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Arneson-Wissink PC, Mendez H, Pelz K, Dickie J, Bartlett AQ, Worley BL, Krasnow SM, Eil R, Grossberg AJ. Hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signalling drives early-stage pancreatic cancer cachexia via suppressed ketogenesis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024. [PMID: 38632714 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) often suffer from cachexia, a wasting syndrome that significantly reduces both quality of life and survival. Although advanced cachexia is associated with inflammatory signalling and elevated muscle catabolism, the early events driving wasting are poorly defined. During periods of nutritional scarcity, the body relies on hepatic ketogenesis to generate ketone bodies, and lipid metabolism via ketogenesis is thought to protect muscle from catabolizing during nutritional scarcity. METHODS We developed an orthotopic mouse model of early PDAC cachexia in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Murine pancreatic cancer cells (KPC) were orthotopically implanted into the pancreas of wild-type, IL-6-/-, and hepatocyte STAT3-/- male and female mice. Mice were subject to fasting, 50% food restriction, ad libitum feeding or ketogenic diet interventions. We measured longitudinal body composition by EchoMRI, body mass and food intake. At the endpoint, we measured tissue mass, tissue gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, whole-body calorimetry, circulating hormone levels, faecal protein and lipid content, hepatic lipid content and ketogenic response to medium-chain fatty acid bolus. We assessed muscle atrophy in vivo and C2C12 myotube atrophy in vitro. RESULTS Pre-cachectic PDAC mice did not preserve gastrocnemius muscle mass during 3-day food restriction (-13.1 ± 7.7% relative to food-restricted sham, P = 0.0117) and displayed impaired fatty acid oxidation during fasting, resulting in a hypoketotic state (ketogenic response to octanoate bolus, -83.0 ± 17.3%, P = 0.0328; Hmgcs2 expression, -28.3 ± 7.6%, P = 0.0004). PDAC human patients display impaired fasting ketones (-46.9 ± 7.1%, P < 0.0001) and elevated circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) (12.4 ± 16.5-fold increase, P = 0.0001). IL-6-/- PDAC mice had improved muscle mass (+35.0 ± 3.9%, P = 0.0031) and ketogenic response (+129.4 ± 44.4%, P = 0.0033) relative to wild-type PDAC mice. Hepatocyte-specific signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) deletion prevented muscle loss (+9.3 ± 4.0%, P = 0.009) and improved fasting ketone levels (+52.0 ± 43.3%, P = 0.018) in PDAC mice. Without affecting tumour growth, a carbohydrate-free diet improved tibialis anterior myofibre diameter (+16.5 ± 3.5%, P = 0.0089), circulating ketone bodies (+333.0 ± 117.6%, P < 0.0001) and Hmgcs2 expression (+106.5 ± 36.1%, P < 0.0001) in PDAC mice. Ketone supplementation protected muscle against PDAC-induced atrophy in vitro (+111.0 ± 17.6%, P < 0.0001 myofibre diameter). CONCLUSIONS In early PDAC cachexia, muscle vulnerability to wasting is dependent on inflammation-driven metabolic reprogramming in the liver. PDAC suppresses lipid β-oxidation and impairs ketogenesis in the liver, which is reversed in genetically modified mouse models deficient in IL-6/STAT3 signalling or through ketogenic diet supplementation. This work establishes a direct link between skeletal muscle homeostasis and hepatic metabolism. Dietary and anti-inflammatory interventions that restore ketogenesis may be a viable preventative approach for pre-cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Arneson-Wissink
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Heike Mendez
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine Pelz
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jessica Dickie
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexandra Q Bartlett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Beth L Worley
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert Eil
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron J Grossberg
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Winters-Stone KM, Krasnow SM, Horak FB, Mancini M, Cameron MH, Dieckmann NF, Stoyles SA, Roeland EJ. Identifying trajectories and predictors of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy symptoms, physical functioning, and falls across treatment and recovery in adults treated with neurotoxic chemotherapy: the PATTERN observational study protocol (NCT05790538). BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1087. [PMID: 37946117 PMCID: PMC10636878 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating and dose-limiting side effect of systemic cancer therapy. In many cancer survivors, CIPN persists after treatment ends and is associated with functional impairments, abnormal gait patterns, falls, and diminished quality of life. However, little is known regarding which patients are most likely to develop CIPN symptoms that impair mobility and increase fall risk, when this risk develops, or the optimal timing of early intervention efforts to mitigate the impact of CIPN on functioning and fall risk. This study will address these knowledge gaps by (1) characterizing trajectories of symptoms, functioning, and falls before, during, and after treatment in adults prescribed neurotoxic chemotherapy for cancer; and (2) determining the simplest set of predictors for identifying individuals at risk for CIPN-related functional decline and falls. METHODS We will enroll 200 participants into a prospective, observational study before initiating chemotherapy and up to 1 year after completing chemotherapy. Eligible participants are aged 40-85 years, diagnosed with stage I-III cancer, and scheduled to receive neurotoxic chemotherapy. We perform objective assessments of vibratory and touch sensation (biothesiometry, tuning fork, monofilament tests), standing and dynamic balance (quiet stance, Timed-Up-and-Go tests), and upper and lower extremity strength (handgrip dynamometry, 5-time repeated chair stand test) in the clinic at baseline, every 4-6 weeks during chemotherapy, and quarterly for 1 year post-chemotherapy. Participants wear devices that passively and continuously measure daily gait quality and physical activity for 1 week after each objective assessment and self-report symptoms (CIPN, insomnia, fatigue, dizziness, pain, cognition, anxiety, and depressive symptoms) and falls via weekly electronic surveys. We will use structural equation modeling, including growth mixture modeling, to examine patterns in trajectories of changes in symptoms, functioning, and falls associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy and then search for distinct risk profiles for CIPN. DISCUSSION Identifying simple, early predictors of functional decline and fall risk in adults with cancer receiving neurotoxic chemotherapy will help identify individuals who would benefit from early and targeted interventions to prevent CIPN-related falls and disability. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05790538) on 3/30/2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M Winters-Stone
- Knight Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Knight Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Fay B Horak
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michelle H Cameron
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nathan F Dieckmann
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sydnee A Stoyles
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eric J Roeland
- Knight Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Gunesch AN, Sutton TL, Krasnow SM, Deig CR, Sheppard BC, Marks DL, Grossberg AJ. Validation of automated body composition analysis using diagnostic computed tomography imaging in patients with pancreatic cancer. Am J Surg 2022; 224:742-746. [PMID: 35396132 PMCID: PMC9308682 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia is associated with complications and inferior oncologic outcomes in solid tumors. Axial computed tomography (CT) scans can be used to evaluate sarcopenia, however manual quantification is laborious. We sought to validate an automated method of quantifying muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Mid-L3 CT images from patients with PDAC were analyzed: CSAs of skeletal muscle (SM) were measured using manual segmentation and the software AutoMATiCA, and then compared with linear regression. RESULTS Five-hundred-twenty-five unique scans were analyzed. There was robust correlation between manual and automated segmentation for L3 CSA (R2 0.94, P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated a consistent overestimation of muscle CSA by AutoMATiCA with a mean difference of 5.7%. A correction factor of 1.06 was validated using a unique test dataset of 36 patients with non-PDAC peripancreatic malignancies. CONCLUSIONS Automated muscle CSA measurement with AutoMATiCA is highly efficient and yields results highly correlated with manual measurement. These findings support the potential use of high-throughput sarcopenia analysis with abdominal CT scans for both clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N Gunesch
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Aaron J Grossberg
- Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Huisman C, Norgard MA, Levasseur PR, Krasnow SM, van der Wijst MGP, Olson B, Marks DL. Critical changes in hypothalamic gene networks in response to pancreatic cancer as found by single-cell RNA sequencing. Mol Metab 2022; 58:101441. [PMID: 35031523 PMCID: PMC8851272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer cachexia is a devastating chronic condition characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting, abnormal fat metabolism, anorexia, and fatigue. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this syndrome remain poorly understood. In particular, the hypothalamus may play a central role in cachexia, given that it has direct access to peripheral signals because of its anatomical location and attenuated blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, this region has a critical role in regulating appetite and metabolism. METHODS To provide a detailed analysis of the hypothalamic response to cachexia, we performed single-cell RNA-seq combined with RNA-seq of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in a mouse model for pancreatic cancer. RESULTS We found many cell type-specific changes, such as inflamed endothelial cells, stressed oligodendrocyes and both inflammatory and moderating microglia. Lcn2, a newly discovered hunger suppressing hormone, was the highest induced gene. Interestingly, cerebral treatment with LCN2 not only induced many of the observed molecular changes in cachexia but also affected gene expression in food-intake decreasing POMC neurons. In addition, we found that many of the cachexia-induced molecular changes found in the hypothalamus mimic those at the primary tumor site. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that multiple cell types in the MBH are affected by tumor-derived factors or host factors that are induced by tumor growth, leading to a marked change in the microenvironment of neurons critical for behavioral, metabolic, and neuroendocrine outputs dysregulated during cachexia. The mechanistic insights provided in this study explain many of the clinical features of cachexia and will be useful for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Huisman
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.
| | - Mason A Norgard
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Peter R Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Monique G P van der Wijst
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brennan Olson
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States; Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.
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Olson B, Zhu X, Norgard MA, Levasseur PR, Butler JT, Buenafe A, Burfeind KG, Michaelis KA, Pelz KR, Mendez H, Edwards J, Krasnow SM, Grossberg AJ, Marks DL. Lipocalin 2 mediates appetite suppression during pancreatic cancer cachexia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2057. [PMID: 33824339 PMCID: PMC8024334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was recently identified as an endogenous ligand of the type 4 melanocortin receptor (MC4R), a critical regulator of appetite. However, it remains unknown if this molecule influences appetite during cancer cachexia, a devastating clinical entity characterized by decreased nutrition and progressive wasting. We demonstrate that LCN2 is robustly upregulated in murine models of pancreatic cancer, its expression is associated with reduced food consumption, and Lcn2 deletion is protective from cachexia-anorexia. Consistent with LCN2's proposed MC4R-dependent role in cancer-induced anorexia, pharmacologic MC4R antagonism mitigates cachexia-anorexia, while restoration of Lcn2 expression in the bone marrow is sufficient in restoring the anorexia feature of cachexia. Finally, we observe that LCN2 levels correlate with fat and lean mass wasting and is associated with increased mortality in patients with pancreatic cancer. Taken together, these findings implicate LCN2 as a pathologic mediator of appetite suppression during pancreatic cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Olson
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mason A Norgard
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter R Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John T Butler
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Abigail Buenafe
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kevin G Burfeind
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine A Michaelis
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine R Pelz
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Heike Mendez
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jared Edwards
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron J Grossberg
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health and & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Krzysiak TC, Thomas L, Choi YJ, Auclair S, Qian Y, Luan S, Krasnow SM, Thomas LL, Koharudin LMI, Benos PV, Marks DL, Gronenborn AM, Thomas G. An Insulin-Responsive Sensor in the SIRT1 Disordered Region Binds DBC1 and PACS-2 to Control Enzyme Activity. Mol Cell 2018; 72:985-998.e7. [PMID: 30415949 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current models of SIRT1 enzymatic regulation primarily consider the effects of fluctuating levels of its co-substrate NAD+, which binds to the stably folded catalytic domain. By contrast, the roles of the sizeable disordered N- and C-terminal regions of SIRT1 are largely unexplored. Here we identify an insulin-responsive sensor in the SIRT1 N-terminal region (NTR), comprising an acidic cluster (AC) and a 3-helix bundle (3HB), controlling deacetylase activity. The allosteric assistor DBC1 removes a distal N-terminal shield from the 3-helix bundle, permitting PACS-2 to engage the acidic cluster and the transiently exposed helix 3 of the 3-helix bundle, disrupting its structure and inhibiting catalysis. The SIRT1 activator (STAC) SRT1720 binds and stabilizes the 3-helix bundle, protecting SIRT1 from inhibition by PACS-2. Identification of the SIRT1 insulin-responsive sensor and its engagement by the DBC1 and PACS-2 regulatory hub provides important insight into the roles of disordered regions in enzyme regulation and the mode by which STACs promote metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Krzysiak
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Laurel Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - You-Jin Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sylvain Auclair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yiqi Qian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shan Luan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura L Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Leonardus M I Koharudin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Gabriel Knoll J, Krasnow SM, Marks DL. Interleukin-1β signaling in fenestrated capillaries is sufficient to trigger sickness responses in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:219. [PMID: 29121947 PMCID: PMC5680784 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological and behavioral symptoms of sickness, including fever, anorexia, behavioral depression, and weight loss can be both beneficial and detrimental. These sickness responses are triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on cells within the brain. Previous research demonstrates that the febrile response to peripheral insults depends upon prostaglandin production by vascular endothelial cells, but the mechanisms and specific cell type(s) responsible for other sickness responses remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify which cells within the brain are required for sickness responses triggered by central nervous system inflammation. METHODS Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 10 ng of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was used as an experimental model of central nervous system cytokine production. We examined which cells respond to IL-1β in vivo via fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Using multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the control of cell-specific promoters, we eliminated IL-1β signaling from different populations of cells. Food consumption, body weight, movement, and temperature were recorded in adult male mice and analyzed by two-factor ANOVA to determine where IL-1β signaling is essential for sickness responses. RESULTS Endothelial cells, microglia, ependymal cells, and astrocytes exhibit nuclear translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in response to IL-1β. Interfering with IL-1β signaling in microglia, endothelial cells within the parenchyma of the brain, or both did not affect sickness responses. Only mice that lacked IL-1β signaling in all endothelium including fenestrated capillaries lacked sickness responses. CONCLUSIONS These experiments show that IL-1β-induced sickness responses depend on intact IL-1β signaling in blood vessels and suggest that fenestrated capillaries act as a critical signaling relay between the immune and nervous systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gabriel Knoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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Michaelis KA, Zhu X, Burfeind KG, Krasnow SM, Levasseur PR, Morgan TK, Marks DL. Establishment and characterization of a novel murine model of pancreatic cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:824-838. [PMID: 28730707 PMCID: PMC5659050 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a complex metabolic and behavioural syndrome lacking effective therapies. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most important conditions associated with cachexia, with >80% of PDAC patients suffering from the condition. To establish the cardinal features of a murine model of PDAC-associated cachexia, we characterized the effects of implanting a pancreatic tumour cell line from a syngeneic C57BL/6 KRASG12D P53R172H Pdx-Cre+/+ (KPC) mouse. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or orthotopically with KPC tumour cells. We performed rigorous phenotypic, metabolic, and behavioural analysis of animals over the course of tumour development. RESULTS All routes of administration produced rapidly growing tumours histologically consistent with moderate to poorly differentiated PDAC. The phenotype of this model was dependent on route of administration, with orthotopic and intraperitoneal implantation inducing more severe cachexia than subcutaneous implantation. KPC tumour growth decreased food intake, decreased adiposity and lean body mass, and decreased locomotor activity. Muscle catabolism was observed in both skeletal and cardiac muscles, but the dominant catabolic pathway differed between these tissues. The wasting syndrome in this model was accompanied by hypothalamic inflammation, progressively decreasing brown and white adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression, and increased peripheral inflammation. Haematological and endocrine abnormalities included neutrophil-dominant leukocytosis and anaemia, and decreased serum testosterone. CONCLUSIONS Syngeneic KPC allografts are a robust model for studying cachexia, which recapitulate key features of the PDAC disease process and induce a wide array of cachexia manifestations. This model is therefore ideally suited for future studies exploring the physiological systems involved in cachexia and for preclinical studies of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
| | - Kevin G. Burfeind
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and GynecologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research InstituteOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUSA
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Krasnow SM, Knoll JG, Verghese SC, Levasseur PR, Marks DL. Amplification and propagation of interleukin-1β signaling by murine brain endothelial and glial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:133. [PMID: 28668091 PMCID: PMC5494131 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During acute infections and chronic illnesses, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) acts within the brain to elicit metabolic derangements and sickness behaviors. It is unknown which cells in the brain are the proximal targets for IL-1β with respect to the generation of these illness responses. We performed a series of in vitro experiments to (1) investigate which brain cell populations exhibit inflammatory responses to IL-1β and (2) examine the interactions between different IL-1β-responsive cell types in various co-culture combinations. METHODS We treated primary cultures of murine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC), astrocytes, and microglia with PBS or IL-1β, and then performed qPCR to measure inflammatory gene expression or immunocytochemistry to evaluate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. To evaluate whether astrocytes and/or BMEC propagate inflammatory signals to microglia, we exposed microglia to astrocyte-conditioned media and co-cultured endothelial cells and glia in transwells. Treatment groups were compared by Student's t tests or by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-corrected t tests. RESULTS IL-1β increased inflammatory gene expression and NF-κB activation in primary murine-mixed glia, enriched astrocyte, and BMEC cultures. Although IL-1β elicited minimal changes in inflammatory gene expression and did not induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in isolated microglia, these cells were more robustly activated by IL-1β when co-cultured with astrocytes and/or BMEC. We observed a polarized endothelial response to IL-1β, because the application of IL-1β to the abluminal endothelial surface produced a more complex microglial inflammatory response than that which occurred following luminal IL-1β exposure. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory signals are detected, amplified, and propagated through the CNS via a sequential and reverberating signaling cascade involving communication between brain endothelial cells and glia. We propose that the brain's innate immune response differs depending upon which side of the blood-brain barrier the inflammatory stimulus arises, thus allowing the brain to respond differently to central vs. peripheral inflammatory insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Krasnow
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - J Gabriel Knoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Santhosh Chakkaramakkil Verghese
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Peter R Levasseur
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA. .,Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Kram DE, Krasnow SM, Levasseur PR, Zhu X, Stork LC, Marks DL. Dexamethasone Chemotherapy Does Not Disrupt Orexin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168731. [PMID: 27997622 PMCID: PMC5173249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced sleep disturbance is a common and highly distressing morbidity for children receiving steroid chemotherapy for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Sleep disturbance can negatively impact overall quality of life, neurodevelopment, memory consolidation, and wound healing. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are influential wake-promoting neurons, and disturbances in orexin signaling leads to abnormal sleep behavior. A new class of drug, the orexin receptor antagonists, could be an intriguing option for sleep disorders caused by increased orexinergic output. Our aim was to examine the impact of ALL treatment doses of corticosteroids on the orexin system in rodents and in children undergoing treatment for childhood ALL. METHODS We administered repeated injections of dexamethasone to rodents and measured responsive orexin neural activity compared to controls. In children with newly diagnosed standard risk B-cell ALL receiving dexamethasone therapy per Children's Oncology Group (COG) induction therapy from 2014-2016, we collected pre- and during-steroids matched CSF samples and measured the impact of steroids on CSF orexin concentration. RESULTS In both rodents, all markers orexin signaling, including orexin neural output and orexin receptor expression, were preserved in the setting of dexamethasone. Additionally, we did not detect a difference in pre- and during-dexamethasone CSF orexin concentrations in children receiving dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that rodent and human orexin physiology is largely preserved in the setting of high dose dexamethasone. The data obtained in our experimental model fail to demonstrate a causative role for disruption of the orexin pathway in steroid-induced sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Kram
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Levasseur
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Linda C. Stork
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Doernbecher Children’s Hospital/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zuloaga KL, Krasnow SM, Zhu X, Zhang W, Jouihan SA, Shangraw RE, Alkayed NJ, Marks DL. Mechanism of protection by soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in type 2 diabetic stroke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97529. [PMID: 24824753 PMCID: PMC4019567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential target of therapy for ischemic injury. sEH metabolizes neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). We recently demonstrated that sEH inhibition reduces infarct size after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in type 1 diabetic mice. We hypothesized that inhibition of sEH would protect against ischemic injury in type 2 diabetic mice. Type 2 diabetes was produced by combined high-fat diet, nicotinamide and streptozotocin in male mice. Diabetic and control mice were treated with vehicle or the sEH inhibitor t-AUCB then subjected to 60-min MCAO. Compared to chow-fed mice, high fat diet-fed mice exhibited an upregulation of sEH mRNA and protein in brain, but no differences in brain EETs levels were observed between groups. Type 2 diabetic mice had increased blood glucose levels at baseline and throughout ischemia, decreased laser-Doppler perfusion of the MCA territory after reperfusion, and sustained larger cortical infarcts compared to control mice. t-AUCB decreased fasting glucose levels at baseline and throughout ischemia, improved cortical perfusion after MCAO and significantly reduced infarct size in diabetic mice. We conclude that sEH inhibition, as a preventative treatment, improves glycemic status, post-ischemic reperfusion in the ischemic territory, and stroke outcome in type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Zuloaga
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Wenri Zhang
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sari A. Jouihan
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Shangraw
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Zuloaga KL, Krasnow SM, Zhang W, Shangraw RE, Marks DL, Alkayed NJ. Abstract W P363: Mechanism of Protection by Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetic Stroke. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.wp363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia worsens stroke, yet rigorous glycemic control does not improve neurologic outcome. An alternative is to target downstream molecular mediators triggered by hyperglycemia. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential mediator of ischemic injury via its metabolism of neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). We previously demonstrated that sEH mRNA is overexpressed in type 1 diabetic (T1D) mice, and specific sEH blockade protects the brain from the deleterious effect of T1D on stroke. We tested the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes (T2D) exacerbates injury following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in part by up-regulating expression of EPHX2 (gene encoding for sEH) and decreasing brain concentrations of neuroprotective EETs. T2D was produced by combined high-fat diet, nicotinamide and streptozotocin in male C57BL/6J mice. T2D and control mice were treated with vehicle or the sEH inhibitor trans-4-[4-(3-Adamantan-1-yl-ureido) -cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB; 1mg/kg, i.p., 7 days), then subjected to 60-min MCAO. Compared to normal chow-fed mice, high fat diet-fed mice exhibited a 1.7 fold upregulation of EPHX2 mRNA in brain (p<0.05, n=7). T2D mice had increased blood glucose levels compared to control mice before, during and after MCAO (p<0.001, n=4-5). Relative laser-Doppler perfusion of the MCA territory after reperfusion was decreased in T2D mice compared to controls (p<0.05, n= 4-5). Vehicle-treated T2D mice sustained larger cortical infarcts than vehicle-treated control mice (p<0.05, n=5-7). t-AUCB decreased fasting glucose levels at baseline and throughout ischemia (p<0.001, n=4-5) and improved cortical perfusion after MCAO (p<0.001, n=4-5) in T2D mice. In line with these improvements, t-AUCB significantly reduced infarct size in T2D mice (p<0.05 vs. T2D vehicle, n= 5-7). We conclude that increasing EETs bioavailability via sEH inhibition improves stroke outcome in T2D in part by improving glycemic status and improving post-ischemic reperfusion in the ischemic territory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Krasnow
- Pape Family Pediatric Rsch Institute, Dept of Pediatrics, Oregon Health &Science Univ, Portland, OR
| | - Wenri Zhang
- Anesthesiology &Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health &Science Univ, Portland, OR
| | - Robert E Shangraw
- Anesthesiology &Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health &Science Univ, Portland, OR
| | - Daniel L Marks
- Pape Family Pediatric Rsch Institute, Dept of Pediatrics, Oregon Health &Science Univ, Portland, OR
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Dept. of Anesthesiology &Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health &Science Univ, Portland, OR
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13
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Jouihan SA, Zuloaga KL, Zhang W, Shangraw RE, Krasnow SM, Marks DL, Alkayed NJ. Role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in exacerbation of stroke by streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1650-6. [PMID: 23899929 PMCID: PMC3790937 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia worsens stroke, yet rigorous glycemic control does not improve neurologic outcome. An alternative is to target downstream molecular mediator(s) triggered by hyperglycemia but independent of prevailing glycemia. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a potential mediator of injury via its metabolism of neuroprotective epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). We tested whether hyperglycemia exacerbates cerebral injury by upregulating sEH and decreasing brain EET levels. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was modeled by streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally, 5 days) in male mice. At 4 weeks, STZ-treated and control mice underwent 45-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with or without sEH blockade by trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB; 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 6 days before MCAO). The STZ-treated mice had increased sEH mRNA expression in cerebral vessels and decreased EET concentrations in brain. There was no difference in cortical perfusion between groups. The STZ-treated mice sustained larger brain infarct than controls. Pretreatment with t-AUCB eliminated the difference in infarct size and EETs concentration between STZ-treated mice and controls, without altering glycemia. We conclude that type 1 diabetes mellitus upregulates sEH mRNA and decreases concentrations of neuroprotective EETs within the brain, leading to worse stroke outcome. The data indicate that sEH antagonism may be beneficial in the setting of hyperglycemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari A Jouihan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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14
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Braun TP, Grossberg AJ, Krasnow SM, Levasseur PR, Szumowski M, Zhu XX, Maxson JE, Knoll JG, Barnes AP, Marks DL. Cancer- and endotoxin-induced cachexia require intact glucocorticoid signaling in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2013; 27:3572-82. [PMID: 23733748 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a wasting condition defined by skeletal muscle atrophy in the setting of systemic inflammation. To explore the site at which inflammatory mediators act to produce atrophy in vivo, we utilized mice with a conditional deletion of the inflammatory adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Although whole-body MyD88-knockout (wbMyD88KO) mice resist skeletal muscle atrophy in response to LPS, muscle-specific deletion of MyD88 is not protective. Furthermore, selective reexpression of MyD88 in the muscle of wbMyD88KO mice via electroporation fails to restore atrophy gene induction by LPS. To evaluate the role of glucocorticoids as the inflammation-induced mediator of atrophy in vivo, we generated mice with targeted deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in muscle (mGRKO mice). Muscle-specific deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor affords a 71% protection against LPS-induced atrophy compared to control animals. Furthermore, mGRKO mice exhibit 77% less skeletal muscle atrophy than control animals in response to tumor growth. These data demonstrate that glucocorticoids are a major determinant of inflammation-induced atrophy in vivo and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of endotoxemic and cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail Code L-481, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Zhu X, Krasnow SM, Roth-Carter QR, Levasseur PR, Braun TP, Grossberg AJ, Marks DL. Hypothalamic signaling in anorexia induced by indispensable amino acid deficiency. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1446-58. [PMID: 23047987 PMCID: PMC3532465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00427.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals exhibit a rapid and sustained anorexia when fed a diet that is deficient in a single indispensable amino acid (IAA). The chemosensor for IAA deficiency resides within the anterior piriform cortex (APC). Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the APC detects IAA deficiency are well established, the efferent neural pathways that reduce feeding in response to an IAA-deficient diet remain to be fully characterized. In the present work, we investigated whether 1) central melanocortin signaling is involved in IAA deficiency-induced anorexia (IAADA) and 2) IAADA engages other key appetite-regulating neuronal populations in the hypothalamus. Rats and mice that consumed a valine-deficient diet (VDD) for 2-3 wk exhibited marked reductions in food intake, body weight, fat and lean body mass, body temperature, and white adipose tissue leptin gene expression, as well as a paradoxical increase in brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 mRNA. Animals consuming the VDD had altered hypothalamic gene expression, typical of starvation. Pharmacological and genetic blockade of central melanocortin signaling failed to increase long-term food intake in this model. Chronic IAA deficiency was associated with a marked upregulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone expression in the lateral hypothalamus, particularly in the parasubthalamic nucleus, an area heavily innervated by efferent projections from the APC. Our observations indicate that the hypothalamic melanocortin system plays a minor role in acute, but not chronic, IAADA and suggest that the restraint on feeding is analogous to that observed after chronic dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Zhu
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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16
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Abstract
Maternal overnutrition prior to and during gestation causes pronounced metabolic dysfunction in the adult offspring. However, less is known about metabolic adaptations in the offspring that occur independently of postnatal growth and nutrition. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of excess maternal dietary lipid intake on the in utero programming of body composition, hepatic function, and hypothalamic development in newborn (P0) offspring. Female mice were fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet and were mated after 4, 12, and 23 wk. A subset of the obese HF dams was switched to the LF diet during the second (DR2) or third (DR3) pregnancies. The HF offspring accrued more fat mass than the LF pups, regardless of duration of maternal HF diet consumption or prepregnancy maternal adiposity. Increased neonatal adiposity was not observed in the DR3 pups. Liver weights were reduced in the HF offspring but not in the DR2 or DR3 pups. Offspring hepatic triglyceride content was reduced in the HF pups, but hepatic inflammation and expression of lipid metabolism genes were largely unaffected by maternal diet. Maternal diet did not alter the hypothalamic expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides in the offspring. Thus, the intrauterine programming of increased neonatal adiposity and reduced liver size by maternal overnutrition is evident in mice at birth and occurs prior to the development of maternal obesity. These observations demonstrate that dietary intervention during pregnancy minimizes the deleterious effects of maternal obesity on offspring body composition, potentially reducing the offsprings' risk of developing obesity and related diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Krasnow
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Cunningham MJ, Cunnningham MJ, Krasnow SM, Gevers EF, Chen P, Thompson CK, Robinson ICAF, Smith MS, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Regulation of galanin-like peptide gene expression by pituitary hormones and their downstream targets. J Neuroendocrinol 2004; 16:10-8. [PMID: 14962070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) mRNA is expressed in neurones of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and within pituicytes in the neurohypophysis. Several neuropeptides that are expressed in the arcuate nucleus participate in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion. Our objective was to determine the extent to which GALP might be a target for regulation by pituitary hormones or their downstream targets in the rat. The expression of GALP mRNA in the arcuate nucleus was reduced by hypophysectomy as determined by in situ hybridization. However, this did not appear to be attributable to the loss of either gonadal or adrenal steroids because castrated, ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats had GALP mRNA expression that was indistinguishable from their respective controls. Next, we investigated the effects of growth hormone deficiency on GALP mRNA expression by studying dwarf rats and found that GALP gene expression was not different between dwarf rats and controls. We found that thyroidectomy led to a significant reduction in GALP mRNA expression compared to intact controls, and thyroidectomized rats implanted with thyroxine pellets had GALP mRNA expression that was similar to intact controls. Thus, the reduction of GALP mRNA expression seen in hypophysectomized animals may reflect, in part, a selective loss of thyroid hormone. We also found that the expression of GALP mRNA was increased in the neurohypophysis of lactating rats compared to nonlactating rats, whereas GALP mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus was unaffected by lactation. This suggests that the induction of GALP gene expression in pituicytes is physiologically associated with activation of oxytocin and vasopressin secretion during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cunningham
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
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Krasnow SM, Hohmann JG, Gragerov A, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Analysis of the contribution of galanin receptors 1 and 2 to the central actions of galanin-like peptide. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 79:268-77. [PMID: 15249737 DOI: 10.1159/000079632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) shares partial sequence identity with galanin and exhibits agonistic activity at two of the galanin receptor subtypes (GALR1 and GALR2) in vitro. The goal of these experiments was to determine whether galanin receptors mediate the effects of central GALP administration on food intake, body weight, and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the mouse. We first evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular injections of GALP or its vehicle alone in GALR1 knockout mice, GALR2 knockout mice, and their respective wild-type controls. GALP reduced food intake and body weight after 24 h to a similar degree in wild-type, GALR1 knockout, and GALR2 knockout mice. The wild-type, GALR1 knockout, and GALR2 knockout mice also exhibited significant increases in serum levels of LH following the GALP injections. To help delineate the biologically active moiety of the GALP molecule, we injected wild-type mice with shorter fragments of the full-length GALP peptide. Neither GALP((1-21)) (the fragment containing the galanin-homologous sequence) nor GALP((22-60)) (the C-terminal portion of the GALP molecule lacking sequence identity with galanin) had any discernable effect on food intake, body weight or circulating LH. These observations demonstrate that neither GALR1 nor GALR2 are essential for mediating the effects of GALP on feeding, body weight or LH secretion. Furthermore, the galanin-homologous region of the GALP molecule is not sufficient to mimic the effects of full-length GALP. Together, these findings argue against the hypothesis that GALP signals solely through galanin receptors in vivoand suggest the existence of a yet-to-be-identified GALP-specific receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Body Weight/physiology
- Eating/physiology
- Galanin-Like Peptide/administration & dosage
- Galanin-Like Peptide/physiology
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Luteinizing Hormone/blood
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/deficiency
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/deficiency
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Krasnow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Hansen KR, Krasnow SM, Nolan MA, Fraley GS, Baumgartner JW, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system by galanin-like peptide--a possible link between leptin and metabolism. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4709-17. [PMID: 12960003 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of leptin upon body weight (BW) cannot be explained by its anorectic actions alone. Part of the metabolic changes elicited by leptin includes sympathetic nervous system activation leading to increased energy expenditure. Galanin-like peptide (GALP), a recently described hypothalamic neuropeptide, is up-regulated by leptin and has anorectic effects in the mouse. We postulated that GALP mediates effects of leptin upon metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we administered GALP centrally to the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse. Acutely, GALP induced a decrease in food intake and BW, both of which remained significant relative to controls for 4 d. Chronic GALP administration resulted in a sustained decrease in BW and an increase in core body temperature, despite significant recovery of food intake. In a pair-fed model, chronic GALP treatment resulted in a greater decrease in BW than that seen in controls. Furthermore, GALP treatment resulted in increased body temperature and uncoupling protein 1 mRNA and protein in brown adipose tissue compared with controls. The expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in the arcuate nucleus was decreased after chronic GALP treatment. These observations suggest that leptin's activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and ultimately thermogenesis, may be partially mediated by GALP through a melanocortin-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl R Hansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Hohmann JG, Krasnow SM, Teklemichael DN, Clifton DK, Wynick D, Steiner RA. Neuroendocrine profiles in galanin-overexpressing and knockout mice. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 77:354-66. [PMID: 12845222 DOI: 10.1159/000071308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The peptide galanin has been implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction and energy balance. To gain more insight into the functional significance of galanin in these processes, we studied the phenotype of mice that either overexpress galanin in the brain under the control of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter (GALTG) or have a complete absence of galanin expression (GALKO). Both GALTGs and GALKOs had body weights and feeding patterns that were indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) control animals, and both genotypes were reproductively competent. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were significantly higher in GALKOs and slightly lower in GALTGs than in their respective WT controls. Both GALTGs and GALKOs showed a normal response to fasting, but when GALKO mice were treated with leptin during fasting, levels of corticosterone and testosterone were altered compared to WT mice. In addition, GALKOs were more sensitive than WT controls to the effects of chronic leptin treatment on body weight and fat pad mass, whereas GALTGs showed responses to this metabolic challenge that were indistinguishable from their controls. When galanin was administered centrally, GALKOs had lower testosterone and corticosterone levels than did WT mice. These results suggest that the complete loss of galanin leads to significant alterations in neuroendocrine homeostasis, whereas targeted overexpression of galanin in the brain does not interfere with normal neuroendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hohmann
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7290, USA
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Krasnow SM, Fraley GS, Schuh SM, Baumgartner JW, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. A role for galanin-like peptide in the integration of feeding, body weight regulation, and reproduction in the mouse. Endocrinology 2003; 144:813-22. [PMID: 12586757 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) shares sequence homology with galanin and binds to galanin receptors in vitro. GALP neurons in the arcuate nucleus coexpress leptin receptors, and GALP mRNA expression is up-regulated by leptin. Based on these observations, we postulated that GALP plays a role in mediating leptin's inhibitory effects on food intake (FI) and body weight (BW), as well as its stimulatory effect on the reproductive axis. To test these hypotheses, we performed several studies in which mice received intracerebroventricular injections of either GALP or vehicle. Acute GALP treatment elicited a dose-dependent suppression of FI and BW. Long-term treatment with GALP caused only transient reductions in FI and BW, demonstrating that the mice became refractory to continued exposure to GALP. GALP inhibited FI as early as 1 h post injection. Central injection of GALP suppressed locomotor activity and elicited the formation of a conditioned taste aversion. In male mice, serum levels of LH and testosterone were increased by GALP administration. Although we cannot rule out possible nonspecific effects of GALP on FI, the present observations are consistent with the argument that GALP is a downstream effector of leptin's actions within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Krasnow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
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Juréus A, Cunningham MJ, Li D, Johnson LL, Krasnow SM, Teklemichael DN, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Distribution and regulation of galanin-like peptide (GALP) in the hypothalamus of the mouse. Endocrinology 2001; 142:5140-4. [PMID: 11713207 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a newly discovered molecule whose expression in the brain is confined to the arcuate nucleus and median eminence. In the rat, cellular levels of GALP mRNA are reduced by fasting and reversed by peripheral administration of leptin. The purpose of this investigation was 1) to clone and map the distribution of GALP mRNA in the brain of the mouse; 2) to compare the pattern and magnitude of GALP mRNA expression in the leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse with that of wild-type controls; and 3) to examine the effects of leptin delivered into the brain on the expression of GALP mRNA in the ob/ob mouse. We report the sequence of a mouse GALP cDNA and show that GALP mRNA is expressed in the arcuate nucleus, median eminence, infundibular stalk, and the neurohypophysis of this species. The expression of GALP mRNA in the brain was markedly reduced in the ob/ob mice, compared with wild-type animals. Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin to ob/ob mice increased both the number of GALP mRNA-expressing neurons and their content of GALP mRNA, compared with vehicle-treated controls. These observations demonstrate that GALP mRNA is induced by leptin through a direct action on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juréus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7290, USA
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