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Zhu X, Callahan MF, Gruber KA, Szumowski M, Marks DL. Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist TCMCB07 ameliorates cancer- and chronic kidney disease-associated cachexia. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4921-4934. [PMID: 32544087 PMCID: PMC7456235 DOI: 10.1172/jci138392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a devastating wasting syndrome characterized by severe weight loss with specific losses of muscle and adipose tissue, is driven by reduced food intake, increased energy expenditure, excess catabolism, and inflammation. Cachexia is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality and frequently occurs in patients with cancer, chronic kidney disease, infection, and many other illnesses. There is no effective treatment for this condition. Hypothalamic melanocortins have a potent and long-lasting inhibitory effect on feeding and anabolism, and pathophysiological processes increase melanocortin signaling tone, leading to anorexia, metabolic changes, and eventual cachexia. We used 3 rat models of anorexia and cachexia (LPS, methylcholanthrene sarcoma, and 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy) to evaluate efficacy of TCMCB07, a synthetic antagonist of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Our data show that peripheral treatment using TCMCB07 with intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral administration increased food intake and body weight and preserved fat mass and lean mass during cachexia and LPS-induced anorexia. Furthermore, administration of TCMCB07 diminished hypothalamic inflammatory gene expression in cancer cachexia. These results suggest that peripheral TCMCB07 treatment effectively inhibits central melanocortin signaling and therefore stimulates appetite and enhances anabolism, indicating that TCMCB07 is a promising drug candidate for treating cachexia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetite/drug effects
- Cachexia/drug therapy
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Cachexia/pathology
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/complications
- Sarcoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael F. Callahan
- Tensive Controls Inc., MU Life Sciences Business Incubator at Monsanto Place, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Gruber
- Tensive Controls Inc., MU Life Sciences Business Incubator at Monsanto Place, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Marek Szumowski
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute and
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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O’Rourke RW, Meyer KA, Neeley CK, Gaston GD, Sekhri P, Szumowski M, Zamarron B, Lumeng CN, Marks DL. Systemic NK cell ablation attenuates intra-abdominal adipose tissue macrophage infiltration in murine obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2109-14. [PMID: 24962029 PMCID: PMC4180782 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural killer (NK) cells are understudied in the context of metabolic disease and obesity. The goal of this study was to define the effect of NK cell ablation on systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis in murine obesity. METHODS A transgenic murine model was used to study the effect of NK cell ablation on systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis in the context of diet-induced obesity using flow cytometry, QRTPCR, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity testing. RESULTS NK cell ablation achieved a three to fourfold decrease in NK cells but had no effect on T-cell levels in adipose tissues and spleen. NK cell ablation was associated with decreased total macrophage infiltration in intra-abdominal adipose tissue, but macrophage infiltration in subcutaneous adipose tissue and spleen was unaffected. NK cell ablation was associated with modest improvement in insulin sensitivity but had no effect on tissue transcript levels of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS NK cells play a role in promoting intra-abdominal adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and systemic insulin resistance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. O’Rourke
- Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor Veteran’s Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin A. Meyer
- Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Garen D. Gaston
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Palak Sekhri
- Departments of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marek Szumowski
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian Zamarron
- Departments of Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carey N. Lumeng
- Departments of Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Braun TP, Szumowski M, Levasseur PR, Grossberg AJ, Zhu X, Agarwal A, Marks DL. Muscle atrophy in response to cytotoxic chemotherapy is dependent on intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106489. [PMID: 25254959 PMCID: PMC4177815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of weight loss that results from the selective depletion of skeletal muscle mass and contributes significantly to cancer morbidity and mortality. The driver of skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia is systemic inflammation arising from both the cancer and cancer treatment. While the importance of tumor derived inflammation is well described, the mechanism by which cytotoxic chemotherapy contributes to cancer cachexia is relatively unexplored. We found that the administration of chemotherapy to mice produces a rapid inflammatory response. This drives activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases the circulating level of corticosterone, the predominant endogenous glucocorticoid in rodents. Additionally, chemotherapy administration results in a significant loss of skeletal muscle mass 18 hours after administration with a concurrent induction of genes involved with the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy lysosome systems. However, in mice lacking glucocorticoid receptor expression in skeletal muscle, chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy is completely blocked. This demonstrates that cytotoxic chemotherapy elicits significant muscle atrophy driven by the production of endogenous glucocorticoids. Further, it argues that pharmacotherapy targeting the glucocorticoid receptor, given in concert with chemotherapy, is a viable therapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P. Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- MD/PhD Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marek Szumowski
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron J. Grossberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - XinXia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Braun TP, Grossberg AJ, Krasnow SM, Levasseur PR, Szumowski M, Zhu XX, Maxson JE, Knoll JG, Barnes AP, Marks DL. Cancer- and endotoxin-induced cachexia require intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2013; 27:3572-82. [PMID: 23733748 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting condition defined by skeletal muscle atrophy in the setting of systemic inflammation. To explore the site at which inflammatory mediators act to produce atrophy in vivo, we utilized mice with a conditional deletion of the inflammatory adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Although whole-body MyD88-knockout (wbMyD88KO) mice resist skeletal muscle atrophy in response to LPS, muscle-specific deletion of MyD88 is not protective. Furthermore, selective reexpression of MyD88 in the muscle of wbMyD88KO mice via electroporation fails to restore atrophy gene induction by LPS. To evaluate the role of glucocorticoids as the inflammation-induced mediator of atrophy in vivo, we generated mice with targeted deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in muscle (mGRKO mice). Muscle-specific deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor affords a 71% protection against LPS-induced atrophy compared to control animals. Furthermore, mGRKO mice exhibit 77% less skeletal muscle atrophy than control animals in response to tumor growth. These data demonstrate that glucocorticoids are a major determinant of inflammation-induced atrophy in vivo and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endotoxemic and cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L-481, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Braun TP, Grossberg AJ, Veleva-Rotse BO, Maxson JE, Szumowski M, Barnes AP, Marks DL. Expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 in neurons is not requisite for the induction of sickness behavior by interleukin-1β. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:229. [PMID: 23031643 PMCID: PMC3488557 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animals respond to inflammation by suppressing normal high-energy activities, including feeding and locomotion, in favor of diverting resources to the immune response. The cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) inhibits normal feeding and locomotor activity (LMA) via its actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Behavioral changes in response to IL-1β are mediated by myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in non-hematopoietic cells. It is unknown whether IL-1β acts directly on neurons or requires transduction by non-neuronal cells. Methods The Nestin-cre mouse was crossed with MyD88lox mice to delete MyD88 from neurons and glia in the CNS (MyD88ΔCNS). These mice were compared to total body MyD88KO and wild type (WT) mice. Mice had cannulae stereotactically placed in the lateral ventricle and telemetry transponders implanted into the peritoneum. Mice were treated with either intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) IL-1β (10 ng) or vehicle. Food intake, body weight and LMA were continuously monitored for 24 h after treatment. I.c.v. tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a MyD88-independent cytokine, was used to control for normal immune development. Peripheral inflammation was modeled using intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Groups were compared using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. Efficacy of recombination was evaluated using tdTomato reporter mice crossed with the Nestin-cre mouse. MyD88 deletion was confirmed by Western blot. Results I.c.v. IL-1β treatment caused a significant reduction in feeding, body weight and LMA in WT mice. MyD88KO mice were protected from these changes in response to i.c.v. IL-1β despite having intact behavioral responses to TNF. Cre-mediated recombination was observed in neurons and astrocytes, but not microglia or endothelial cells. In contrast to MyD88KO mice, the behavioral responses of MyD88ΔCNS mice to i.c.v. IL-1β or intraperitoneal (i.p.) LPS were indistinguishable from those of WT mice. Conclusion Sickness behavior is mediated by MyD88 and is dependent on the activity of cytokines within the brain. Our results demonstrate that MyD88 is not required in neurons or astrocytes to induce this behavioral response to IL-1β or LPS. This suggests that a non-Nestin expressing cell population responds to IL-1β in the CNS and transduces the signal to neurons controlling feeding and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Braun TP, Orwoll B, Zhu X, Levasseur PR, Szumowski M, Nguyen MLT, Bouxsein ML, Klein RF, Marks DL. Regulation of lean mass, bone mass, and exercise tolerance by the central melanocortin system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42183. [PMID: 22848742 PMCID: PMC3407101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the type 4-melanocortin receptor (MC4R) is an important determinant of body weight in mice and humans, where loss of function mutations lead to significant obesity. Humans with mutations in the MC4R experience an increase in lean mass. However, the simultaneous accrual of fat mass in such individuals may contribute to this effect via mechanical loading. We therefore examined the relationship of fat mass and lean mass in mice lacking the type-4 melanocortin receptor (MC4RKO). We demonstrate that MC4RKO mice display increased lean body mass. Further, this is not dependent on changes in adipose mass, as MC4RKO mice possess more lean body mass than diet-induced obese (DIO) wild type mice with equivalent fat mass. To examine potential sources of the increased lean mass in MC4RKO mice, bone mass and strength were examined in MC4RKO mice. Both parameters increase with age in MC4RKO mice, which likely contributes to increases in lean body mass. We functionally characterized the increased lean mass in MC4RKO mice by examining their capacity for treadmill running. MC4R deficiency results in a decrease in exercise performance. No changes in the ratio of oxidative to glycolytic fibers were seen, however MC4RKO mice demonstrate a significantly reduced heart rate, which may underlie their impaired exercise performance. The reduced exercise capacity we report in the MC4RKO mouse has potential clinical ramifications, as efforts to control body weight in humans with melanocortin deficiency may be ineffective due to poor tolerance for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P. Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- MD/PhD Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Orwoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marek Szumowski
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - My Linh T. Nguyen
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Klein
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Braun TP, Zhu X, Szumowski M, Scott GD, Grossberg AJ, Levasseur PR, Graham K, Khan S, Damaraju S, Colmers WF, Baracos VE, Marks DL. Central nervous system inflammation induces muscle atrophy via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2449-63. [PMID: 22084407 PMCID: PMC3256966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and CNS-delimited inflammation triggers skeletal muscle catabolism in a manner dependent on glucocorticoid signaling. Skeletal muscle catabolism is a co-morbidity of many chronic diseases and is the result of systemic inflammation. Although direct inflammatory cytokine action on muscle promotes atrophy, nonmuscle sites of action for inflammatory mediators are less well described. We demonstrate that central nervous system (CNS)–delimited interleukin 1β (IL-1β) signaling alone can evoke a catabolic program in muscle, rapidly inducing atrophy. This effect is dependent on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation, as CNS IL-1β–induced atrophy is abrogated by adrenalectomy. Furthermore, we identified a glucocorticoid-responsive gene expression pattern conserved in models of acute and chronic inflammatory muscle atrophy. In contrast with studies suggesting that the direct action of inflammatory cytokines on muscle is sufficient to induce catabolism, adrenalectomy also blocks the atrophy program in response to systemic inflammation, demonstrating that glucocorticoids are requisite for this process. Additionally, circulating levels of glucocorticoids equivalent to those produced under inflammatory conditions are sufficient to cause profound muscle wasting. Together, these data suggest that a significant component of inflammation-induced muscle catabolism occurs indirectly via a relay in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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