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Girish A, Sutar S, Murthy TPK, Premanand SA, Garg V, Patil L, Shreyas S, Shukla R, Yadav AK, Singh TR. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of structural and functional consequences of deleterious missense mutations in the human QDPR gene. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5485-5501. [PMID: 37382215 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Quinonoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) is an enzyme that regulates tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor for enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and blood pressure regulation. Reduced QDPR activity can cause dihydrobiopterin (BH2) accumulation and BH4 depletion, leading to impaired neurotransmitter synthesis, oxidative stress, and increased risk of Parkinson's disease. A total of 10,236 SNPs were identified in the QDPR gene, with 217 being missense SNPs. Over 18 different sequence-based and structure-based tools were employed to assess the protein's biological activity, with several computational tools identifying deleterious SNPs. Additionally, the article provides detailed information about the QDPR gene and protein structure and conservation analysis. The results showed that 10 mutations were harmful and linked to brain and central nervous system disorders, and were predicted to be oncogenic by Dr. Cancer and CScape. Following conservation analysis, the HOPE server was used to analyse the effect of six selected mutations (L14P, V15G, G23S, V54G, M107K, G151S) on the protein structure. Overall, the study provides insights into the biological and functional impact of nsSNPs on QDPR activity and the potential induced pathogenicity and oncogenicity. In the future, research can be conducted to systematically evaluate QDPR gene variation through clinical studies, investigate mutation prevalence across different geographical regions, and validate computational results with conclusive experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Girish
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Samruddhi Sutar
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - T P Krishna Murthy
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Vrinda Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lavan Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Shreyas
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rohit Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tiratha Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Murugesan P, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chenggong Zong N, Youn JY, Chen W, Wang C, Loscalzo J, Cai H. Reversal of Pulmonary Hypertension in a Human-Like Model: Therapeutic Targeting of Endothelial DHFR. Circ Res 2024; 134:351-370. [PMID: 38299369 PMCID: PMC10880947 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right heart failure. METHODS Here, we show that direct targeting of the endothelium to uncouple eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) with DAHP (2,4-diamino 6-hydroxypyrimidine; an inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase 1, the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme for the critical eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin) induces human-like, time-dependent progression of PH phenotypes in mice. RESULTS Critical phenotypic features include progressive elevation in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular systolic blood pressure, and right ventricle (RV)/left ventricle plus septum (LV+S) weight ratio; extensive vascular remodeling of pulmonary arterioles with increased medial thickness/perivascular collagen deposition and increased expression of PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) and alpha-actin; markedly increased total and mitochondrial superoxide production, substantially reduced tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide bioavailabilities; and formation of an array of human-like vascular lesions. Intriguingly, novel in-house generated endothelial-specific dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) transgenic mice (tg-EC-DHFR) were completely protected from the pathophysiological and molecular features of PH upon DAHP treatment or hypoxia exposure. Furthermore, DHFR overexpression with a pCMV-DHFR plasmid transfection in mice after initiation of DAHP treatment completely reversed PH phenotypes. DHFR knockout mice spontaneously developed PH at baseline and had no additional deterioration in response to hypoxia, indicating an intrinsic role of DHFR deficiency in causing PH. RNA-sequencing experiments indicated great similarity in gene regulation profiles between the DAHP model and human patients with PH. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results establish a novel human-like murine model of PH that has long been lacking in the field, which can be broadly used for future mechanistic and translational studies. These data also indicate that targeting endothelial DHFR deficiency represents a novel and robust therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Murugesan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Yuanli Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Nobel Chenggong Zong
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (W.C., C.W.)
| | - Chen Wang
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (W.C., C.W.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
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Vasquez-Vivar J, Shi Z, Tan S. Tetrahydrobiopterin in Cell Function and Death Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:171-183. [PMID: 34806400 PMCID: PMC9293684 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is most well known as a required cofactor for enzymes regulating cellular redox homeostasis, aromatic amino acid metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Less well known are the effects dependent on the cofactor's availability, factors governing its synthesis and recycling, redox implications of the cofactor itself, and protein-protein interactions that underlie cell death. This review provides an understanding of the recent advances implicating BH4 in the mechanisms of cell death and suggestions of possible therapeutic interventions. Recent Advances: The levels of BH4 often reflect the sum of synthetic and recycling enzyme activities. Enhanced expression of GTP cyclohydrolase, the rate-limiting enzyme in biosynthesis, increases BH4, leading to improved cell function and survival. Pharmacologically increasing BH4 levels has similar beneficial effects, leading to enhanced production of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide or reducing oxidant levels. The GTP cyclohydrolase-BH4 pairing has been implicated in a type of cell death, ferroptosis. At the cellular level, BH4 counteracts anticancer therapies directed to enhance ferroptosis via glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity inhibition. Critical Issues: Because of the multitude of intertwined mechanisms, a clear relationship between BH4 and cell death is not well understood yet. The possibility that the cofactor directly influences cell viability has not been excluded in previous studies when modulating BH4-producing enzymes. Future Directions: The importance of cellular BH4 variations and BH4 biosynthetic enzymes to cell function and viability makes it essential to better characterize temporal changes, cofactor activity, and the influence on redox status, which in turn would help develop novel therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 171-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Redox Biology Program, Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhongjie Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sidhartha Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University and Central Michigan University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Rasmussen L, Foulks Z, Wu J, Burton C, Shi H. Establishing pteridine metabolism in a progressive isogenic breast cancer cell model - part II. Metabolomics 2022; 18:27. [PMID: 35482254 PMCID: PMC10030290 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining the biological significance of pteridines in cancer development and progression remains an important step in understanding the altered levels of urinary pteridines seen in certain cancers. Our companion study revealed that several folate-derived pteridines and lumazines correlated with tumorigenicity in an isogenic, progressive breast cancer cell model, providing direct evidence for the tumorigenic origin of pteridines. OBJECTIVES This study sought to elucidate the pteridine biosynthetic pathway in a progressive breast cancer model via direct pteridine dosing to determine how pteridine metabolism changes with tumorigenicity. METHODS First, MCF10AT breast cancer cells were dosed individually with 15 pteridines to determine which pteridines were being metabolized and what metabolic products were being produced. Second, pteridines that were significantly metabolized were dosed individually across the progressive breast cancer cell model (MCF10A, MCF10AT, and MCF10ACA1a) to determine the relationship between each metabolic reaction and breast cancer tumorigenicity. RESULTS Several pteridines were found to have altered metabolism in breast cancer cell lines, including pterin, isoxanthopterin, xanthopterin, sepiapterin, 6-biopterin, lumazine, and 7-hydroxylumazine (p < 0.05). In particular, isoxanthopterin and 6-biopterin concentrations were differentially expressed (p < 0.05) with respect to tumorigenicity following dosing with pterin and sepiapterin, respectively. Finally, the pteridine biosynthetic pathway in breast cancer cells was proposed based on these findings. CONCLUSIONS This study, along with its companion study, demonstrates that pteridine metabolism becomes disrupted in breast cancer tumor cells. This work highlights several key metabolic reactions within the pteridine biosynthetic pathway that may be targeted for further investigation and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W 11th Street, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Foulks
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W 11th Street, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Casey Burton
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W 11th Street, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA.
- Phelps Health, 65401, Rolla, MO, USA.
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W 11th Street, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 65409, Rolla, MO, USA.
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Abo-Al-Ela HG. Toxoplasmosis and Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Step toward Understanding Parasite Pathogenesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2393-2406. [PMID: 31268676 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, a disease that disrupts fetal brain development and severely affects the host's brain, has been linked to many behavioral and neurological disorders. There is growing interest in how a single-celled neurotropic parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, can control or change the behavior of the host as well as how it dominates the host's neurons. Secrets beyond these could be answered by decoding the Toxoplasma gondii genome, unravelling the function of genomic sequences, and exploring epigenetics and mRNAs alterations, as well as the postulated mechanisms contributing to various neurological and psychiatric symptoms caused by this parasite. Substantial efforts have been made to elucidate the action of T. gondii on host immunity and the biology of its infection. However, the available studies on the molecular aspects of toxoplasmosis that affect central nervous system (CNS) circuits remain limited, and much research is still needed on this interesting topic. In my opinion, this parasite is a gift for studying the biology of the nervous system and related diseases. We should utilize the unique features of Toxoplasma, such as its abilities to modulate brain physiology, for neurological studies or as a possible tool or approach to cure neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G. Abo-Al-Ela
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Shibin Al-Kom, El-Minufiya 7001, Egypt
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Dias F, Couto J, Ferrolho J, Seron GS, Bell-Sakyi L, Antunes S, Domingos A. Folate pathway modulation in Rhipicephalus ticks in response to infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:94-99. [PMID: 31231926 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Folate pathways components were demonstrated to be present in RNA-sequencing data obtained from uninfected and pathogen-infected Rhipicephalus ticks. Here, PCR and qPCR allowed the identification of folate-related genes in Rhipicephalus spp. ticks and in the tick cell line IDE8. Genes coding for GTP cyclohydrolase I (gch-I), thymidylate synthase (ts) and 6-pyrovoyltetrahydropterin (ptps) were identified. Differential gene expression was evaluated by qPCR between uninfected and infected samples of four biological systems, showing significant upregulation and largest fold-change for the gch-I gene in the majority of the biological systems, supporting the selection for functional analysis by RNAi silencing. Efficient knockdown of the gch-I gene in uninfected and Ehrlichia canis-infected IDE8 cells showed no detectable impact on the capacity of the bacteria to invade or replicate in the tick cells. Overall, this work demonstrated an increase in the expression of some folate-related genes, though not always statistically significantly, in the presence of infection, suggesting gene expression modulation of these pathways, either as a tick response to an invader or manipulation of the tick cell machinery by the pathogens to their advantage. This discovery points to folate pathways as interesting targets for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Couto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferrolho
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gustavo S Seron
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sandra Antunes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Lisboa, Portugal
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Breuer M, Guglielmi L, Zielonka M, Hemberger V, Kölker S, Okun JG, Hoffmann GF, Carl M, Sauer SW, Opladen T. QDPR homologues in Danio rerio regulate melanin synthesis, early gliogenesis, and glutamine homeostasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215162. [PMID: 30995231 PMCID: PMC6469847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) catalyzes the recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor in dopamine, serotonin, and phenylalanine metabolism. QDPR-deficient patients develop neurological symptoms including hypokinesia, truncal hypotonia, intellectual disability and seizures. The underlying pathomechanisms are poorly understood. We established a zebrafish model for QDPR deficiency and analyzed the expression as well as function of all zebrafish QDPR homologues during embryonic development. The homologues qdpra is essential for pigmentation and phenylalanine metabolism. Qdprb1 is expressed in the proliferative zones of the optic tectum and eye. Knockdown of qdprb1 leads to up-regulation of pro-proliferative genes and increased number of phospho-histone3 positive mitotic cells. Expression of neuronal and astroglial marker genes is concomitantly decreased. Qdprb1 hypomorphic embryos develop microcephaly and reduced eye size indicating a role for qdprb1 in the transition from cell proliferation to differentiation. Glutamine accumulation biochemically accompanies the developmental changes. Our findings provide novel insights into the neuropathogenesis of QDPR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Breuer
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Guglielmi
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Zielonka
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Hemberger
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Carl
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Mannheim, Germany
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Laboratory for Translational Neurogenetics, Trento, Italy
| | - Sven W. Sauer
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- University Children's Hospital, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zschiebsch K, Fischer C, Wilken‐Schmitz A, Geisslinger G, Channon K, Watschinger K, Tegeder I. Mast cell tetrahydrobiopterin contributes to itch in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:985-1000. [PMID: 30450838 PMCID: PMC6349351 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH1) governs de novo synthesis of the enzyme cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is essential for biogenic amine production, bioactive lipid metabolism and redox coupling of nitric oxide synthases. Overproduction of BH4 via upregulation of GCH1 in sensory neurons is associated with nociceptive hypersensitivity in rodents, and neuron-specific GCH1 deletion normalizes nociception. The translational relevance is revealed by protective polymorphisms of GCH1 in humans, which are associated with a reduced chronic pain. Because myeloid cells constitute a major non-neuronal source of BH4 that may contribute to BH4-dependent phenotypes, we studied here the contribution of myeloid-derived BH4 to pain and itch in lysozyme M Cre-mediated GCH1 knockout (LysM-GCH1-/- ) and overexpressing mice (LysM-GCH1-HA). Unexpectedly, knockout or overexpression in myeloid cells had no effect on nociceptive behaviour, but LysM-driven GCH1 knockout reduced, and its overexpression increased the scratching response in Compound 48/80 and hydroxychloroquine-evoked itch models, which involve histamine and non-histamine dependent signalling pathways. Mechanistically, GCH1 overexpression increased BH4, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, and these changes were associated with increased release of histamine and serotonin and degranulation of mast cells. LysM-driven GCH1 knockout had opposite effects, and pharmacologic inhibition of GCH1 provided even stronger itch suppression. Inversely, intradermal BH4 provoked scratching behaviour in vivo and BH4 evoked an influx of calcium in sensory neurons. Together, these loss- and gain-of-function experiments suggest that itch in mice is contributed by BH4 release plus BH4-driven mediator release from myeloid immune cells, which leads to activation of itch-responsive sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zschiebsch
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe‐University HospitalFrankfurtGermany
| | - Caroline Fischer
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe‐University HospitalFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe‐University HospitalFrankfurtGermany
| | - Keith Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Division of Biological ChemistryBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyGoethe‐University HospitalFrankfurtGermany
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Geng M, Xiao H, Liu J, Song Y, Fu P, Cheng X, Zhang J, Wang G. The diagnostic role and dynamic changes in cerebrospinal fluid neopterin during treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3889-3898. [PMID: 29982995 PMCID: PMC6089159 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic role of neopterin (Npt) concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Ninety‐nine patients were enrolled in this retrospective study; these included patients with PCNSL (n = 21), other brain tumors (n = 44), and inflammatory diseases (n = 34). CSF Npt concentration was measured using ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the discriminative ability of CSF Npt concentration for the diagnosis of PCNSL. CSF Npt concentration in patients with PCNSL was significantly higher than that in patients with other brain tumors and inflammatory diseases (P < .001). On ROC curve analysis, the optimal cutoff CSF Npt level of 10.77 ng/mL for the diagnosis of PCNSL and the diagnostic yield of MRI were increased when used in conjunction with CSF Npt concentration. The CSF Npt concentrations in PCNSL patients with multiple lesions were significantly higher than those in patients with a single lesion. Changes in CSF Npt concentration were consistent with post‐treatment changes in tumor sizes. The CSF Npt concentration may be a good biomarker for the diagnosis, for monitoring of disease course, and for prognostic evaluation of patients with PCNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingying Geng
- Cancer Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Cancer Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Cancer Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqin, China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Cancer Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Third Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Tran AN, Walker K, Harrison DG, Chen W, Mobley J, Hocevar L, Hackney JR, Sedaka RS, Pollock JS, Goldberg MS, Hambardzumyan D, Cooper SJ, Gillespie Y, Hjelmeland AB. Reactive species balance via GTP cyclohydrolase I regulates glioblastoma growth and tumor initiating cell maintenance. Neuro Oncol 2018; 20:1055-1067. [PMID: 29409010 PMCID: PMC6280150 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depending on the level, differentiation state, and tumor stage, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species inhibit or increase cancer growth and tumor initiating cell maintenance. The rate-limiting enzyme in a pathway that can regulate reactive species production but has not been thoroughly investigated in glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV astrocytoma) is guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). We sought to define the role of GCH1 in the regulation of GBM growth and brain tumor initiating cell (BTIC) maintenance. Methods We examined GCH1 mRNA and protein expression in patient-derived xenografts, clinical samples, and glioma gene expression datasets. GCH1 levels were modulated using lentiviral expression systems, and effects on cell growth, self-renewal, reactive species production, and survival in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models were determined. Results GCH1 was expressed in GBMs with elevated but not exclusive RNA and protein levels in BTICs in comparison to non-BTICs. Overexpression of GCH1 in GBM cells increased cell growth in vitro and decreased survival in an intracranial GBM mouse model. In converse experiments, GCH1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA led to GBM cell growth inhibition and reduced self-renewal in association with decreased CD44 expression. GCH1 was critical for controlling reactive species balance, including suppressing reactive oxygen species production, which mediated GCH1 cell growth effects. In silico analyses demonstrated that higher GCH1 levels in glioma patients correlate with higher glioma grade, recurrence, and worse survival. Conclusions GCH1 expression in established GBMs is pro-tumorigenic, causing increased growth due, in part, to promotion of BTIC maintenance and suppression of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nhat Tran
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kiera Walker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David G Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lauren Hocevar
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James R Hackney
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Randee S Sedaka
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sara J Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Gamal M, Moawad J, Rashed L, Morcos MA, Sharawy N. Possible involvement of tetrahydrobiopterin in the disturbance of redox homeostasis in sepsis - Induced brain dysfunction. Brain Res 2018; 1685:19-28. [PMID: 29428597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential co-factor that regulates nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). In this study, we evaluated the effects of sepsis on BH4 level and redox status in the brain by using the rat model of sepsis-induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and examined whether BH4 and/or acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) could prevent the neuronal apoptosis and neurological changes induced by sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHOD Male albino rats were randomly and blindly divided into 8 groups: sham, sham + BH4, sham + ALC, sham +BH4+ ALC, CLP, CLP + BH4, CLP + ALC, and CLP+BH4+ ALC. We measured neurological indicators, brain levels of BH4, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GTPCH), sepiapterin reductase (SR) and dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) genes expression (Essential enzymes in BH4 biosynthesis and recycling pathways). We investigated also brain redox status and both endothelial and inducible NOS expressions. RESULTS Brain of septic rats demonstrated a reduced BH4 bioavailability, downregulation of BH4 synthetic enzymes, increased production of hydrogen peroxide and impaired antioxidant enzymes activities. Treatments with BH4 and/or ALC increased BH4 level, upregulated BH4 synthetic enzymes expressions, and attenuated oxidative-induced neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BH4 and/or ALC might protect the brain against oxidative stress induced neuronal apoptosis by restoring bioavailability of BH4 and upregulating of BH4 synthetic enzymes in the brain during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Gamal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jackline Moawad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mary Attia Morcos
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nivin Sharawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Stark RJ, Koch SR, Choi H, Mace EH, Dikalov SI, Sherwood ER, Lamb FS. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase modulates Toll-like receptor 4-mediated IL-6 production and permeability via nitric oxide-independent signaling. FASEB J 2018; 32:945-956. [PMID: 29061842 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700410r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by changes in eNOS, is a common finding in chronic inflammatory vascular diseases. These states are associated with increased infectious complications. We hypothesized that alterations in eNOS would enhance the response to LPS-mediated TLR4 inflammation. Human microvascular endothelial cells were treated with sepiapterin or N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) to alter endogenous NO production, and small interfering RNA to knockdown eNOS. Alterations of endogenous NO by sepiapterin, and L-NAME provided no significant changes to LPS inflammation. In contrast, eNOS knockdown greatly enhanced endothelial IL-6 production and permeability in response to LPS. Knockdown of eNOS enhanced LPS-induced p38. Inhibition of p38 with SB203580 prevented IL-6 production, without altering permeability. Knockdown of p38 impaired NF-κB activation. Physical interaction between p38 and eNOS was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation, suggesting a novel, NO-independent mechanism for eNOS regulation of TLR4. In correlation, biopsy samples in patients with systemic lupus erythematous showed reduced eNOS expression with associated elevations in TLR4 and p38, suggesting an in vivo link. Thus, reduced expression of eNOS, as seen in chronic inflammatory disease, was associated with enhanced TLR4 signaling through p38. This may enhance the response to infection in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions.-Stark, R. J., Koch, S. R., Choi, H., Mace, E. H., Dikalov, S. I., Sherwood, E. R., Lamb, F. S. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase modulates Toll-like receptor 4-mediated IL-6 production and permeability via nitric oxide-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephen R Koch
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric H Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergey I Dikalov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Schreiber C, Eilenberg MS, Panzenboeck A, Winter MP, Bergmeister H, Herzog R, Mascherbauer J, Lang IM, Bonderman D. Combined oral administration of L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:89-97. [PMID: 28680568 PMCID: PMC5448548 DOI: 10.1086/689289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway play a major role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). L-arginine (LA) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) are main substrates in the production of NO, which mediates pulmonary vasodilation. Administration of either LA or BH4 decrease pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). A combined administration of both may have synergistic effects in the therapy of PAH. In a telemetrically monitored model of unilateral pneumonectomy and monocrotaline-induced PAH, male Sprague-Dawley rats received either LA (300 mg/kg; n = 15), BH4 (20 mg/kg; n = 15), the combination of LA and BH4 (300 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg; n = 15), or vehicle (control group; n = 10) from day 28 after monocrotaline induction. Therapy was orally administered once daily over consecutive 14 days. LA, BH4, or both equally lowered PAP, increased pulmonary vascular elasticity, restored spontaneous locomotoric activity, prevented body weight loss and palliated small vessel disease of severely pulmonary hypertensive rats. BH4 substitution lowered asymmetric dimethylarginine levels sustainably at 60 min after administration and downregulated endothelial NO synthase mRNA expression. No significant survival, macro- and histomorphologic or hemodynamic differences were found between therapy groups at the end of the study period. Administration of LA and BH4 both mediated a decrease of mean PAP, attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy and small vessel disease in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats, though a combined administration of both substances did not reveal any synergistic therapy effects in our animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M S Eilenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Panzenboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M P Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - H Bergmeister
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J Mascherbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - I M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D Bonderman
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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14
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Abstract
Abstract
Pteridines and their derivatives function as intermediates in the metabolism of several vitamins and cofactors, and their relevance to disease has inspired new efforts to study their roles as disease biomarkers. Recent analytical advances, such as the emergence of sensitive mass spectrometry techniques, new workflows for measuring pteridine derivatives in their native oxidation states and increased multiplexing capacities for the simultaneous determination of many pteridine derivatives, have enabled researchers to explore the roles of urinary pteridines as disease biomarkers at much lower levels with greater accuracy than with previous technologies or methods. As a result, urinary pteridines are being increasingly studied as putative cancer biomarkers with promising results being reported from exploratory studies. In addition, the role of urinary neopterin as a universal biomarker for immune system activation is being investigated in new diseases where it is anticipated to become a useful supplementary marker in clinical diagnostic settings. In summary, this review provides an overview of recent developments in the clinical study of urinary pteridines as disease biomarkers, covers the most promising aspects of advanced analytical techniques being developed for the determination of urinary pteridines and discusses the major challenges associated with implementing pteridine biomarkers in clinical laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Burton
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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15
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Schreiber C, Eilenberg M, Panzenboeck A, Winter M, Bergmeister H, Herzog R, Mascherbauer J, Lang I, Bonderman D. Combined oral administration of L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2045893216677519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M.S. Eilenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Panzenboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M.P. Winter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - H. Bergmeister
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Mascherbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - I.M. Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Bonderman
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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16
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Zschiebsch K, Fischer C, Pickert G, Häussler A, Radeke H, Grösch S, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Werner ER, Tegeder I. Tetrahydrobiopterin Attenuates DSS-evoked Colitis in Mice by Rebalancing Redox and Lipid Signalling. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:965-78. [PMID: 26928964 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase [GCH1] governs the production of the enzyme cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4] which is essential for biogenic amine synthesis, lipid metabolism via alkylglycerol monooxygenase [AGMO], and redox coupling of nitric oxide synthases [NOSs]. Inflammation-evoked unequal regulation of GCH1 and NOS or AGMO may cause redox stress and lipid imbalances. METHODS The present study assessed potential therapeutic effects of rebalancing these systems with BH4 in experimental colitis in mice. RESULTS Oral treatment with BH4 as a suspension of crushed tablets attenuated colitis, whereas inhibition of its production had opposite effects: aggravated weight loss, epithelial haemorrhages and ulcers, neutrophil infiltrates, production of reactive oxygen species, and unfavourable profile changes of endocannabinoids, ceramides, and lysophosphatidic acids. Conversely, oral BH4 normalised biopterin, reduced in vivo activity of oxidases and peroxidases in the inflamed gut, favoured nitric oxide over hydrogen peroxide, and maintained normal levels of lipid signalling molecules. BH4 favoured thereby resident CD3+CD8+ and regulatory CD3+CD25+ intraepithelial T cells that are important for epithelial integrity. CONCLUSIONS BH4 protected against colitis in mice via two major pathways: [i] by reduction of oxidative stress; and [ii] by re-orchestration of alkyl- and acylglycerolipid signalling via AGMO. Oral treatment with BH4 is a safe approved supplementary therapy for genetic BH4 deficiency and did not excessively increase systemic BH4 levels. Therefore, one may consider repurposing of oral BH4 as an adjunctive treatment for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Zschiebsch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caroline Fischer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Häussler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinfried Radeke
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Burton C, Shi H, Ma Y. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography – Tandem mass spectrometry urinary pterinomics workflow. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 927:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Chuaiphichai S, Starr A, Nandi M, Channon KM, McNeill E. Endothelial cell tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency attenuates LPS-induced vascular dysfunction and hypotension. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 77:69-79. [PMID: 26276526 PMCID: PMC4746318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be a key mediator of the vascular dysfunction and severe hypotension in patients with endotoxaemia and septic shock. The contribution of NO produced directly in the vasculature by endothelial cells to the hypotension seen in these conditions, vs. the broader systemic increase in NO, is unclear. To determine the specific role of endothelium derived NO in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular dysfunction we administered LPS to mice deficient in endothelial cell tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the essential co-factor for NO production by NOS enzymes. Mice deficient in endothelial BH4 production, through loss of the essential biosynthesis enzyme Gch1 (Gch1(fl/fl)Tie2cre mice) received a 24hour challenge with LPS or saline control. In vivo LPS treatment increased vascular GTP cyclohydrolase and BH4 levels in aortas, lungs and hearts, but this increase was significantly attenuated in Gch1(fl/fl)Tie2cre mice, which were also partially protected from the LPS-induced hypotension. In isometric tension studies, in vivo LPS treatment reduced the vasoconstriction response and impaired endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilatations in mesenteric arteries from wild-type mice, but not in Gch1(fl/fl)Tie2cre mesenteric arteries. Ex vivo LPS treatment decreased vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine in aortic rings from wild-type and not in Gch1(fl/fl)Tie2cre mice, even in the context of significant eNOS and iNOS upregulation. These data provide direct evidence that endothelial cell NO has a significant contribution to LPS-induced vascular dysfunction and hypotension and may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of systemic inflammation and patients with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surawee Chuaiphichai
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Starr
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Manasi Nandi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Keith M Channon
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Eileen McNeill
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Pharmacology and Therapeutics Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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19
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Basudhar D, Ridnour LA, Cheng R, Kesarwala AH, Heinecke J, Wink DA. Biological signaling by small inorganic molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2016; 306:708-723. [PMID: 26688591 PMCID: PMC4680994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Small redox active molecules such as reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and hydrogen sulfide have emerged as important biological mediators that are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Advancement in understanding of cellular mechanisms that tightly regulate both generation and reactivity of these molecules is central to improved management of various disease states including cancer and cardiovascular dysfunction. Imbalance in the production of redox active molecules can lead to damage of critical cellular components such as cell membranes, proteins and DNA and thus may trigger the onset of disease. These small inorganic molecules react independently as well as in a concerted manner to mediate physiological responses. This review provides a general overview of the redox biology of these key molecules, their diverse chemistry relevant to physiological processes and their interrelated nature in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Basudhar
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David A. Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Santhanam AVR, d'Uscio LV, Katusic ZS. Characterization of cerebral microvasculature in transgenic mice with endothelium targeted over-expression of GTP-cyclohydrolase I. Brain Res 2015; 1625:198-205. [PMID: 26343845 PMCID: PMC4637228 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical determinant of nitric oxide (NO) production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the vascular endothelium and its biosynthesis is regulated by the enzymatic activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I). The present study was designed to determine the effects of endothelium-targeted overexpression of GTPCH I (eGCH-Tg) on murine cerebral vascular function. Endothelium targeted over-expression of GTPCH I was associated with a significant increase in levels of BH4, as well as its oxidized product, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH2) in cerebral microvessels. Importantly, ratio of BH4 to 7,8-BH2, indicative of BH4 available for eNOS activation, was significantly increased in eGCH-Tg mice. However, expression of endothelial NOS, levels of nitrate/nitrite--indicative of NO production--remained unchanged between cerebral microvessels of wild-type and eGCH-Tg mice. Furthermore, increased BH4 biosynthesis neither affected production of superoxide anion nor expression of antioxidant proteins. Moreover, endothelium-specific GTPCH I overexpression did not alter intracellular levels of cGMP, reflective of NO signaling in cerebral microvessels. The obtained results suggest that, despite a significant increase in BH4 bioavailability, generation of endothelial NO in cerebral microvessels remained unchanged in eGCH-Tg mice. We conclude that under physiological conditions the levels of BH4 in the cerebral microvessels are optimal for activation of endothelial NOS and NO/cGMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Vijay R Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Livius V d'Uscio
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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21
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 Promotes NO Synthesis by Upregulating GCHI Expression under Oxidative Stress Conditions in Sheep Monocytes/Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:359315. [PMID: 26576220 PMCID: PMC4630417 DOI: 10.1155/2015/359315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many groups of Gram-negative bacteria cause diseases that are harmful to sheep. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is critical for detecting Gram-negative bacteria by the innate immune system, is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Oxidation intermediates are essential activators of oxidative stress, as low levels of free radicals form a stressful oxidative environment that can clear invading pathogens. NO is an oxidation intermediate and its generation is regulated by nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GCHI) is the rate-limiting enzyme for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, which is essential for the production of inducible iNOS. Previously, we made vectors to overexpress the sheep TLR4 gene. Herein, first generation (G1) of transgenic sheep was stimulated with LPS in vivo and in vitro, and oxidative stress and GCHI expression were investigated. Oxidative injury caused by TLR4 overexpression was tightly regulated in tissues. However, the transgenic (Tg) group still secreted nitric oxide (NO) when an iNOS inhibitor was added. Furthermore, GCHI expression remained upregulated in both serum and monocytes/macrophages. Thus, overexpression of TLR4 in transgenic sheep might accelerate the clearance of invading microbes through NO generation following LPS stimulation. Additionally, TLR4 overexpression also enhances GCHI activation.
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22
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Buey RM, Ledesma-Amaro R, Balsera M, de Pereda JM, Revuelta JL. Increased riboflavin production by manipulation of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase in Ashbya gossypii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9577-89. [PMID: 26150243 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotides are the precursors of essential biomolecules including nucleic acids and vitamins such as riboflavin. The enzyme inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the ratelimiting step in the guanine nucleotide de novo biosynthetic pathway and plays a key role in controlling the cellular nucleotide pools. Thus, IMPDH is an important metabolic bottleneck in the guanine nucleotide synthesis, susceptible of manipulation by means of metabolic engineering approaches. Herein, we report the functional and structural characterization of the IMPDH enzyme from the industrial fungus Ashbya gossypii. Our data show that the overexpression of the IMPDH gene increases the metabolic flux through the guanine pathway and ultimately enhances 40 % riboflavin production with respect to the wild type. Also, IMPDH disruption results in a 100-fold increase of inosine excretion to the culture media. Our results contribute to the developing metabolic engineering toolbox aiming at improving the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest in A. gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Buey
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | - Mónica Balsera
- Department Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José María de Pereda
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Molecular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Revuelta
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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23
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Edgar KS, Matesanz N, Gardiner TA, Katusic ZS, McDonald DM. Hyperoxia depletes (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin levels in the neonatal retina: implications for nitric oxide synthase function in retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1769-82. [PMID: 25913075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity is a sight-threatening complication of premature birth caused by nitro-oxidative insult to the developing retinal vasculature during therapeutic hyperoxia exposure and later ischemia-induced neovascularization on supplemental oxygen withdrawal. In the vasodegenerative phase, during hyperoxia, defective endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radicals rather than vasoprotective nitric oxide for unclear reasons. Crucially, normal NOS function depends on availability of the cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Because BH4 synthesis is controlled enzymatically by GTP cyclohydrolase (GTPCH), we used GTPCH-depleted mice [hyperphenylalaninemia strain (hph1)] to investigate the impact of hyperoxia on BH4 bioavailability and retinal vascular pathology in the neonate. Hyperoxia decreased BH4 in retinas, lungs, and aortas in all experimental groups, resulting in a dose-dependent decrease in NOS activity and, in the wild-type group, elevated NOS-derived superoxide. Retinal dopamine levels were similarly diminished, consistent with the dependence of tyrosine hydroxylase on BH4. Despite greater depletion of BH4, the hph(+/-) and hph1(-/-) groups did not show exacerbated hyperoxia-induced vessel closure, but exhibited greater vascular protection and reduced progression to neovascular disease. This vasoprotective effect was independent of enhanced circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was reduced by hyperoxia, but to local retinal ganglion cell layer-derived VEGF. In conclusion, a constitutively higher level of VEGF expression associated with retinal development protects GTPCH-deficient neonates from oxygen-induced vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Edgar
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Matesanz
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A Gardiner
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Denise M McDonald
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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High-throughput intracellular pteridinic profiling by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:442-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yang S, Jan YH, Mishin V, Richardson JR, Hossain MM, Heindel ND, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Sulfa drugs inhibit sepiapterin reduction and chemical redox cycling by sepiapterin reductase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:529-40. [PMID: 25550200 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.221572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism. SPR also mediates chemical redox cycling, catalyzing one-electron reduction of redox-active chemicals, including quinones and bipyridinium herbicides (e.g., menadione, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, and diquat); rapid reaction of the reduced radicals with molecular oxygen generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using recombinant human SPR, sulfonamide- and sulfonylurea-based sulfa drugs were found to be potent noncompetitive inhibitors of both sepiapterin reduction and redox cycling. The most potent inhibitors of sepiapterin reduction (IC50s = 31-180 nM) were sulfasalazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, and chlorpropamide. Higher concentrations of the sulfa drugs (IC50s = 0.37-19.4 μM) were required to inhibit redox cycling, presumably because of distinct mechanisms of sepiapterin reduction and redox cycling. In PC12 cells, which generate catecholamine and monoamine neurotransmitters via BH4-dependent amino acid hydroxylases, sulfa drugs inhibited both BH2/BH4 biosynthesis and redox cycling mediated by SPR. Inhibition of BH2/BH4 resulted in decreased production of dopamine and dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Sulfathiazole (200 μM) markedly suppressed neurotransmitter production, an effect reversed by BH4. These data suggest that SPR and BH4-dependent enzymes, are "off-targets" of sulfa drugs, which may underlie their untoward effects. The ability of the sulfa drugs to inhibit redox cycling may ameliorate ROS-mediated toxicity generated by redox active drugs and chemicals, contributing to their anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Muhammad M Hossain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (S.Y., Y.-H.J., J.R.R., M.H.H., J.D.L.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (V.M., D.L.L.); Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (N.D.H.); and Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (D.E.H.)
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26
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Ma S, Ma CCH. Recent developments in the effects of nitric oxide-donating statins on cardiovascular disease through regulation of tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:63-70. [PMID: 25139660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the importance of nitric oxide (NO) to the human body three decades ago, numerous laboratory and clinical studies have been done to explore its potential therapeutic actions on many organs. In the cardiovascular system, NO works as a volatile signaling molecule regulating the vascular permeability and vascular tone, preventing thrombosis and inflammation, as well as inhibiting the smooth muscle hyperplasia. Thus, NO is important in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. NO is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS) with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the crucial cofactor. Many studies have been done to form nitric oxide donors so as to deliver NO directly to the vessel walls. In addition, NO moieties have been incorporated into existing therapeutic agents to enhance the NO bioavailability, including statins. Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme (HMG-CoA), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. By inhibiting this pathway, statins lower blood cholesterol and exert their pleiotropic effects through activity in reaction cascades, such as Rho/ROCK and Rac 1/NADPH oxidase pathways. Statins have also been observed to implement their non-lipid effects by promoting BH4 synthesis with increase of NO bioavailability. Furthermore, NO-donating statins in laboratory studies have demonstrated to produce better therapeutic effects than their parent's drugs. They offer better anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and antithrombotic actions on cardiovascular system. They also cause better revascularization in peripheral ischemia and produce greater enhancement in limb reperfusion and salvage. In addition, it has been shown that NO-donating statin caused less myotoxicity, the most common side effect related to treatment with statins. The initial studies have demonstrated the superior therapeutic effects of NO-donating statins while producing fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ma
- Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, Hong Kong; National University Ireland, Ireland; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Christopher Cheng-Hwa Ma
- NHS Dumfries & Galloway, GMC 7411692, United Kingdom; King's College London School of Medicine, United Kingdom.
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Bendall JK, Douglas G, McNeill E, Channon KM, Crabtree MJ. Tetrahydrobiopterin in cardiovascular health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:3040-77. [PMID: 24294830 PMCID: PMC4038990 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) functions as a cofactor for several important enzyme systems, and considerable evidence implicates BH4 as a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the setting of cardiovascular health and disease. BH4 bioavailability is determined by a balance of enzymatic de novo synthesis and recycling, versus degradation in the setting of oxidative stress. Augmenting vascular BH4 levels by pharmacological supplementation has been shown in experimental studies to enhance NO bioavailability. However, it has become more apparent that the role of BH4 in other enzymatic pathways, including other NOS isoforms and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, may have a bearing on important aspects of vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and cardiac function. This article reviews the role of BH4 in cardiovascular development and homeostasis, as well as in pathophysiological processes such as endothelial and vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cardiac hypertrophy. We discuss the therapeutic potential of BH4 in cardiovascular disease states and attempt to address how this modulator of intracellular NO-redox balance may ultimately provide a powerful new treatment for many cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Bendall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Machida T, Iizuka K, Shinohara K, Hatakeyama N, Nakano K, Kubo Y, Hirafuji M. Pressure stress reduces inducible NO synthase expression by interleukin-1β stimulation in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 731:44-9. [PMID: 24632084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mechanical stress applied to vascular walls is well known to modulate vascular remodeling. We investigated the effect of pulsatile pressure stress on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). VSMCs were enzymatically isolated from aortic media of Wistar rats. Pulsatile pressure applied to VSMCs was repeatedly given between 80 and 160 mm Hg at a frequency of 4 cycles per min using an original apparatus. Protein expression and activation were evaluated by Western blot analysis. mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The pulsatile pressure reduced IL-1β-induced NO production, iNOS protein, and mRNA expression. The pressure also reduced GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA expression. Furthermore, the pressure reduced phosphorylation of IL-1β-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, and I-κBα. The pressure had no effect on I-κBβ degradation by IL-1β stimulation. The present study shows for the first time that pressure stress reduces IL-1β-induced iNOS expression via a mechanism involving the ERK-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Machida
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kosaku Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Nanae Hatakeyama
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Keita Nakano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yuta Kubo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hirafuji
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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29
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Conditioned media from adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells downregulate degradative mediators induced by interleukin-1β in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:357014. [PMID: 24363499 PMCID: PMC3864089 DOI: 10.1155/2013/357014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disorder and an important cause of disability. Recent studies have shown the potential of adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) for cartilage repair. We have investigated whether conditioned medium from AD-MSC (CM) may regulate in OA chondrocytes a number of key mediators involved in cartilage degeneration. CM enhanced type II collagen expression in OA chondrocytes while decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in cell supernatants as well as the levels of MMP-3 and MMP-13 proteins and mRNA in OA chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin- (IL-) 1β. In addition, CM increased IL-10 levels and counteracted the stimulating effects of IL-1β on the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, prostaglandin E2, and NO measured as nitrite and the mRNA expression of these cytokines, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, CCL-8, CCL-19, CCL-20, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CXCL-3, CXCL-5, CXCL-8, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, and inducible NO synthase. These effects may be dependent on the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation by CM. Our data demonstrate the chondroprotective actions of CM and provide support for further studies of this approach in joint disease.
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Karagianni AE, Kapetanovic R, McGorum BC, Hume DA, Pirie SR. The equine alveolar macrophage: functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:219-28. [PMID: 23978307 PMCID: PMC3795452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitute the first line of defence in the lung of all species, playing a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses to inhaled pathogens. A detailed understanding of the function and phenotype of AMs is a necessary pre-requisite to both elucidating their role in preventing opportunistic bacterial colonisation of the lower respiratory tract and developing appropriate preventative strategies. The purpose of the study was to characterise this important innate immune cell at the tissue level by making functional and phenotypic comparisons with peritoneal macrophages (PMs). We hypothesised that the tissue of origin determines a unique phenotype of AMs, which may constitute an appropriate therapeutic target for certain equine respiratory diseases. Macrophages isolated from the lung and the peritoneal cavity of 9 horses were stimulated with various toll like receptor (TLR) ligands and the production of nitrite, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) were measured by the Griess reaction and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cells were also compared on the basis of phagocytic-capacity and the expression of several cell surface markers. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated increased TNFα release following stimulation with LPS, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) and heat-killed Salmonella typhinurium and increased TNFα and IDO mRNA expression when stimulated with LPS. AMs showed high expression of the specific macrophage markers cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD163 and TLR4, whereas PMs showed high expression of TLR4 only. AMs, but not PMs, demonstrated efficient phagocytic activity. Our results demonstrate that AMs are more active than PMs when stimulated with various pro-inflammatory ligands, thus supporting the importance of the local microenvironment in the activation status of the macrophage. This information provides a valuable knowledge base on which to improve our understanding of the role of macrophages and their microenvironment in equine innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK.
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Tonelli AR, Haserodt S, Aytekin M, Dweik RA. Nitric oxide deficiency in pulmonary hypertension: Pathobiology and implications for therapy. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:20-30. [PMID: 23662172 PMCID: PMC3641730 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible gas with diverse roles in human physiology and disease. Significant progress in the understanding of its biological effects has taken place in recent years. This has led to a better understanding of the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the development of new therapies. This article provides an overview of the NO physiology and its role in the pathobiology of lung diseases, particularly PH. We also discuss current and emerging specific treatments that target NO signaling pathways in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano R Tonelli
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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32
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Pickert G, Lim HY, Weigert A, Häussler A, Myrczek T, Waldner M, Labocha S, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Lötsch J, Becker C, Brüne B, Tegeder I. Inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase attenuates tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis and M2-like polarization of tumor associated macrophages. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:591-604. [PMID: 22753274 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase (GCH1) is the key-enzyme to produce the essential enzyme cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin. The byproduct, neopterin is increased in advanced human cancer and used as cancer-biomarker, suggesting that pathologically increased GCH1 activity may promote tumor growth. We found that inhibition or silencing of GCH1 reduced tumor cell proliferation and survival and the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which upon hypoxia increased GCH1 and endothelial NOS expression, the latter prevented by inhibition of GCH1. In nude mice xenografted with HT29-Luc colon cancer cells GCH1 inhibition reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis, determined by in vivo luciferase and near-infrared imaging of newly formed blood vessels. The treatment with the GCH1 inhibitor shifted the phenotype of tumor associated macrophages from the proangiogenic M2 towards M1, accompanied with a shift of plasma chemokine profiles towards tumor-attacking chemokines including CXCL10 and RANTES. GCH1 expression was increased in mouse AOM/DSS-induced colon tumors and in high grade human colon and skin cancer and oppositely, the growth of GCH1-deficient HT29-Luc tumor cells in mice was strongly reduced. The data suggest that GCH1 inhibition reduces tumor growth by (i) direct killing of tumor cells, (ii) by inhibiting angiogenesis, and (iii) by enhancing the antitumoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjali Pickert
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
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McNeill E, Channon KM. The role of tetrahydrobiopterin in inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:832-9. [PMID: 23052970 PMCID: PMC5238931 DOI: 10.1160/th12-06-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is required for nitric oxide (NO) production by all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes and is a key regulator of cellular redox signalling. When BH4 levels become limiting NOS enzymes become 'uncoupled' and produce superoxide rather than NO. Endothelial cell BH4 is required for the maintenance of vascular function through NO production, and reduced BH4 levels are associated with vascular dysfunction. Evidence increasingly points to important roles for BH4 and NOS enzymes in other vascular cell types. Leukocytes have a fundamental role in atherosclerosis, and new evidence points to a role in the control of hypertension. Leukocytes are a major site of iNOS expression, and the regulation of this isoform is another mechanism by which BH4 availability may modulate disease. This review provides an overview of BH4 control of NOS function in both endothelial cells and leukocytes in the context of vascular disease and current therapeutic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McNeill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Haem oxygenase-1 counteracts the effects of interleukin-1β on inflammatory and senescence markers in cartilage-subchondral bone explants from osteoarthritic patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:239-50. [PMID: 21954917 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL (interleukin)-1β plays an important role in cartilage extracellular matrix degradation and bone resorption in OA (osteoarthritis) through the induction of degradative enzymes and pro-inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we have determined the consequences of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1) induction on markers of inflammation and senescence in the functional unit cartilage-subchondral bone stimulated with IL-1β. Cartilage-subchondral bone specimens were obtained from the knees of osteoarthritic patients. Treatment with the HO-1 inducer CoPP (cobalt protoporphyrin IX) counteracted the stimulatory effects of IL-1β on IL-6, nitrite, PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TGF (transforming growth factor) β2, TGFβ3 and osteocalcin. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that CoPP treatment of explants down-regulated iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and mPGES-1 (microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1) induced by IL-1β. In contrast, the expression of HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1) was not significantly modified. In addition, CoPP decreased the expression of iNOS and mPGES-1 in cells isolated from the explants and stimulated with IL-1β, which was counteracted by an siRNA (small interfering RNA) specific for human HO-1. In isolated primary chondrocytes, we determined senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and the expression of senescence markers by real-time PCR. We have found that HO-1 induction could regulate senescence markers in the presence of IL-1β and significantly affected telomerase expression, as well as β-galactosidase activity and hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) and p21 expression in chondrocytes. The findings of the present study support the view that HO-1 induction results in the down-regulation of inflammatory and senescence responses in OA articular tissues.
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d'Uscio LV, Smith LA, Katusic ZS. Differential effects of eNOS uncoupling on conduit and small arteries in GTP-cyclohydrolase I-deficient hph-1 mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2227-34. [PMID: 21963838 PMCID: PMC3233811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00588.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used the hph-1 mouse, which displays GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) deficiency, to test the hypothesis that loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) in conduit and small arteries activates compensatory mechanisms designed to protect vascular wall from oxidative stress induced by uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Both GTPCH I activity and BH(4) levels were reduced in the aortas and small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. However, the BH(4)-to-7,8-dihydrobiopterin ratio was significantly reduced only in hph-1 aortas. Furthermore, superoxide anion and 3-nitrotyrosine production were significantly enhanced in aortas but not in small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. In contrast to the aorta, protein expression of copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was significantly increased in small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. Protein expression of catalase was increased in both aortas and small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. Further analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling demonstrated that protein expression of phosphorylated Ser(1177)-eNOS as well as basal cGMP levels and hydrogen peroxide was increased in hph-1 aortas. Increased production of hydrogen peroxide in hph-1 mice aortas appears to be the most likely mechanism responsible for phosphorylation of eNOS and elevation of cGMP. In contrast, upregulation of CuZnSOD and catalase in resistance arteries is sufficient to protect vascular tissue from increased production of reactive oxygen species generated by uncoupling of eNOS. The results of our study suggest that anatomical origin determines the ability of vessel wall to cope with oxidative stress induced by uncoupling of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livius V d'Uscio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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36
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Legrand M, Kandil A, Payen D, Ince C. Effects of sepiapterin infusion on renal oxygenation and early acute renal injury after suprarenal aortic clamping in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:192-8. [PMID: 21562427 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31821f8ec3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur after aortic clamping due to microvascular dysfunction leading to renal hypoxia. In this rat study, we have tested the hypothesis that the administration of the precursor of the nitric oxide synthase essential cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) could restore renal oxygenation after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) and prevent AKI. We randomly distributed rats into 4 groups: sham group; ischemia-reperfusion group; I/R + sepiapterin, the precursor of BH4; and I/R + sepiapterin + methotrexate, an inhibitor of the pathway generating BH4 from sepiapterin. Cortical and outer medullary microvascular oxygen pressure, renal oxygen delivery, renal oxygen consumption were measured using dual-wavelength oxygen-dependent quenching phosphorescence techniques during ischemia and throughout 3 hours of reperfusion. Kidney injury was assessed using myeloperoxidase staining for leukocyte infiltration and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels. Ischemia reperfusion induced a drop in microvascular PO2 (P < 0.01 vs. Sham, both), which was prevented by the infusion of sepiapterin. Sepiapterin partially prevented the rise in renal oxygen extraction (P < 0.001 vs. I/R). Finally, treatment with sepiapterin prevented renal infiltration by inflammatory cells and decreased urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels indicating a decrease of renal injury. These effects were blunted when adding methotrexate, except for myeloperoxidase. In conclusion, the administration of sepiapterin can prevent renal hypoxia and AKI after suprarenal aortic clamping in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Legrand
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chidley C, Haruki H, Pedersen MG, Muller E, Johnsson K. A yeast-based screen reveals that sulfasalazine inhibits tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:375-83. [PMID: 21499265 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an approach for detection of drug-protein interactions that combines a new yeast three-hybrid screening for identification of interactions with affinity chromatography for their unambiguous validation. We applied the methodology to the profiling of clinically approved drugs, resulting in the identification of previously known and unknown drug-protein interactions. In particular, we were able to identify off-targets for erlotinib and atorvastatin, as well as an enzyme target for the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine. We demonstrate that sulfasalazine and its metabolites, sulfapyridine and mesalamine, are inhibitors of the enzyme catalyzing the final step in the biosynthesis of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. The interference with tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism provides an explanation for some of the beneficial and deleterious properties of sulfasalazine and furthermore suggests new and improved therapies for the drug. This work thus establishes a powerful approach for drug profiling and provides new insights in the mechanism of action of clinically approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chidley
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, National Centre of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chen W, Li L, Brod T, Saeed O, Thabet S, Jansen T, Dikalov S, Weyand C, Goronzy J, Harrison DG. Role of increased guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 expression and tetrahydrobiopterin levels upon T cell activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13846-51. [PMID: 21343293 PMCID: PMC3077585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is an essential co-factor for the nitric-oxide (NO) synthases, and in its absence these enzymes produce superoxide (O(2)(·-)) rather than NO. The rate-limiting enzyme for BH(4) production is guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH-1). Because endogenously produced NO affects T cell function, we sought to determine whether antigen stimulation affected T cell GTPCH-1 expression and ultimately BH(4) levels. Resting T cells had minimal expression of inducible NOS (NOS2), endothelial NOS (NOS3), and GTPCH-1 protein and nearly undetectable levels of BH(4). Anti-CD3 stimulation of T cells robustly stimulated the coordinated expression of NOS2, NOS3, and GTPCH-1 and markedly increased both GTPCH-1 activity and T cell BH(4) levels. The newly expressed GTPCH-1 was phosphorylated on serine 72 and pharmacological inhibition of casein kinase II reduced GTPCH-1 phosphorylation and blunted the increase in T cell BH(4). Inhibition of GTPCH-1 with diaminohydroxypyrimidine (1 mmol/liter) prevented T cell BH(4) accumulation, reduced NO production, and increased T cell O(2)(·-) production, due to both NOS2 and NOS3 uncoupling. GTPCH-1 inhibition also promoted TH(2) polarization in memory CD4 cells. Ovalbumin immunization of mice transgenic for an ovalbumin receptor (OT-II mice) confirmed a marked increase in T cell BH(4) in vivo. These studies identify a previously unidentified consequence of T cell activation, promoting BH(4) levels, NO production, and modulating T cell cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Li Li
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Torben Brod
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Omar Saeed
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Salim Thabet
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Thomas Jansen
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sergey Dikalov
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Cornelia Weyand
- the Division of Immunology and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, and
| | - Jorg Goronzy
- the Division of Immunology and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, and
| | - David G. Harrison
- From the Cardiology Division and Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033
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Differential Modulation of Immunostimulant-Triggered NO Production by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inducers in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:434-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31820d9486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Simone R, Andrés RM, Aquino M, Bruno I, Guerrero MD, Terencio MC, Paya M, Riccio R. Toward the discovery of new agents able to inhibit the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 enzyme as promising tools in drug development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:17-24. [PMID: 20492447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our recent studies, we focused our attention on the synthesis of several gamma-hydroxybutenolides designed on the basis of petrosaspongiolide M 1 (PM) structure that has been recognized to potently inhibit the inflammatory process through the selective PLA(2) enzyme inhibition. By means of a combination of computational methods and efficient synthetic strategies, we generated small collections of PM modified analogs to identify new potent PLA(2) inhibitors, suitable for clinical development. In the course of the biological screening of our compounds, we discovered a potent and selective inhibitor of mPGES-1 expression, the benzothiophene gamma-hydroxybutenolide 2, which so far represents the only product, together with resveratrol, able to reduce PGE(2) production through the selective downregulation of mPGES-1 enzyme. In consideration that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is one of the most strategic target involved both in inflammation and in carcinogenesis processes, we decided to explore the biological effects of some structural changes of the gamma-hydroxybutenolide 2, hoping to improve its biological profile. This optimization process led to the identification of three strictly correlated compounds 14g, 16g, and 18 with higher inhibitory potency on PGE(2) production on mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 through the selective modulation of mPGES-1 enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa De Simone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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De León EJ, Alcaraz MJ, Dominguez JN, Charris J, Terencio MC. A new chloroquinolinyl chalcone derivative as inhibitor of inflammatory and immune response in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1313-21. [PMID: 14604476 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthetic chalcone derivative 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6,7-dimethoxy-2-chloroquinolinyl))-2-propen-1-one (CIDQ) was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory efficacy in-vitro and in-vivo. CIDQ concentration-dependently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) (IC50 4.3 μM) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (IC50 1.8 μM) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Human mononuclear cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by 10 μM CIDQ. Oral administration of CIDQ (10–30 mg kg−1) in the 24-h zymosan-stimulated mouse air-pouch model produced a dose-dependent reduction of cell migration as well as NO and PGE2 levels in exudates. CIDQ (20 mg kg−1, p.o.) inhibited ear swelling and leucocyte infiltration in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. In the rat adjuvant-arthritis model, this compound reduced joint inflammation as well as PGE2 and cytokine levels. In addition, CIDQ displayed analgesic effects in the phenylbenzoquinone-induced abdominal constriction model in mice and in the late phase of the nociceptive response to formalin. Our findings indicated the potential interest of CIDQ in the modulation of some immune and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J De León
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Burjassot, Spain
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An J, Du J, Wei N, Xu H, Pritchard KA, Shi Y. Role of tetrahydrobiopterin in resistance to myocardial ischemia in Brown Norway and Dahl S rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1783-91. [PMID: 19717731 PMCID: PMC2781371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00364.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that Brown Norway (BN/Mcw) rats are more resistant to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury than Dahl S (SS/Mcw) rats due to increased nitric oxide (x NO) generation secondary to increased heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) association with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). Here we determined whether increased resistance to I/R injury in BN/Mcw hearts is also related to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH-1), the rate-limiting enzyme for BH(4) synthesis. We observed that BH(4) supplementation via sepiapterin (SP) and inhibition of GCH-1 via 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP) differentially modulate cardioprotection and that SP alters the association of HSP90 with NOS3. BH(4) levels were significantly higher and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH(2)) levels were significantly lower in BN/Mcw than in SS/Mcw hearts. The BH(4)-to-BH(2) ratio in BN/Mcw was more than two times that in SS/Mcw hearts. After I/R, BH(4) decreased and BH(2) increased in hearts from both strains compared with their preischemia levels. However, the increase in BH(2) in SS/Mcw hearts was significantly higher than in BN/Mcw hearts. Real-time PCR revealed that BN/Mcw hearts contained more GCH-1 transcripts than SS/Mcw hearts. SP increased recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (rLVDP) following I/R as well as decreased superoxide (O(2)(x-)) and increased x NO in SS/Mcw hearts but not in BN/Mcw hearts. DAHP decreased rLVDP as well as increased O(2)(x-) and decreased x NO in BN/Mcw hearts compared with controls but not in SS/Mcw hearts. SP increased the association of HSP90 with NOS3. These data indicate that BH(4) mediates resistance to I/R by acting as a cofactor and enhancing HSP90-NOS3 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong An
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Wylie G, Evans CD, Gupta G. Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction: rarely reported side-effects of methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:e234. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kumar S, Sun X, Sharma S, Aggarwal S, Ravi K, Fineman JR, Black SM. GTP cyclohydrolase I expression is regulated by nitric oxide: role of cyclic AMP. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L309-17. [PMID: 19447893 PMCID: PMC2742798 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90538.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) leads to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling and an increase in NOS-derived superoxide. However, the cause of this uncoupling has not been adequately resolved. The pteridine cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is a critical determinant of endothelial NOS (eNOS) activity and coupling, and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in its generation. Thus the initial purpose of this study was to determine whether decreases in BH(4) could underlie, at least in part, the NO-mediated uncoupling of eNOS we have observed both in vitro and in vivo. Initially we evaluated the effect of inhaled NO levels on GCH1 expression and BH(4) levels in the intact lamb. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that there was a significant increase in both plasma BH4 levels and peripheral lung GCH1 protein levels. Furthermore, in vitro, we found that exposure to the NO donor spermine NONOate (SPNONO) led to an increase in GCH1 protein and BH(4) levels in both COS-7 and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. However, SPNONO treatment also caused a significant increase in phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) levels, as detected by Western blot analysis, and significantly increased cAMP levels, as detected by enzyme immunoassay. Furthermore, utilizing GCH1 promoter fragments fused to a luciferase reporter gene, we found that GCH1 promoter activity was enhanced by SPNONO in a CREB-dependent manner, and electromobility shift assays revealed an NO-dependent increase in the nuclear binding of CREB. These data suggest that NO increases BH(4) levels through a cAMP/CREB-mediated increase in GCH1 transcription and that the eNOS uncoupling associated with exogenous NO does not involved reduced BH(4) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, 30912, USA
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Márquez Martín A, de la Puerta Vázquez R, Fernández-Arche A, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V. Supressive effect of maslinic acid from pomace olive oil on oxidative stress and cytokine production in stimulated murine macrophages. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:295-302. [PMID: 16484046 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500467935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pentacyclic triterpene maslinic acid (MA) is a natural compound present in the non glyceride fraction of pomace olive oil, also called orujo olive oil. This compound has previously demonstrated antioxidant properties against lipid peroxidation in vitro, but its effects on reactive oxygen and nitrogen-derived species and pro-inflammatory cytokines generated by a cell system have not yet been investigated. In this study, we have tested the effect of MA upon oxidative stress and cytokine production using peritoneal murine macrophages. MA significantly inhibited the enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) induced by lypopolysaccharide (LPS) when it was measured by the nitrite production with an inhibitory concentration 50% value (IC(50)) of 25.4 microM. This inhibiting effect seems to be consequence of an action at the level of the LPS-induction of the inducible nitric oxide synthethase (iNOS) gene enzyme expression rather than to a direct inhibitory action on enzyme activity. The secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukine-6 and TNF-a from LPS-stimulated murine macrophages was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05 and 0.01) by 50 and 100 microM of MA. In addition, reactive oxygen species were measured after stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Thus, pre-treatment with MA reduced the generation of hydrogen peroxide from stimulated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50): 43.6 microM) as assayed by the oxidation of the peroxidase enzyme. However, no inhibitory effect on superoxide release, measured by the reduction of ferricytochrome c, was observed after the pretreatment with MA in the culture medium. These results suggest a potential biopharmaceutical use of this hydroxy-pentacyclic triterpene derivative, present in orujo olive oil, on preventing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez Martín
- Instituto de la Grasa, C.S.I.C., Padre García Tejero S/N, Seville 41012, Spain
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Pieper GM, Ionova IA, Cooley BC, Migrino RQ, Khanna AK, Whitsett J, Vásquez-Vivar J. Sepiapterin decreases acute rejection and apoptosis in cardiac transplants independently of changes in nitric oxide and inducible nitric-oxide synthase dimerization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:890-9. [PMID: 19307452 PMCID: PMC2683770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), a cofactor of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), is an important post-translational regulator of NO bioactivity. We examined whether treatment of cardiac allograft recipients with sepiapterin [S-(-)-2-amino-7,8-dihydro-6-(2-hydroxy-1-oxopropyl)-4-(1H)-pteridinone], a precursor of BH(4), inhibited acute rejection and apoptosis in cardiac transplants. Heterotopic cardiac transplantation was performed in Wistar-Furth donor to Lewis recipient strain rats. Recipients were treated daily after transplantation with 10 mg/kg sepiapterin. Grafts were harvested on post-transplant day 6 for analysis of BH(4) (high-performance liquid chromatography), expression of inflammatory cytokines (reverse transcription- and real-time polymerase chain reaction), iNOS (Western blots), and NO (Griess reaction and NO analyzer). Histological rejection grade was scored, and graft function was determined by echocardiography. Apoptosis, protein nitration, and oxidative stress were determined by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of allografts with sepiapterin increased cardiac BH(4) levels by 3-fold without changing protein levels of GTP cyclohydrolase, the enzyme that regulates de novo BH(4) synthesis. Sepiapterin decreased inflammatory cell infiltrate and significantly inhibited histological rejection scores and apoptosis similar in magnitude to cyclosporine. Sepiapterin also decreased nitrative and oxidative stress. Sepiapterin caused a smaller increase in left ventricular mass versus untreated allografts but without improving fractional shortening. Sepiapterin did not alter tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma expression, whereas it decreased interleukin (IL)-2 expression. Sepiapterin did not change total iNOS protein or monomer levels, or plasma and tissue NO metabolites levels. It is concluded that the mechanism(s) of antirejection are due in part to decreased apoptosis, protein nitration, and oxidation of cardiomyocytes, which seems to be mediated at the immune level by limiting inflammatory cell infiltration via decreased IL-2-mediated T-lymphocyte expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen M Pieper
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Pacchiana R, Dal Pra I. Proteomic analysis of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 multiprotein complexes in cultured normal adult human astrocytes under both basal and cytokine-activated conditions. Proteomics 2009; 9:1850-60. [PMID: 19294699 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of a metabolic pathway synthesizing tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), the cofactor dimerizing and activating inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2). GCH1 protein expression and enzyme activity are minimal in cultured, phenotypically stable, untreated normal adult human astrocytes (NAHA), but are strongly induced, together with NOS-2, by a mixture of three proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma--the CM-trio) released by microglia under brain-damaging conditions. The resulting hyper-production of NO severely harms neurons. In this study, using MALDI-TOF/MS, PMF, Western immunoblotting (WB), and antibody microarrays we identified several proteins coimmunoprecipitating with GCH1. Under basal conditions, GCH1 was associated with various adaptor/regulator molecules involved in G-protein-coupled receptors signalling, protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2Cbeta (PP2Cbeta), and serine-threonine kinases like Ca(2+) calmodulin kinases (CaMKs), casein kinases (CKs), cAMP-dependent kinases (PKAs), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Exposure to the three cytokines' mixture (CM-trio) significantly changed, within the 48-72 h required for the induction and activation of GCH1, the levels and identities of some of the 0 h-associated proteins: after 72 h CK-IIalpha tended to dissociate from, whereas MAPK12 and JNK3 were strongly associated with fully active GCH1. These findings provide a first enticing glimpse into the intricate mechanisms regulating GCH1 activation by proinflammatory cytokines in NAHA, and may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy.
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48
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De Marino S, Festa C, D'Auria MV, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Petek S, Debitus C, Andrés RM, Terencio MC, Payá M, Zampella A. Coscinolactams A and B: new nitrogen-containing sesterterpenoids from the marine sponge Coscinoderma mathewsi exerting anti-inflammatory properties. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tegeder I, Lötsch J. Current evidence for a modulation of low back pain by human genetic variants. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:1605-1619. [PMID: 19228264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The manifestation of chronic back pain depends on structural, psychosocial, occupational and genetic influences. Heritability estimates for back pain range from 30% to 45%. Genetic influences are caused by genes affecting intervertebral disc degeneration or the immune response and genes involved in pain perception, signalling and psychological processing. This inter-individual variability which is partly due to genetic differences would require an individualized pain management to prevent the transition from acute to chronic back pain or improve the outcome. The genetic profile may help to define patients at high risk for chronic pain. We summarize genetic factors that (i) impact on intervertebral disc stability, namely Collagen IX, COL9A3, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL1A1, aggrecan (AGAN), cartilage intermediate layer protein, vitamin D receptor, metalloproteinsase-3 (MMP3), MMP9, and thrombospondin-2, (ii) modify inflammation, namely interleukin-1 (IL-1) locus genes and IL-6 and (iii) and pain signalling namely guanine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1, catechol-O-methyltransferase, mu opioid receptor (OPMR1), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), transient receptor potential channel A1 and fatty acid amide hydrolase and analgesic drug metabolism (cytochrome P450 [CYP]2D6, CYP2C9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Tegeder
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Lee SY, Kim JW. Effect of Dexamethasone on the Production of Nitric Oxide in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2009.50.8.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic University of Daegu College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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