations in terms of safety, stability, and effectiveness. The emergence of targeted nanoparticles has revolutionized IBD treatment by enhancing the biological properties of drugs and promoting efficiency and safety. Unlike synthetic nanoparticles, cell membrane nanomaterials (CMNs) consist primarily of biological macromolecules, including phospholipids, proteins, and sugars. CMNs include red blood cell membranes, macrophage membranes, and leukocyte membranes, which possess abundant glycoprotein receptors and ligands on their surfaces, allowing for the formation of cell-to-cell connections with other biological macromolecules. Consequently, they exhibit superior cell affinity, evade immune responses, and target inflammation effectively, making them ideal material for targeted delivery of IBD therapies. This review explores various CMNs delivery systems for IBD treatment. However, due to the complexity and harsh nature of the intestinal microenvironment, the lack of flexibility or loss of selectivity poses challenges in designing single CMNs delivery strategies. Therefore, we propose a hierarchically programmed delivery modality that combines CMNs with pH, charge, ROS and ligand-modified responsive nanoparticles. This approach significantly improves delivery efficiency and points the way for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Lei
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiao Du
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yimeng Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Li Luo
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523059, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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4
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Dai C, Lin B, Xing X, Liu JS. A Scale-free Approach for False Discovery Rate Control in Generalized Linear Models. J Am Stat Assoc 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2023.2165930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Buyu Lin
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech
| | - Jun S. Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University
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5
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Atluri K, Manne S, Nalamothu V, Mantel A, Sharma PK, Babu RJ. Advances in Current Drugs and Formulations for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:1-87. [PMID: 37585309 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023042979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complex pathophysiology. Treatment of AD remains challenging owing to the presence of a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes and limited response to existing therapies. However, recent genetic, immunological, and pathophysiological insights into the disease mechanism resulted in the invention of novel therapeutic drug candidates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current therapies and assesses various novel drug delivery strategies currently under clinical investigation. Further, this review majorly emphasizes on various topical treatments including emollient therapies, barrier repair agents, topical corticosteroids (TCS), phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitors. It also discusses biological and systemic therapies, upcoming treatments based on ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, this review scrutinized the use of pharmaceutical inactive ingredients in the approved topical dosage forms for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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6
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Matsushima K, Shichino S, Ueha S. Thirty-five years since the discovery of chemotactic cytokines, interleukin-8 and MCAF: A historical overview. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:213-226. [PMID: 37518010 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defense response to various invading stimuli, but an excessive and persistent inflammatory response can cause tissue injury, which can lead to irreversible organ damage and dysfunction. Excessive inflammatory responses are believed to link to most human diseases. A specific type of leukocyte infiltration into invaded tissues is required for inflammation. Historically, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process during inflammation were an enigma, compromising research in the fields of inflammation, immunology, and pathology. However, the pioneering discovery of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF; interleukin [IL]-8, CXCL8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF; monocyte chemotactic factor 1 [MCP-1], CCL2) in the late 1980s finally enabled us to address this issue. In this review, we provide a historical overview of chemokine research over the last 35 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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7
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Swildens KX, Sillevis Smitt PAE, van den Bent MJ, French PJ, Geurts M. The Effect of Dexamethasone on the Microenvironment and Efficacy of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac087. [PMID: 35990704 PMCID: PMC9389427 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has not proven clinically effective in glioblastoma. This lack of effectiveness may be partially attributable to the frequent administration of dexamethasone in glioblastoma patients. In this systematic review, we assess whether dexamethasone (1) affects the glioblastoma microenvironment and (2) interferes with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy efficacy in the treatment of glioblastoma. Methods PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for eligible articles published up to September 15, 2021. Both in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, as well as clinical studies were selected. The following information was extracted from each study: tumor model, corticosteroid treatment, and effects on individual immune components or checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Results Twenty-one preclinical studies in cellular glioma models (n = 10), animal glioma models (n = 6), and glioblastoma patient samples (n = 7), and 3 clinical studies were included. Preclinical studies show that dexamethasone decreases the presence of microglia and other macrophages as well as the number of T lymphocytes in both tumor tissue and periphery. Dexamethasone abrogates the antitumor effects of checkpoint inhibitors on T lymphocytes in preclinical studies. Although randomized studies directly addressing our research question are lacking, clinical studies suggest a negative association between corticosteroids and survival outcomes in glioblastoma patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors after adjustment for relevant prognostic factors. Conclusions Preclinical research shows that dexamethasone inhibits the antitumor immune response in glioma, thereby promoting a protumorigenic microenvironment. The efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in glioblastoma patients may therefore be negatively affected by the use of dexamethasone. Future research could investigate the potential of edema-reducing alternatives to dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra X Swildens
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A E Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Geurts
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Matsushima K, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ. Interleukin-8: An evolving chemokine. Cytokine 2022; 153:155828. [PMID: 35247648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early in the 1980s several laboratories mistakenly reported that partially purified interleukin-1 (IL-1) was chemotactic for neutrophils. However, further investigations by us, revealed that our purified IL-1 did not have neutrophil chemotactic activity and this activity in the LPS-stimulated human monocyte conditioned media could clearly be separated from IL-1 activity on HPLC gel filtration. This motivated Teizo Yoshimura and Kouji Matsushima to purify the monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF), present in LPS conditioned media and molecularly clone the cDNA for MDNCF. They found that MDNCF protein (later renamed IL-8, and finally termed CXCL8) is first translated as a precursor form consisting of 99 amino acid residues and the signal peptide is then removed, leading to the secretion and processing of biologically active IL-8 of 72 amino acid form (residues 28-99). There are four cysteine residues forming two disulfide linkage and 14 basic amino acid residues which result in a very basic property for the binding of IL-8 to heparan sulfate-proteoglycan. The IL-8 gene consists of 4 exons and 3 introns. IL-8 is produced by various types of cells in inflammation. The 5'-flanking region of IL-8 gene contains several nuclear factor binding sites, and NF-κB in combination with AP-1 or C/EBP synergistically activates IL-8 gene in response to IL-1 and TNFα. Two receptors exist for IL-8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 in humans, which belong to γ subfamily of GTP binding protein (G-protein) coupled rhodopsin-like 7 transmembrane domain receptors. Rodents express CXCR2 and do not produce IL-8, but produce numerous homologues instead. Once IL-8 binds to the receptor, β and γ subunits of G-protein are released from Gα (Gαi2 in neutrophils) and activate PI3Kγ, PLCβ2/β3, PLA2 and PLD. Gαi2 inhibits adenyl cyclase to decrease cAMP levels. Small GTPases Ras/Rac/Rho/cdc42/Rap1, PKC and AKT (PKB) exist down-stream of β and γ subunits and regulate cell adhesion, actin polymerization, membrane protrusion, and eventually cell migration. PLCβ activation generates IP3 and induces Ca++ mobilization, DAG generation to activate protein kinase C to lead granule exocytosis and respiratory burst. MDNCF was renamed interleukin 8 (IL-8) at the International Symposium on Novel Neutrophil Chemotactic Activating Polypeptides, London, UK in 1989. The discovery of IL-8 prompted us to also purify and molecularly clone the cDNA of MCAF/MCP-1 responsible for monocyte chemotaxis, and other groups to identify a large family of chemotactic cytokines capable of attracting other types of leukocytes. In 1992, most of the investigators contributing to the discovery of this new family of chemotactic cytokines gathered in Baden, Austria and agreed to name this family "chemokines" and subsequently established the CXCL/CCL and CXCR/CCR nomenclature. The discovery of chemokines resulted in solving the long-time enigma concerning the mechanism of cell type specific leukocyte infiltration into inflamed tissues and provided a molecular basis for immune and hematopoietic cell migration and interactions under physiological as well as pathological conditions. To our surprise based on its recently identified multifunctional activities, IL-8 has evolved from a neutrophil chemoattractant to a promising therapeutic target for a wide range of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. IL-8 was initially characterized as a chemoattractant of neutrophils engaged in acute inflammation and then discovered to also be chemotactic for endothelial cells with a major role in angiogenesis. These two activities of IL-8 foster its stimulatory effect on tumor growth. This is abetted by recent additional discoveries showing that IL-8 has stimulatory effects on stem cells and can therefore directly promote the growth of receptor expressing cancer stem cells. IL-8 by interacting with bone marrow stem/progenitor cells has also the capacity to mobilize and release hematopoietic cells into the peripheral circulation. This includes the mobilization of neutrophilic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (N-MDSC) to infiltrate into tumors and thus further promotes the immune escape of tumors. Finally, the capacity of IL-8 to induce trans-differentiation of epithelial cancer cells into mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) increases the malignancy of tumors by promoting their metastatic spread and resistance to chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic immune cells. These observations have stimulated considerable current efforts to develop receptor antagonists for IL-8 and humanized anti-IL-8 antibody for the therapy of cancer, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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9
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Kotla NG, Isa ILM, Rasala S, Demir S, Singh R, Baby BV, Swamy SK, Dockery P, Jala VR, Rochev Y, Pandit A. Modulation of Gut Barrier Functions in Ulcerative Colitis by Hyaluronic Acid System. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103189. [PMID: 34761543 PMCID: PMC8811821 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The active stages of intestinal inflammation and the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis are associated with superficial mucosal damage and intermittent wounding that leads to epithelial barrier defects and increased permeability. The standard therapeutic interventions for colitis have focused mainly on maintaining the remission levels of the disease. Nonetheless, such treatment strategies (using anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory agents) do not address colitis' root cause, especially the mucosal damage and dysregulated intestinal barrier functions. Restoration of barrier functionality by mucosal healing or physical barrier protecting strategies shall be considered as an initial event in the disease suppression and progression. Herein, a biphasic hyaluronan (HA) enema suspension, naïve-HA systems that protect the dysregulated gut epithelium by decreasing the inflammation, permeability, and helping in maintaining the epithelial barrier integrity in the dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice model is reported. Furthermore, HA-based system modulates intestinal epithelial junctional proteins and regulatory signaling pathways, resulting in attenuation of inflammation and mucosal protection. The results suggest that HA-based system can be delivered as an enema to act as a barrier protecting system for managing distal colonic inflammatory diseases, including colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan G. Kotla
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Isma Liza Mohd Isa
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
- Present address:
Department of AnatomyFaculty of MedicineUniversiti KebangsaanMalaysia
| | - Swetha Rasala
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Secil Demir
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyJames Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY40202USA
| | - Becca V. Baby
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyJames Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY40202USA
| | - Samantha K. Swamy
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Department of AnatomyNational University of IrelandGalwayH91 TK33Ireland
| | - Venkatakrishna R. Jala
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyJames Graham Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKY40202USA
| | - Yury Rochev
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical DevicesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayH91 W2TYIreland
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10
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Lian S, Li S, Zhu J, Xia Y, Do Jung Y. Nicotine stimulates IL-8 expression via ROS/NF-κB and ROS/MAPK/AP-1 axis in human gastric cancer cells. Toxicology 2021; 466:153062. [PMID: 34890707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, a major alkaloid found in tobacco, is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. IL-8, a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a vital role in cancer cell metastasis. The role of nicotine in IL-8 expression and the underlying mechanism is currently unknown. Here, we examined the effects of nicotine on IL-8 expression and explored the potential mechanisms in gastric cancer cells. We found that nicotine increases IL-8 expression. Specific inhibitor and mutagenesis studies showed that ROS and MAPK (Erk1/2, p38) were involved in this process. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicate the involvement of transcription factor NF-κB and AP-1. ROS and ROS/MAPK (Erk1/2, p38) functioned as the upstream signaling molecules in the activation of NF-κB and AP-1, respectively. AGS gastric cancer cells pretreated with nicotine stimulate angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, partially abrogated by silencing IL-8 in AGS cells. In this study, we found that nicotine induces IL-8 expression via ROS/NF-κB and ROS/MAPK (Erk1/2, p38)/AP-1 axis in gastric cancer cells, thus stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shinan Li
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China.
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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11
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The Relationship of Glutathione- S-Transferase and Multi-Drug Resistance-Related Protein 1 in Nitric Oxide (NO) Transport and Storage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195784. [PMID: 34641326 PMCID: PMC8510172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is a diatomic gas that has traditionally been viewed, particularly in the context of chemical fields, as a toxic, pungent gas that is the product of ammonia oxidation. However, nitric oxide has been associated with many biological roles including cell signaling, macrophage cytotoxicity, and vasodilation. More recently, a model for nitric oxide trafficking has been proposed where nitric oxide is regulated in the form of dinitrosyl-dithiol-iron-complexes, which are much less toxic and have a significantly greater half-life than free nitric oxide. Our laboratory has previously examined this hypothesis in tumor cells and has demonstrated that dinitrosyl-dithiol-iron-complexes are transported and stored by multi-drug resistance-related protein 1 and glutathione-S-transferase P1. A crystal structure of a dinitrosyl-dithiol-iron complex with glutathione-S-transferase P1 has been solved that demonstrates that a tyrosine residue in glutathione-S-transferase P1 is responsible for binding dinitrosyl-dithiol-iron-complexes. Considering the roles of nitric oxide in vasodilation and many other processes, a physiological model of nitric oxide transport and storage would be valuable in understanding nitric oxide physiology and pathophysiology.
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12
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Ilchmann-Diounou H, Menard S. Psychological Stress, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunctions, and Autoimmune Disorders: An Overview. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1823. [PMID: 32983091 PMCID: PMC7477358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders (ADs) are multifactorial diseases involving, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors characterized by an inappropriate immune response toward self-antigens. In the past decades, there has been a continuous rise in the incidence of ADs, which cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Influence of psychological stress on the development or the course of autoimmune disorders has been discussed for a long time. Indeed, based on epidemiological studies, stress has been suggested to precede AD occurrence and to exacerbate symptoms. Furthermore, compiling data showed that most of ADs are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, that is, microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal hyperpermeability, and intestinal inflammation. Interestingly, social stress (acute or chronic, in adult or in neonate) is a well-described intestinal disrupting factor. Taken together, those observations question a potential role of stress-induced defect of the intestinal barrier in the onset and/or the course of ADs. In this review, we aim to present evidences supporting the hypothesis for a role of stress-induced intestinal barrier disruption in the onset and/or the course of ADs. We will mainly focus on autoimmune type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, ADs for which we could find sufficient circumstantial data to support this hypothesis. We excluded gastrointestinal (GI) ADs like coeliac disease to privilege ADs not focused on intestinal disorders to avoid confounding factors. Indeed, GIADs are characterized by antibodies directed against intestinal barrier actors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/microbiology
- Autoimmunity
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Dysbiosis
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/microbiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/microbiology
- Permeability
- Risk Factors
- Stress, Psychological/epidemiology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Menard
- Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Team, Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Spike AJ, Rosen JM. C/EBPß Isoform Specific Gene Regulation: It's a Lot more Complicated than you Think! J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:1-12. [PMID: 32078094 PMCID: PMC7694698 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been almost 30 years since C/EBPß was discovered. Seminal studies have shown that C/EBPß is a master regulator of mammary gland development and has been shown to control and influence proliferation and differentiation through varying mechanisms. The single-exon C/EBPß mRNA yields at least three different protein isoforms which have diverse, specific, context-dependent, and often non-overlapping roles throughout development and breast cancer progression. These roles are dictated by a number of complex factors including: expression levels of other C/EBP family members and their stoichiometry relative to the isoform in question, binding site affinity, post-translational modifications, co-factor expression, and even hormone levels and lactogenic status. Here we summarize the historical work up to the latest findings in the field on C/EBPß in the mammary gland and in breast cancer. With the current emphasis on improving immunotherapy in breast cancer the role of specific C/EBPß isoforms in regulating specific chemokine and cytokine expression and the immune microenvironment will be of increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Spike
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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Mendoza-Cabrera MI, Navarro-Hernández RE, Santerre A, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Pereira-Suárez AL, Estrada-Chávez C. Effect of pregnancy hormone mixtures on cytokine production and surface marker expression in naïve and LPS-activated THP-1 differentiated monocytes/macrophages. Innate Immun 2019; 26:84-96. [PMID: 31364430 PMCID: PMC7016408 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919864658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In pregnancy, maternal monocytes and macrophages acquire a specific phenotype that enables them to maintain immune tolerance and facilitate hormone–immune cell interactions, which are necessary for gestational progression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pregnancy hormone mixtures of the first and third trimesters on both resting and activated monocytes and macrophages. Pregnancy hormone levels (cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin) were quantified at the first and third trimesters. The average of the levels obtained was used to prepare two mixtures of synthetic hormones: low and high. These mixtures were then used to stimulate THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, resting or activated with LPS. Cytokine production in the culture supernatants and surface marker expression (CD14, CD86, and CD163) were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that the hormones modulated the pro-inflammatory response of THP-1 cells, LPS-activated monocytes, and macrophages, inducing high levels of IL-10 and low levels of IL-8, IL-1-β, and IL-6. All hormone stimulation increased the CD163 receptor in both resting and LPS-activated monocytes and macrophages in a dose-independent manner, unlike CD14 and CD86. Pregnancy hormones promote the expression of the markers associated with the M2-like phenotype, modulating their pro-inflammatory response. This phenotype regulation by hormones could be a determinant in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa-Elena Navarro-Hernández
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y Sistema Músculo-Esquelético, Mexico
| | - Anne Santerre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- División de Inmunología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico
| | - Ciro Estrada-Chávez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Mexico
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15
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Kotla NG, Rana S, Sivaraman G, Sunnapu O, Vemula PK, Pandit A, Rochev Y. Bioresponsive drug delivery systems in intestinal inflammation: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:248-266. [PMID: 29966684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral colon-specific delivery systems emerged as the main therapeutic cargos by making a significant impact in the field of modern medicine for local drug delivery in intestinal inflammation. The site-specific delivery of therapeutics (aminosalicylates, glucocorticoids, biologics) to the ulcerative mucus tissue can provide prominent advantages in mucosal healing (MH). Attaining gut mucosal healing and anti-fibrosis are main treatment outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The pharmaceutical strategies that are commonly used to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system include time, pH-dependent polymer coating, prodrug, colonic microbiota-activated delivery systems and a combination of these approaches. Amongst the different approaches reported, the use of biodegradable polysaccharide coated systems holds great promise in delivering drugs to the ulcerative regions. The present review focuses on major physiological gastro-intestinal tract challenges involved in altering the pharmacokinetics of delivery systems, pathophysiology of MH and fibrosis, reported drug-polysaccharide cargos and focusing on conventional to advanced disease responsive delivery strategies, highlighting their limitations and future perspectives in intestinal inflammation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan G Kotla
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Shubhasmin Rana
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gandhi Sivaraman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560062, India
| | - Omprakash Sunnapu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560062, India
| | - Praveen K Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bengaluru 560062, India
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yury Rochev
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Newcastle, Galway, Ireland; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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16
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Sarlus H, Fontana JM, Tserga E, Meltser I, Cederroth CR, Canlon B. Circadian integration of inflammation and glucocorticoid actions: Implications for the cochlea. Hear Res 2019; 377:53-60. [PMID: 30908966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auditory function has been shown to be influenced by the circadian system. Increasing evidence point towards the regulation of inflammation and glucocorticoid actions by circadian rhythms in the cochlea. Yet, how these three systems (circadian, immune and endocrine) converge to control auditory function remains to be established. Here we review the knowledge on immune and glucocorticoid actions, and how they interact with the circadian and the auditory system, with a particular emphasis on cochlear responses to noise trauma. We propose a multimodal approach to understand the mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss by integrating the circadian, immune and endocrine systems into the bearings of the cochlea. Considering the well-established positive impact of chronotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of cardiovascular, asthma and cancer, an increased knowledge on the mechanisms where circadian, immune and glucocorticoids meet in the cochlea may improve current treatments against hearing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heela Sarlus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.
| | - Jacopo Maria Fontana
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Evangelia Tserga
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Inna Meltser
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Barbara Canlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
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17
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Defining the role of glucocorticoids in inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1529-1543. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An established body of knowledge and clinical practice has argued in favor of the use of glucocorticoids in various chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the very well-known adverse effects associated with their treatment hampers continuation of therapy with glucocorticoids. Analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of glucocorticoids have led to the discovery of several mediators that add complexity and diversity to the puzzling world of these hormones and anti-inflammatory drugs. Such mediators hold great promise as alternative pharmacologic tools to be used as anti-inflammatory drugs with the same properties as glucocorticoids, but avoiding their metabolic side effects. This review summarizes findings about the molecular targets and mediators of glucocorticoid function.
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18
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Yuan M, Meng W, Liao W, Lian S. Andrographolide Antagonizes TNF-α-Induced IL-8 via Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase/ROS/NF-κB and Src/MAPKs/AP-1 Axis in Human Colorectal Cancer HCT116 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5139-5148. [PMID: 29672044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata Nees is used as a functional food in Japan, Korea, India, and China. Andrographolide, a naturally occurring phytochemical identified in Andrographis paniculata, has been discovered to present anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Highly expressed interleukin (IL-8) has been detected in colorectal cancer and is implicated in angiogenesis. However, the effect and molecular mechanisms of IL-8 expression by andrographolide remain obscure in human colorectal cancer cells. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of andrographolide on TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression and its underlying mechanisms. We found that andrographolide concentration-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced IL-8 mRNA (2.23 ± 0.15 fold at 20 μM) and protein expression (4.78 ± 0.31 fold at 20 μM) and reduced the IL-8 transcriptional activity (2.59 ± 0.25 fold at 20 μM). TNF-α stimulated the membrane translocation of p47phox to activate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing NADPH oxidase (NOX). Furthermore, TNF-α induced Src and MAPKs (Erk1/2, p38 MAPK) phosphorylation, as well as NF-κB and AP-1 binding activities. We found that NF-κB and AP-1 were the critical transcription factors for TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression. Specific inhibitors and mutagenesis studies indicated that Src, Erk1/2, and p38 MAPK are related to TNF-α-induced IL-8. NOX-derived ROS and Src/MAPKs (Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK) functioned as upstream activators of NF-κB and AP-1, respectively. Taken together, andrographolide antagonizes TNF-α-induced IL-8 via inhibition of NADPH oxidase/ROS/NF-κB and Src/MAPKs/AP-1 signaling pathways in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells and then suppresses angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yuan
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochip , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
| | - Sen Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochip , Guangzhou 510515 , Guangdong , China
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19
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Hudson WH, Vera IMSD, Nwachukwu JC, Weikum ER, Herbst AG, Yang Q, Bain DL, Nettles KW, Kojetin DJ, Ortlund EA. Cryptic glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites pervade genomic NF-κB response elements. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1337. [PMID: 29626214 PMCID: PMC5889392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent repressors of NF-κB activity, making them a preferred choice for treatment of inflammation-driven conditions. Despite the widespread use of GCs in the clinic, current models are inadequate to explain the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) within this critical signaling pathway. GR binding directly to NF-κB itself-tethering in a DNA binding-independent manner-represents the standing model of how GCs inhibit NF-κB-driven transcription. We demonstrate that direct binding of GR to genomic NF-κB response elements (κBREs) mediates GR-driven repression of inflammatory gene expression. We report five crystal structures and solution NMR data of GR DBD-κBRE complexes, which reveal that GR recognizes a cryptic response element between the binding footprints of NF-κB subunits within κBREs. These cryptic sequences exhibit high sequence and functional conservation, suggesting that GR binding to κBREs is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of controlling the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Austin G Herbst
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - David L Bain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrated Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
- Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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20
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Patil RH, Naveen Kumar M, Kiran Kumar KM, Nagesh R, Kavya K, Babu RL, Ramesh GT, Chidananda Sharma S. Dexamethasone inhibits inflammatory response via down regulation of AP-1 transcription factor in human lung epithelial cells. Gene 2017; 645:85-94. [PMID: 29248584 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The production of inflammatory mediators by epithelial cells in inflammatory lung diseases may represent an important target for the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Activator protein-1 is a major activator of inflammatory genes and has been proposed as a target for inhibition by glucocorticoids. We have used human pulmonary type-II A549 cells to examine the effect of dexamethasone on the phorbol ester (PMA)/Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and AP-1 factors. A549 cells were treated with and without PMA or LPS or dexamethasone and the cell viability and nitric oxide production was measured by MTT assay and Griess reagent respectively. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and AP-1 factors mRNA were measured using semi quantitative RT-PCR. The PMA/LPS treated cells show significant 2-3 fold increase in the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), cyclo‑oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and specific AP-1 factors (c-Jun, c-Fos and Jun-D). Whereas, pretreatment of cells with dexamethasone significantly inhibited the LPS induced nitric oxide production and PMA/LPS induced mRNAs expression of above pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2 and AP-1 factors. Cells treated with dexamethasone alone at both the concentrations inhibit the mRNAs expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to control. Our study reveals that dexamethasone decreased the mRNAs expression of c-Jun and c-Fos available for AP-1 formation suggested that AP-1 is the probable key transcription factor involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of dexamethasone. This may be an important molecular mechanism of steroid action in asthma and other chronic inflammatory lung diseases which may be useful for treatment of lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari H Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India; Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Science, HSR Layout, Bengaluru 560102, Karnataka, India.
| | - M Naveen Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - K M Kiran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Nagesh
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - K Kavya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - R L Babu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Karnataka State Women's University, Jnana Shakthi Campus, Vijayapura 586 108, Karnataka, India; Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Govindarajan T Ramesh
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - S Chidananda Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru 560 056, Karnataka, India
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21
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Li YT, Guo YX, Cai LM, Pan L, Duan MQ, Yang LF, Sun YY, Tan WP, Chen ZG. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy rescued life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage due to idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35:1786.e3-1786.e7. [PMID: 28784257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an extremely rare cause of massive pulmonary hemorrhage in children. During the acute phase, death due to massive alveolar hemorrhage and subsequent severe respiratory failure. We report two cases of IPH children who developed hypoxemic respiratory failure and massive pulmonary hemorrhage. One case of a 10-year-old boy was treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy (10mg/kg/d) for the first three days and followed by systemic steroid therapy, he successfully decannulated 10days later and discharged with a favorable quality of life. Another case of a 4year-old female child with Down's syndrome diagnosed as IPH for over one year and treated with oral corticosteroids for maintenance therapy. She sudden suffered severe hypoxemia with rapid falls in the hemoglobin level. We applied methylprednisolone pulse therapy (10mg/kg/d) for three days and other supportive therapies, the girl survived through complicated with oxygen dependence. We suggest that methylprednisolone pulse therapy provides a chance of recovery and survival for patients with IPH at the acute phase, even if accompanied by severe pulmonary hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Li
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Yu-Xiong Guo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Liang-Ming Cai
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Li Pan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Meng-Qi Duan
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Li-Fen Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Yue-Yu Sun
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academic of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ping Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
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22
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Stimulation of transient receptor potential M3 (TRPM3) channels increases interleukin-8 gene promoter activity involving AP-1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase. Cytokine 2017; 103:133-141. [PMID: 28982580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of Ca2+ permeable TRPM3 (transient receptor potential melastatin-3) channels with the steroid ligand pregnenolone sulfate activates stimulus-responsive transcription factors, including the transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1). As part of a search for AP-1-regulated target genes we analyzed the gene encoding interleukin-8 (IL-8) in HEK293 cells expressing TRPM3 channels. Here, we show that stimulation of TRPM3 channels activated transcription of an IL-8 promoter-controlled reporter gene that was embedded into the chromatin of the cells. Mutational analysis of the IL-8 promoter revealed that the AP-1 binding site of the IL-8 promoter was essential to connect TRPM3 stimulation with the transcription of the IL-8 gene. Genetic experiments revealed that the basic region leucine zipper proteins c-Jun and ATF2 and the ternary complex factor Elk-1 are essential to couple TRPM3 channel stimulation with the IL-8 gene. Moreover, we identified extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) as signal transducer connecting TRPM3 stimulation with enhanced transcription of the IL-8 gene. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of TRPC6 (transient receptor potential canonical-6) channels with its ligand hyperforin also increased IL-8 promoter activity, involving the AP-1 binding site within the IL-8 gene, suggesting that activation of IL-8 gene transcription may be a common theme following TRP channel stimulation.
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23
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Bekhbat M, Rowson SA, Neigh GN. Checks and balances: The glucocorticoid receptor and NFĸB in good times and bad. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:15-31. [PMID: 28502781 PMCID: PMC5523465 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mutual regulation and balance between the endocrine and immune systems facilitate an organism's stress response and are impaired following chronic stress or prolonged immune activation. Concurrent alterations in stress physiology and immunity are increasingly recognized as contributing factors to several stress-linked neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Accumulating evidence suggests that impaired balance and crosstalk between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) - effectors of the stress and immune axes, respectively - may play a key role in mediating the harmful effects of chronic stress on mood and behavior. Here, we first review the molecular mechanisms of GR and NFκB interactions in health, then describe potential shifts in the GR-NFκB dynamics in chronic stress conditions within the context of brain circuitry relevant to neuropsychiatric diseases. Furthermore, we discuss developmental influences and sex differences in the regulation of these two transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandakh Bekhbat
- Emory University, Graduate Division of Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Graduate Program, United States
| | - Sydney A Rowson
- Emory University, Graduate Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Studies Program, United States
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, United States.
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24
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Malki K, Tosto MG, Mouriño‐Talín H, Rodríguez‐Lorenzo S, Pain O, Jumhaboy I, Liu T, Parpas P, Newman S, Malykh A, Carboni L, Uher R, McGuffin P, Schalkwyk LC, Bryson K, Herbster M. Highly polygenic architecture of antidepressant treatment response: Comparative analysis of SSRI and NRI treatment in an animal model of depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:235-250. [PMID: 27696737 PMCID: PMC5434854 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Response to antidepressant (AD) treatment may be a more polygenic trait than previously hypothesized, with many genetic variants interacting in yet unclear ways. In this study we used methods that can automatically learn to detect patterns of statistical regularity from a sparsely distributed signal across hippocampal transcriptome measurements in a large-scale animal pharmacogenomic study to uncover genomic variations associated with AD. The study used four inbred mouse strains of both sexes, two drug treatments, and a control group (escitalopram, nortriptyline, and saline). Multi-class and binary classification using Machine Learning (ML) and regularization algorithms using iterative and univariate feature selection methods, including InfoGain, mRMR, ANOVA, and Chi Square, were used to uncover genomic markers associated with AD response. Relevant genes were selected based on Jaccard distance and carried forward for gene-network analysis. Linear association methods uncovered only one gene associated with drug treatment response. The implementation of ML algorithms, together with feature reduction methods, revealed a set of 204 genes associated with SSRI and 241 genes associated with NRI response. Although only 10% of genes overlapped across the two drugs, network analysis shows that both drugs modulated the CREB pathway, through different molecular mechanisms. Through careful implementation and optimisations, the algorithms detected a weak signal used to predict whether an animal was treated with nortriptyline (77%) or escitalopram (67%) on an independent testing set. The results from this study indicate that the molecular signature of AD treatment may include a much broader range of genomic markers than previously hypothesized, suggesting that response to medication may be as complex as the pathology. The search for biomarkers of antidepressant treatment response could therefore consider a higher number of genetic markers and their interactions. Through predominately different molecular targets and mechanisms of action, the two drugs modulate the same Creb1 pathway which plays a key role in neurotrophic responses and in inflammatory processes. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Malki
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Tosto
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom,LCIBGTomsk State UniversityTomskRussia
| | | | | | - Oliver Pain
- BirkbeckUniversity of LondonUnited Kingdom,London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUnited Kingdom
| | - Irfan Jumhaboy
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tina Liu
- Department of Computer Science Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Panos Parpas
- Department of Computer Science Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stuart Newman
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Rudolf Uher
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Peter McGuffin
- King's College LondonMRC SocialGenetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN)LondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin Bryson
- Department of Computer ScienceUCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Herbster
- Department of Computer ScienceUCLLondonUnited Kingdom
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Ismail C, Hussin C, Mohamed M, Aziz C. Preemptive Effects of Administration of Tualang Honey on Inflammatory Responses in Adult Male Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.6000/1927-5951.2017.07.01.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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26
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Paranjape A, Chernushevich O, Qayum AA, Spence AJ, Taruselli MT, Abebayehu D, Barnstein BO, McLeod JJA, Baker B, Bajaj GS, Chumanevich AP, Oskeritzian CA, Ryan JJ. Dexamethasone rapidly suppresses IL-33-stimulated mast cell function by blocking transcription factor activity. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1395-1404. [PMID: 27443878 PMCID: PMC5109997 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0316-125r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are critical effectors of allergic disease and can be activated by IL-33, a proinflammatory member of the IL-1 cytokine family. IL-33 worsens the pathology of mast cell-mediated diseases, but therapies to antagonize IL-33 are still forthcoming. Because steroids are the mainstay of allergic disease treatment and are well known to suppress mast cell activation by other stimuli, we examined the effects of the steroid dexamethasone on IL-33-mediated mast cell function. We found that dexamethasone potently and rapidly suppressed cytokine production elicited by IL-33 from murine bone marrow-derived and peritoneal mast cells. IL-33 enhances IgE-mediated mast cell cytokine production, an activity that was also antagonized by dexamethasone. These effects were consistent in human mast cells. We additionally observed that IL-33 augmented migration of IgE-sensitized mast cells toward antigen. This enhancing effect was similarly reversed by dexamethasone. Simultaneous addition of dexamethasone with IL-33 had no effect on the phosphorylation of MAP kinases or NFκB p65 subunit; however, dexamethasone antagonized AP-1- and NFκB-mediated transcriptional activity. Intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone completely abrogated IL-33-mediated peritoneal neutrophil recruitment and prevented plasma IL-6 elevation. These data demonstrate that steroid therapy may be an effective means of antagonizing the effects of IL-33 on mast cells in vitro and in vivo, acting partly by suppressing IL-33-induced NFκB and AP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuya Paranjape
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Oksana Chernushevich
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Amina Abdul Qayum
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Marcela T Taruselli
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Brian O Barnstein
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | | | - Bianca Baker
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Gurjas S Bajaj
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
| | - Alena P Chumanevich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA; and
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Decreased expression of PBLD correlates with poor prognosis and functions as a tumor suppressor in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:524-37. [PMID: 26594798 PMCID: PMC4808015 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent accumulating genomic and proteomic data suggested that decreased expression of phenazine biosynthesis-like domain-containing protein (PBLD) was frequently involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is lack of systematical investigation focusing on its expression pattern, clinical relevance, and biological function. Here, we found that PBLD was frequently decreased in HCC tissues relative to adjacent non-tumorigenic liver tissues. This decreased expression was significantly associated with poor tumor differentiation and advanced tumor stage. Kaplan–Meier analysis further showed that recurrence-free survival and overall survival were significantly worse among patients with low PBLD expression. Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed that PBLD was an independent predictor of OS and RFS. This prognostic value of PBLD was further validated in another independent cohort. We also found PBLD inhibited HCC cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, forced expression of PBLD influenced multiple downstream genes related to MAPK, NF-κB, EMT, and angiogenesis signaling pathways. PBLD deletion was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Elevated PBLD expression may reduce HCC cell growth and invasion via inactivation of several tumorigenesis-related signaling pathways.
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Barger SW. Gene regulation and genetics in neurochemistry, past to future. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:24-57. [PMID: 27747882 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ask any neuroscientist to name the most profound discoveries in the field in the past 60 years, and at or near the top of the list will be a phenomenon or technique related to genes and their expression. Indeed, our understanding of genetics and gene regulation has ushered in whole new systems of knowledge and new empirical approaches, many of which could not have even been imagined prior to the molecular biology boon of recent decades. Neurochemistry, in the classic sense, intersects with these concepts in the manifestation of neuropeptides, obviously dependent upon the central dogma (the established rules by which DNA sequence is eventually converted into protein primary structure) not only for their conformation but also for their levels and locales of expression. But, expanding these considerations to non-peptide neurotransmitters illustrates how gene regulatory events impact neurochemistry in a much broader sense, extending beyond the neurochemicals that translate electrical signals into chemical ones in the synapse, to also include every aspect of neural development, structure, function, and pathology. From the beginning, the mutability - yet relative stability - of genes and their expression patterns were recognized as potential substrates for some of the most intriguing phenomena in neurobiology - those instances of plasticity required for learning and memory. Near-heretical speculation was offered in the idea that perhaps the very sequence of the genome was altered to encode memories. A fascinating component of the intervening progress includes evidence that the central dogma is not nearly as rigid and consistent as we once thought. And this mutability extends to the potential to manipulate that code for both experimental and clinical purposes. Astonishing progress has been made in the molecular biology of neurochemistry during the 60 years since this journal debuted. Many of the gains in conceptual understanding have been driven by methodological progress, from automated high-throughput sequencing instruments to recombinant-DNA vectors that can convey color-coded genetic modifications in the chromosomes of live adult animals. This review covers the highlights of these advances, both theoretical and technological, along with a brief window into the promising science ahead. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Abstract
Septic shock is one of the leading causes of death in intensive care units world-wide. Scientists have made great improvements in understanding mechanisms of inflammation, and the sequence of activation of the various pro- and anti-inflammatory markers is now well known. In contrast, physicians have failed to improve survival from septic shock despite the development of specific targets at various points in the cytokine cascade considered to have a key role in host survival in sepsis. Corticosteroids were among the first anti-inflammatory drugs to be tested in large randomized controlled trials. These trials showed that patients with septic shock did not benefit from a short course of large doses of steroids. More recent findings highlighting the role of the integrity of the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis to respond appropriately to a septic insult, have led to a re-appraisal of the use of steroids in septic shock. Several randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of a replacement therapy with hydrocortisone in severe sepsis. These trials strongly suggest that this replacement therapy reduces the morbidity of septic shock and may favorably affect survival from septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djillali Annane
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ouest, Université Paris V, Garches, France, -hop-paris.fr
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Seidelin JB. Regulation of antiapoptotic and cytoprotective pathways in colonic epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 50 Suppl 1:1-29. [PMID: 26513451 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2016.1101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease involving the colon resulting in bloody diarrhea and increased risk of colorectal cancer in certain patient subgroups. Increased apoptosis in the epithelial cell layer causes increased permeability, especially during flares; this leads to translocation of luminal pathogens resulting in a continued inflammatory drive. The present work investigates how epithelial apoptosis is regulated in ulcerative colitis. The main results are that Fas mediated apoptosis is inhibited during flares of ulcerative colitis, probably by an upregulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein. cIAP2 is upregulated in regenerative epithelial cells both in ulcerative colitis and in experimental intestinal wounds. Inhibition of cIAP2 decreases wound healing in vitro possibly through inhibition of migration. Altogether, it is shown that epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis responds to the hostile microenvironment by activation of cytoprotective pathways that tend to counteract the cytotoxic effects of inflammation. However, the present studies also show that epithelial cells produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species during stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ resulting in DNA instability. The combined effect of increased DNA-instability and decreased apoptosis responses could lead to neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob B Seidelin
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section , Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
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31
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Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 ameliorates IL-1β-induced IL-8 in human gastric cancer cells. Toxicology 2016; 361-362:24-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Heard BJ, Solbak NM, Chung M, Achari Y, Shrive NG, Frank CB, Hart DA. The infrapatellar fat pad is affected by injury induced inflammation in the rabbit knee: use of dexamethasone to mitigate damage. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:459-70. [PMID: 26898767 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The health of the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) has been linked to pain, joint inflammation, and the onset of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Thus, early inflammation effects on the IFP could have long term sequelae on joint integrity. This study was designed to characterize the natural history of the IFP in a model of surgically induced knee injury and inflammation, and to test the efficacy of one intra-articular (IA) administration of dexamethasone (DEX) immediately following surgery. METHODS An IA bone drill hole injury to the rabbit knee was conducted and immediately treated with DEX (n = 12). Early and late post-surgical time-points were investigated (48 h and 9 weeks) and the outcome measures were analysis of IFP histology, mRNA levels for relevant molecules, and protein levels for a subset of cytokines. Data were analyzed against a surgical control (injury without treatment; n = 12), a surgical sham (capsular incision only; n = 12), and normal control (n = 6). TREATMENT Single IA injection of DEX (0.5 mg/kg), administered at the completion of surgery. RESULTS IFPs from injured joints exhibited significantly increased cellularity and early fibrosis at 48 h post surgery. While the histological inflammation from a capsular incision alone resolved, knee injured animals progressed to a significantly more fibrotic IFP by 9 weeks. DEX significantly lowered histological scores at 48 h, but not at the 9 weeks. DEX did not influence mRNA levels for IL-1β, 6, and 8, however, protein analysis indicated that IL-8 levels were lower in DEX treated joints. DEX resulted in significantly elevated expression of mRNA for MCP-1, leptin, and VEGF. CONCLUSION One IA administration of a glucocorticoid appears to mitigate the initial inflammation within the joint, but is not sufficient to protect the joint to 9 weeks post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Heard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan M Solbak
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Chung
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yamini Achari
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nigel G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cyril B Frank
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Biomedical Engineering Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Vannini F, Kashfi K, Nath N. The dual role of iNOS in cancer. Redox Biol 2015; 6:334-343. [PMID: 26335399 PMCID: PMC4565017 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the 10 smallest molecules found in nature. It is a simple gaseous free radical whose predominant functions is that of a messenger through cGMP. In mammals, NO is synthesized by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of which there are three isoforms. Neuronal (nNOS, NOS1) and endothelial (eNOS, NOS3) are constitutive calcium-dependent forms of the enzyme that regulate neural and vascular function respectively. The third isoform (iNOS, NOS2), is calcium-independent and is inducible. In many tumors, iNOS expression is high, however, the role of iNOS during tumor development is very complex and quite perplexing, with both promoting and inhibiting actions having been described. This review will aim to summarize the dual actions of iNOS-derived NO showing that the microenvironment of the tumor is a contributing factor to these observations and ultimately to cellular outcomes. NO is pro- and anti-tumorigenic. High concentrations of NO maybe anti-tumorigenic. iNOS produces high concentrations of NO and relates to tumor growth or its inhibition. iNOS is associated with cytotoxicity, apoptosis and bystander anti-tumor effects. Tumor- and stromal-iNOS, and the ‘cell situation’ contribute to anti or pro-tumor effects. Dual role of iNOS is influenced by the cell situation and is environment dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vannini
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Niharika Nath
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, NY 10023, United States.
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Liu X, Kumar A. Differential signaling mechanism for HIV-1 Nef-mediated production of IL-6 and IL-8 in human astrocytes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9867. [PMID: 26075907 PMCID: PMC4467202 DOI: 10.1038/srep09867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Variety of HIV-1 viral proteins including HIV-1 Nef are known to activate astrocytes and microglia in the brain and cause the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is thought to be one of the mechanisms leading to HIV-1- mediated neurotoxicity. IL-6 and IL-8 have been found in the CSF of patients with HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD), suggesting that they might play important roles in HIV-1 neuropathology. In the present study we examined the effects of HIV-1 Nef on IL-6 and IL-8 induction in astrocytes. The results demonstrate that both IL-6 and IL-8 are significantly induced in HIV-1 Nef-transfected SVGA astrocytes and HIV-1 Nef-treated primary fetal astrocytes. We also determined the molecular mechanisms responsible for the HIV-1 Nef-induced increased IL-6 and IL-8 by using chemical inhibitors and siRNAs against PI3K/Akt/PKC, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, CEBP and AP-1. Our results clearly demonstrate that the PI3K/PKC, p38 MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 pathways are involved in HIV-1 Nef-induced IL-6 production in astrocytes, while PI3K/PKC and NF-κB pathways are involved in HIV-1 Nef-induced IL-8 production. These results offer new potential targets to develop therapeutic strategy for treatment of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders, prevalent in > 40% of individuals infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108
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Chen R, Wang Z, Yang Z, Zhu X, Ji D, Mao Y. Association of IL8 -105G/A with mastitis somatic cell score in Chinese Holstein dairy cows. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 26:143-7. [PMID: 25380467 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2014.939657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' upstream of bovine IL8 gene were investigated in 810 Chinese Holstein cows from 35 bull families in a dairy farm in Shanghai using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique. The Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of genotype Chinese Holstein dairy cows. The results showed that one SNP -105G>A was detected, designating three genotypes (GG, GA and AA) with respective frequencies of 0.38, 0.46, and 0.16. The significant association of the SNP -105G>A with somatic cell score (SCS) was identified. Genotype GG had a significantly lower SCS than genotype GA or AA (P < 0.01), and the relative mRNA expression and protein level of GG was found to be the highest. These results suggest that the genotype GG may be a useful genetic marker for mastitis resistance selection and breeding in Chinese Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjin Chen
- a Laboratory Animal Center , Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , China
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Kasahara T. [Study of cytokine signaling: the quest for immunomodulatory drugs interacting with cytokine production and activity]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:431-47. [PMID: 25759052 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
I have been engaged in research and education in the fields of immunology and biochemistry at a medical college and college of pharmacy for 40 years. The original reasons why I began studying cytokines and some of the interests that have motivated me to continue working in the field of cytokine research are described: 1) the roles of cytokines in various immunological and inflammatory diseases (e.g., chemokines in bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases, particularly the role of interleukin-5 and eotaxins in eosinophilia); 2) the role of focal adhesion kinase in antiapoptosis and metastasis of melanoma; 3) recent findings on the role of JAK2/STAT pathways, particularly how JAK2V617F mutation induces dysregulated proliferation and tumorigenesis; and 4) the interactions of various chemical compounds and natural products in cytokine gene activation and signaling. Previous discoveries and published findings by my research group are described, along with comments and discussion pertaining to recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kasahara
- Graduate School, International University of Health and Welfare; 1-3-3 Minamiaoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062, Japan; Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy; 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Division of Inflammation Research, Jichi Medical University; 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Nagashima H. Toxicity of trichothecene mycotoxin nivalenol in human leukemia cell line HL60. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.65.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nagashima
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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Mikami Y, Matsuzaki H, Horie M, Noguchi S, Jo T, Narumoto O, Kohyama T, Takizawa H, Nagase T, Yamauchi Y. Lymphotoxin β receptor signaling induces IL-8 production in human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114791. [PMID: 25501580 PMCID: PMC4263477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma-related mortality has been decreasing due to inhaled corticosteroid use, but severe asthma remains a major clinical problem. One characteristic of severe asthma is resistance to steroid therapy, which is related to neutrophilic inflammation. Recently, the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member (TNFSF) 14/LIGHT has been recognized as a key mediator in severe asthmatic airway inflammation. However, the profiles and intracellular mechanisms of cytokine/chemokine production induced in cells by LIGHT are poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of LIGHT-induced cytokine/chemokine production by bronchial epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells express lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR), but not herpesvirus entry mediator, which are receptors for LIGHT. LIGHT induced various cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, oncostatin M, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, growth-regulated protein α and IL-8. Specific siRNA for LTβR attenuated IL-6 and IL-8 production by BEAS-2B and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. LIGHT activated intracellular signaling, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. LIGHT also induced luciferase activity of NF-κB response element, but not of activator protein-1 or serum response element. Specific inhibitors of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and that of inhibitor κB attenuated IL-8 production, suggesting that LIGHT-LTβR signaling induces IL-8 production via the Erk and NF-κB pathways. LIGHT, via LTβR signaling, may contribute to exacerbation of airway neutrophilic inflammation through cytokine and chemokine production by bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mikami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuzaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Horie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Jo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Narumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kohyama
- Department of Internal medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamauchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gordy C, Liang J, Pua H, He YW. c-FLIP protects eosinophils from TNF-α-mediated cell death in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107724. [PMID: 25333625 PMCID: PMC4204828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the signals that regulate eosinophil survival and death is critical to developing new treatments for asthma, atopy, and gastrointestinal disease. Previous studies suggest that TNF-α stimulation protects eosinophils from apoptosis, and this TNF-α-mediated protection is mediated by the upregulation of an unknown protein by NF-κB. Here, we show for the first time that eosinophils express the caspase 8-inhibitory protein c-FLIP, and c-FLIP expression is upregulated upon TNF-α stimulation. Considering that c-FLIP expression is regulated by NF-κB, we hypothesized that c-FLIP might serve as the “molecular switch” that converts TNFRI activation to a pro-survival signal in eosinophils. Indeed, we found that one c-FLIP isoform, c-FLIPL, is required for mouse eosinophil survival in the presence of TNF-α both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, our results suggest c-FLIP as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of eosinophil-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gordy
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Heather Pua
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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ZFC3H1, a zinc finger protein, modulates IL-8 transcription by binding with celastramycin A, a potential immune suppressor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108957. [PMID: 25268596 PMCID: PMC4182580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastramycin A, a small molecule that inhibits the production of antibacterial peptides in an ex vivo culture system of Drosophila, suppresses the TNFα-mediated induction of IL-8 in mammalian cells. To understand its molecular mechanism, we examined Celastramycin A binding proteins and investigated their biological functions. Our screening and subsequent pull-down assay revealed ZFC3H1 (also known as CCDC131 or CSRC2), an uncharacterized zinc finger protein, as a Celastramycin A binding protein. The knockdown of ZFC3H1 reduced IL-8 expression levels in the TNFα-stimulated lung carcinoma cell line, LU99, and UV-irradiated HeLa cells. Based on reporter assay results, we concluded that ZFC3H1 participates in the transcriptional activation of IL-8. The findings of our UV-irradiation experiments implied that ZFC3H1 may indirectly interact with ERCC1 in an activated DNA repair complex. Thus, we designated ZFC3H1 as a mammalian target of Celastramycin A (mTOC).
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Braun TP, Szumowski M, Levasseur PR, Grossberg AJ, Zhu X, Agarwal A, Marks DL. Muscle atrophy in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy is dependent on intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106489. [PMID: 25254959 PMCID: PMC4177815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss that results from the selective depletion of skeletal muscle mass and contributes significantly to cancer morbidity and mortality. The driver of skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia is systemic inflammation arising from both the cancer and cancer treatment. While the importance of tumor derived inflammation is well described, the mechanism by which cytotoxic chemotherapy contributes to cancer cachexia is relatively unexplored. We found that the administration of chemotherapy to mice produces a rapid inflammatory response. This drives activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases the circulating level of corticosterone, the predominant endogenous glucocorticoid in rodents. Additionally, chemotherapy administration results in a significant loss of skeletal muscle mass 18 hours after administration with a concurrent induction of genes involved with the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy lysosome systems. However, in mice lacking glucocorticoid receptor expression in skeletal muscle, chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy is completely blocked. This demonstrates that cytotoxic chemotherapy elicits significant muscle atrophy driven by the production of endogenous glucocorticoids. Further, it argues that pharmacotherapy targeting the glucocorticoid receptor, given in concert with chemotherapy, is a viable therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P. Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- MD/PhD Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marek Szumowski
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Grossberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - XinXia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Effects of formaldehyde on lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the peripheral blood of exposed workers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104069. [PMID: 25157974 PMCID: PMC4144836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a well-known irritant, and it is suggested to increase the risk of immune diseases and cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of major lymphocyte subsets and cytokine expression profiles in the peripheral blood of FA-exposed workers. A total of 118 FA-exposed workers and 79 controls were enrolled in the study. High performance liquid chromatography, flow cytometry, and cytometric bead array were used to analyze FA in air sample and formic acid in urine, blood lymphocyte subpopulations, and serum cytokines, respectively. The FA-exposed workers were divided into low and high exposure groups according to their exposure levels. The results showed that both the low and high FA-exposed groups had a significant increase of formic acid in urine when compared to the controls. Both the low and high exposure groups had a significant increase in the percentage of B cells (CD19+) compared to the control group (p<0.01). A significant increase in the percentage of the natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+) was observed in the low exposure group compared to the control (p = 0.013). Moreover, the FA-exposed workers in both exposure groups showed a significant higher level of IL-10 but lower level of IL-8 than the control (p<0.01). Subjects in the high exposure group had a higher level of IL-4 but a lower level of IFN-γ than the control (p<0.05). Finally, there is a significant correlation between the levels of IL-10, IL-4, and IL-8 and formic acid (p<0.05). The findings from the present study may explain, at least in part, the association between FA exposure and immune diseases and cancer.
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Shi JX, Li JS, Hu R, Shi Y, Su X, Guo XJ, Li XM. Tristetraprolin is involved in the glucocorticoid-mediated interleukin 8 repression. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:480-5. [PMID: 25111853 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been widely used in various inflammatory disorders, and the transcriptional repression of inflammatory mediators has been considered to be the main mechanism of action. However, a previous study showed that dexamethasone inhibited interleukin 8 (IL-8) expression by promoting IL-8 mRNA decay, which implies a posttranscriptional regulation. Nevertheless, by which mechanism dexamethasone destabilized IL-8 mRNA was unclear. Another study indicated that an RNA-binding protein, tristetraprolin (TTP), could be induced by dexamethasone. TTP can bind to AU-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region of target mRNAs and promotes mRNA degradation. So, we speculated that dexamethasone destabilized IL-8 mRNA by upregulating TTP expression. Here, we report that dexamethasone reduced IL-8 expression through destabilizing IL-8 mRNA in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). Dexamethasone stimulation increased TTP mRNA and protein levels. TTP silencing led to mRNA stabilization and protein upregulation of IL-8. These results provide the evidence that the glucocorticoid, in HPMECs, inhibits IL-8 expression through TTP at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222002, China.
| | - Jia-Shu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222002, China.
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China.
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang 222002, China
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Cortese-Krott MM, Kulakov L, Opländer C, Kolb-Bachofen V, Kröncke KD, Suschek CV. Zinc regulates iNOS-derived nitric oxide formation in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2014; 2:945-54. [PMID: 25180171 PMCID: PMC4143817 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease. Mechanisms responsible for the fine-tuning of iNOS activity in inflammation are still not fully understood. Zinc is an important structural element of NOS enzymes and is known to inhibit its catalytical activity. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of zinc on iNOS activity and expression in endothelial cells. We found that zinc down-regulated the expression of iNOS (mRNA+protein) and decreased cytokine-mediated activation of the iNOS promoter. Zinc-mediated regulation of iNOS expression was due to inhibition of NF-κB transactivation activity, as determined by a decrease in both NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter activity and expression of NF-κB target genes, including cyclooxygenase 2 and IL-1β. However, zinc did not affect NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, as assessed by Western blot analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Taken together our results demonstrate that zinc limits iNOS-derived high output NO production in endothelial cells by inhibiting NF-κB-dependent iNOS expression, pointing to a role of zinc as a regulator of iNOS activity in inflammation. Zinc inhibits iNOS-dependent nitrite accumulation in endothelial cells. Zinc decreases cytokine-induced iNOS expression in endothelial cells. Zinc inhibits iNOS promoter activity. NF-kB silencing abolishes cytokine-induced iNOS expression. Zinc inhibits the transactivation activity of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany ; Research Group Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Larissa Kulakov
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany ; Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Christian Opländer
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Victoria Kolb-Bachofen
- Research Group Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Klaus-D Kröncke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Christoph V Suschek
- Research Group Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany ; Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
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Orqueda AJ, Dansey MV, Español A, Veleiro AS, Bal de Kier Joffé E, Sales ME, Burton G, Pecci A. The rigid steroid 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone (21OH-6,19OP) is a dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator potentially useful as a novel coadjuvant in breast cancer chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:526-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hwangbo M, Jung JY, Ki SH, Park SM, Jegal KH, Cho IJ, Lee JH, Kang SH, Park SD, Ku SK, Kim SC, Zhao RJ, Jee SY, Kim YW. U-Bang-Haequi Tang: A Herbal Prescription that Prevents Acute Inflammation through Inhibition of NF-κB-Mediated Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:542825. [PMID: 24959187 PMCID: PMC4052510 DOI: 10.1155/2014/542825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since antiquity, medical herbs have been prescribed for both treatment and preventative purposes. Herbal formulas are used to reduce toxicity as well as increase efficacy in traditional Korean medicine. U-bang-haequi tang (UBT) is a herbal prescription containing Arctii fructus and Forsythia suspensa as its main components and has treated many human diseases in traditional Korean medicine. This research investigated the effects of UBT against an acute phase of inflammation. For this, we measured induction of nitric oxide (NO) and related proteins in macrophage cell line stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further, paw swelling was measured in carrageenan-treated rats. Carrageenan significantly induced activation of inflammatory cells and increases in paw volume, whereas oral administration of 0.3 or 1 g/kg/day of UBT inhibited the acute inflammatory response. In RAW264.7 cells, UBT inhibited mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS. UBT treatment also blocked elevation of NO production, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, phosphorylation of Iκ-Bα induced by LPS. Moreover, UBT treatment significantly blocked the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases by LPS. In conclusion, UBT prevented both acute inflammation in rats as well as LPS-induced NO and iNOS gene expression through inhibition of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwangbo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jung
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Park
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Jegal
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Kang
- Sunlin University, Pohang 791-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Dong Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Rong Jie Zhao
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Seon Young Jee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kim
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
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Keenan CR, Mok JS, Harris T, Xia Y, Salem S, Stewart AG. Bronchial epithelial cells are rendered insensitive to glucocorticoid transactivation by transforming growth factor-β1. Respir Res 2014; 15:55. [PMID: 24886104 PMCID: PMC4021546 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) impairs glucocorticoid (GC) function in pulmonary epithelial cell-lines. However, the signalling cascade leading to this impairment is unknown. In the present study, we provide the first evidence that TGF-beta impairs GC action in differentiated primary air-liquid interface (ALI) human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Using the BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cell line, we also present a systematic examination of the known pathways activated by TGF-beta, in order to ascertain the molecular mechanism through which TGF-beta impairs epithelial GC action. Methods GC transactivation was measured using a Glucocorticoid Response Element (GRE)–Secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter and measuring GC-inducible gene expression by qRT-PCR. GC transrepression was measured by examining GC regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. TGF-beta signalling pathways were investigated using siRNA and small molecule kinase inhibitors. GRα level, phosphorylation and sub-cellular localisation were determined by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and localisation of GRα–Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM for n independent experiments in cell lines, or for experiments on primary HBEC cells from n individual donors. All data were statistically analysed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (Graphpad, San Diego, CA). In most cases, two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyse the data. In all cases, P <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results TGF-beta impaired Glucocorticoid Response Element (GRE) activation and the GC induction of several anti-inflammatory genes, but did not broadly impair the regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression in A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines. TGF-beta-impairment of GC transactivation was also observed in differentiated primary HBECs. The TGF-beta receptor (ALK5) inhibitor SB431541 fully prevented the GC transactivation impairment in the BEAS-2B cell line. However, neither inhibitors of the known downstream non-canonical signalling pathways, nor knocking down Smad4 by siRNA prevented the TGF-beta impairment of GC activity. Conclusions Our results indicate that TGF-beta profoundly impairs GC transactivation in bronchial epithelial cells through activating ALK5, but not through known non-canonical pathways, nor through Smad4-dependent signalling, suggesting that TGF-beta may impair GC action through a novel non-canonical signalling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Grattan St,, Parkville, VIC Australia.
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Fillman SG, Sinclair D, Fung SJ, Webster MJ, Shannon Weickert C. Markers of inflammation and stress distinguish subsets of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e365. [PMID: 24569695 PMCID: PMC3944638 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share a number of common features, both symptomatically and biologically. Abnormalities in the neuroimmune and the stress-signaling pathways have been previously identified in brains of individuals with both diseases. However, the possible relationship between abnormalities in stress and neuroimmune signaling within the cortex of people with psychotic illness has not been defined. To test the hypothesis that combined alterations in brain stress responsiveness and neuroimmune/inflammatory status are characteristic of some individuals suffering from major mental illness, we examined gene expression in the Stanley Array Cohort of 35 controls, 35 individuals with schizophrenia and 34 individuals with bipolar disorder. We used levels of 8 inflammatory-related transcripts, of which SERPINA3 was significantly elevated in individuals with schizophrenia (F(2,88)=4.137, P<0.05), and 12 glucocorticoid receptor signaling (stress) pathway transcripts previously examined, to identify two clusters of individuals: a high inflammation/stress group (n=32) and a low (n=68) inflammation/stress group. The high inflammation/stress group has a significantly greater number of individuals with schizophrenia (n=15), and a trend toward having more bipolar disorder individuals (n=11), when compared with controls (n=6). Using these subgroups, we tested which microarray-assessed transcriptional changes may be associated with high inflammatory/stress groups using ingenuity analysis and found that an extended network of gene expression changes involving immune, growth factors, inhibitory signaling and cell death factors also distinguished these groups. Our work demonstrates that some of the heterogeneity in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may be partially explained by inflammation/stress interactions, and that this biological subtype cuts across Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-defined categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Fillman
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Sinclair
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Signaling Program, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S J Fung
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - C Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Differential signaling of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected alveolar epithelial cell line A549 in response to cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β. Int J Mycobacteriol 2014; 3:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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50
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Belgorosky D, Langle Y, Cormick BPM, Colombo L, Sandes E, Eiján AM. Inhibition of nitric oxide is a good therapeutic target for bladder tumors that express iNOS. Nitric Oxide 2014; 36:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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